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1982 Fluoride Abstracts.
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Fluoride 1982; 15(4):169-172
Editorial
Overfluoridation
Excerpts - Tables 1 and 2:
Table 1
Fluoride "Spills" Reported in the LiteratureName of Town
ReferenceDate Cause F Content (ppm)
Duration
of spillNumber Affected Szolnok, Hungary
Orvosi Hetilop
108:306-7, 19673/29/65 Soda water plant failed to flush pipes after F equipment plant had been closed for repair <650 ppm: orangeade
900 ppm: soda water
15-20 in restaurant
55 children
5 adults in kindergarten* N.E. Bradford Elem. School, Rome, PA
Dept. Health Ment. Hyg. Field Investigation Report 35-36 (3-19-80) State of Maryland6/6/72 BIF feeder bypass blocked 48 to 67 ppm: water
230 ppm: coffee150 students at school picnic vomited after drinking orange juice made with water * Stanly, NC
MMWR 1974; 23:1903/16/74 F feeder pump malfunctioned 270 ppm: orange juice
125 ppm: water
201 students
12 adultsHarbor Springs MI
PHS-CDC-Atlanta, 12-14-78. J American Water Works Assoc 1980; 72:238-24311/22/77 Tree fell on electric wire causing failure of F feeder control < 2400 mg/l: water < 25 min. 4 * Los Lunas NM
Pediatrics 1980; 65:897-90011/17/78 Malfunction of electric relay switch 375 ppm (Bldg. A)
9.35 ppm (Bldg. B)34 Island Falls ME
Report by Water Dist. Mgr. C. Given, 9/21/81May 1979 Extra F flowed into water system during change of meter head. Gastrointestinal symptoms Annapolis MD
MMWR 1980; 29:134-13611/13/79 Worker neglected to close valve 36 ppm: city water
50 ppm: water of dialysis unit17 1/2 hrs. < 6000 (?) * Vermont Elem. School.
Amer J Pub Health 1982; 72:1168-11698/30/80 Continuous operation of school fluoridator 1041 mg/l: water 22 attended farmers' market on school grounds: Nausea, vomiting, headache, cramps, dizziness, diarrhea * Jonesboro Elem. School, ME
Dept. of Human Services, State of Maine, Augusta 10/22/8110/6/81 Defective valve 25.3 ppm: water fountain
84 ppm: coffee pot
236 ppm: left over cup of coffee57 transported to hospital,
38 including 3 teachers given emetics
2 hospitalized temporarily* School fluoridation
Table 2
Fluoride "Spills" Causing Environmental PollutionTown & Ref. Date Cause of Accident Results Lebanon PA
Lebanon Daily News 8/22/758/20/75 Ruptured storage tank holding 6000 gal. of H2SiF6 About 1500 gal. leaked into holding ponds and Swatara Creek, killing fish Seattle WA
Seattle Times 5/13/76May 1976 Break in plastic fitting of ruber-lined steel tank 5000 gals. spilled int Cedar River watershed Syracuse NY
Auburn Citizen 3/29/77March 1977 Ruptured underground F tank 1200 gals. accidentally pumped in Skaneateles Creek. Hundreds of fish dead on banks of creek. Marin County CA
San Rafael Independent Journal 11/25/7710/27 - 11/2 1977 F feeder valve malfunctioned Five communities received up to 5.4 ppm excess F for several days. Public not informed. Pendleton OR
East Oregonian 7/20/816/2 - 6/8 1981 Burst pipe leading from F storage tank 4000 gals. of F leaked into ground. Village of Potsdam NY
Courier-Freeman 8/18/818/10/81 "Diffuser", a plastic pipe that controls F flow into the water system, broke off. Entire contents of a drum of F entered the water supply Residents in a state of "water emergency" for 9 hrs.
Fluoride 1982; 15(3):110-118
Cytological effects of sodium fluoride on mice
AH Mohamed and ME Chandler
Dept. of Biology and School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Kansas City
Summary: Inbred mice, fed a low-fluoride diet, 0.263 +- .028 ppm F, were given drinking water containing 0, 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, or 200 ppm F for 3 to 6 weeks. Cytological studies on bone marrow cell chromosomes and spermatocytes showed that 1-200 ppm F (as sodium fluoride) was able to induce chromosomal changes in a dose-dependent manner. The frequency of the induced chromosomal damage was significantly higher in each treatment than in the controls. The observed abnormalities inlcuded translocations, dicentrics, ring chromosomes, and bridges plus fragments, or fragments by themselves. There was a significant correlation between the amount of fluoride in the body ash and the frequency of the chromosomal abnormalities.
Fluoride 1982; 15(3):119-123Leukocyte response in young mice chronically exposed to fluoride
SR Greenberg
Dept. of Path., U. of Health Sciences, Chicago Medical School, Illinois
Summary: The study, by light and fluorescent microscopy, of sternal and femoral bone marrow taken from young Swiss mice exposed for period up to 280 days to elevated levels of sodium fluoride in drinking water, has revealed morphologic abnormalities in cell structure and mitotic figure formation in immature leukocytes. Alterations in the content and distribution of RNA and DNA also appear after several weeks of exposure. These findings, interpreted in relation to other reported data, bear compatability with a possible shift of these cells toward anaplasia.
[Note from FAN: definition of anaplasia: loss of structural differentiation, especially as seen in most, but not all, malignant neoplasms. SYN dedifferentiation. Ref: Stedman's Concise Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions. Illustrated 4th Edition. Ed. JH Dirckx, MD. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2001.]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6758919&dopt=AbstractBrain Res 1982 Dec 16;253(1-2):325-9
Fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase in the rat adrenal gland.
Vincent SR, Schultzberg M, Dalsgaard CJ.
PMID: 6758919 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6760497&dopt=AbstractTsitol Genet 1982 Nov-Dec;16(6):40-2
[Mechanism of the mutagenic action of fluorine]
[Article in Russian]
Nikiforova VIa.
PMID: 6760497 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Fluoride 1982; 15(4):202-208Adenyl cyclase activity and cyclic AMP levels following F ingestion in rabbits and human subjects
M Singh and AK Sushella
Fluorosis Reseach Laboratory, Dept. of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
Summary: Fluoride is known to activate adenyl cyclase in vitro and in intact cells. The present report desribs the effect of fluoride on tissue adenyl cyclase activity and cyclic AMP levels in vivo.
The adenyl cyclase activity increased significantly in bone, liver and kidney following ingestion of 10 mg fluoride per kg body weight. The increased activity paralleled elevated tissue fluoride levels. Among the various tissues investigated, bone tissue showed the highest increase in activity which approximated 193%. Further, the plasma cyclic AMP levels increased by 45% and 114% in animals given fluoride for 6 and 12 months respectively. In view of the above findings, cyclic AMP levels have been investigated in various tissues of the rabbit as well as urine and plasma of human subjects afflicted with fluorosis. The significance of the data with respect to pathological changes occurring in fluorosis is discussed.
Fluoride 1982; 15(4):208-214Ultrastructural observations on the effects of fluoride ingestion on the parathyroid gland of the rat
LJ Ram
Dept. of Anatomy, Wright State University, School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio
Summary: The parathyroid glands of rats given distilled water, to which 150 ppm fluoride [as sodium fluoride] was added, for 10 weeks contain abundant lamellar arrays of rough endoplasmic reticulum and multiple dilated Golgi complexes. Secretory granules are released within cytoplasmic projections and aggregations of glycogen granules are seen within the chief cell cytoplasm as well as within enlarged intercellular spaces. Fluoride ingestion appears to result in incrased functional activity of the rat parathyroid gland.
