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Chemosphere. 2001 Jan;42(1):35-43.
Fluorine in the soils of the White Sea Basin and bioindication of pollution.
Evdokimova GA.
Institute of the North Industrial Ecology Problems, Kola Science Centre Russian Academy of Science, Apatity, Murmansk Region. galina@inep.ksc.ru
Assessment of the pollution level of soils and vegetation by fluorine and heavy metals and also of the state of the soil microflora in the impact zone of Kandalaksha aluminium factory is discussed. The significant pollution of natural media by fluorine in the basin of the White Sea is established. Concentration of the total fluorine in the organogenic horizon of the Al-Fe-humus podzol soil at a distance of 20 km in the northern direction from the source of emission exceeds the background level by a factor of 3. In the epicentre of emission the amount of total fluorine in the soil exceeds the background level by a factor of 7-8 (Tolerable Amount: 4-5-fold). It is noted that the soil becomes more alkaline under the influence of fluorine and the increased content of chromium along the soil profile exceeds PC by a factor of 3 in the vicinity of the factory. The differences in the dimensions of bacterial and fungi biomass along the gradient of pollution were not revealed in the impact zone. But the changes in the taxonomic structure of fungi and in the level of their domination along the gradient of pollution were estimated. Floristic composition of the soil algae is represented mainly by unicellular green algae with Chlamydomonas elliptica and Bracteacoccus minor predominating.
PMID: 11117598 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Full editorial available at http://www.fluoride-journal.com/01-34-1/341-1.pdf
Fluoride 2001; 34(1):1-5
Guest Editorial
Recent studies confirm old problems with water fluoridation: a fresh perspective
Hardy Limeback, BSc, PhD, DDS
Head of Preventive Dentistry Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Canada
Excerpts:
... On a personal note, I now feel almost as if I had Ôcrossed overÕ to the Ôother sideÕ by turning my efforts to studying the toxic side effects of low dose fluoride ingestion on humans. After taking a public stand against water fluoridation in 1999, my life changed drastically. Many of my dentist and research colleagues turned on me asking me to recant. One even asked that I resign from my position as President of the Canadian Association for Dental Research. Our Faculty is still getting e-mail complaints but thanks to academic freedom and tenure my colleagues within my own Faculty have, for the most part, been quite supportive and civil. I am a neophyte at the fluori-dation controversy. I had no idea just how difficult it would be to try to con-vince the Ôpro-fluoridationÕ researchers that we should take a much more cautionary approach to recommending daily fluoride ingestion as a means to reduce dental decay. I was surprised, on the other hand to receive e-mails and phone calls from all over the globe thanking me for taking a public stand against water fluoridation. These were all greatly appreciated when it seemed that my colleagues wanted to distance themselves from me. Since my Ôcoming outÕ, I have had the distinct pleasure of offering the opposing scientific viewpoint to a fluoride forum set up by the Minister of Health in Ireland, to various smaller communities voting on the fluoridation issue, and at a debate organized in Wellington, Florida, where I took part in a panel opposite a team of delegates from the ADA and the Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta.
We are far from seeing the light at the end of the tunnel. There are so few champion researchers in this area of fluoride research that the challenge seems insurmountable at times. We need more people like Dr. John Yiamouyiannis. I have a tremendous respect and admiration for Dr. John Y, who, even though he was already showing signs of his illness, helped me make presentations to the City of Toronto and the neighboring region in which I reside. In response to our presentations, the City of Toronto reduced its fluoride level in the drinking water to 0.7-0.8 ppm. The Ontario Ministry of Health then commissioned Dr. David Locker, an award-winning, interna-tionally-recognized public health dental researcher, whose research had been in the geriatric dentistry area, to review the recent literature on water fluoridation and make new recommendations as to whether current government guidelines on fluoridation policy should be updated. His conclusions were much the same as the York study: the risks from fluoridation far outweighed the benefits. This has resulted in a ÔdowngradingÕ in Canada of the amount of fluoride recommended as the ÔoptimumÕ level in drinking water. Our provincial Ontario Ministry of the Environment now recommends that the Ôoptimum fluoride levelÕ in drinking water be changed to 0.5-0.8 ppm. In my own region, artificial fluoride levels are down to 0.6 ppm, a level that is not much different from the natural levels found throughout Southern Ontario. While this will serve to reduce the risk of fluorosis, it obviously is no longer worth the effort to artificially fluoridate to these low levels...
