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2002 Fluoride Abstracts. Part 2.
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Ann Acad Med Stetin. 2002;48:213-30.
[In Process Citation]
[Article in Polish]
Jakubowska K. Zakladu
Biochemii i Chemii Pomorskiej Akademii Medycznej w Szczecinie, al. Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin.
Human activity during the last decades has led to changes in the circulation of fluorine and other elements in the natural environment. Due to their narrow safety margin, environmental levels of fluorine compounds require careful monitoring. Studies on contamination with fluorine of the natural environment in Szczecin and its surroundings have a long history. Until recently, maximal allowable concentrations of this element in air, water and soil have substantially been exceeded. Markers reflecting adverse effects of fluorine on living organisms and man, among them magnesium deficit, continued to raise concern. The aim of this work was to apply a modified method for enamel sampling, the acid enamel biopsy, to determine the content of fluorine and magnesium in superficial layers of enamel of permanent teeth in 14-year-old children and adults residing in Szczecin or Bialystok--two cities differing as to level of contamination of the environment with fluorine compounds. Correlations between age and content of fluorine and magnesium in superficial layers of permanent teeth were studied as well. Altogether, 40 premolars extracted for orthodontic reasons in children and for periodontologic or prosthetic reasons in adults were sampled and the mineral content in three superficial layers of enamel on the buccal surface was determined. Fluorine concentrations were measured with gas chromatography, while calcium and magnesium concentrations were determined with atomic absorption spectrometry. The mineral content was studied before and after removal of calcium fluorine deposits from the surface and pores of the premolars. In addition, the thickness and mass of each layer was calculated (Tables 1 and 2). To sample the layers, perchloric acid was applied three times to the same site and the depth of dissolution after each application was measured (Table 3). Total fluorine, structural fluorine and calcium fluorine content was measured in each layer (Table 4). Magnesium content was determined before and after removal of calcium fluorine deposits (Table 5). The highest content of fluorine and magnesium was found in the outermost layer of enamel (Figs. 1-4). The content decreased with depth demonstrating a logarithmic relationship. The following conclusions were drawn:
1. Increased content of fluorine in the natural environment is associated with accumulation of this element in superficial layers of the enamel of permanent teeth in the form of structural fluorine. This process takes place in children and adults alike.
2. The content of fluorine in enamel decreases with depth, irrespective of age and contamination level of the environment.
3. Increased content of fluorine in enamel of adults, as compared with children, appears to be caused by deposits of calcium fluorine. This process takes places independently of environmental contamination with fluorine.
4. A deficit of magnesium in the enamel was found in children residing in fluorine-contaminated areas. In adults, magnesium content was not related to the place of residence, suggesting a lack of effect of fluorine contamination of the content of magnesium in the enamel.
5. The content of magnesium in superficial layers of the enamel decreases with depth following a logarithmic curve. This finding was independent of the level of contamination with fluorine or age.PMID: 14601479 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12516142&dopt=AbstractGig Sanit 2002 Nov-Dec;(6):64-5
No Abstract
[Problems in the assessment of risk for fluorine-dependent trace element poisoning]
[Article in Russian]
Bystrykh VV, Boev VM, Perepelkin SV.
PMID: 12516142 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
- Fluoride 2002; 35(4):245-246
XXVth ISFR Conference Abstract
Water fluoridation and bone damage: a weight of evidence analysis
Connett P
Dept. of Chemistry, St. Lawrence University, Canton, NY 13617, USA. E-mail: ggvideo@northnet.org
A very disturbing omission by those relatively few countries that promote and practice water fluoridation has been the failure to collect comprehensive data on the bone fluoride levels of their citizens as a function of the length of time of their exposure to fluoridated water. This unfortunate situation exists despite the fact that for many years researchers have been aware that approximately 50% of the fluoride ingested each day accumulates in the bones. Recently, a number of government sponsored reviews have re-examined the risks and benefits of water fluoridation (York Review, 2000; Medical Research Council (UK), 2002; and the Irish Fluoridation Forum, 2002). In each case one of the risks considered was fluoride's potential for damaging bones and making them more subject to fracture. However, each of these reports has been criticized because the authors failed to consider all the available evidence which pertains to this issue. A "weight of evidence" approach will be used, and the research in the literature which sheds light on the matter is examined. Biochemical studies, animal studies, clinical studies, case studies of workers exposed to fluoride in industry, and epidemiological studies of people drinking fluoridated water (both natural and artificial) will be included. The author will attempt to answer the following questions:
1 At what fluoride concentration in the bone does damage occur?
2 Is there any evidence that children's bones have been damaged from fluoride exposure?
3 At what cumulative dose of fluoride can we expect an increase in bone fractures in the elderly to occur? And,
4 Are people living in artificially fluoridated communities likely to exceed these cumulative doses with lifetime exposure to fluoride (from this and other sources combined)?By using the "cumulative dose" approach, the author hopes to avoid the pitfall of describing daily doses administered in clinical studies over short periods of time (1 - 5 years) as "high doses", and those administered over extended periods of time (50 -70 years or more) as "low doses", as many commentators have done. For bone it is the total accumulation of fluoride that appears to be critical in the increase of fractures, especially in the non-vertebrae.
Fluoride 2002; 35(3):212Belgium bans nonprescription fluoride supplements
On July 8, 2002, King Albert II of Belgium issued a Royal Decree announcing that the Department of Social Affairs, Public Health, and Environment was repealing its previous policy, still in vogue in the European Union, that allowed nonprescription sales of dietary fluoride supplements and related products to which fluoride was added, such as fluoridated chewing gum. After existing stocks of these products are sold, no future marketing of them will be permitted. However, registered medicines containing fluoride supplements will remain available, but only by prescription.
According to an interview with Public Health Minister Magda Aelvoet published in the July 29, 2002 issue of the Flemish weekly HUMO, this decision was reached by recommendation of the Health Council after a number of years of review and study of well-documented research indicating that ingested fluoride has considerable potential for physical and neurological harm and that, moreover, there is little evidence for any significant anti-caries effect from such fluoride.
Because fluoridted toothpastes, mouth rinses, and whiteners are considered to be cosmetics, they do not at present fall under this prohibition.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12514917&dopt=AbstractNutr Hosp 2002 Nov-Dec;17(6):259-61
No Abstract available
[The fluorine problem in Belgium: another food scare in Europe?]
[Article in Spanish]
Roman Martinez Alvarez J.
Publication Types: * Editorial
PMID: 12514917 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12619287&dopt=AbstractHuan Jing Ke Xue 2002 Nov;23(6):101-4
- [Distribution pattern of hair fluoride and its affected factors in coal-exposed environment]
[Article in Chinese]
Li Y, Wang W, Li H, Yang L, Luo K.
Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China.
To find out the distribution pattern of hair fluoride and its affected factors in coal-exposed environment, human hairs were collected according epidemiological investigation, and contents of fluoride and other life-relative elements in the samples were determined. Results shown that the fluoride content in human hairs had a notable individual differentia, its distribution pattern was anomalous distribution with average fluoride content 67.08 +/- 64.68 micrograms/g and coefficient of variation 96.42%. There were significant positive correlation between F and Ca, Mn, Se as well as significant negative correlation between F and Ti. Factor analysis shown the fluoride content in human hairs was affected by factors such as inner biochemical reaction, outer geochemical environment, structure of food-web and quality of drinking water.
PMID: 12619287 [PubMed - in process]
- Fluoride 2002; 35(4):252
XXVth ISFR Conference Abstract
Fluoride and environmental protection
Hirzy WJ, Carton RJ
For Correspondence: WJ Hirzy, Senior Vice-President, National Treasury Employees Union Chapter 280, 901 E Street, NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20004, USA. E-mail: Hirzy.John@epamail.epa.gov
In the United States, fluoride risks to the environment and public health are con-trolled by regulations issued under several environmental statutes. These regula-tions are administered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), which also undertakes other measures related to risk control, such its Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). But the framework of regulatory and non-regulatory risk control as applied to fluoride is peculiarly skewed and internally inconsistent. For instance, while USEPAÕs Assistant Administrator for Water, Robert Perciasepe, wrote to a U.S. Congressman saying that he had asked the American Dental Association to remove the USEPA from the AssociationÕs list of endorsers of fluoridation, the USEPAÕs framework of regulatory and non-regulatory risk control policies clearly expresses a bias toward fluoridation. This presentation will explore the USEPAÕs regulatory and non-regulatory ap-proaches to controlling risks form fluoride with an eye toward elucidating inconsistencies in the policies, and will, to the extent possible, compare policies in the United States with those of other countries.
Fluoride 2002; 35(4):255-256XXVth ISFR Conference Abstract
Organofluorine compounds in nature
Patocka J (1), Struneck A (2)
(1) 1 Military Medical Academy Hradec Kralove and Univ. of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice,
(2) Faculty of Natural Sciences, Charles Univ., Vinicna 7, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic. E-mail: strun@natur.cuni.czMany people are alarmed by evidence for the toxicity of fluoride and the potency of new fluorine-containing products, but few are aware that nature itself produces dangerous organofluorine compounds. The halogens chlorine, bromine, and iodine appear in many organic natural compounds, while fluorine, the 13 th most abundant element in the earth's lithosphere, has been identified as a component of several natural compounds. All these compounds are toxic for mammals, including humans, and represent a small but toxicologically very interesting group of poisons.
Most of these substances occur in plants and, to a lesser degree, in bacteria. The best-known fluorine-containing natural compound is fluoroacetic acid or as a fluoroacetate. It is found in a wide variety of plants in low concentrations; however, in certain plants it accumulates in very high concentrations and these are poisonous for livestock. A well-known plant of this species is the South African shrub known as gifblaar (Dichapetalum cymosum).