International J of Clin Pharmacol Ther and Toxicol 1982; 20:334-338
- As cited and abstracted in Fluoride 1983; 16(4):256-258
Accidental ingestion of NaF tablets by children: report of a poison control center and one case
Eichler HG, Lenz K, Fuhrmann M, Hruby K
Excerpts: In Austria, according to sales data, the majority of children up to age 5 are currently receiving tablets. According to the Poison Information Centre in Vienna, 108 cases of over-dosing of small children have been recorded over the last 5 years. The case of a child who allegedly died from fluoride poisoning is discussed.
A 3-yeard old boy (12.5 kg) swallowed 200 tablets containing 1 mg fluoride each (16 mg/kg body wt). Immediately following the ingestion he vomited, but seemed to recover completly. However, 4 hours later, soon after admission to the hospital, he collapsed and died, 7 hours after ingestion of fluoride.
Autopsy revealed hemorrhagic tracheitis, hemorrhagic edema of the lungs associated with hypostasy and atelectasis, hemorrhagic gastritis, hemorrhagic pyelitis and cystitis, and massive cerebral edema. The small intestine showed signs of ileitis terminalis. Histologically, cells of the liver, heart, and kidney showed cloudly swellig. Postmortem fluoride concentration in the blood was 1.5 mg/kg, in liver 3.7 mg/kg and in kidney 4.35 mg/kg...
Fluoride 1982; 15(1):4-13Fluoride-induced activation and inhibition of granulocyte functions
JGR Elferink
Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Leiden, The Netherlands
Summary: Exposure of rabbit peritoneal granulocytes to fluoride (10-20 mM), followed by addition of CA++-ions results in the release of lysosomal enzymes by exocytosis. Fluoride induces production of superoxide (O2-), as a consequence of stimulation of oxidative metabolism in rabbit peritoneal and human peripheral granulocytes; in the former cell type Ca++ must be absent, in the latter cell type Ca++ is required for activation. Both exocytosis and superoxide production are characterized by a pH-dependent lag time between the addition of fluoride and its observed effect. The pH dependence suggests that fluoride must penetrate into the cell to be effective; probably the inner side of the plasma membrane is affected. Fluoride, under certain conditions, may also inhibit exocytosis and superoxide production; inhibition occurs later than activation and has the same pH dependence. Apparently the observed effect of fluoride on granulocytes is due to a combination of opposite reactions. There is a stimulatory and an inhibitory effect; the magnitude of each is determined by the intracellular concentration of fluoride.
Fluoride 1982; 15(1):14-20Use of pine foliage as an indicator of fluoride accumulation from UF6 technologies
Taylor FG, Beauchamp JJ, Parr PD (Oak Ridge, Tennessee)
Office of Health and Environmental Research, U.S. Department of Energy, under contract W-7405-eng-26 with Union Carbide Corporation
Summary: The accumulation of fluoride in loblolly pine needles near the Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant (ORGDP) and the nuclear weapons component production plant (Y-12) at Oak Ridge, Tennessee was investigated. Since loblolly pines retain foliage spanning two or three growing seasons, and fluoride continues to accumulate in live foliage, it was felt that this species could be used as an indicator of air quality for the current as well as previous growth periods. The data consisted of fluoride concentrations in current needles (1979) and old needles (1978-77) from samples collected at 34 locations near the two plant sites. The statistical analysis consisted of 1) a comparison of the fluoride concentrations from the old and new needles within the control group, to consider uptake from non-UF6 fuel cycle sources, and 2) comparison of the fluoride concentrations at the different locations with the control location. The paired-sample t-test and an extension of Dunnett's procedure to make multiple comparisons with a control were applied to 1) compare the differences in fluoride concentrations over the different seasons, and 2) group the different locations together according to fluoride concentration. The results of these analyses have been helpful in showing the potential of loblolly pine foliage as an environmental indicator to assess longterm additive fluoride effects.
Fluoride 1982; 15(1):21-25Evaluation of exposure to fluoride and its compounds on children living in an area of aluminum plants
Rydzewska A, Kaniewski A, Fiejsierowicz A, Chmielnik M, Cyplik F
Institute of Social Medicine, Institute of Radiology, Institute of Stomatology, Medical Acadey, Posnan, Poland
Summary: To evaluate the degree of exposure to fluoride and its comounds on the children residing in the vicinity of an aluminum smelter, concentrations of fluoride in urine and tooth enamel were measured and radiograms of hands and forearms were made. The urinary fluoride levels were 30% higher than in the control group. Likewise, levels of fluorides in enamel were higher in the exposed group. No radiological changes in the bones were found.
Fluoride 1982; 15(1):25-30Trace elements in serum and bone in endemic Genu Valgum: a manifestation of chronic fluoirde toxicity
K.A.V.R. Krishnamachari
National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Researh, Hyderabad, India
Summary: Endemic genu valgum has been identified as a clinical manifestation of fluoride toxicity. Serum levels of copper, zinc, calcium and magnesium were estimated in subjects with endemic skeletal fluorosis, endemic genu valgum and in corresponding age-and sex-matched controls. Bone samples obtained during surgical correction were analyzed for trace minerals in subjects with endemic genu valgum and in controls. No difference was found in serum levels of copper, zinc, calcium and magnesium in the study groups compared to controls. The level of fluoride in bones obtained from subjects with endemic genu valgum was twice as high as that found in bones of controls whereas levels of copper and manganese were markedly reduced. The possible significance of low copper values is discussed.
Excerpt: Endemic genu valgum has been identified as a manifestation of chronic fluoride toxicity in some areas of India (1). This newer manifestation of skeletal florosis, seen mostly in adolescents with a marked predilection for males, is characterized by simultaneous occurrence of osteosclerosis of the spie and osteoporosis of the long bones...
Fluoride 1982; 15(1):31-35Fluoride level in whole blood and urine during D-Penicillamine therapy of rheumatoid arthritis
Teherani KD, Tausch G, Altmann H
Institut fur Biologie, Seibersdorf and Medizinische (Rheuma) Abteilung, Austria
Summary: In 10 female patients with classical rheumatoid arthritis, D-Penicillamine (DPA) was administered in a daily dose of 150-170 mg for 4 months. The only additional antiphlogistic treatment was Indomethacine (100-150 mg daily). At the beginning and during the trial, levels of fluoride in urine and in total blood were determined by means of the fluoride ion selective electrode. The blood level had increased toward the end of the experiment (after 4 months). This increase was associated with a slightly higher urinary fluoride elimination. The implications of DNA-metabolism are discussed.
Fluoride 1982; 15(1):33-43Fluoride transport during regular hemodialysis program with fluoridated water
Hanhijarvi H, Lampainen E, Pesonen A
Department of Pharmacology and Department of Nephrology, University of Kuopio, Finland
Summary excerpt: Hemodialysis by fluoridated dialysate is known to cause a drastic elevation especially of venous but also of arterial plasma fluoride levels because of penetration of fluoride through the semipermeable membrane in the dialysis apparatus. The effecs of longterm hemodialysis on fluoride kinetics have been studied hardly at all, although bone tissue toxicity may be the most prominent adverse effect of a longterm dialysis program. Because fluoride is accumulated in the bone, it is probable that calcified tissues in the course of longterm hemodialysis become slowly saturated. This should result in a gradually reduced transfer of fluoride during consecutive hemodialysis, as some earlier findings have suggested. In sixteen hemodialysis patients, the ionic arterial and venous plasma fluoride levels were measured before, during and after hemodialysis by means of the fluoride electrode...
Fluoride 1982; 15(1):43-47Fluoride content of urine, blood, nails and hair in endemic skeletal fluorosis
Elsair J, Merad R, Denine R, Khelfat K, Aoul T, Assunkumar B, Reggabi M, Azzouz M, Hamrour S, Alamir B, Biebie M, Naceur J, Benali S
El Qued Hospital and Medical Institute, Algiers, Algeria
Summary: In 79 patients with skeletal fluorosis in Southern Algeria, a direct correlation was observed between the fluoride concentration of drinking water and the biochemical and radiological parameters. The fluoride content of nails represents a good index of fluoride storage which can be useful in the diagnosis of skeletal fluorosis.