Full report available at http://www.fluoride-journal.com/01-34-1/341-21.pdfFluoride 2001; 34(1):21-33
Beneficial effects of some vitamins and calcium on fluoride and aluminum toxicity on gastrocemius muscle and liver of male mice
NJ Chinoy * and MR Mermon
* For correspondence: Reproductive Endocrinology and Toxicology Unit, Department of Zoology, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India. E-mail: zooldeptgu@satyam.net.in
SUMMARY: Treatment of male mice (Mus musculus) with sodium fluoride (NaF, 10 mg/kg body weight), alone or in combination with aluminium chloride (AlCl3, 200 mg/kg body weight), was investigated for its effects on gastrocnemius muscle and liver. Recovery after one-month withdrawal of treatment and responses to some antidotes, viz calcium, ascorbic acid, and vitamin E administered alone or in combination were also studied. NaF alone or in combination with AlCl3 caused a significant decrease in protein levels and activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) in liver and gastrocnemius muscle, thereby indicating altered protein and oxidative metabolisms in these tissues. Cholinesterase activity declined significantly with all the treatments in both tissues, probably affecting the synaptic transmission due to altered acetylcholine re-lease or metabolism and altering muscle contraction.
All three treatments caused changes in liver function as shown by a signifi-cant increase in serum transminases, accumulation of glycogen and inhibition of phosphorylase activity thereby indicating that carbohydrate metabolism was affected. Similar changes occurred in muscle tissue. Gastrocnemius muscle and liver were therefore affected by sodium fluoride, aluminium chloride and in combination.
Recovery was not significant on withdrawal of NaF + AlCl3 treatment. How-ever, all three antidotes brought about significant recovery in the organs stud-ied. Individually, ascorbic acid was the most beneficial in bringing about pro-nounced recovery. Thus, intoxication induced by sodium fluoride and aluminium chloride is transient and reversible.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12947683&dopt=AbstractGuang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi. 2001 Jun;21(3):409-11.
[Determination of Ca, Mg, K, P, Na, Zn, Fe and F in bone with microwave digest]
[Article in Chinese]
Wang Z, Jin F.
Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, 310013 Hangzhou.
Microwave digest technique is widely applied in the analytical chemistry field. Comparing with traditional sample digestion method, i.e. wet digest or dry digest. microwave technique is simple, rapid, little contaminative and saves reagent, digests completely. Elements in the bone such as Ca, Mg, P, K, Na, Fe, Zn and F are determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Their recovery ratio is 66.4%-110.9%, variation coefficient is 0.32%-7.61% except fluorine and phosphor.
PMID: 12947683 [PubMed - in process]
Full report available at http://www.fluoride-journal.com/01-34-1/341-51.pdfFluoride 2001; 34(1):51-54
Reduction in fluoride levels in the old Warta reservoir near Lubon, Poland
Maria Jezierska-Madziar, Piotr Pinskwar, Antoni Przyby
For Correspondence: Dr Maria Jezierska- Madziar, Department of Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Poznan, ul. Wojska Polskiego 71c, 60-625 Poznan, Poland. Email: madziar@owl.au.poznan.pl
SUMMARY: Earlier reports showed that the extensive pollution of the old Warta reservoir near Lubon, Poland was caused by fluoride emissions from a nearby phosphate fertilizer plant. In this paper, we provide new determinations of fluoride levels in the reservoir. After reduction of emissions in the early 1990s, our measurements revealed that fluoride concentrations had decreased from an average of 75 mg/L in 1978 and 23 mg/L in 1984 to 2.5-2.6 mg/L in 1995-1996 with a range of 1.32 to 4.1 mg/L, depending of the season of the year and the location in the reservoir.
Full report available at http://www.fluoride-journal.com/01-34-1/341-55.pdfFluoride 2001; 34(1):55-60
In vitro and in vivo effects of fluoride solutions on human salivary amylase
JosŽ Nicolau and Mariana Ferreira Leite
For Correspondence: Dr JosŽ Nicolau, Oral Biology Research Center, Faculty of Den-tistry, University of S‹o Paulo, Ave Prof Lineu Prestes 2227, CEP 05508-900 S‹o Paulo, Brazil. Email: jnicolau@fo.usp.br
SUMMARY: The effect of various concentrations of NaF on the activity of human salivary amylase was examined in vitro and in vivo. No statistically significant differences in the in vitro experiments were observed in amylase activity after one hour of incubation with fluoride concentrations up to 500 mM. In the in vivo study, the effect of 0.05% NaF solutions was studied on the amylase of the human saliva collected at different periods after mouthrinsing. Again, no statistically significant differences, were observed in the amylase activity of all samples examined.
Full report available at http://www.fluoride-journal.com/01-34-1/341-61.pdfFluoride 2001; 34(1):61-71
Endemic fluorosis in southern Rajasthan, India
SL Choubisa
For Correspondence: Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Shri Bhogilal Pandya Government College, ML Sukhadia University, Dungarpur Ð 314001, Rajasthan, India.