Fluoroacetate is toxic because it is converted in vivo in mitochondria into fluorocitrate, which occurs through condensation of fluoroacetyl-CoA with oxaloacetate by the enzyme citrate synthetase, which normally supplies acetyl-CoA into the citric acid cycle. Fluorocitrate is a strong inhibitor of aconitase, a further important enzyme of the Krebs cycle, and the result is inhibition of a vital biochemical path-way for energy production in the organism.. All „ -fluorinated fatty acids with an even number of carbon atoms in their molecule possess similar toxicity, and some of them, for example, „ -fluoropalmitic, „ -fluorosteararic, and „ -fluorooleic acids, are the principal toxic substances of an-other West Africa shrub, Dichapetalum toxicarium, also known as ratsbane. The toxicity of „ -fluorinated fatty acids results from their metabolization to fluoroacetate; nevertheless, some of them are more toxic than fluoroacetate. The most toxic „ -fluoro-fatty acid is probably „ -fluorooctanoic acid, but even „ -fluorobutyric acid is approximately four times more toxic than fluoroacetate. Another fluorine-containing natural compound is an adenosine derivative product with antibiotic activity. This was isolated from the organism Streptomyces calvus. This organofluorine substance, nucleocidin, is a very effective broad-spectrum antibiotic, but too toxic for clinical use. Fluorinated bioactive compounds thus play an important role in human and veterinary medicine and in agro chemistry.
Fluoride 2002; 35(4):259-260XXVth ISFR Conference Abstract
Early and prolonged toxic effects of silicofluoridated water on chinchillas, caimans, alligators, and rats in captivity
Burgstahler AW (1*), Freeman RF (2), Jacobs PN (3)
(1*) For correspondence: Dept. of Chemistry, Malott Hall, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, The Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045-7582 USA; E-mail: awburg@ku.edu;
(2) Formerly, Dept. of Medicinal Chemistry, The Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, and resident of Auburn, KS;
(3) Parrot Hill Croc Farm, 4938 Euclid, Kansas City, MO 64130-2538 USA.For about six months during the early 1970s, co-author RFF operated a success-ful 50-animal fur-trade chinchilla farm in Auburn, Kansas. Within days after the low-fluoride Auburn well water was changed to the nearby H2SiF6 fluoridated Topeka system, the animals began drinking more than twice as much water as before. Their fur became scruffy and unmarketable, and stillbirths began to occur. Half the colony was then changed to distilled water, resulting in decreased and then normal water consumption. No further stillbirths occurred in this group, and their fur quality was restored. In the Topeka water group, however, high water intake and increased stillborn litters continued. Even the adults in this group began to die prematurely. With a move to another community the chinchilla colony was disbanded
In Kansas City, Missouri, after more than 20 years of optimal health care by co-author PNJ, many of the two dozen caimans and 3 alligators at Parrot Hill Croc Farm began to exhibit toxic effects within three days following the start of water fluoridation with H2SiF6 on April 9, 1981. Eye membranes became swollen and ulcerated. The animals tried to avoid the water, moving from tank to tank, evidently in search of less irritating water. By 1983 some had bloated bellies and spinal deformities. Premature deaths began to occur, many before age 10 (normal life span 25 years or more). Autopsies revealed severe disintegration of the GI tract, silicosis, and other abnormalities. Caiman eggs laid since 1981 have all been infertile, in contrast to successful fertilization and hatching before 1981. Hatchlings acquired after 1981 raised in distilled water were healthy until, because of their size, they were switched to the fluoridated tap water.
After fluoridation began, the health of the rats at the croc farm also declined dramatically. Within six months over 200 tumors were counted, with as many as 6 per rat. In October 1981 the rats were given only distilled water to drink. Their condition rapidly improved, and no new tumors appeared. Their life spans increased significantly, with some of the rats reaching more than 7 years of age.
With no other changes having occurred, these findings demonstrate an unequivocal toxicity of silicofluoridated tap water.
Fluoride 2002; 35(4):262XXVth ISFR Conference Abstract
Fluoride in drinking water of Bangladesh
Hoque Fazlul AKM (1), Khaliquzzaman M (2), Hossain MD (3), Khan AH (4)
(1) For Correspondence: Fazlul Hoque AKM, 1 Accelerator Facilities Division, Atomic Energy Centre, PO Box 164, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. E-mail: fhoque@bttb.net.bd;
(2) Environment group, World Bank Dhaka Office, 3A Paribagh, Dhaka, Bangladesh;
(3) Physics Dept., Jahangirnagar Univ., Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh;
(4) Dept. of Chemistry, Dhaka Univ., Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.Contamination of water and food by fluoride poses a serious health problem in many areas of South Asia and other regions of the world. Proton Induced Gamma-ray Emission (PIGE), which is a sensitive and reliable method for fluoride analysis in water samples, was used for measuring the fluoride concentration in 304 water samples collected from rural and urban areas in Bangladesh.
The fluoride concentration in the samples was found to lie in the range of 0.02 to 2.32 mg/L with a mean of 0.43 ± 0.40 mg/L. Surface water contained the lowest amount of fluoride with a mean of 0.14 ± 0.10 mg/L for 23 samples. The mean fluoride content in rain water was 0.26 ± 0.13 mg/L, a level higher than that for the surface water. The concentration of fluoride in 102 samples from the city water supplies ranged from 0.03 to 1.10 mg/L with a mean of 0.33 ± 0.21 mg/L. The fluoride concentration in 163 tube well water samples was the highest with a mean of 0.56 ± 0.48 mg/L, and a range of 0.02 to 2.32 mg/L.
In 61% of the samples the fluoride concentration was below 0.5 mg/L and in 94% of the samples it was below the WHO maximum permissible limit (MPL) of 1.5 mg/L for drinking water. Only 16% of the samples exceeded the MPL of 1.0 mg/L set for drinking water in Bangladesh.
The present study indicates that the fluoride concentration in groundwater in Bangladesh is, in general, lower than the MPL of 1 mg/L. For a better understanding of the significance of the findings of the present study, measurements of the fluoride concentrations in food, vegetables, chewing sticks, dental products, etc have to be made, in the localities where the fluoride concentrations in drinking water exceed the MPL. Research in these areas is in progress.
Fluoride 2002; 35(4):263XXVth ISFR Conference Abstract
The ethics of water fluoridation: a scientific-logical analysis
Diesendorf M.
For Correspondence: Dr Mark Diesendorf, Director, Sustainability Centre Pty Ltd, Box 221, Epping, Sydney NSW 1710, Australia. E-mail: mark@sustainabilitycentre.com.au
Full report available at http://www.fluoride-journal.com/02-35-4/354-239.pdfFluoride 2002; 35(4):239-243
Urinary fluoride of schoolchildren in Gdansk
W Czarnowski (a), J Krechniak (a,b)
(a) Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Gdansk.
(b) For Correspondence: Dept. of Toxicology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-4 1 6, Gdansk Al. Gen. Hallera 1 07, Poland. E-mail: wojtekc@pf.plSUMMARY: The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of fluoride in urine of 1 240 children (635 boys, 605 girls), aged 7-1 4, living in Gdansk, Poland, and to examine whether a correlation exists between age and gender, school location, and fluoride level in the urine. Urinary F - was determined with a fluoride ion specific electrode. The mean urinary F -concentration in children attending two schools near a fluoride-bearing phosphate fertilizer waste disposal site with 1 .0 - 1 .5 mg F - /L in the drinking water was 2.1 6 ±±±± 1 .1 4 mg F - /L. At three other schools near a phosphate fertilizer plant but with only 0.2 - 0.5 mg F - /L in the drinking water, the mean urinary F concentration was 1 .05 ±±±± 0.49 mg F - /L. In the first two schools the urinary F concentration in boys was significantly higher than in girls. No age Š dependent differences were found in children in any of the schools.
Full report available at http://www.fluoride-journal.com/02-35-1/351-22.pdfFluoride 2002; 35(1):22-27
A passive dosimeter for evaluating exposure to hydrogen fluoride
Czarnowski W, Wielgomas B, Krechniak J *
* For Correspondence: J Krechniak, Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Gdansk, Al. Gen. Hallera 1 07, 80-4 1 6 Gdansk, Poland, E-mail: wojtekc@pf.pl
SUMMARY: A passive dosimeter designed to measure exposure to hydrogen fluoride was tested under laboratory conditions over the concentration range of 0.56 Š 4.47 mg HF/m 3 . The lowest concentration was chosen to be close to the Polish TLV (0.5 mg HF/m 3 ). The dosimeter consists of a Whatman No.1 filter paper impregnated with K2HPO4 placed in a polyethylene holder pro-tected by a polyethylene screen. After exposure the filter is eluted with 0.1 M sodium citrate and the fluoride concentration determined potentiometrically.
Excerpt: Fluorine compounds are major environmental pollutants. In Poland they rank seventh on the list of most dangerous chemical substances. Large amounts of them are present in the work-place and in the vicinity of aluminium and magnesium foundries, phosphoric acid and phosphate fertilizer plants, petroleum refineries, pottery kilns, and factories where glass etching, erasing, or welding is performed. The most common fluorine compound present in the industrial environment is hydrogen fluoride...
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12488944&dopt=AbstractRev Saude Publica 2002 Dec;36(6):752-4
[Self-perception of fluorosis due to fluoride exposure to drinking water and dentifrice]
[Article in Portuguese]
Menezes LM, Sousa Md Mda L, Rodrigues LK, Cury JA.
Faculdade de Farmacia, Odontologia e Enfermagem, Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil.