Fluoride 1982; 15(2):54-56Drug-induced skeletal fluorosis
Baud CA, Boivin G, Demeurisse C
Institute of Morphology, School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
Summary: Fluoride quantitative analysis and histological observations are reported in two new cases of niflumic acid induced bone fluorosis. The bone fluoride content is higher than in normal compact bone. Microradiographs and stained sections of compact and cancellous bone tissue show the presence of mottled lacunae, linerar formation defect, extended and thick osteoid seams. The existence of a skeletal fluorosis induced by a prolonged and continuous treatment with niflumic acid, is confirmed.
Fluoride 1982; 15(2):56-63Fluoride in small mammals and their potential food sources in contaminated grasslands
Andrews SM *, Cooke JA *, Johnson MS +
* Biology Dept., Sunderland Polytechnic, Sunderland UK
+ Botany Dept., Liverpool University
Fluoride 1982; 15(2):64-69Mechanism of fluoride action and fluorosis
Weatherell JA, Robinson C, Deutsch D
Dept. of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, UK
Fluoride 1982; 15(2):70-75A study of factors aggravating dental fluorosis
Limanowska H, Kobylanska M, George B
Dept. of Conservative Dentistry, Dental Institute, Academy of Medicine, Poznan, Poland
Fluoride 1982; 15(2):75-78Action of boron upon fluorosis: an experimental study
Elsair J, Merad R, Denine R, Reggabi M, Benali S, Alamir B, Hamrour M, Azzouz M, Khalfat K, Aoul MT, Nauer J
Medical Institute, Algiers, Algeria
Fluoride 1982; 15(2):78-81Fluoride in air, saliva, urine, and enamel in school children
Opalko K, Lisiecka K, Mitrega J, Mietkiewska B
Department of Conservative Stomatology and Department of Hygiene, Medical Academy, Szczecin, Poland
Summary: The aim of this study wa to reveal the fluoride level in saliva, urine, and enamel in 123 school children, aged 7 and 10 years, of both sexes. The children under study resided in Police where the concentation of fluoride in air was several times above the allowable limit. The level of fluoride in saliva was significantly higher in the exposed area than in the control. The fluoride content of the enamel and the urine was similar in both groups. A higher value of DMFS index was observed in childen aged 7 and 10 living in the area exposed to fluoride.
Fluoride 1982; 15(2):87-96Biochemistry of fluorosis X - comparative study of the fluoride levels in biological fluids
D Paez and O Dapas
Chair of the Toxicology and Legal Chemistry, National University of San Luis, Argentina
Summary: The fluoride content of drinking water is directly correlated with the serum and saliva fluoride. Serum fluoride levels are also directly related to those of saliva, but not to urinary fluoride.
These interrelations are so close that a mathematical formula can be devised for the calculation of fluoride in body fluids. For instance, a sample of saliva may serve for the quantification of serum fluoride. Whereas these inerrelations are observed in general population they do not always apply to individuals.
Fluoride 1982; 15(2):97-104Effect of NaF on tissue vitamin C of growing cockerels (Gallus domesticus)
MH Yu and CJ Driver
Huxley College of Environmental Studies, Wesern Washington University, Bellingham, Washington
Summary: Supplementation of fluoride in the diet of growing cockerels resulted in significantly altered tissue ascorbic acid and dehydroascobic acid levels. At the end of four weeks of treatment ascorbic acid content had decreased in the liver, adrenal gland, testes, heart, gizzard, kidneys, and pectoralis, whereas the dehydroascobic acid level was lower in the heart, gizzard, pectoralis and kidneys. At the end of eight weeks, a marked depletion in both forms of ascorbic acid was manifest in many tissues studied. A striking increase in dehydroascorbic acid concentrations of the kidneys may be an important phenomenon and response in the fluoride-treated birds.
Fluoride 1982; 15(3):124-131Effects of HF on the budburst of Betula tortuosa (Ledeb)
Sandberg C *, Hallgren JE **, Essen PA **
* Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
** University of Umea, SwedenSummary: Branches of Mountain birch (Betula tortuosa) were collected during February and March 1977-1979, of trees growing at varying distances from a HF emission source in northern Sweden. Budburst was studied on branches collected at various sample plots, and placed in a growth chamber. For banches collected at the sample plot, the time needed for buds to burst was constant. For branches collected near the emission source, an iron sintering plant, budburst was more rapid. Also, for these buds the total fluoride ion content was higher. During the summer and autumn of 1978, the iron sintering plant was inactive. In consequence bud development observed in 1979 even at the most polluted sample plots was normal. Whereas the frequencies of dead buds were never significantly higher near the emission source, budburst occurred earlier and the leaves that developed were significantly smaller. Neither the chlorophyll content for the cha/chb ratio were affected. The known differences in time needed for buds to burst with altitude was confirmed.
Fluoride 1982; 15(3):132-136Changes in hepatic and renal microsomal mixed function oxidase system in adult male rats during administration of NaF
Soni MG, Kachole MS, Pawar SS
Dept. of Chemistry, Marathwada University, Aurangabad, India
Summary: The effects of sodium fluoride on hepatic and renal microsomal aminopyrine N-demethylase, acetanilide hydroxylase, NADPH cytochrome c reductase as well as the concentrations of cytochrome P450, cytochrome b5 and total heme were investigated in c.f. strain adult male rats. Sodium fluoride treatment (10 mg/kg body weight injected intraperitoneally for three days) caused a clear but specific inhibition of hepatic and renal microsomal mixed function oxidase system reactions. Hepatic as well as renal cytochrome b5 was insensitive towards sodium fluoride. The in vitro inhibition of hepatic acetanilide hydroxlase due to sodium fluoride addition to microsomes was conentration dependent, whereas aminopyrine N-demethylase did not show any concentration dependent inhibition. The kidney seems to be, comparatively, a more sensitive target organ in fluoride toxicity.
Fluoride 1982; 15(3):137-143Contrasting effects of fluoride and calcitonin on osteoid turnover results of a seven year study of normal and pathological bones
Mohamedally SM, Phil M, Wix P
Polytechnic of South Bank, Dept. of Applied Biology and Food Science, London, UK
Summary: Reduction of the rate of osteoid breakdown of calcitonin secondarily promotes mineralization of bone. On the other hand, reduced demineralization of fluoride-containing bone does not significantly influence the breakdown of osteoid as judged by the indirect evidence presented.
Fluoride 1982; 15(3):144-148Calcium accumulation in relation to fluoride pollution in plants
JP Garrec and S Chopin
Laboratoire de Biologie Vegetale, Departement de Recherche Fondamentale, Center d'Etudes Nucleaires de Grenoble, France
Summary: By use of radioactive Ca45 it has been established that the presence of fluoride on leaves leads to accumulation of calcium at the same point and that this calcium migrates by itself towards the sites of fluoride accumulation. We demonstrated also that the calcium concentration in tissues plays an important role in the development of necrosis. If leaves have been subjected to pretreatment with calcium, fluoride applied to leaves does not induce necrotic lesions.
Fluoride 1982; 15(3):149-156Effect of HF on photosynthesis, photorespiration and dark respiration in Scotch Pine
G Lorenc-Plucinska and J Oleksyn
Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kornik, Poland
Summary: Influence of HF at concentrations of 0.025 and 0.1 ppm on the net photosynthesis rate (NPS), photorespiration (PR), dark respiration (DR) and effective photosynthesis (P E) in Scotch Pine was investigated. Pines taken for the experiment differed with their susceptibility to that gas. The influence of HF changed considerably the PR and DR rate only in susceptible trees. The NPS decrease was proportional to the age of needles.