SUMMARY: Chronic fluoride intoxication in the form of osteo-dental fluorosis was investigated in 21 villages of Banswara, Dungarpur, and Udaipur districts of southern Rajasthan, where fluoride (F) concentrations in drinking waters range from 1.5 to 4.0 ppm. Interestingly, a variable prevalence of fluorosis was observed in villages having almost the same F concentrations. At 1.5 ppm, 21.3, 25.6, and 38.9% of children and 33.3, 36.9, and 44.8% of adults in different villages of these districts were found to be affected with dental fluorosis. The maximum prevalence of dental fluorosis (77.1%) was found in the 17-22 year age group. No significant correlation was found between prevalence figures and gender. At this 1.5 ppm F concentration, 6.1, 6.8, and 9.5% of adults in villages of Banswara, Udaipur, and Dungarpur districts, respectively, showed evidence of skeletal fluorosis. Subjects of these districts showed the highest prevalence of skeletal fluorosis, 32.8, 36.6, and 39.2% at maximum F level of 3.7 ppm, 4.0 ppm, and 3.2 ppm, respectively.
No children were found affected with skeletal fluorosis or skeletal deformi-ties, the prevalence of which was higher in males and increased with age and higher F level. Deformities such as crippling, kyphosis, and genu varum were observed most frequently in higher age groups (>40 years) at a F concentration of 2.8 ppm or higher. None of the fluorotic subjects showed evidence of goitre (thyroidism) or genu valgum syndrome. Radiological findings of other deformities in fluorotic subjects were also found. Possible factors responsible for a higher prevalence of fluorosis in villages having similar F concentrations are discussed.
Full report available at http://www.fluoride-journal.com/01-34-2/342-95.pdfFluoride 2001; 34(2):95-102
Skeletal Metabolism and bone mineral density in fluoride-exposed rats
Beata Urbanska, Wojciech Czarnowski, Jerzy Krechniak *, Iwona Inkielewicz, Katarzyna Stolarska
* For correspondence: J. Krechniak, Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Gda ¥ sk, Al. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gda ¥ sk-Wrzeszcz, Poland. E-mail: wojtekc@pf.pl and the metabolic status, mechanical resistance, and mineral density of
SUMMARY: As part of a two-stage investigation, adult male Wistar rats were exposed to above-normal fluoride intake for 6 months:
a) to HF by inhalation for 2 hr/day at a concentration of 8.7 ±±±± 5.7 mg/m 3 and
b) to NaF in drinking water containing 20 mg F - /L.
The fluoride content in urine, vertebrae L2 Ð L4, tibia, and incisors was significantly increased in the exposed animals. More fluoride was excreted in urine by animals exposed by the inhalatory than by the oral route. Bones of control and exposed animals were of similar mechanical resistance. No differences in bone mineral density (BMD) were found between exposed and control animals. Moreover, no significant differences were found in alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium and magnesium concentration in serum, and hydroxyproline concentration in urine between control and exposed animals. The results indicate that even a threefold increase in bone fluoride does not cause a distinct change in metabolism, mineral density, and mechanical resistance of bones of exposed animals.
Full report available at http://www.fluoride-journal.com/01-34-2/342-103.pdfFluoride 2001; 34(2):103-107
Oxidative stress in children with endemic skeletal fluorosis
YM Shivarajashankara (a), AR Shivashankara (a), S Hanumanth Rao (b), P Gopalakrishna Bhat (c)
(a) YM Shivarajashankara, Dept. of Biochemistry, MR Medical College, Gulbarga-585 105, Karnataka-India; E-mail: shivrajsym@yahoo.com;
(b) Dept. of Biochemistry, KBN Institute of Medical Sciences, Gulbarga-585104, Karnataka, India;
(c) Dept. of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal-576 119, Karnataka, India.SUMMARY: In the village of Kheru Nayak Thanda in the Gulbarga district of Karnataka, India, 18 children aged 3 to 10 years with endemic skeletal fluorosis were shown to have oxidative stress as evidenced by elevated levels of malondialdehyde in their red blood cells, indicating increased lipid peroxidation. Significant alterations of antioxidant systems in the blood were confirmed by decreased levels of glutathione and uric acid together with an increase in the activity of glutathione peroxidase as well as the level of ascorbic acid along with a slight decrease in the activity of superoxide dismutase.
Full report available at http://www.fluoride-journal.com/01-34-2/342-114.pdfFluoride 2001; 34(2):114-125
Developments in the analysis of fluoride 1997-1999
F Yin, Y Yao, CC Liu, ML Wen (a)
(a) For correspondence: Dr M L Wen, Department of Chemistry, Yunnan University, Kun-ming, Yunnan 650091, China. Fax: +86 871 515 3832. E-mail: mlwen@ynu.edu.cn
This biennial review is a continuation of the previous survey [Fluoride 1998; 31(2):74-80] and covers primarily the critical literature of the analysis of fluoride from July 1997 to December 1999.