The impact of dental fluorosis in children exposed to fluoride in drinking water and dentifrice was evaluated. Dental fluorosis was found in 72% of the children, but the children's well-being was not affected. It was concluded that although dental fluorosis due to the intake of optimally fluoridated drinking water and dentifrice did not affect the dental aesthetics of this studied population sample, there is a need of further studies on the subject.
PMID: 12488944 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12459612&dopt=AbstractCaries Res 2002 Nov-Dec;36(6):405-10
Fluoride Concentration and pH of Iced Tea Products.
Behrendt A, Oberste V, Wetzel WE.
Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Center of Odontology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Germany.
The objective of this study was to determine the fluoride concentration and pH of 44 iced tea samples and hence to assess the possible role of these beverages as systemic fluoride source as well as their potential cariogenic and erosive character. Ten tea samples were available as a granular instant powder, and 34 as ready-to-drink liquid products. The iced teas contained different types of sugar alone or in combination with maltodextrin, glucose syrup and noncaloric sweeteners. In one product, only acesulfame and aspartame were established. All samples contained lemon juice or citric acid as an additive. The pH ranged from 4.04 to 2.63 and the titrated amount of base to pH 7.0 from 0.75 to 2.39 mmol NaOH/50 ml. The fluoride concentrations measured were <0.6 ppm in 14 products, 0.6-1.0 ppm in 10 products, 1.1-1.5 ppm in 16 products, 1.6-2.0 ppm in 2, and >2.0 ppm in another 2 products. In conclusion, most of the iced teas studied contained considerable fluoride concentrations. If infants ingest larger amounts of them because of their sweet taste, there is a risk of uncontrolled overdosing as a result of additional fluoride intake from other sources at the same time. Furthermore, the majority of the products revealed a highly cariogenic character and finally, all the iced teas appear to be acidic enough to cause dental erosion if these refreshments were excessively consumed from nursing bottles. Copyright 2002 S. Karger AG, Basel
PMID: 12459612 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12509035&dopt=AbstractJ Environ Monit 2002 Dec;4(6):821-2
Fluoride in fractionated soil samples of Ajmer district, Rajasthan.
Madhavan N, Subramanian V.
School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110 067, India. nmadhavan@icqmail.com
The natural abundance of fluoride in soils of the Ajmer distict, Rajasthan was examined. From undisturbed soil, the top 15 cm of the profile was examined and the soil split into fractions based on sand, silt and clay particle size. Clay contained a high amount of fluoride, whereas sand and silts are enriched with much less fluoride. The relation between the soil fractions in observed clay fraction fluoride content matched groundwater fluoride variation. However, the enrichment of fluoride material extracted from the largest soil fraction had considerably lower amounts of clay relative to that from the smaller fractions.
PMID: 12509035 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12236830&dopt=AbstractCommunity Dent Oral Epidemiol 2002 Oct;30(5):382-91
The fluoride content of foods and beverages from negligibly and optimally fluoridated communities.
Jackson RD, Brizendine EJ, Kelly SA, Hinesley R, Stookey GK, Dunipace AJ.
Oral Health Research Institute, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Department of Medicine, Division of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
In the spring of 1996, foods and beverages most commonly consumed by adolescents were analyzed for fluoride as part of a larger investigation. These foods were selected by interviewing 711 adolescents, 12-14 years of age, who were long-time residents of either an optimally or negligibly fluoridated community. The brand names of the identified foods and beverages most commonly purchased were determined by interviews with the parents. A total of 441 brand-name food and beverage items were purchased from both communities and were individually analyzed for fluoride. These analyses were done in order to estimate the fluoride content of various kinds of foods and beverages and to determine whether or not there was a significant difference between the two communities in the amount of fluoride ingested from these dietary sources. The food and beverage items were classified into dietary groups based on US Department of Agriculture (USDA) guidelines. Overall, the fluoride content of the sampled foods and beverages was low. In addition, there was no significant difference in the fluoride content of the same pre-packaged or ready-to-eat food or beverage items purchased in the two communities. However, a significant difference was found between the two communities in the fluoride content of fountain beverages and in cooked or reconstituted foods prepared using local water from the respective communities. Based on these results, we have estimated the mean daily, dietary fluoride intake for 3-5-year-old children who are more susceptible to developing dental fluorosis.
PMID: 12236830 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12369244&dopt=Abstract
J Environ Health 2002 Oct;65(3):16-21, 38Fluoride overfeed at a well site near an elementary school in Michigan.
Sidhu KS, Kimmer RO.
Division of Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology, Michigan Department of Community Health, 3423 North Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd., P.O. Box 30195, Lansing, MI 48909. Sidhu@michigan.gov
A fluoride overfeed occurred at a well site near an elementary school in Portage, Michigan. The incident resulted in a high concentration of fluoride (92 milligrams per liter) in drinking water at the school. Seven students who drank water from the school fountain reportedly suffered nausea and vomiting. Toxicological evaluations were made by conducting a risk assessment. On the basis of the symptoms experienced by the students, it was concluded that the fluoride had irritated the stomach causing nausea and vomiting. This mild oral exposure to fluoride was, however, deemed too low to cause any long-term appreciable adverse health effects. Despite subsequent flushing, the concentration of the fluoride in the drinking water remained variable during the first nine days after the incident. With several flushings over the 48 days after the incident, the concentration of fluoride was brought down to optimal levels. The electrical circuit that energized the fluoride system was modified to prevent another overfeed. In addition, operational changes were made to further minimize the impact of such an overfeed.
PMID: 12369244 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11883418&dopt=AbstractEnviron Sci Technol 2002 Feb 15;36(4):545-51
Monitoring perfluorinated surfactants in biota and surface water samples following an accidental release of fire-fighting foam into Etobicoke Creek.
Moody CA, Martin JW, Kwan WC, Muir DC, Mabury SA.
Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Perfluorinated surfactants have emerged as priority environmental contaminants due to recent reports of their detection in environmental and biological matrices as well as concerns regarding their persistence and toxicity. In June 2000, 22000 L of fire retardant foam containing perfluorinated surfactants was accidentally released at L. B. Pearson International Airport, Toronto, ON, and subsequently entered into Etobicoke Creek, a tributary to Lake Ontario. A suite of analytical tools that include liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) and 19F NMR were employed to characterize fish (common shiner, Notropus cornutus) and surface water samples collected following the discharge of the perfluorinated material. Total perfluoroalkanesulfonate (4, 6, and 8 carbons) concentrations in fish liver samples ranged from 2.00 to 72.9 microg/g, and total perfluorocarboxylate (5-14 carbons) concentrations ranged from 0.07 to 1.02 microg/g. In addition to fish samples, total perfluoroalkanesulfonate (6 and 8 carbons) concentrations were detected in creek water samples by LC/MS/MS over a 153 day sampling period with concentrations ranging from <0.017 to 2260 microg/L; perfluorooctanoate concentrations (<0.009-11.3 microg/L) were lower than those observed for the perfluoroalkane-sulfonates. By 19F NMR, the total perfluorinated surfactant concentrations in surface water samples ranged from < 10 to 17000 microg/L. A bioaccumulation factor range of 6300-125000 was calculated for perfluorooctanesulfonate, based on concentrations in fish liver and surface water. The residence time of perfluorooctanesulfonate in Etobicoke Creek as well as the high bioaccumulation in fish liver suggests that perfluorinated surfactants will persist and bioaccumulate following release into the aquatic environment.
PMID: 11883418 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12271624&dopt=AbstractChem Commun (Camb) 2002 Sep 7;(17):1818-9
Perfluoroalkylation of simple inorganic molecules: a one step route to novel perfluoroalkylated compounds.
Singh RP, Shreeve JM.
Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-2343, USA.
Reactions of (CH3)3SiRf (Rf = CF3, C2F5) with NOCl, NO/NO2, SO2, CO2, in the presence of caesium fluoride provide a one step synthetic route to perfluoroalkylated compounds in very good yields.
PMID: 12271624 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11931513&dopt=AbstractVet Hum Toxicol 2002 Apr;44(2):93-5
Intoxication with sodium monofluoroacetate (compound 1080).
Robinson RF, Griffith JR, Wolowich WR, Nahata MC.
Pediatric Pharmacotherapy/NIH Clinical Research K30 Program, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Childrens Research Institute, The Central Ohio Poison Control Center, Columbus 43210, USA.
The highly toxic sodium monofluoroacetate (SMFA) was banned as a rodenticide in the U.S. in 1972. We report the first case of intentional ingestion in this country in over 15y. A 47-y-old male was brought to the emergency room status post tonic clonic seizure. At 34 h post ingestion, he responded ony to noxious stimuli and at 48 h, he was unresponsive to painful stimuli, was intubated and placed on a ventilator. Over the following 3 d, he was became minimally responsive to external stimuli with bouts of agitation and hypertension. Two days later he was discharged with no evidence of neurologic sequelae. We report this patient to increase awareness of SMFA toxicity, and its ability to cause anion gap metabolic acidosis.
PMID: 11931513 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11907567&dopt=AbstractNature 2002 Mar 21;416(6878):279
Biochemistry: biosynthesis of an organofluorine molecule.
O'Hagan D, Schaffrath C, Cobb SL, Hamilton JT, Murphy CD.
School of Chemistry and Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK. do1@st-andrews.ac.uk
Although fluorine in the form of fluoride minerals is the most abundant halogen in the Earth's crust, only 12 naturally occurring organofluorine compounds have so far been found, and how these are biosynthesized remains a mystery. Here we describe an enzymatic reaction that occurs in the bacterium Streptomyces cattleya and which catalyses the conversion of fluoride ion and S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to 5'-fluoro-5'-deoxyfluoroadenosine (5'-FDA). To our knowledge, this is the first fluorinase enzyme to be identified, a discovery that opens up a new biotechnological opportunity for the preparation of organofluorine compounds.