Fluoride 1982; 15(3):157-161Histology and biochemistry of renal parenchyma in guinea pigs due to longterm exposure to HF
Rioufol C *, Bourbon P **, Philbert C *
* Laboratoire de Toxicologies, Faculte des Sciences Pharmaceutiques
** INSERM U, Toulouse, FranceSummary: Fifty guines pigs were subjected to an atmosphere containing 150 ug HF/m3 for 18 months in order to evaluate the histological and biochemical effecs on functioning of the kidneys. The following parameters remained unchanged: endogenous creatinine clearance, the YGT activity in the urine and the O2 consumption of kidney tissue homogenates. However calciurea and especially phosphaturea were increased by the 12th month of exposure as compared to controls.
Fluoride 1982; 15(3):163Book Review
Toxicity of the Metabolites of Inhalation Anesthetics
Dr. P.H. Rosenberg * and Prof. M.M. Airaksinen +
* Department of Anesthesia, Surgical University, Central Hospital, Helsinki
+ Department of Pharmacology, University of Kuopio, Finland1982; 62 pp, 13 fig, 3 tables,
This book is a part of a series entitled "Progress in Pharmacology." It provides an excellent review of our current knowledge of toxicology of inhalation anesthetics. The first chapters deal with the metabolic aspects of the toxic effects. A large portion of the book is devoted to fluoride-containing anesthetics, their biodegradation and action on liver and kidneys on which considerable literature is available. The duration of the anesthesia, previous use of fluoride-containing anesthetics, tetracycline and obesity enhance the adverse effects. The authors also point to the possibility of adverse effects to operating room personnel. The new fluoride-containing anesthetics Sevoflurane, Aliflurane and Synthane are discussed.
With respect to non-fluoride anesthetics, the authors emphasize that in general "the exact knowledge of the toxicity of the metabolites is meager." An excellent bibliography contributes much to the value of the book. It can be recommended to students on the subject especially to those engaged in research on fluoride-containing anesthetics.
Fluoride 1982; 15(4):165-168In Memorium
George L. Waldbott, M.D.
Jan. 14, 1898 - July 17, 1982
Fluoride 1982; 15(4):173-177Fate of fluoride following its administration into a biological system - an in vivo study
Sushella AK, Sharma YD, Jha M, Singh M, Jagannath B, Jain SK
Fluorosis Reseach Laboratory, Dept. of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
Summary: Although it is established that excessive ingestion of fluoride leads to its deposition in tissues, it is not fully understood how much of it is deposited, how much is excreted and what quantity of fluoride is in circulation. Whether the rate of uptake and retention of fluoride is the same or different with regard to different tissues is not known.
Some of these questions have been answered by conducting a survey on fluoride content in tissues of various organs of rabbits namely, calcified tissues, noncalcified tissues, serum and urine after ingestion of 10 mg NaF daily for varying periods of time.
Fluoride 1982; 15(4):177-190Certain facets of F action on collagen protein in osseous and nonosseous tissues
AK Sushella and YD Sharma
Fluorosis Reseach Laboratory, Dept. of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
Summary: Collagen, a fibrous protein, constitutes the major bulk of the organic matrix of bone and tendon. In order to probe into the defective mineralization process known to occur as a result of fluoride toxicity and fluorosis, the collagenous constituents have been investigated with reference to 1) Amino acid composition, 2) Collagen content, 3) Collagen biosynthesis, 4) Collagen crosslllink precursors and 5) Collagen bound collagenolytic activity.
Fluoride 1982; 15(4):191-198F ingestion and its influence on glycosaminoglllycans in cancellous and cortical bone - a structural and biochemical study
AK Susheela and Mohan Jha
Fluorosis Reseach Laboratory, Dept. of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
Fluoride 1982; 15(4):199-202On the significance of sialic acid and glycosaminoglycans in the serum of fluorosed human subjects
AK Susheela and Mohan Jha
Fluorosis Reseach Laboratory, Dept. of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
Summary: The levels of sialic acid and glycosaminoglycans (GAG) have been explored in the serum of fluorosed human subjects. The changes observed in the level of thse chemical constituents in the serum possibly reflect the changes occurring in cancellous bone, cortical bone and in other tissues due to fluoride ingestion. The sialic acid content versus GAG revealed a 50% reduction in serum from fluorosed subjects. The possibility of developing a sensitive prognostic test for florosis is discussed.
Fluoride 1982; 15(4):214-221Comparative metabolic studies in fluoirde-treated and streptozotocin-diabetic rats
Boros I *, Keszler *, Toth Zs **, Zelles *
Research Group of Oral Biology* and Clinic of Conservative Dentistry, Semmelweis University Medical School**, Budapest, Hungary
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7115654&dopt=AbstractBr J Nutr 1982 Sep;48(2):201-4
Effect of maternal fluorine intake on breast milk fluorine content.
Esala S, Vuori E, Helle A.
1. Breast milk samples were collected from mothers living in areas having an average of 0.2 and 1.7 microgram fluorine/ml in drinking water. The samples were analysed for their ionic and total F concentrations.
2. Ionic F was determined after microdiffusion by the fluoride-selective electrode. For total F determinations, milk samples were ashed with magnesium succinate fixative, after which the F concentration was determined as mentioned previously.
3. The median totals for F content of breast milk in the low- and high-F areas were 7.0 ng/ml (range 4.3-14.0 ng/ml, fifteen mothers) and 10.9 ng/ml (range 4.5-50.7 ng/ml, nine mothers). The median ionic F concentrations were 5.0 ng/ml (range 3.0-6.3 ng/ml, fifteen mothers) and 8.9 ng/ml (range less than 2.0-39.9 ng/ml, nine mothers) respectively. Both the total F (0.01 greater than P greater than 0.001) and ionic F (0.05 greater than P greater than 0.01) in breast milk were significantly higher in the high-F area compared to the low-F area.
4. At the ages of 1,2 and 3 months, the calculated average total daily F intakes of exclusively breast-fed infants were 4.8 and 7.3 microgram; 5.0 and 7.8 micrograms; 5.4 and 8.5 micrograms in the low- and high-F areas respectively.
PMID: 7115654 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7108643&dopt=AbstractJ Nutr 1982 Sep;112(9):1787-95
Role of fluoride in formation of urinary calculi: studies in rats.
Anasuya A.
The effect of fluoride on urinary calculi formation in young rats was investigated. Two studies, in which rats received diets that included either higher calcium (9 g/kg diet) or normal clacium (5 g/kg diet), were conducted At each level of calcium, one group of rats received a high level of fluoride and another a low level of fluoride in the diet. Rats ingesting high fluoride diets exhibited a higher incidence of crystalluria and bladder stones compared with those receiving low fluoride diets. However, compared with higher calcium diets, normal calcium diets delayed the appearance of crystalluria and produced smaller calculi. Calcium and oxalate were the major components of the calculi. Calculi of rats fed the higher calcium and high fluoride diet contained relatively less protein and more calcium compared with calculi formed in rats ingesting the higher calcium and low fluoride diet. The concentration of fluoride in calculi from rats fed high fluoride diets was significantly higher than that of calculi from rats fed low fluoride diets. A significant positive correlation between calcium and fluoride concentration of calculi was observed in rats fed the higher calcium diet only. These studies indicate that ingestion of excess fluoride facilities calcium oxalate crystalluria and promotes the formation of bladder stones in rats, under the experimental conditions used.
PMID: 7108643 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6290633&dopt=AbstractJ Pharmacol Exp Ther 1982 Nov;223(2):275-9
Renal tubular effects of sodium fluoride.
Rush GF, Willis LR.