Full report available at http://www.fluoride-journal.com/01-34-2/342-126.pdfFluoride 2001; 34(2):126-131
Blood biochemical constituents in calves following subclinical levels of fluoride toxicosis
V Kapoor (a), T Prasad (b), VK Paliwal (a)
(a) Dr V Kapoor, Department of Animal Nutrition, CCS Haryana Agri-cultural University, Hisar Ð 125 004, India. Email: kapoorak1952@hotmail.com.
(b) Division of Dairy Cattle Nutrition, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India.SUMMARY: To investigate the effect of dietary fluoride (F) on some blood biochemical constituents, twenty male cross-bred calves (aged 6-8 months) were divided into equal groups and fed for 20 weeks on diets of a concentrate mixture and green maize (50:50 for the first 3 months and 40:60 during the later phase). The four dietary treatments differed only with respect to the F content of the mineral mixture. In treatments 1 and 2, the mineral mixture contained dicalcium phosphate, which was replaced with rock phosphate in treatments 3 and 4. However, treatments 2 and 4 were also supplemented with NaF so as to provide an additional 80 mg F/kg diet. The resultant dietary F levels were 7, 79, 132 and 191 ppm in groups 1 to 4, respectively. Blood serum analysis at biweekly intervals (carried out for 18 weeks) indicated that while serum P content did not change significantly, the serum alkaline phosphatase activity increased (p<0.01) at higher levels of F intake. A decline in serum thy-roxine (T4) level upon F addition was observed, which, however, failed to alter significantly the serum triiodothyronine (T3) levels.
Full report available at http://www.fluoride-journal.com/01-34-2/342-139.pdfFluoride 2001; 34(2):139-149
Well water fluoride, dental fluorosis, and bone fractures in the Guadiana Valley of Mexico
M Teresa Alarc—n-Herrera (a), Ignacio R Mart’n-Dom’nguez (a), Rodolfo Trejo-V‡zquez (b), Sandra Rodriguez-Dozal (c)
(a) Dr. M. Teresa Alarc—n-Herrera, Centro de Investigaci—n en Materiales Avanzados, S.C., Miguel de Cervantes 120 Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, 31109 Chihuahua, Chih, MŽxico. E-mail alarcont@cimav.edu.mx;
(b) Instituto Tecnol—gico de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Ags, MŽxico;
(c) Instituto Tecnol—gico de Durango, Durango, Dgo, MŽxico.SUMMARY: In the Guadiana Valley (the city of Durango and its surroundings in northwestern Mexico), the drinking water supply comes from underground wells and is characterized by a high content of fluoride. In this study, a quantitative assessment of dental fluorosis was made in the school age (6-12 years) and adult (13-60 years) population of Guadiana valley through a multistage sampling by conglomerates of the population. The Dean index of dental fluorosis was correlated with the fluoride concentration in drinking water. In those parts of the valley with fluoride concentrations higher than 12 mg/L, all the children surveyed exhibited dental fluorosis, and 35% of them had suffered serious damage to their teeth. A linear correlation between the Dean index of dental fluorosis and the frequency of bone fractures was also observed among both children and adults.
Editorial available at http://www.fluoride-journal.com/01-34-3/343-161.pdfFluoride 2001; 34(3):161-164
Guest Editorial
Silicofluorides and fluoridation
MJ Coplan (a) and R Masters (b)
(a) Natick, Massachussetts
(b) Dartmouth College, Hanover, New HampshireExcerpts:
Water fluoridation trials began in 1945 using sodium fluoride (NaF). In 1947, without formal announcement, the use of silicofluorides ("SiFs" Ð fluosilicic acid or hexafluorosilicic acid, H2SiF6, and sodium fluosilicate or silicofluoride, Na2SiF6) began. At the time, even though their stability in concentrated form was not in question, the nature and extent of their dissociation in dilute aqueous solution was uncertain. On the basis of laboratory studies on dental fluorosis effects and net skeletal retention, SiFs were pro-posed to undergo essentially complete dissociation at low concentration and would therefore be physiologically equivalent to NaF at one-sixth the molar concentration of NaF in dilute aqueous solution.1 As early as 1935, however, SiFs and NaF were known to behave differently in the body, with SiFs producing significantly greater excretion of fluoride in urine than NaF.2 Never-theless, virtually all the extensive laboratory research on the biological prop-erties and effects of fluoride in water has been performed using NaF rather than SiFs, on the premise that the latter are equivalent to NaF in their behavior and effects.Unnoticed until recently is a report from the University of Hamburg, Germany, that is materially at odds with the notion that the biological behavior of SiFs does not differ significantly from that of uncomplexed NaF. This work was part of the 1975 PhD chemistry dissertation of Johannes Westendorf 3 under the direction of Professor Adolf Knappwost, who was searching for ways to increase the anti-caries activity of fluoride in saliva, based on the assumption Ð now known to be incorrect Ð that ingested fluoride confers significant protection against dental caries of the permanent teeth. This research, as published,4 showed that, even at the low concentrations employed in fluoridation, one molar equivalent of SiF was substantially more potent as an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase activity under physiological conditions (37¡C and pH 7.4) than six molar equivalents of uncomplexed NaF.