PMID: 11907567 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12177489&dopt=AbstractPlant Physiol 2002 Aug;129(4):1763-72
Inhibition of phosphate uptake in corrn roots by aluminum-fluoride complexes.
Facanha AR, Okorokova-Facanha AL.
Laboratorio de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociencias e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ, CEP 28015-620, Brazil.
F forms stable complexes with Al at conditions found in the soil. Fluoroaluminate complexes (AlF(x)) have been widely described as effective analogs of inorganic phosphate (Pi) in Pi-binding sites of several proteins. In this work, we explored the possibility that the phytotoxicity of AlF(x) reflects their activity as Pi analogs. For this purpose, (32)P-labeled phosphate uptake by excised roots and plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase activity were investigated in an Al-tolerant variety of maize (Zea mays L. var. dwarf hybrid), either treated or not with AlF(x). In vitro, AlF(x) competitively inhibited the rate of root phosphate uptake as well as the H(+)-ATPase activity. Conversely, pretreatment of seedlings with AlF(x) in vivo promoted no effect on the H(+)-ATPase activity, whereas a biphasic effect on Pi uptake by roots was observed. Although the initial rate of phosphate uptake by roots was inhibited by AlF(x) pretreatment, this situation changed over the following minutes as the rate of uptake increased and a pronounced stimulation in subsequent (32)Pi uptake was observed. This kinetic behavior suggests a reversible and competitive inhibition of the phosphate transporter by fluoroaluminates. The stimulation of root (32)Pi uptake induced by AlF(x) pretreatment was tentatively interpreted as a phosphate starvation response. This report places AlF(3) and AlF(4)(-) among Al-phytotoxic species and suggests a mechanism of action where the accumulation of Pi-mimicking fluoroaluminates in the soil may affect the phosphate absorption by plants. The biochemical, physiological, and environmental significance of these findings is discussed.
PMID: 12177489 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Fluoride 2002; 35(3):176-184Determination of fluoride in water residues by proton induced gamma emission measurements
Hoque AKMF (a), Khaliquzzaman M (b), Hossain MD (c), Khan AH (d)
(a) For correspondence: Dr AKM Fazlul Hoque, Accelerator Facilities Division, Atomic Energy Center, PO Box 164, Dhaka - 1000, Bangladesh. E-mail: fhoque@bttb.net.bd
(b) World Bank Dhaka office, Consultant, Environment Team, 3A Paribagh, Dhaka
(c) Physics Department, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka
(d) Chemistry Department, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, DhakaSummary: A multielement proton induced gamma emission (PIGE) method has been developed to analyze fluoride in water residues obtained by evaporation. In this method, 200 mL of water sample mixed with 100 mg of cellulose powder is evaporated, and the residue is made into standard pellets that are then irradiated with a 2.9 MeV proton beam. The emitted y-rays from the decay of the excited fluorine nuclei are detected with a high resolution, high purity germanium (HPGe) detector and analyzed using a commercial gamma ray spectrum unfolding software. For concentration calibration, synthetic fluoride standards of different concentrations, as NaF in a CaCO3 matrix, were prepaed and homogenized by dispersing them in methanol. The method thus developed was applied to determine the concentration of fluoride in 85 water samples collected from different city suplies of Bangladesh. The concentration ranged from 0.03 to 1.10 mg/L with the mean of 0.32+-0.21 mg/L.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12386128&dopt=AbstractDrug Metab Dispos 2002 Nov;30(11):1221-9
Metabolism of capecitabine, an oral fluorouracil prodrug: (19)F NMR studies in animal models and human urine.
Desmoulin F, Gilard V, Malet-Martino M, Martino R.
Groupe de Resonance Magnetique Nucleaire Biomedicale, Unite Mixte Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5623, Universite Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France. desmouli@chimie.ups-tise.fr
Capecitabine (Xeloda; CAP) is a recently developed oral antineoplastic prodrug of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) with enhanced tumor selectivity. Previous studies have shown that CAP activation follows a pathway with three enzymatic steps and two intermediary metabolites, 5'-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine (5'-DFCR) and 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (5'-DFUR), to form 5-FU preferentially in tumor tissues. In the present work, we investigated all fluorinated compounds present in liver, bile, and perfusate medium of isolated perfused rat liver (IPRL) and in liver, plasma, kidneys, bile, and urine of healthy rats. Moreover, data obtained from rat urine were compared with those from mice and human urine. According to a low cytidine deaminase (3.5.4.5) activity in rats, 5'-DFCR was by far the main product in perfusate medium from IPRL and plasma and urine from rats. Liver and circulating 5'-DFCR in perfusate and plasma equilibrated at the same concentration value in the range 25 to 400 microM, which supports the involvement of es-type nucleoside transporter in the liver. 5'-DFUR and alpha-fluoro-beta-ureidopropionic acid (FUPA) + alpha-fluoro-beta-alanine (FBAL) were the main products in urine of mice, making up 23 to 30% of the administered dose versus 3 to 4% in rat. In human urine, FUPA + FBAL represented 50% of the administered dose, 5'-DFCR 10%, and 5'-DFUR 7%. Since fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy gives an overview of all the fluorinated compounds present in a sample, we observed the following unreported metabolites of CAP:
1) 5-fluorocytosine and its hydroxylated metabolite, 5-fluoro-6-hydroxycytosine,
2) fluoride ion,
3) 2-fluoro-3-hydroxypropionic acid and fluoroacetate, and
4) a glucuroconjugate of 5'-DFCR.
PMID: 12386128 [PubMed - in process]
Fluoride 2002; 35(3):185-192Correlation between plasma and nail fluoride concentratins in rats given different levels of fluoride in water
Buzalaf MAR (a), Fukushima R, Granjeiro JM, Cury JA
(a) For correspondence: Bauru Dental School, University of Sao Paulo, Al. Octavio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, CEP 17012-901, Bauru-SP, Brazil. E-mail: mbuzalaf@fob.usp.br
Summary: Changes in plasma and nail fluoride concentrations in rats given different concentrations of fluoride in drinking water were investigated. Six groups of weanling male Wistar rats were provided drinking water containing NaF at 0, 7, 14, 28, 56, or 100 ppm F- for 42 days. The nails were clipped on days 21, 28, 35, and 42; plasma was collected on day 42. The nails and plasma were analyzed with a fluoride ion electrode following HMDS-facilitated diffusion. At the end of the study, a direct relationship was evident between the nail and plasma fluoride concentrations (r = 0.67, p <0.001), indicating that nails can be used as indicators of plasma fluoride concentrations during chronic fluoride intake in rats.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12556031&dopt=AbstractAnn Chim 2002 Nov-Dec;92(11-12):1077-87
Quantitative determination of fluoride as a major pollutant in the emissions from the thermal treatment of clayey raw materials.
Zannini P.
Department of Chemistry, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Via G. Campi, 183-41100 Modena, Italy. zannini.paolo@unimore.it
Three clayey raw materials for production of traditional ceramics, all with medium to high fluorine content, have been investigated for determining their attitude to fluoride emission during firing, at varying parameters of the firing cycle, maximum firing temperature included, and in the presence or in the absence of calcium carbonate either added to the sample or naturally present in it. Different analytical methods for the determination of fluoride have been tested, together with different sample preparation procedures aimed to obtain minimum loss of fluoride in the pre-treatment step.
PMID: 12556031 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12597569&dopt=AbstractJ Environ Biol 2002 Jul;23(3):265-9
- Retarding fluoride accumulation in Amaranthes viridis through liming and implications of phosphorous treatment.
Stanley VA, Shaleesha A, Murthy PB, Pillai KS.
Department of Toxicology, Fredrick Institute of Plant Protection and Toxicology, Padappai 601 301, India.
With an objective to retard fluoride being taken up by the plants from soil, a study was carried out on Amaranthes viridis. Four groups of treatment were carried out vis-a-vis fluoride alone, fluoride and calcium, fluoride and phosphorous and fluoride, calcium and phosphorous together at three different concentration levels vis-a-vis 1, 10 and 25 mg/kg soil of each. Sampling was carried out first on day 45 and at the end of reproductive phase on leaf and seed for accumulation of fluoride in the plants. It was observed that fluoride accumulation in plants could be averted through soil amendment by calcium treatment in the form of calcium carbonate thereby reducing the risk of human and livestock exposure to abnormal levels of fluoride through food chain other than protecting plants from getting affected. At the same time, fertilizing the soil contaminated with fluoride by superphosphate would aggravate fluoride accumulation and exacerbate fluorosis problem in human and livestock through food chain. Therefore it is recommended to use acid water-soluble orthophosphate or anhydrous dicalcium phosphate or soluble pyrophosphate fertilizers as an alternative.
PMID: 12597569 [PubMed - in process]
- Fluoride 2002; 35(3):193-196
River water fluoride in Kenya
Gikunju JK (a), Simiyu KW, Gathura PB, Kyule M, Kanja LW
(a) For correspondence: Dr. JK Gikunju, Dept. of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, PO Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya. E-mail phealth@nbnet.co.ke
Summary: Fluoride determinations were made with a fluoride ion selective electrode on 60 river water samples collected at readily accessible sites in Central and Nairobi provinces of Kenya. The highest fluoride concentration was 0.85 ppm in Laikipia District and the lowest was 0.08 ppm in Murang'a District. By region and district the mean fluoride concentration ranged from 0.12 ppm for rivers in Laikipia to 0.24 ppm for rivers in Nairobi, with 0.32 ppm in the Upper Basin of the Athi River. The results indicate that the rivers are relatively low in fluoride and therefore safe in this respect for domestic and industrial use.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12215637&dopt=AbstractNo Abstract available
Science 2002 Sep 6;297(5587):1665
A "Greener" Synthetic Route for Fluoroaromatics via Copper (II) Fluoride.