Administration of sodium fluoride results in vasopressin-resistant polyuric "renal failure" resembling nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. However, the renal tubular site of action of fluoride is not clear. Fischer 344 rats received acute i.v. infusions of sodium fluoride (0.3, 1.47 and 2.20 mumol/min/kg b.wt.) for 2.5 hr which resulted in dissipation of the renal medullary tissue osmotic gradient and a sustained, dose-related increase in fractional sodium excretion and urine flow. In additional experiments, free water reabsorption and excretion were decreased by fluoride, but the decrease in free water excretion occurred only when the fluoride-induced polyuria preceded the onset of the water diuresis. Slices of renal medulla from fluoride-treated rats had lower cyclic AMP concentrations than did slices from control rats and the responsiveness of the medullary tissue to vasopressin was markedly reduced. These data indicate that the fluoride ion dissipates the concentration gradient in the renal medulla largely by inhibiting NaCl reabsorption in the ascending limb of Henle's loop and inhibits antidiuretic hormone-mediated water reabsorption across the collecting duct.
PMID: 6290633 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6293730&dopt=AbstractBull Tokyo Med Dent Univ 1982 Dec;29(4):123-30
Acute sodium fluoride toxicity in the rat kidney.
Takagi M, Shiraki S.
Acute sodium fluoride toxicity was studied histologically and histochemically in the rat kidney. The doses given subcutaneously by a single injection were 10, 12.5 and 15 mg/100 gm of body weight and the duration after the administration were 30 minutes, and one, 3, 5 and 7 days. Histologically, coagulation necrosis of the proximal tubules was found at 1 day and the injury was most striking at 3 days. Regeneration was almost complete at 7 days. Among the enzymes studied, e.g., alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, 5'-nucleotidase, adenosine triphosphatase and succinic dehydrogenase, and acid phosphatase of the tubular epithelium was the most severely impaired.
PMID: 6293730 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
NOTE: AG Gilman, co-author of this report, shared the 1994 Nobel Prize for the discovery of "G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells."Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982 Aug;79(16):4888-91
Aluminum: a requirement for activation of the regulatory component of adenylate cyclase by fluoride.
Sternweis PC, Gilman AG.
Activation of the purified guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory component (G/F) of adenylate cyclase by F- requires the presence of Mg2+ and another factor. This factor, which contaminates commercial preparations of various nucleotides and disposable glass test tubes, has been identified as Al3+. In the presence of 10 mM Mg2+ and 5 mM F-, AlCl3 causes activation of G/F with an apparent activation constant of approximately 1-5 muM. The requirement for Al3+ is highly specific; of 28 other metals tested, only Be2+ promoted activation of G/F by F-.
PMID: 6289322 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6291624&dopt=AbstractBiochim Biophys Acta 1982 Oct 8;718(2):135-43
Roles of GTP and GDP in the regulation of the thyroid adenylate cyclase system.
Totsuka Y, Nielsen TB, Field JB.
Effects of guanine nucleotides on the adenylate cyclase activity of thyroid plasma membranes were investigated by monitoring metabolism of the radiolabeled nucleotides by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). When ATP was used as substrate with a nucleotide-regenerating system, TSH stimulated the adenylate cyclase activity in the absence of exogenous guanine nucleotide. Addition of GTP or GDP equally enhanced the TSH stimulation. Effects of GTP and GDP were indistinguishable in regard to their inhibitory effects on NaF-stimulated activities. The results from TLC suggested that GDP could be converted to GTP by a nucleotide-regenerating system. Even in the absence of a nucleotide-regeneration system, addition of GDP to the adenylate cyclase assay mixture resulted in the parallel decrease in ATP levels and formation of GTP indicating that thyroid plasma membrane preparations possessed a transphosphorylating activity. When an ATP analog, App[NH]p, was used as substrate without a nucleotide-regenerating system, no conversion of GDP to GTP was observed. Under such conditions, TSH did not stimulate the adenylate cyclase activity unless exogenous GTP or Gpp[NH]p was added. GDP no longer supported TSH stimulation and caused a slight decrease in the activity. GDP was less inhibitory than Gpp(NH)p to the NaF-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. These results suggest:
(1) TSH stimulation of thyroid adenylate cyclase is absolutely dependent on the regulatory nucleotides.
(2) In contrast to GTP, GDP cannot support the coupling of the receptor-TSH complex to the catalytic component of adenylate cyclase.
(3) The nucleotide regulatory site is more inhibitory to the stimulation of the enzyme by NaF when occupied by Gpp[NH]p than GDP.
PMID: 6291624 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7093221&dopt=AbstractBiochemistry 1982 May 25;21(11):2773-8
Inhibition and inactivation of estrogen synthetase (aromatase) by fluorinated substrate analogues.
Marcotte PA, Robinson CH.
19,19-Difluoroandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione (1) and 19-fluorcandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione (2) have been synthesized, and the interaction of these compounds with the estrogen synthetase (aromatase) activity of human placental microsomes has been studied. 1 has been found to cause time-dependent, irreversible inactivation of this enzyme (Ki = 1 micron, kinact = 0.023 min-1). A possible mechanism of this process is enzymatic generation of an acyl fluoride through oxidation of 1. Compound 2 does not cause inactivation, and this substrate analogue has been shown to be converted to estrone in high yield by this enzyme system.
PMID: 7093221 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6752493&dopt=Abstract
Sangyo Igaku 1982 Jan;24(1):24-54[Recent progress in the study of analytical methods, toxicity, metabolism and health effects of organotin compounds]
[Article in Japanese]
Wada O, Manabe S, Iwai H, Arakawa Y.
Over the years, a variety of uses has been found of organic tin compounds as fungicides, as stabilizers in plastics and for other industrial uses. The purpose of this article is to summarize and review the results so far obtained as to the analytical method for organotins in biological samples, the toxicity, metabolism, and biochemical and health effects of organotin compounds.
1) Many methods have been developed for analysis of organotin compounds by spectrophotometry, polarography, gas- or liquid-chromatography, etc. These methods, however, are mainly for analysis of organotins in standard solutions or in water, and are not suitable for organotin compounds in biological samples. Recently, we have developed several methods for analysis of various kinds of organotin compounds in biological samples. These methods are able simultaneously to separate and determine trace amounts (at nanogram order) of organotin compounds and their metabolites in the same biological samples.
2) Acute toxicity of organotin compounds which appeared on the literature are summarized. Trialkyl and triaryl compounds seem to be more toxic than the tetra-, di-, or mono-compounds of the same chain length. With an increase in the number of C atoms the toxicity of alkyl compounds decreases. Aryltin compounds are less toxic than alkyltin compounds.
3) Intestinal absorption sites for tetra-alkyltins are jejunum and duodenum, and those for trialkyltins are ileum and jejunum. A considerable amount of orally administered tetra- and trialkyltins of low molecular weights are absorbed, but only very little of the other organotin compounds seems to be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Absorbed organotin compounds rapidly undergo dealkylation by the microsomal mono-oxygenase system dependent on cytochrome P-450 in the liver, brain or other organs, and the compounds and their metabolites distribute to the whole body, ultimately being excreted into urine, bile and faeces. The biological half life of organotin compounds in mammals is usually short, a half of the amount of tributyl- and triphenyl-tins deposited in the body disappearing in several days. A part of organotin compounds excreted into bile is demonstrated to have been absorbed from the intestine and to circulate in the body via enterohepatic circulation.
4) Specific effects of organotin compounds on the biological systems and health include disturbance of the structure and function of the central nervous system (interstitial edema of white matter), inhibited oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria of cells, atrophy of the thymus and thymus dependent lymphoid tissues resulting in the dysfunction of T cells for immunity, inhibited enzyme activity, lesions in the liver and bile ducts etc., although some specificity is observed among species of animals and organotin compounds. Recently we found that a single oral administration of triphenyltin fluoride to rabbits induces transient diabetes and diabetic lipemia by inhibiting insulin secretion from morphologically normal pancreatic B-cells...