Westendorf found that hydrolytic dissociation of SiF apparently does not go to completion but stops after loss of four fluoride ions to produce a difluorosilicate species like [SiF2(OH)4]2- and its protonated forms. He proposed that this difluorosilicate complex was responsible for a noncompetitive enzyme-inhibiting effect which, together with the competitive inhibition by the uncomplexed fluoride that is released, produces a significantly greater inhibition of cholinesterase activity than an equivalent nominal concentration of NaF alone. In studying the hydrolysis of other fluoro complexes, he found a similar dissociation of four fluoride ions from Na
3AlF6 (cryolite), a loss of five from K2GeF6, and six from K2SnF6, but none from KPF6 and KBF4, both of which are reported to be physiologically inert.5,6
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11146089&dopt=AbstractSteroids 2001 Feb;66(2):99-105
Suppressing aggressive behavior with analogs of allopregnanolone (epalon).
Slavikova B, Kasal A, Uhlirova L, Krsiak M, Chodounska H, Kohout L.
Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Fleming Square 2, 166 10 6, Prague, Czech Republic.
3alpha-Hydroxy-20-oxo-5alpha-pregnan-21-yl hemisuccinate (8) was produced by partial acylation of 3alpha,21-dihydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one (14). 3alpha-Fluoro-5alpha-pregnan-20-one (9) was prepared by treatment of 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one (11) with DAST and by solvolysis of tosylate 12 with tetrabutylammonium fluoride. A behavioral test on mice was performed using 3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one (1) and compounds 8 and 9. Compound 8 was found to be inactive, while the fluoro derivative 9 selectively reduced aggressive behavior in mice more than the corresponding 3alpha-hydroxy compound 1; locomotion and other behavioral features were not affected.
PMID: 11146089 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11746504&dopt=AbstractJ Cell Biochem 2001;83(4):607-16
Sodium fluoride induces changes on proteoglycans synthesized by avian osteoblasts in culture.
Rodriguez JP, Rosselot G.
Laboratorios de Biologia Celular y de Biologia Molecular, INTA, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 138-11, Santiago, Chile. jprodrig@uec.inta.uchile.cl
The results reported here show that sodium fluoride (NaF) at low concentration (up to 10 microM) increased four times the proliferation rate of avian osteoblasts in culture. Also NaF increases, in a concentration dependent manner, 10 times the alkaline phosphatase activity. However, NaF decreased the incorporation of 35S-sulfate into proteoglycans (PGs) synthesized by osteoblasts (60-65%). Also, we observed that PGs synthesized in the presence of NaF (50 microM) exhibited a higher sensitivity to chondroitinase ABC than PGs synthesized by osteoblasts in the absence of NaF, suggesting an increase in the chondroitin sulfate moieties associated with the core protein of PGs. The modification of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains composition was evidenced also by change in the mean charge density of the PGs observed by ion exchange chromatography. Since the ratio of 35SO4/3H-glucosamine incorporated into PGs was similar in the presence and in the absence of NaF (8.2 and 7, respectively), it is not possible to explain differences in mean charge density by changes in the sulfation extent of PGs. No differences were observed in the hydrodynamic size of PG synthesized in the presence of NaF, nor in the hydrodynamic size of the GAG chains. According to these results, we speculate that the stimulatory effect of fluoride on bone mineralization may be mediated, in part, by the changes in the rate of synthesis or in the structural characteristics of bone PGs. The changes produced by fluoride in PGs suggest that these molecules play an inhibitory role in the bone mineralization process. Copyright 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
PMID: 11746504 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11936575&dopt=AbstractHum Exp Toxicol 2001 Dec;20(12):619-23
Vitamin C ameliorates fluoride-induced embryotoxicity in pregnant rats.
Verma RJ, Sherlin DM.
Department of Zoology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India.
Oral administration of sodium fluoride (40 mg/kg body weight) from day 6 to 19 of gestation caused, as compared to control, significant reductions in body weight, feed consumption, absolute uterine weight and number of implantations. Significantly higher incidence of skeletal (wavy ribs, 14th rib, <6 sternal centre, dumbell-shaped second and fifth sternebrae, incomplete ossification of skull and thickening of tibia) and visceral (subcutaneous haemorrhage) abnormalities were also observed in NaF-treated dams than that of control. Oral administration of vitamin C (50 mg/kg body weight) and vitamin E (2 mg/0.2 ml olive oil/animal/day) from day 6 to 19 of gestation along with NaF significantly ameliorates NaF-induced reductions in body weight, feed consumption, absolute uterine weight (only with vitamin E treatment) and number of implantations. As compared with NaF-treated alone, the total percentage of skeletal and visceral abnormalities were significantly lowered in fluoride plus vitamin C-treated animals. Vitamin E was less effective. These findings suggest that vitamin C significantly reduced the severity and incidence of fluoride-induced embryotoxicity in rats.