Subramanian MA, Manzer LE.
DuPont Central Research and Development, Experimental Station, Wilmington, DE 19880-0328, USA.
PMID: 12215637 [PubMed - in process]
Gesundheitswesen 2002 Jan;64(1):33-8.[Article in German]
- As cited and abstracted in Fluoride 2002; 35(1):61
New recommendations concerning the fluoride content of toddler toothpaste - consequences for systemic application of fluoride
Konig KG.
Institut fur Praventive und Konservierende ZahnmedizinFakultat der Medizinischen Wissenschaften, Universitat Nijmegen, Niederlande.
A group of experts from 4 European countries, who gathered at a convention at Basel in November 1998, arrived at the recommendation to increase the fluoride (= F) content of toddler toothpastes from 250 ppm to 500 ppm. It was recommended to make parents brush the children's teeth with a pea-size piece of this toothpaste once a day, starting when the first deciduous teeth were erupting. Routine application of F-tablets would no longer be routinely prescribed, but restricted to individual indications in special high caries risk cases. This recommendation did not consider previous ones and was based exclusively on new scientific, mainly epidemiological evidence. In April 2000 the recommendation was officially issued by the German scientific dental association DGZMK. A careful case-control study resulted in the analysis of the risk to develop mottling of enamel under the influence of fluoridated water (1 ppm F) and fluoride toothpaste (1000 ppm F) when used in early childhood. It was found that excessive use of the fluoride toothpaste doubled the fluorosis risk, whereas when fluoride supplements (tablets, drops) were given the risk was about 20 times higher than without a fluoride supplement. Experiments in Germany and the Netherlands had shown that remineralisation of enamel under influence of 500 ppm F is achieved much more quickly than under application of 250 ppm F. A panel of WHO experts came to the conclusion that there was no evidence for the effectiveness of toothpastes containing less than 500 ppm. Statistics from the Netherlands have shown that the amount of fluoride tablets sold there is barely sufficient for the use by a quarter of all children 0 to 4 years old. In contrast to this low level of acceptance of fluoride tablets, fluoride toothpastes is widely accepted. It is their extensive use which explains the marked improvement of dentitions among the youth in this country during the last 20 years; the influence of topical fluoride gels, varnishes and other preventive measures was much less, and a reduction of sugar consumption (by the way less than 10 % of what it was in 1970) seems to have been the least important factor. The new recommendations based on topical rather than systemic fluoride application are better for preventive, toxicological, psychological and didactic reasons and should be implemented as soon as possible.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11908491&dopt=AbstractOsteoporos Int 2002;13(2):158-70
A randomized trial of sodium fluoride (60 mg) +/- estrogen in postmenopausal osteoporotic vertebral fractures: increased vertebral fractures and peripheral bone loss with sodium fluoride; concurrent estrogen prevents peripheral loss, but not vertebral fractures.
Gutteridge DH, Stewart GO, Prince RL, Price RI, Retallack RW, Dhaliwal SS, Stucke BG, Drury P, Jones CE, Faulkner DL, Kent GN, Bhagat CI, Nicholson GC, Jamrozik K.
Department of Endocrinology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
Postmenopausal Caucasian women aged less than 80 years (n = 99) with one or more atraumatic vertebral fracture and no hip fractures, were treated by cyclical administration of enteric coated sodium fluoride (NaF) or no NaF for 27 months, with precautions to prevent excessive stimulation of bone turnover. In the first study 65 women, unexposed to estrogen (-E study), age 70.8 +/- 0.8 years (mean +/- SEM) were all treated with calcium (Ca) 1.0-1.2 g daily and ergocalciferol (D) 0.25 mg per 25 kg once weekly and were randomly assigned to cyclical NaF (6 months on, 3 months off, initial dose 60 mg/day; group F CaD, n = 34) or no NaF (group CaD, n = 31). In the second study 34 patients, age 65.5 +/- 1.2 years, on hormone replacement therapy (E) at baseline, had this standardized, and were all treated with Ca and D and similarly randomized (FE CaD, n = 17; E CaD, n = 17) (+E study). The patients were stratified according to E status and subsequently assigned randomly to +/- NaF. Seventy-five patients completed the trial. Both groups treated with NaF showed an increase in lumbar spinal density (by DXA) above baseline by 27 months: FE CaD + 16.2% and F CaD +9.3% (both p = 0.0001). In neither group CaD nor E CaD did lumbar spinal density increase. Peripheral bone loss occurred at most sites in the F CaD group at 27 months: tibia/fibula shaft -7.3% (p = 0.005); femoral shaft -7.1% (p = 0.004); distal forearm -4.0% (p=0.004); total hip -4.1% (p = 0.003); and femoral neck -3.5% (p = 0.006). No significant loss occurred in group FE CaD. Differences between the two NaF groups were greatest at the total hip at 27 months but were not significant [p < 0.05; in view of the multiple bone mineral density (BMD) sites, an alpha of 0.01 was employed to denote significance in BMD changes throughout this paper]. Using Cox's proportional hazards model, in the -E study there were significantly more patients with first fresh vertebral fractures in those treated with NaF than in those not so treated (RR = 24.2, p = 0.008, 95% CI 2.3-255). Patients developing first fresh fractures in the first 9 months were markedly different between groups: -23% of F CaD, 0 of CaD, 29% of FE CaD and 0 of E CaD. The incidence of incomplete (stress) fractures was similar in the two NaF-treated groups. Complete nonvertebral fractures did not occur in the two +E groups; there were no differences between groups F CaD and CaD. Baseline BMD (spine and femoral neck) was related to incident vertebral fractures in the control groups (no NaF), but not in the two NaF groups. Our results and a literature review indicate that fluoride salts, if used, should be at low dosage, with pretreatment and co-treatment with a bone resorption inhibitor.
Publication Types:Clinical Trial
Randomized Controlled TrialPMID: 11908491 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12955564&dopt=AbstractOdontology. 2002 Sep;90(1):43-7.
Relationship between bone mineral loss and urinary fluoride concentration in postmenopausal Japanese women.
Higa C, Sato T, Niwa M.
Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, The Nippon Dental University School of Dentistry at Tokyo, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8159, Japan Tel. +81-03-3261-8792; Fax +81-03-3261-8796 e-mail: kitada@tokyo.ndu.ac.jp
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between bone mineral loss and urinary fluoride (F) concentration in postmenopausal Japanese women. Lumbar spinal bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at baseline and 1 year later in 94 premenopausal and 100 postmenopausal women. None of the subjects had any bone-related disorders. There were significant correlations between urinary F concentration and time since menopause ( r = 0.397; P < 0.05), and between annual BMD loss and urinary F concentration at baseline ( r = -0.492; P < 0.01) in the postmenopausal women. However, there was no significant correlation between urinary F concentration and BMD either at baseline or 1 year later. Urinary F concentration tended to be higher in postmenopausal women with low blood estradiol (E(2)) concentration than in those with normal blood E(2) concentration. Our results suggested that urinary F concentration may be a useful marker to assess bone resorption in postmenopausal women.
PMID: 12955564 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12545744&dopt=AbstractWei Sheng Yan Jiu 2002 Jun;31(3):145-7
[In vivo and in vitro study on the effect of excessive fluoride on type I collagen of rats]
[Article in Chinese]
Miao Q, Xu M, Liu B, You B.
Institute of Occupational Medicine, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing 100050, China.
In order to investigate the effects of excessive fluoride on type I collagen in rat bone, rat fluorosis model is induced by giving 221 mg/L NaF in drinking water for two months. The level of serum BGP, inorganic ingredient, the content of collagen and the degree of collagen cross-linking in fluorosis rat bone are determined. Rat calvaria osteoblasts are separated by enzyme digestion. After the treatment of 0.5 and 1.0 mmol/L NaF for 48 hour, effects of excessive fluoride on the expression level of type I collagen of the osteoblasts are detected through immunohistochemical method. The results show that after NaF treatment for two months, the serum BGP and inorganic ingredient content in fluorosis rat bone increase significantly in comparison to those of in control group (P < 0.05). On the contrast, the content of collagen and the degree of collagen cross-linking in fluorosis rat bone decrease significantly (P < 0.05) compared with control group. In in vitro study, the osteoblasts secrete less type I collagen after NaF treatment than they do in control group cells. The results suggest that excessive fluoride can inhibit the synthesis of type I collagen. The decrease of collagen may be one of causal factors to skeletal fluorosis.
PMID: 12545744 [PubMed - in process]
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11983193&dopt=Abstract
Clin Chim Acta 2002 Jun;320(1-2):1-4
Fluoride content of alcoholic beverages.
Warnakulasuriya S, Harris C, Gelbier S, Keating J, Peters T.
Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Guy's, King's and St. Thomas' Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Denmark Hill Campus, King's College London, Caldecot Road, London SE5 9RW, UK. s.warne@kcl.ac.uk
BACKGROUND: In view of the conflicting reports of the extent and severity of dental caries in alcohol misusing subjects, a systematic survey of the fluoride content of alcoholic beverages was undertaken.
RESULTS: The fluoride content of beverages varied widely particularly if non-UK European products were considered.
CONCLUSIONS: Beers brewed in locations with high fluoride water levels may contribute significantly to the daily fluoride intake, particularly in alcohol misusing subjects and this may contribute to alcohol-associated bone disease.
PMID: 11983193 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11977896&dopt=AbstractNo Abstract available
Tex Dent J 2002 Apr;119(4):316-22, 324-7
A survey of fluoride in Texas well water.
Bowles WH, Bowles SL.
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Dallas, USA.
PMID: 11977896 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12515342&dopt=AbstractEnviron Sci Pollut Res Int 2002;9(6):369-74
Halogenated compounds and climate change: future emission levels and reduction costs.