Publication Types:Review
PMID: 6752493 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7114344&dopt=AbstractAm J Public Health 1982 Oct;72(10):1168-9
Acute fluoride poisoning associated with an on-site fluoridator in a Vermont elementary school.
Vogt RL, Witherell L, LaRue D, Klaucke DN.
On August 30 1980, an outbreak of minor illnesses consisting of nausea and vomiting affected 22 individuals attending a farmers market at a school. Illness was associated with the consumption of beverages made from school water (Xc2 = 65.6, p less than .0001); analysis of the water showed high levels of fluoride (1,041 mg/l). The most likely source of the contamination was the school fluoridator, which had accidentally been left on continuous operation.
PMID: 7114344 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6891000&dopt=AbstractJ Toxicol Environ Health 1982 Sep;10(3):473-8
Milk production of cows exposed to industrial fluoride pollution.
Maylin GA, Krook L.
Milk sales records for a dairy herd showed that milk production did not decrease during the first 4 yr of exposure of cows to fluoride pollution from an aluminum plant. During the next 3 yr milk production decreased, but not significantly. From yr 8 of exposure there was a significant decrease, which persisted through yr 19, when the dairy operation was terminated. From yr 15 through yr 19, the milk yield averaged less than 60% of the expected value.
PMID: 6891000 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7109907&dopt=AbstractMed Trop (Mars) 1982 May-Jun;42(3):327-37
[Hydrotelluric fluorotic intoxication in North Yemen. First results (author's transl)]
[Article in French]
Claudon M, Viallard Y, Elmerich A.
The X Ray Department of the French medical mission of Taez receives patients coming from the whole Arab Yemen Republic (country situated in the south of the arab peninsula). Radiology has been a mean of detection and a mean of research of an important centre of osteofluorosis, a disease which had not been studied in this country until then. 47 cases have been collected throughout one year. The hydrotelluric origin of the intoxication has been proved by dosages of the spring waters used for drinking. The main usual clinical and radiological features of the disease are found in that population. The radiological classification proposed by ROHOLM has few clinical correlative interests, but seems available for epidemiological investigation. A first map of the North Yemen for chronic fluorisis has been drawn.
PMID: 7109907 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7152950&dopt=AbstractHealth Phys 1982 Dec;43(6):859-73
Inhalation and intravenous studies of UF6/UO2F2 in dogs.
Morrow P, Gelein R, Beiter H, Scott J, Picano J, Yuile C.
Nineteen UF6/UO2F2 inhalation studies were undertaken in purebred, female beagle dogs (N = 16) to examine inter alia,
(a) the possible relations of exposure, whole body, lung and renal uranium levels to excretion rates;
(b) the threshold U6+ dose and renal concentration for renal injury;
(c) the distribution and retention functions for U6+ in major tissues;
(d) biochemical indicators of renal injury; and
(e) aspects of U-induced tolerance. Each of these issues was investigated in the context of the chemical toxicity of U6+ following brief exposures to 235UO2F2 in the presence or absence of HF (the decomposition products of 235UF6).
Both gamma-(235U) and alpha-(234U) counting methods were applied. In nine studies on 5 dogs, UO2F2 was administered intravenously. The major findings from both types of studies include:
(1) UO2F2 retention time in the lungs is shorter than for UO3 or uranyl nitrate, viz. greater than 80% translocated with T 1/2 of less than 20 min;
(2) the urinary elimination of U6+ follows closely to the ICRP excretion equation; (c) an absorbed dose of approximately 10 micrograms U6+ kg-1 body weight appears to be effective in producing renal injury;
(d) a renal concentration of 0.3 micrograms g-1 kidney is close to a threshold concentration for renal injury; and
(e) urinary and blood biochemical changes and histopathologic data were acquired and evaluated in both novice and tolerant animals. This report, considers all of these objectives and findings: Those involving biochemical indices and uranium-induced tolerance will be more fully reported elsewhere. In general, the dog studies attest to the usefulness of the intravenous human studies for certain U6+ dose-response data and interface well with new retention data on intravenous uranyl citrate in dogs by Stevens et al.
PMID: 7152950 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7118323&dopt=AbstractInt J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1982 Aug;20(8):366-72
The elimination of inorganic fluoride after enflurane anesthesia--transitory action on parathyroid tissue.
Duchassaing D, Rigat B, Barberousse JP, Laisne MJ.
Enflurane has been introduced as a potentially useful clinical anesthetic compound. Its administration is followed by elevations of blood and urine concentrations of inorganic fluoride, whose nephrotoxicity has been previously described. Although the action of this element on the skeleton is well documented when ingested orally, its influence has not yet been investigated when it results from the metabolism of fluorinated anesthetic drugs. The present study examines renal function and calcium-phosphorus balance after administration of low concentration of enflurane. Twenty-one patients of both sexes undergoing minor surgery were selected. A statistical analysis of biologic items determined before and after anesthesia showed no significant variations of parameters involved in renal function. On the contrary, it was shown that biodegradation of enflurane was responsible for a significant change in blood and urine phosphorus concentrations. Moreover variations in phosphorus clearance suggested a transitory hypersecretion of parathyroid hormones, probably related to inorganic fluoride metabolism. Such a result is interesting because of the low blood concentration of inorganic fluoride and its transitory character.
PMID: 7118323 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7091749&dopt=AbstractAnesthesiology 1982 Aug;57(2):94-7
Halothane biotransformation in obese and nonobese patients.
Bentley JB, Vaughan RW, Gandolfi AJ, Cork RC.
Serum levels of inorganic fluoride, trifluoroacetic acid, and bromide ion were measured at various time intervals following two hours of halothane anesthesia in 17 morbidly obese and eight nonobese patients. Ionic fluoride, a marker of reductive halothane metabolism, increased in the obese but not the nonobese patients. This is of concern since reductive halothane metabolism is associated with hepatoxicity in animals. In addition, serum bromide levels were higher after 48 h in the obese patients compared to the nonobese patients (mean +/- SE, 1,311 +/- 114 vs. 787 +/- 115 microM, P less than 0.01). Sedative levels of bromide were not attained in any patient. Peak trifluoroacetic acid levels were similar in the two patient groups. Sex age, medication intake, and smoking history had no influence on the halothane metabolite levels found in this study.
PMID: 7091749 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6960864&dopt=AbstractAust Dent J 1982 Aug;27(4):243-7
The fluoride content of human tooth enamel in relation to environmental exposure to fluoride.
Schamschula RG, Sugart E, Agus HM, Un PS, Toth K.
Double-layer superimposed biopsies were used for sampling sound labial enamel of upper permanent central incisor teeth of 189 children (mean age 8.4 years, SD = 0.36), comprising five groups, representing life-long exposure to contrasting concentrations of F in the water (range less than or equal to 0.12 ppm to 2.8 ppm) and to supplements of 200 or 350 mg F/kg domestic salt. The mean F concentrations of enamel ranged through the groups from 924 ppm to 2401 ppm in the surface layer (average central depth = 0.49 micron) and from 450 ppm to 1428 ppm in the subsurface layer (average central depth = 2.62 microns). The differences between the mean F concentrations of the groups were significant in each instance and the values consistently reflected the extent of F exposure. It was concluded that the F content of enamel is a reliable indicator of environmental exposure to F for populations, but not for every individual.
PMID: 6960864 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7185615&dopt=AbstractFundam Appl Toxicol 1982 Jul-Aug;2(4):181-6
Chlorotrifluoroethylene nephrotoxicity in rats: a subacute study.