PMID: 11936575 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11885920&dopt=AbstractInt J Occup Med Environ Health 2001;14(4):369-73
The effect of sodium fluoride on the adenine nucleotide pool in erythrocytes of Wistar rats.
Suska M.
Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Life Sciences, University of Szczecin, Poland. biochem@univ.szczecin.pl
The effect of sodium fluoride on the content of adenine nucleotides, adenine nucleotide pool and energy potential of erythrocytes was studied in male Wistar rats, depending on the dose and time of exposure. Sodium fluoride was administered for 4 and 8 weeks at 4 or 16 ppm through a gastric tube. The concentration of fluorine in serum, ATP, ADP and AMP content in blood and erythrocytes, adenine nucleotide pool and energy potential of erythrocytes were calculated. The results were expressed in SI units and compared statistically with Student's t-test (Statgraphics v. 5.0 software). A significant reduction in the content of ATP and ADP and an increase in the content of AMP in erythrocytes was found after 4 weeks of exposure to 4 or 16 ppm NaF. The adenine nucleotide pool and energy potential were reduced with the smaller dose. After 8 weeks, the ADP content remained significantly reduced with the smaller dose, while the greater dose was associated with a higher energy potential of the cells. Correlations between serum concentration of fluorine, content of adenine nucleotides and adenine nucleotide pool in erythrocytes were noted in all study groups.
PMID: 11885920 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
J Public Health Dent 2001 Spring;61(2):99-106.
- As cited and abstracted in Fluoride 2001; 34(3):189
Fluid consumption related to climate among children in the United States
Sohn W, Heller KE, Burt BA.
Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, 1101 North University Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA. woosung@umich.edu
Objective: Recommended fluoride concentrations in US public water systems are between 0.7-1.2 ppm, depending on the mean daily maximum temperature. This range assumes that water intake is higher in warmer than in cooler climates, based on research from the 1950s. The aim of this analysis is to relate fluid consumption among American children aged 1-10 years to the local climate under modern conditions.
Methods: The quantities of daily total fluid intake per body weight (ml/kg) and plain water intake per body weight (ml/kg) of children were calculated from the 24-hour recall diet survey in the third National Health and Nutri-tion Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988-94). The mean daily maximum temperature from 1961 to 1990, averaged for the month during which the NHANES III exam was conducted, was obtained for each survey location from the US Local Climate Historical Database. Multiple regression analysis was conducted using SAS and SUDAAN.
Results: Fluid intake was significantly associated with age, sex, socioeconomic status (SES), and race and ethnicity. No significant association could be found between the amount of either total fluid or plain water intake and mean daily maximum temperature, either before and after controlling for sex, age, SES, and race or ethnicity.
Conclusions: Results indicate that there is no evidence that fluid consumption among children is significantly related to mean temperature in modern conditions. This suggests that the national temperature-related guidelines for fluoride concentration in drinking water may be due for reevaluation.
Ann Occup Hyg 2001 Apr;45(3):217-25
- As cited and abstracted in Fluoride 2001; 34(3):192
Inhalation exposure in secondary aluminium smelting
Healy J, Bradley SD, Northage C, Scobbie E
Health and Safety Executive, Magdalen House, Stanley Precinct, L20 3QZ, Bootle, UK. healy@hse.gsi.gov.uk
Inhalation exposure at seven UK secondary aluminium smelters was investigated to quantify the main exposures and identify their sources. The substances monitored were gases (carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulphide and nitrogen dioxide), total inhalable dust, metals, ammonia, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), particulate fluoride salts and acids. The results showed that people were exposed to a range of workplace air pollutants. Personal exposure results for total inhalable dust were between 700 and 5600 microg x m(-3) and the maximum personal exposure result for particulate fluoride salts was 690 microg x m(-3) (as F). The maximum alu-minium, total PAH and lead personal exposure results were 900, 19 and 18 microg x m(-3) respectively. The average proportion of aluminium in total inhalable dust samples was 13% and rotary furnace processes generated the most dust. Particulate fluoride salt exposure was more widespread than hydrofluoric acid exposure. The source of the salt exposure was fluoride containing fluxes. The lead exposure source was lead solder contamination in the furnace charge.