Harnisch J, de Jager D, Gale J, Stobbel O.
ECOFYS energy & environment, D-50933 Cologne, Germany. j.harnisch@ecofys.de
OBJECTIVES: This work assesses the contribution to climate change resulting from emissions of the group of halogenated greenhouse gases.
METHODS: A bottom-up emission model covering 22 technological sectors in four major regions is described. Emission estimates for 1996 and projection for 2010 and 2020 are presented. The costs for deep cuts into projected emission levels are calculated.
RESULTS: The substances covered by this study have contributed emissions of 1100 +/- 800 MT CO2 equivalents per year in 1996. In terms of their relative contribution to emissions of CO2 equivalents, this corresponds to 3 +/- 2% of global emissions of all anthropogenic greenhouse gases. The wide range of uncertainty is due to the poorly quantified net global warming potential of the ozone depleting substances, which have an indirect cooling effect on climate through the destruction of stratospheric ozone. For annual emissions of HFCs, PFCs and SF6 (which are regulated under the Kyoto Protocol and for which global warming potentials are well defined), the relative contribution is projected to increase to 2% (600 MT CO2 eq.) of global greenhouse gas emissions by 2010. This trend is expected to continue, emissions are projected to grow to a contribution of roughly 3% (870 MT CO2 eq.) in 2020 compared to 0.9% (300 MT CO2 eq.) in 1996. For HFCs, PFCs and SF6, this study identifies global emission reduction potentials of 260 MT CO2 eq. per year in 2010 and 640 MT CO2 eq. per year in 2020 at below US$ 50 per ton. These values correspond to roughly 40% and 75% of projected emissions in 2010 and 2020, respectively.
PMID: 12515342 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12434886&dopt=Abstract
Acta Paediatr 2002;91(10):1031-8Whole-body mineral measurements in Swedish adolescents at 17 years compared to 15 years of age.
Bratteb LE, Samuelson G, Sandhagen B, Mallmin H, Lantz H, Sjostrom L.
Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden. lars-eric.bratteby@medsci.uu.se
AIM: To provide reference data for bone mineral variables in 15- and 17-y-old adolescents and to analyse the relationships between these variables and measures of bone and body size, gender, puberty, growth, various lifestyle and environmental factors and socioeconomic background.
METHODS: In the same 321 randomly selected adolescents (147 boys and 174 girls) living in two different regions of Sweden, the total bone mineral content (TBMC), bone area (BA) and total bone mineral density (TBMD) were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at ages 15 and 17 y. The effects of bone and body size, gender, growth, sexual maturity, physical activity, region of domicile, social conditions, food habits, smoking and alcohol intake on TBMC and TBMD were examined in multivariate analyses.
RESULTS: In the 15-y-old adolescents, BA, height, gender, physical activity, maturity and weight explained 91% and 48%, of the variance in TBMC and TBMD, respectively. In similar analyses in the 17-y-olds, the corresponding figures were 92% and 62%, respectively, when BA, height, growth, physical activity, gender and region emerged as significant in the model. In all these analyses, BA explained most of the variance in TBMC and TBMD. No significant reduction of variance was found when different measures of social conditions, smoking, food habits, alcohol or dietary intakes of energy, calcium or vitamin D were included in the models. The reason why region of domicile had a significant impact on TBMC in the 17-y-olds is not known. The fact that the normal fluoride concentration in drinking water (1.1 mg/L) is 10 times higher in the region where TBMC was higher than in the other region is an interesting observation.
CONCLUSION: Almost 90% of the variance in TBMC and 50% of that in TBMD was explained by measures of bone and body size and only a few percent by gender, physical activity, Tanner stage, growth and region of domicile.
PMID: 12434886 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11905481&dopt=AbstractMMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2002 Feb 22;51(7):144-7
Populations receiving optimally fluoridated public drinking water--United States, 2000.
Dental caries (i.e., tooth decay) is a transmissible, multifactor disease that affects 50% of children aged 5-9 years, 67% of adolescents aged 12-17 years, and 94% of adults aged > or = 18 years in the United States. During the second half of the 20th century, a major decline in the prevalence and severity of dental caries resulted from the identification of fluoride as an effective method of preventing caries. Fluoridation of the public water supply is the most equitable, cost-effective, and cost-saving method of delivering fluoride to the community. In the United States during 2000, approximately 162 million persons (65.8% of the population served by public water systems) received optimally fluoridated water compared with 144 million (62.1%) in 1992. This report presents state-specific data on the status of water fluoridation in the United States and describes a new surveillance system designed to routinely produce state and national data to monitor fluoridation in the public water supply. The results of this report indicate slow progress toward increasing access to optimally fluoridated water for persons using public water systems. Data from the new surveillance system can heighten public awareness of this effective caries prevention measure and can be used to identify areas where additional health promotion efforts are needed.
PMID: 11905481 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11868834&dopt=AbstractJ Am Dent Assoc 2002 Feb;133(2):157-65
Prevalence and trends in enamel fluorosis in the United States from the 1930s to the 1980s.
Beltran-Aguilar ED, Griffin SO, Lockwood SA.
Division of Oral Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341-3724, USA. edb4@CDC.gov
BACKGROUND: The National Survey of Dental Caries in U.S. School Children: 1986-1987 conducted by the National Institute of Dental Research, or NIDR, remains the only source of national data about the prevalence of enamel fluorosis. The authors analyze these data and describe changes in the prevalence of enamel fluorosis since the 1930s, as reported by H. Trendley Dean.
METHODS: A sample of children comparable to those described in the 1930s was selected from the NIDR data set among children living in households served by public water systems during the child's first eight years of life. The type of water system (that is, natural, optimal and suboptimal) for each household had been recorded in the NIDR data set using data from the 1985 U.S. Fluoridation Census. The NIDR data set included information about the children's history of fluoride exposure obtained from parents.
RESULTS: In the 1986-1987 period, the prevalence of enamel fluorosis (ranging from very mild to severe) was 37.8 percent among children living in residences with natural fluoride (0.7 to 4.0 parts per million fluoride ions, or F-), 25.8 percent in the optimal fluoride group (0.7 to 1.2 ppm F- and 15.5 percent in the suboptimal fluoride group (< 0.7 ppm F-). The largest increase in fluorosis prevalence from the 1930s to the 1980s was in the suboptimal fluoride group (6.5 to 15.5 percent).
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Exposure to multiple sources of fluoride may explain the increase in enamel fluorosis from the 1930s to the 1980s. The exposure to fluoride from sources such as dietary supplements has decreased since the 1980s because of reductions in the recommended dosage, but these changes occurred too late to have an effect on the study cohort. Evidence of simultaneous use of systemic fluorides indicates the need to reinforce guidelines for the appropriate use of fluorides and promote research on measuring total fluoride exposure.
PMID: 11868834 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11729078&dopt=AbstractAnnu Rev Entomol 2002;47:331-59
Alternatives to methyl bromide treatments for stored-product and quarantine insects.
Fields PG, White ND.
Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2M9; Canada. pfields@em.agr.ca
Methyl bromide is used to control insects as a space fumigant in flour and feed mills and ship holds, as a product fumigant for some fruit and cereals, and for general quarantine purposes. Methyl bromide acts rapidly, controlling insects in less than 48 h in space fumigations, and it has a wide spectrum of activity, controlling not only insects but also nematodes and plant-pathogenic microbes. This chemical will be banned in 2005 in developed countries, except for exceptional quarantine purposes, because it depletes ozone in the atmosphere. Many alternatives have been tested as replacements for methyl bromide, from physical control methods such as heat, cold, and sanitation to fumigant replacements such as phosphine, sulfuryl fluoride, and carbonyl sulfide, among others. Individual situations will require their own type of pest control techniques, but the most promising include integrated pest management tactics and combinations of treatments such as phosphine, carbon dioxide, and heat.
Publication Types:Review
Review, AcademicPMID: 11729078 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11744203&dopt=AbstractJ Hazard Mater 2002 Jan 28;89(2-3):177-83
Characterization of inorganic fraction of spent potliners: evaluation of the cyanides and fluorides content.
Silveira BI, Dantas AE, Blasquez JE, Santos RK.
Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Para, Para, Brazil. inacio@ufpa.br
Spent potliner (SPL) is a solid waste generated by the aluminum industry during the manufacture of aluminum metal in electrolytic cells. Initially the electrolityc cell liners comprise of graphite and carbonaceous materials, but after several years of operation, the liner materials deteriorate and must be removed from the cells. Because of the presence of fluoride and cyanide in the SPL, the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has listed the materials as a hazardous waste. The purpose of this work was to characterize the extent of leaching of cyanides and fluorides from SPL, as a function of the number of years the material was present in an operating electrolytic cell. At Aluminio Brasileiro S.A. (ALBRAS) plant, SPL was separated into two fractions: a carbon component and an inorganic part. Inorganic materials from nine pots, about 28 tonnes per pot, were examined in this study. When placed in water at a ratio of 20 g solid to 20 ml of water, the pH for all samples varied from 10 to 11.8. The total measured fluoride content of the solid samples varied from 5.13 to 11.41%. However, when leached at a pH of 5, the dissolved fluoride was equivalent to only 0.26-3.46%. With a pH of 12 in the leachate solution, the dissolved fluoride was equivalent to 6.45-9.39%. The data show that the fluorides of the waste are more soluble in basic solutions, and when leached at a pH of 12 are much closer to the actual fluorides content. For the same samples, the dissolved quantity of cyanide was equivalent to 4.34-27.33 ppm, with an average of 13.26 ppm. For all the samples studied, there did not appear to be a correlation between the fractions of fluoride and cyanide leached from the samples and the operating life of the potliner materials.