Buckley LA, Clayton JW, Nagle RB, Gandolfi AJ.
Male Fischer-344 rats were exposed via inhalation to a sublethal concentration (395 ppm +/- 33 ppm; 1882 mg/m3) of the nephrotoxin chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE) for 4 h per day for 5 consecutive days. Within 1 day after the first exposure, rats exhibited diuresis, increased water intake, decreased urine osmolality, increased urinary lactic dehydrogenase activity and increased plasma creatinine and urea nitrogen. When animals were exposed repeatedly, values for these parameters declined or returned to control levels during the exposure sequence in a manner comparable to rats receiving the single exposure. By the third day post exposure, coagulative necrosis involving primarily the pars recta, but extending to the pars convoluta, of the proximal tubule was present. Regeneration was apparent by the third day of exposure, and additional necrosis was minimal despite further exposures. Daily levels of urinary inorganic fluoride, an index of CTFE metabolism, were increased to 3-6 mu moles/24 h/rat during the exposure sequence which coincided with a brief elevation in serum fluoride at the end of each exposure. Adaptation to CTFE is evident either through changes in the metabolism or disposition of CTFE or from a refractive property of the regenerating tissue to CTFE.
PMID: 7185615 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7108016&dopt=AbstractJ Dairy Sci 1982 Jul;65(7):1219-26
Mineral profile of blood plasma of lactating dairy cows.
McAdam PA, O'Dell GD.
Each of 20 Holstein cows was assigned randomly to a salt treatment upon calving. The experimental design was a 2 x 2 factorial having age (young versus mature) and salt treatment (plain versus mineralized) as factors. Salt was fed ad libitum. All animals were maintained on a balanced ration of corn silage fed ad libitum and concentrate fed in the barn in a ratio of .45 kg concentrate per 1.36 kg actual milk production. Concentrations in blood plasma of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, cobalt, bicarbonate, chloride, phosphorus, total serum protein, sulfur, and fluoride were monitored throughout lactation and gestation. Statistical evaluation of weekly means for each treatment group for each element by analysis of variance showed when concentrations were different. Concentrations of calcium and magnesium were higher in younger animals than in mature animals during much of the lactation cycle. Magnesium concentration was higher in cows fed trace-mineralized salt. Concentration of phosphorus was higher in younger animals throughout the lactation cycle. Total serum protein was higher in mature cows throughout lactation, and concentrations of sulfur and fluoride were higher in mature cows through much of the cycle.
PMID: 7108016 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7107087&dopt=AbstractInt J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1982 Jul;20(7):334-8
Accidental ingestion of NaF tablets by children--report of a poison control center and one case.
Eichler HG, Lenz K, Fuhrmann M, Hruby K.
Accidental ingestion by children of NaF tablets for caries prophylaxis is a frequent event. However, our own experience from the Poison Information Centre in Vienna and reports from other centers show that these accidents usually do not present a serious risk. The mechanism of fluoride toxicity and symptoms of poisoning are briefly reviewed. The case of a boy who died after ingesting 16 mg fluoride/kg, but whose cause of death is not certain beyond doubt, is discussed.
PMID: 7107087 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6891000&dopt=AbstractJ Toxicol Environ Health 1982 Sep;10(3):473-8
Milk production of cows exposed to industrial fluoride pollution.
Maylin GA, Krook L.
Milk sales records for a dairy herd showed that milk production did not decrease during the first 4 yr of exposure of cows to fluoride pollution from an aluminum plant. During the next 3 yr milk production decreased, but not significantly. From yr 8 of exposure there was a significant decrease, which persisted through yr 19, when the dairy operation was terminated. From yr 15 through yr 19, the milk yield averaged less than 60% of the expected value.
PMID: 6891000 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 1982 Nov;16(6):364-6
- As abstracted in Fluoride 1984; 17(1):62
[Investigation on the total daily fluoride intake in college students in Wuhan]
[Article in Chinese]
Xu ZJ.
By means of the weighing method a dietary survey was conducted in May 1980 in one of the colleges in Wuhan.
The total amount of daily fluoride intake per person was calculated to be 1,294.62 µg; 840 µg (about 65% of total intake) came from drinking water, 417.32 µg (about 32% of total intake) from food and 37.30 µg (about 3%) from air. The incidence of dental caries and dental fluorosis in native children who drank the same source of water was 25.38% and 5.69% respectively and the mean output of urinary fluoride was 1.00 mg/l.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6756611&dopt=AbstractJ Can Dent Assoc 1982 Nov;48(11):702-3
No Abstract available
Fluoride shortage has become acute in Canada.
Publication Types:
- News
PMID: 6756611 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6961330&dopt=AbstractOhio Dent J 1982 Nov;56(11):51-4
No Abstract available
Status of the recent fluoride shortage in Ohio.
Wulf CA.
PMID: 6961330 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6958761&dopt=AbstractJ Indiana Dent Assoc 1982 Jul-Aug;61(4):9-10
No Abstract available
Possible chemical shortage for community fluoridation and alternative modes of fluoride provision. Indiana State Board of Health.
PMID: 6958761 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2987329&dopt=AbstractJ Am Dent Assoc 1985 Apr;110(4):513-5
The availability of fluoride chemical supplies.
Reeves TG.
The availability of adequate supplies of fluoride chemicals is a critical factor in consistently maintaining the optimal fluoride concentration in water supply systems. The most recent shortage of fluoride chemicals occurred in 1982. The factors precipitating and contributing to periodic fluoride chemical shortages are discussed and recommendations for preventing future shortages are outlined.
PMID: 2987329 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
NOTE: AG Gilman, co-author of this report, shared the 1994 Nobel Prize for the discovery of "G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells."J Cyclic Nucleotide Res 1982;8(5):323-36
The guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory component of adenylate cyclase in human erythrocytes.
Hanski E, Gilman AG.
The guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory component of adenylate cyclase (G/F) has been purified from human erythrocyte membranes. It is composed of two major polypeptides with molecular weights of 35,000 and 45,000. When cyc- S49 lymphoma cell plasma membranes are reconstituted with purified human erythrocyte G/F, stimulation of adenylate cyclase by beta-adrenergic agonists, guanine nucleotides, and fluoride is restored. Binding of GTP gamma S to human erythrocyte G/F and GTP gamma S-mediated activation of the protein are closely correlated. The agreement between the apparent dissociation constants for these two reactions suggests that the measured binding site is identical to the site responsible for activation. A 41,000-dalton protein has been identified as a contaminant of preparations of G/F that have been purified by four successive chromatographic steps. This protein serves as a specific substrate for ADP-ribosylation and labeling by islet activating protein (IAP) and [32P]NAD, and it appears to contribute an additional high-affinity guanine nucleotide binding site to such preparations.
PMID: 6304161 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6182774&dopt=AbstractAgents Actions 1982 Jul;12(3):289-94
On the mechanism of histamine release from sodium fluoride-activated mouse mast cells.
Kuza M, Kazimierczak W.
We have found that sodium fluoride-induced histamine release from mouse mast cells occurs in two separate steps, activation in the presence of fluoride and absence of calcium, and secretion triggered by calcium. The amount of released histamine was dependent either on the time of cell exposure to fluoride or on the final fluoride concentration in the incubation medium. The secretory step depends on the concentration of extracellular calcium; it increased as the concentration of calcium was increased. However, a substantial part of the release was both calcium and energy independent. This part, probably cytotoxic, increased markedly at the highest concentration and with extended times of cell exposure to fluoride. Among other divalent cations tested only strontium could partly substitute calcium to trigger secretion. The activating action of fluoride slowly decayed with time and addition of calcium for up to 2 h caused histamine release. Both steps were dependent on temperature and pH and were inhibited by antimycin A, suggesting that the reaction was enzymatic. The action of fluoride on mouse mast cells closely resembles its action on rat mast cells; however, some differences were also observed.