Sci Total Environ 2001 Apr 23;271(1-3):107-16
- As cited and abstracted in Fluoride 2001; 34(3):192-193
Health effects of fluoride pollution caused by coal burning
Ando M, Tadano M, Yamamoto S, Tamura K, Asanuma S, Watanabe T, Kondo T, Sakurai S, Ji R, Liang C, Chen X, Hong Z, Cao S
Regional Environment Division, National Institute for Environ-mental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. mando@nies.go.jp
Recently a huge amount of fluoride in coal has been released into indoor environments by the combustion of coal and fluoride pollution seems to be increasing in some rural areas in China. Combustion of coal and coal bricks is the primary source of gaseous and aerosol fluoride and these forms of fluoride can easily enter exposed food products and the human respiratory tract. Major human fluoride exposure was caused by consumption of fluoride contaminated food, such as corn, chilies and potatoes. For each diagnostic syndrome of dental fluorosis, a log-normal distribution was observed on the logarithm of urinary fluoride concentration in students in China. Urinary fluoride content was found to be a primary health indicator of the prevalence of dental fluorosis in the community. In the fluorosis areas, osteosclerosis in skeletal fluorosis patients was observed with a high prevalence. A biochemical marker of bone resorption, urinary deoxypyridinoline content was much higher in residents in China than in residents in Japan. It was suggested that bone resorption was stimulated to a greater extent in residents in China and fluoride may stimulate both bone resorption and bone formation. Renal function especially glomerular filtration rate was very sensitive to fluoride exposure. Inorganic phosphate concentrations in urine were significantly lower in the residents in fluorosis areas in China than in non-fluorosis area in China and Japan. Since airborne fluoride from the combustion of coal pollutes extensively both the living environment and food, it is necessary to reduce fluoride pollution caused by coal burning.
Available at http://www.fluoride-journal.com/01-34-3/343-181.pdfFluoride 2001; 34(3):181-183
Book Review
A Treatise on Fluorosis
by AK Susheela (a)
Reviewed by HC Moolenburgh (b)
Available from: Published 1991. Fluorosis Research and Rural Development Foundation. C - 103 Saransh, 34 - I.P. Extension, Delhi - 110092, India. Cost including shipping: $45 USD (outside India) or Rs.375/- (in India). Email for order forms: susheela@ndf.vsnl.net.in
(a) Fluorosis Research and Rural Development Foundation, India, 2001
(b) HC Moolenburgh: Oranjeplein 11, 2012 LN Haarlem, The Netherlands.Excerpts:
... Professor SusheelaÕs book, despite its title, falls somewhere between being a strictly technical reference work and a handbook of basic information. Although written primarily to help medical personnel learn how to recognize and take measures to prevent or alleviate fluoride intoxication or fluorosis, her book has very wide appeal. As might be expected, the first part of the book deals with the huge and growing problem of endemic fluorosis in India, which, although of interest to the Western World, is still largely a matter of local concern. But then the book expands to a global scale and clearly sets out the three principal features of fluorosis [dental, skeletal, and non-skeletal].
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11706800&dopt=AbstractEnviron Pollut 2001;115(2):275-82
Fluoride accumulation in pasture forages and soils following long-term applications of phosphorus fertilisers.
Loganathan P, Hedley MJ, Wallace GC, Roberts AH.
Fertilizer and Lime Research Center, Institute of Natural Resources, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. p.loganathan@massey.ac.nz
Ingestion of soils with high fluoride (F) concentration may cause chronic fluorosis in grazing animals. Analysis of New Zealand pasture soils with long-term phosphorus (P) fertilisation histories showed that total surface soil (0-75 mm depth) F concentration increased up to 217-454 mg kg-1 with P fertiliser application. One-third to two-thirds of F applied in fertilisers resides in the top 75 mm soil depth. Pasture forage accumulation of F was low, and therefore, F intake by grazing animals through pasture consumption is expected to be much lower than F intake by soil ingestion. Ten annual applications of single superphosphate (30 and 60 kg P ha-1 year-1) to a Pallic Soil (Aeric Fragiaqualf) significantly increased total F and labile F (0.01 M CaCl2 extract) concentrations to 200 and 120 mm depths, respectively, of the 300 mm depth investigated. The mobility of F in the soil profile was similar to two other elements, P and cadmium derived from the fertiliser.
PMID: 11706800 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11559124&dopt=AbstractJ Agric Food Chem 2001 Sep;49(9):4284-6
Fluoride content of foods made with mechanically separated chicken.
Fein NJ, Cerklewski FL.
Department of Nutrition and Food Management, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-5103, USA.
The goal of the present study was to determine the extent to which foods made with mechanically separated chicken can contribute to total fluoride intake. Fluoride content of each blended sample was determined with a fluoride combination electrode following perchloric-acid-facilitated diffusion of hydrogen fluoride. Infant foods had the highest fluoride content followed by chicken sticks, luncheon meats, and canned meats. A single serving of chicken sticks alone would provide about half of a child's upper limit of safety for fluoride. Fluoride content of foods made with mechanically separated chicken was significantly correlated with calcium content, which is consistent with the possibility that the mechanical separation process was the source of the extra fluoride. Foods made with mechanically separated turkey were not a major source of fluoride.