PMID: 11744203 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11706374&dopt=AbstractArch Environ Contam Toxicol 2002 Jan;42(1):99-104
Assessing regional variation of environmental fluoride concentrations in western Germany by analysis of antler fluoride content in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus).
Kierdorf U, Kierdorf H.
Institute of General and Systematic Zoology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32 (IFZ), D-35392 Giessen, Germany. kierdorf@lindlar.de
To assess regional variation in ambient fluoride levels, we analyzed the fluoride content of 188 antlers of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) killed between 1990 and 1999 in 14 areas of the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Individual antler fluoride concentrations ranged between 113 and 11,995 mg x F-/kg bone ash, and sample means differed significantly (p < 0.0001) among the study areas. Low average concentrations (geometric means of 262 and 277 mg x F-/kg bone ash, respectively) were found in antler samples from two control areas, located quite remote to major fluoride emission sources. The highest geometric mean fluoride content (1,677 mg x F-/kg bone ash) was recorded for an antler sample from a study area exposed to fluoride emissions from an aluminium smelter and two mineral coal-fired power stations. In eight antlers obtained from roe deer living in the direct vicinity of the aluminium smelter, fluoride values ranged between 2,067 and 11,995 mg x F-/kg bone ash, thereby demonstrating the strong impact of this emission source on its surroundings. The study showed that by analyzing antler fluoride concentrations, large-scale surveys of environmental contamination by fluoride can be performed in a standardized and cost-effective way in areas inhabited by deer. Due to its rather narrow home range, abundance, and high adaptability, the roe deer is particularly suited for such studies.
PMID: 11706374 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12243394&dopt=AbstractAnal Sci 2002 Sep;18(9):1003-7
Fluoride content by ion chromatography using a suppressed conductivity detector and osmolality of bitterns discharged into the Pacific Ocean from a saltworks: feasible causal agents in the mortality of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) in the Ojo de Liebre lagoon, Baja California Sur, Mexico.
Tovar LR, Gutierrez ME, Cruz G.
Center for Interdisciplinary Research on the Environment and Development, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico DF, Mexico. lrtovar@avantel.net
On December 1997, 94 corpses of green turtles, Chelonia mydas, were found at the Ojo de Liebre lagoon (OLL) adjacent to the industrial operation of Exportadora de Sal S. A (ESSA), the largest saltworks in the world, owned by the Mexican Government and Mitsubishi Corporation, located in Baja California Sur, Mexico. Every year about 551 x 10(6) m3 of seawater is solar evaporated, producing 7 x 10(6) tons of salt and 24.6 x 10(6) m3 of bitterns, the latter being discharged into the OLL, which is a costal lagoon of the Pacific Ocean. ESSA claimed that bitterns contain the same salts present in seawater, but 20-fold more concentrated than the former. Ion chromatography with a conductivity detector and ion suppression was used to determine the F-, Cl-, SO4(2-) and CO3(2-) contents of seawater, brines and bitterns collected at ESSA. Furthermore, the osmolality of brines and bitterns from ESSA was measured. F- content in bitterns was 60.5-fold more than that in seawater. The bitterns osmolality was 11,000 mosm/kg of water, whereas the turtle's plasma osmolality was about 400 mosm/kg of water. We concluded that the dumping of bitterns into the ocean should be avoided.
PMID: 12243394 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12371092&dopt=AbstractHuan Jing Ke Xue 2002 Jul;23(4):118-22
[Safety threshold of fluorine in endemic fluorosis regions in China]
[Article in Chinese]
Li Y, Wang W, Hou S.
Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China.
Four endemic fluorosis regions in China and their environmental epidemiological characteristics were summarized in this paper. It shows that the epidemiology of endemic fluorosis is closely related to geochemical parameters of local environment. The food-web and dose-effect relationship of fluoride from environment to human body in different types of endemic fluorosis regions were studied. And the safety threshold of fluoride in different regions was determined. The results have provided a scientific basis for environmental risk assessment of fluoride in China.
PMID: 12371092 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12508513&dopt=AbstractJ Law Med Ethics 2002 Fall;30(3 Suppl):117-21
Fluoridation at fifty: what have we learned?
Pratt E Jr, Rawson RD, Rubin M.
National Association of Local Boards of Health, Washington, DC, USA.
The question posed by the title of this article encompasses more than just the law and science applied to fluoridation. A review of the history and present status of fluoridation policy development and implementation makes it quickly apparent that the lessons learned are applicable to a wide range of public health policy and that the public health community needs to be very concerned about the status and trends of legal precedent. Indeed, in the context of recent U. S. Supreme Court decisions, the need for a comprehensive and coordinated effort to educate the public, legislators, and jurists about the safety and efficacy of community water fluoridation is clear. Two fundamental issues are at the core of this article: (1) the use of science in formulating and defending public health policy, and (2) how to connect scientific fact with the legal process in connection with the actual circumstances regarding a community's health status. The opening section of this article presents an analysis of fluoridation's great success in preventing dental caries over the past 50 years, along with a discussion of current data scientifically demonstrating that fluoride is safe when properly utilized. A second section provides an overview of one state's legislative experience in mandating fluoridation and the political challenges encountered. A final section discusses the legal issues associated with fluoridation, including the bases of legal challenges to public laws mandating it.
PMID: 12508513 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11918578&dopt=Abstract
- Abstract also available in Fluoride 2002; 35(2):133-134 -
online at http://www.fluoride-journal.com/02-35-2/352-130.pdfCommunity Dent Oral Epidemiol 2002 Feb;30(1):70-9.
A blind caries and fluorosis prevalence study of school-children in naturally fluoridated and nonfluoridated townships of Morayshire, Scotland
Stephen KW, Macpherson LM, Gilmour WH, Stuart RA, Merrett MC.
University of Glasgow Dental School, Department of Statistics, University of Glasgow, Morayshire, Scotland. k.stephen@dental.gla.ac.uk
Comment on this study
by Hardy Limeback BSc PhD DDS
Head, Preventive Dentistry University of Torontohttp://www.fluoride-journal.com/02-35-2/352-130.pdf
Fluoride 2002; 35(2):135-137
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12469713&dopt=AbstractJ Air Waste Manag Assoc 2002 Nov;52(11):1274-80
Decomposition of SF6 in an RF plasma environment.
Shih M, Lee WJ, Tsai CH, Tsai PJ, Chen CY.
Sulfur hexafluoride (SFd)-contained gas is a common pollutant emitted during the etching process used in the semiconductor industry. This study demonstrated the application of radio-frequency (RF) plasma in the decomposition of SF6. The decomposition fraction of SF6 [etaSF6 (C(in)-C(out))/C(in) x 100%] and the mole fraction profile of the products were investigated as functions of input power and feed O2/SF6 ratio in an SiO2 reactor. The species detected in both SF6/Ar and SF6/O2/ Ar RF plasmas were SiF4, SO2, Fe2, SO2F2, SOF2, SOF4, S2F10, S2OF10, S2O2F10, and SF4. The results revealed that at 40 W, etaSF6 exceeded 99%, and the reaction products were almost all converted into stable compounds such as SiF4, SO2, and F2 with or without the addition of oxygen. Sulfur oxyfluorides such as SO2F2, SOF2, SOF4, S2OF10, and S2O2F10 were produced only below 40 W. The results of this work can be used to design a plasma/chemical system for online use in a series of a manufacturing process to treat SF6-containing exhaust gases.
PMID: 12469713 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12002285&dopt=AbstractEnviron Monit Assess 2002 Apr;75(2):169-77
Fluoride in groundwater in selected villages in Eritrea (North East Africa).
Srikanth R, Viswanatham KS, Kahsai F, Fisahatsion A, Asmellash M.
Department of Environment, Government of Eritrea, Asmara.
A study was undertaken to estimate fluoride content in the groundwater in certain parts of rural Eritrea. North-East Africa, along the River Anseba. Standard procedure was adopted for fluoride detection. Results indicate elevated concentration of fluoride in groundwater. The highest concentration was found to be 3.73 mg L(-1), well above the safety level for consumption. Geological basis for the high concentration of high fluoride has been established; it is presumed to be the pegmatite intrusion hosted by a granitic batholith. Extensive dental fluorosis has been observed in the population exposed to drinking water of high fluoride content.
PMID: 12002285 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Fluoride 2002; 35(3):168-175Effects of selenium on serum lipids and enzyme activities in fluoride-intoxicated rats
Mysliwiec Z (a), Machoy-Mokrzyska A, Juzyszyn Z, Czeryn B, Put A
(a) For correspondence: Dr. Zofia Mysliwiec, Dept. of Physiology, Pomeranian Academy of Medicine, Szczecin, Poland. E-mail: zjuzyszyn@wp.pl
Summary: Male Wistar rats were exposed to sodium fluoride (20 mg F-/kg bw/24 hr) orally during 3 months. Sodium selenite (5 or 10 ug elemental Se/kg bw/24 hr) was simultaneously administered to some of the animals. Changes in serum lipids and enzyme activities caused by fluoride intake were less pronounced in rats receiving selenium.
Fluoride 2002; 35(3):161-167Enhancement of kidney and liver respiratory activity by quercetin sulfonates in rats chronically exposed to ammonium fluoride.