PMID: 6182774 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7201957&dopt=AbstractFood Chem Toxicol 1982 Jun;20(3):311-4
Acute oral toxicity of inorganic cobalt compounds in rats.
Speijers GJ, Krajnc EI, Berkvens JM, van Logten MJ.
Eight cobalt compounds were administered to rats by gastric intubation, and the following LD50 values (in mg anhydrous compound/kg body weight) were determined: cobalt(II) fluoride 150, cobalt(II) oxide 202, cobalt(II) phosphate 387, cobalt(II) bromide 406, cobalt(II) chloride 418, cobalt(II) sulphate 424, cobalt(II) nitrate 434 and cobalt(II) acetate 503. After administration of the cobalt compounds, body temperatures decreased by 2.5-7.5 degrees C. The liver, heart and kidneys of rats given cobalt(II) fluoride or oxide were examined microscopically. Hyperaemia, haemorrhage and cytoplasmic changes were noted, while the kidney glomeruli were very rich in cells and basal membranes were thickened. Cells of the proximal tubules were swollen and showed vacuolization and degeneration. In the hearts of some rats proliferative and oedematous interstitial tissue and swollen muscle fibres were observed, and focal degeneration, vacuolization and necrosis associated with disappearance of the cross striations were also noted.
PMID: 7201957 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7049555&dopt=AbstractCommunity Dent Oral Epidemiol 1982 Jun;10(3):156-60
Endemic fluorosis and partial defluoridation of water supplies - A public health concern in Kenya.
Walvekar SV, Qureshi BA.
Endemic fluorosis is a public health problem in many parts of Kenya due to high fluoride content in the drinking water. The Kenyan Government is committed to development of water sources with the object of supplying safe and sufficient water to the entire population by the year 2000. This water will contain high amounts of fluoride thereby increasing the incidence of severe endemic fluorosis in Kenya. Development of procedures for partial defluoridation should therefore be considered. Various defluoridation methods adopted in different places affected with endemic fluorosis are reviewed in the present article, with special reference to problems of operation and limitations in their application.
Publication Types:
- Review
PMID: 7049555 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
NOTE: AG Gilman, co-author of this report, shared the 1994 Nobel Prize for the discovery of "G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells."
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6289396&dopt=Abstract
No Abstract available
Recent Prog Horm Res 1982;38:601-24Characteristics of the guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory component of adenylate cyclase.
Smigel MD, Northup JK, Gilman AG.
PMID: 6289396 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6924567&dopt=AbstractArch Biochem Biophys 1982 Oct 1;218(1):68-76
No Abstract available
Changes in pH sensitivity of adenylate cyclase specifically induced by fluoride and vanadate.
Johnson RA.
PMID: 6924567 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6815547&dopt=AbstractNeuropharmacology 1982 Sep;21(9):861-75
No Abstract available
The mechanism of the anti-desensitizing action of sodium fluoride at the amphibian neuromyal junction.
Ohta Y, Akasu T, Karczmar AG.
PMID: 6815547 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7172884&dopt=AbstractZhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 1982 Jul;16(4):204-8
No Abstract available
[Endemic fluorine poisoning caused by intake of the local salt]
[Article in Chinese]
Liu ZY.
PMID: 7172884 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7157365&dopt=AbstractToxicol Eur Res 1982 Jul;4(4):201-4
No Abstract available
[Metals and fluorides in wines]
[Article in French]
Noirfalise A, Collinge A.
PMID: 7157365 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7120924&dopt=AbstractJ Sci Food Agric 1982 Jul;33(7):686-7
No Abstract available
The fluoride contents of common Nigerian vegetables.
Sanni SB.
PMID: 7120924 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6964118&dopt=AbstractCzas Stomatol 1982 Jul-Aug;35(7-8):433-6
No Abstract available
[Fluoride levels in milk formulas of Polish production]
[Article in Polish]
Koslacz D, Kuczynska E.
PMID: 6964118 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6960560&dopt=AbstractJ Dent Assoc S Afr 1982 Jul;37(7):475
No Abstract available
The fluoride content of tea.
Touyz LZ.
Publication Types:
- Letter
PMID: 6960560 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6806827&dopt=AbstractProc Soc Exp Biol Med 1982 Jul;170(3):333-40
No Abstract available
Fluoride stimulation of canine neutrophils: the role of calcium binding.
Greenberg JM, Feinberg H, Wencel JD, Andersen BR.
PMID: 6806827 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7127240&dopt=AbstractCan J Public Health 1982 May-Jun;73(3):188-91
No Abstract available
Determination of fluoride in Canadian infant foods and calculation of fluoride intakes by infants.
Dabeka RW, McKenzie AD, Conacher HB, Kirkpatrick DC.
PMID: 7127240 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7093560&dopt=AbstractBull Environ Contam Toxicol 1982 May;28(5):632-6
No Abstract available
Determination, distribution, and adsorption of fluoride in atmospheric-polluted soils.
Supharungsun S, Wainwright M.
PMID: 7093560 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7185040&dopt=AbstractOnderstepoort J Vet Res 1982 Dec;49(4):237-45
Observations on the clinical, cardiac and histopathological effects of fluoroacetate in sheep.
Schultz RA, Coetzer JA, Kellerman TS, Naude TW.
Fluoroacetate was dosed per stomach tube to 17 Merino sheep at the rate of 0,05-1,0 mg/kg/day. The clinical signs, haemodynamic changes, chemical pathology and pathology of acute, subacute and chronically intoxicated cases are described. Tetanic convulsions were seen in acutely intoxicated animals and in them respiratory failure, occurring concomitantly with cardiac failure, may have been the cause of death. Subacute intoxication resulted in less conspicuous clinical signs when the sheep were at rest, but they developed apparent nervous signs on being handled, and later tended to lie down. Chronically intoxicated animals were only mildly affected. At all levels of intoxication changes in the chemical pathological parameters were either absent or were mild and transient. The microscopic lesions in the hearts of acutely intoxicated sheep included degeneration as well as necrosis of individual or small groups of myocardial fibres. In the subacutely and chronically intoxicated animals the multifocal myocardial lesions were more widespread and in various stages of development or resolution.
PMID: 7185040 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Proc Finn Dent Soc 1982; 78:13-19
- As cited (and abstracted) in Fluoride 1983; 16(1):64
The effect of renal impairment on fluoride retention of patients hospitatlized in a low-fluoride community
H Hanhijarvi
Dept. of Pharmacol. and Toxicol., University of Kuopio, Finland
National Med J of China 1982; 62:425-428
- As cited (and abstracted) in Fluoride 1983; 16(1):66
A study of fluoride as the source of endemic dietary fluorosis in GuiZhou, China
RiBang L, JianAn T, WuYi W, LiZhen W
The average fluoride content in drinking water of the endemic fluorosis region of GuiZhou is 0.07 ppm which is far below the standard for fluoride in drinking water published in 1976 in China. We conclude, therefore, that endemic fluorosis in the area arises from fluoride in food, not from fluoride in local drinking water.
The average fluoride level in corn and chili in the fluorosis region is 46.54 ppm and 466.73 ppm respectively, 9 and 19 times higher than that in healthy regions. Whereas the level of fluoride in other grains and vegetables, in the region where the disease is endemic, is quite close to that in healthy regions, fluoride in corn and chili baked with coal are respectively 9 and 99 times higher than F in unbaked corn and chili in the same place within the fluorosis region.
On the basis of these analyses, we concluded that the high fluoride level of corn and chili in the GuiZhou fluorosis region results from baking with coal and that, basically, fluorosis is caused by eating corn and chili baked with coal.
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