Juzyszyn Z (a), Czerny B, Mysliwiec Z, Put A
(a) For correspondence: Dr. Zygmunt Juzyszyn, Dept. of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Pomeranian Academy of Medicine, Szczecin, Polant. E-mail: zjuyszyn@wp.pl
Summary: The respiratory activity of liver and kidney slices of rats chronically exposed to ammonium fluoride was studied. It was found that a mixture of quercetin sulfonates stimulated tissue metabolism and exerted a protective effect in NH4F intoxication through normalization of respiratory activity.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12449644&dopt=AbstractGenetika 2002 Oct;38(10):1337-44
[Article in Russian]
Research Institute of Medical Radiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Obninsk, 249030 Russia. mrrc@obninsk.ru
The term "pseudomutagens" is suggested for factors that increase the spontaneous mutation level not by induction of DNA molecule changes but as a result of inhibition of the repair of spontaneous pre-mutation lesions. The expected regularities of pseudomutagen effects, which are suitable as criteria for their identification, are considered. The experimental results on the effects of six modifiers of cell metabolism in human lymphocytes are analyzed. Four of the modifiers (5-fluorodeoxyuridine, sodium cyanide, sodium fluoride and monoiodoacetic acid) behaved as pseudomutagens according to all the criteria applied. 2,4-Dinitrophenol proved to be a true mutagen. Adenosine diphosphate revealed unusual properties: it inhibited the repair of spontaneous lesions but decreased the frequency of structural mutations induced by radiation. The significance of the phenomenon of the pseudomutagenesis for the problem of environmental mutagens/carcinogens is discussed.
PMID: 12449644 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12209338&dopt=AbstractParasitol Res 2002 Oct;88(10):946-9
Acid phosphatase activity in excretion/secretion products from Heligmosomoides polygyrus adults: an indicator of the physiological status of the worms.
Martinez-Grueiro MM.
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain, mgrueiro@farm.ucm.es
Acid phosphatase (AP) activity was detected in 24 h culture media from adult Heligmosomoides polygyrus. Female and male excretion/secretion products showed similar specific activity. For both, the AP had a pH optimum of 4.0 and was inhibited by sodium fluoride, tartaric acid, and sodium orthovanadate. The release of AP by adult worms was significantly inhibited by adverse incubation conditions (temperatures of 20 degrees C and 4 degrees C), known physiological perturbers ( t-butylhydroperoxide and sodium azide), and broad spectrum anthelmintics (albendazole, levamisole, morantel, and ivermectin). These results indicate that the AP activity level in the culture medium may be an indicator of the physiological status of the worms.
PMID: 12209338 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12440788&dopt=Abstract
J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 2002 Sep;49(7):337-47Serum fluoride concentrations, biochemical and histopathological changes associated with prolonged sevoflurane anaesthesia in horses.
Driessen B, Zarucco L, Steffey EP, McCullough C, Del Piero F, Melton L, Puschner B, Stover SM.
Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 95616, USA. driessen@vet.upenn.edu
The volatile anaesthetic sevoflurane is degraded to fluoride (F-) and a vinyl ether (Compound A), which have the potential to harm kidney and liver. Whether renal and hepatic injuries can occur in horses is unknown. Cardiopulmonary, biochemical and histopathological changes were studied in six healthy thoroughbred horses undergoing 18 h of low-flow sevoflurane anaesthesia. Serum F- concentrations were measured and clinical laboratory tests performed to assess hepatic and renal function before and during anaesthesia. Necropsy specimens of kidney and liver were harvested for microscopic examination and compared to pre-experimental needle biopsies. Cardiopulmonary parameters were maintained at clinically acceptable levels throughout anaesthesia. Immediately after initiation of sevoflurane inhalation, serum F- levels began to rise, reaching an ongoing 38-45 micromol 1(-1) plateau at 8 h of anaesthesia. Serum biochemical analysis revealed only mild increases in glucose and creatinine kinase and a decrease in total calcium. Beyond 10 h of anaesthesia mild, time-related changes in urine included increased volume, glucosuria and enzymuria. Histological examination revealed mild microscopic changes in the kidney involving mainly the distal tubule, but no remarkable alterations in liver tissue. These results indicate that horses can be maintained in a systemically healthy state during unusually prolonged sevoflurane anaesthesia with minimal risk of hepatocellular damage from this anaesthetic. Furthermore, changes in renal function and morphology observed after sevoflurane inhalation are judged minimal and appear to be clinically irrelevant; they may be the result of anaesthetic duration, physiological stressors, sevoflurane (or its degradation products) or other unkown factors associated with these animals and study conditions.
PMID: 12440788 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12430649&dopt=AbstractChemosphere. 2002 Nov;49(6):619-28.
Effects of surface coatings on electrochemical properties and contaminant sorption of clay minerals.
Zhuang J, Yu GR. jzhuang@udel.edu
Surface charges play a major role in determining the interactions of contaminants with soils. The most important sources of soil charges are clay mineral colloids, whose electrochemical properties are usually modified by metal-oxides and organic matter in natural environments. In this study, effects of coatings of organic matter and Fe- and Al-oxides on a series of electrochemical properties and heavy metal sorption of three clay minerals (kaolinite, montmorillonite and illite) predominant in natural soils were investigated using batch techniques. The results indicate that the coatings increased the specific surface area of the clay minerals, except for the Al-oxide coated montmorillonite and organic matter coated 2:1 clay minerals. The sesquioxide coatings increased amount of positive charges but decreased negative charges. This causes great reduction of the negative potential on the clay surfaces, shift of the zero point of charge to a higher pH, and promotion of fluoride sorption due to presence of more OH- and OH2 on the oxide surfaces than on the clay surfaces. In contrast, the organic coating significantly increased the negativity of surface charges, and thus the zero point of charge and zeta-potential of the clays dropped down. The organic coating also induced a reduction of fluoride sorption on the clays. With respect to the sorption of lead and cadmium, the sesquioxide coatings produced insignificant effects. The experiments of lead/cadmium competitive sorption show that on both the oxide-coated surface and the original clay surface there exist different types of sites, each of which preferentially binds with a heavy metal.
PMID: 12430649 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11867922&dopt=AbstractNo Abstract available
Eur Surg Res 2002 Jan-Apr;34(1-2):188-95
Nephrotoxicity of halogenated inhalational anaesthetics: fictions and facts.
Reichle FM, Conzen PF, Peter K.
Klinik fur Anaesthesiologie, Klinikum Grosshadern, Universitat Munchen, Deutschland.
Publication Types:Review
Review LiteraturePMID: 11867922 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12099293&dopt=AbstractBiomaterials 2002 Aug;23(16):3487-93
PVDF as a new polymer for the construction of surgical meshes.
Klinge U, Klosterhalfen B, Ottinger AP, Junge K, Schumpelick V.
Department of Surgery, Technical University of Aachen, Germany. uklinge@post.klinikum.rwth-aachen.de
Abdominal hernia repair is the most frequently performed operation in surgery. Mostly due to lowered recurrence rates mesh repairs in hernia surgery have become an integral component despite increasing mesh-related complications. Current available mesh prosthesis are made of polypropylene (PP). polyethylene-terephtalat or polytetrafluorethylene. though all of them reveal some disadvantages. The introduction of new materials seems to be advisable. Caused by supposed advantageous textile properties and tissue response two mesh modifications made of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) for abdominal hernia repair were developed. In the present study the PVDF meshes were compared to a common heavy weight PP-mesh (Prolene) in regard to functional consequences and morphological tissue response. After implantation in rats as inlay for 3, 14, 21, 42 and 90 days abdominal wall mobility was recorded by three-dimensional photogrammetry. Tensile strength of the suture zone and the mesh itself were determined. Explanted tissue samples have been investigated for their histological reaction in regard to the inflammatory infiltrate. vascularisation, connective and fat tissue ingrowth. Number of granulocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, lymphocytes and foreign giant body cells have been evaluated to reflect quality of tissue response. The cellular response was grasped by measurement of DNA strand breaks and apoptosis (TUNEL), proliferation (Ki67) and cell stress (HSP70). Analyzing the results confirmed that construction of hernia meshes made of PVDF could be an advantageous alternative to the commonly used materials due to an improved biostability. lowered bending stiffness and a minimum tissue response.
PMID: 12099293 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12678746&dopt=AbstractCurr Med Chem Anti-Canc Agents. 2002 Mar;2(2):255-66.
Discovery of antitumor indolocarbazoles: rebeccamycin, NSC 655649, and fluoroindolocarbazoles.
Long BH, Rose WC, Vyas DM, Matson JA, Forenza S.
Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA. byron.long@bms.com
A fermentation directed product search for potential anticancer drugs conducted by Bristol-Myers in the 1970s and early 1980s resulted in the identification of a novel indolocarbazole (IC) rebeccamycin (RBM) as a potential drug development candidate. Subsequently, an analog program designed to impart distal site in vivo antitumor activity resulted in the discovery of diethylaminoethyl analog of RBM (DEAE-RBM), which is presently undergoing clinical evaluation as NSC 655649 and BMY-27557. Strong DNA intercalation is the primary mechanism of action of DEAE-RBM resulting in the potent catalytic inhibition of both topoisomerases I and II. Precursor feeding fermentation experiments with fluorine-substituted tryptophans yielded novel fluoroindolocarbazoles (FICs). These FICs were identified as targeting topoisomerase (topo) I in a mechanism-based screen and their action on topo I was confirmed by production of topo I-mediated single-strand breaks in DNA at sites essentially identical to those induced by camptothecin. Topo I dependent cytotoxicity was demonstrated for specific FICs using a P388 and camptothecin-resistant P388/CPT45 pair of cell lines, the latter expresses little or no functional topo I. For example, topo I selectivity was greatest with 3,9-difluoro substituted FIC and was least significant and least cytotoxic with 4,8-difluoro substituted FIC. The review focuses on the discovery of the rebeccamycin class of compounds and their structure-activity relationships leading to the development of the clinical candidate BMY-27557 (NSC 655649), as well as the lead identification of the fluoroindolocarbazole class of compounds.
Publication Types: Review; Review, Tutorial
PMID: 12678746 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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