PMID: 11559124 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11562400&dopt=AbstractJ Am Soc Nephrol 2001 Oct;12(10):2019-28
Diminished renal expression of aquaporin water channels in rats with experimental bilateral ureteral obstruction.
Kim SW, Cho SH, Oh BS, Yeum CH, Choi KC, Ahn KY, Lee J.
Chonnam National University Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 5 Hak-dong, Gwangju 501-746, Korea.
Whether postobstructive diuresis could be related to altered regulation of aquaporin (AQP) water channels in the kidney was investigated. Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent bilateral obstruction of the proximal ureters for 48 h. The renal expression of AQP1 to AQP4 proteins was then determined by Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses. For elucidation of the primary impairment in the upstream pathway leading to the expression of cAMP-mediated AQP channels, the expression of G(salpha) and that of adenylyl cyclase were also determined. For some rats, the obstruction was released for collection of urine samples. After the ureteral obstruction, the urinary flow rate was increased and free water reabsorption was decreased. In the obstructed kidneys, the expression of AQP1 to AQP3 was decreased in the cortex, outer medulla, and inner medulla, whereas that of AQP4 was decreased in the inner medulla. Immunoreactivities for AQP1 to AQP4 were also decreased in the obstructed kidneys. The protein expression of G(salpha) was decreased in the cortex, outer medulla, and inner medulla, whereas that of adenylyl cyclase VI was decreased in the outer and inner medullae. cAMP generation stimulated by arginine vasopressin was decreased in the cortex, outer medulla, and inner medulla. cAMP generation in response to forskolin was decreased in the outer and inner medullae, whereas that in response to sodium fluoride was decreased in the cortex, outer medulla, and inner medulla. These results suggest that a reduced abundance of AQP water channels in the kidney accounts in part for postobstructive diuresis. The primary impairment of AQP channels that are regulated via the arginine vasopressin/cAMP pathway may lie at the level of G proteins and adenylyl cyclase itself.
PMID: 11562400 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11685434&dopt=AbstractCalcif Tissue Int 2001 Jul;69(1):51-7
Combined effects of diets with reduced calcium and phosphate and increased fluoride intake on vertebral bone strength and histology in rats.
Turner CH, Hinckley WR, Wilson ME, Zhang W, Dunipace AJ.
Biomechanics and Biomaterials Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, USA.
Ingested fluoride is incorporated into bone apatite and can affect the structural integrity of bone. Fluoride absorption in the gut and incorporation into bone is affected by the presence of other ions, including calcium. We hypothesized that a low calcium phosphate diet combined with high fluoride intake would have independent detrimental effects on vertebral bone strength. We measured the vertebral biomechanical properties and bone histology for rats given controlled diets with varied fluoride and calcium phosphate intakes for either 16 or 48 weeks. Diets were designed to produce mild calcium deficiency while keeping Ca:P ratio constant. Hence calcium deficiency was accompanied by a proportional phosphate deficiency. Calcium phosphate deficiency (25% of normal) significantly diminished vertebral strength only in younger rats. As the rats grew older, the effects of calcium phosphate deficiency were mitigated. Calcium phosphate deficiency reduced vertebral strength in young rats primarily by reducing the trabecular bone volume. The highest fluoride intake (50 mg/L) significantly diminished vertebral strength, but there was no effect of lower fluoride intakes on bone strength. In contrast to calcium phosphate deficiency, high fluoride intake had no effect on trabecular bone volume but instead increased the amount of unmineralized osteoid, particularly in older rats. This impairment of mineralization by fluoride appeared to be the primary cause of the diminished vertebral strength. The detrimental effects of fluoride on vertebral bone strength were not amplified by calcium phosphate deficiency.
PMID: 11685434 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11527228&dopt=AbstractJ Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2001;39(4):349-53
Calcium neutralizes fluoride bioavailability in a lethal model of fluoride poisoning.
Heard K, Hill RE, Cairns CB, Dart RC.
Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center, Denver, Colorado, USA. Kennon.Heard@UCHSC.edu
OBJECTIVES: Acute systemic fluoride poisoning can result in systemic hypocalcemia, cardiac dysrhythmias, and cardiovascular collapse. Topical and intraarterial therapy with calcium or magnesium salts reduces dermal injury from fluoride burns. The mechanism of these therapies is to bind and inactivate the fluoride ion. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of calcium and magnesium to decrease the bioavailability of fluoride in a lethal model of fluoride poisoning.
METHODS: In preliminary studies, we determined that fluoride 3.6 mM/kg intraperitoneally in the form of sodium fluoride was uniformly and rapidly fatal in a mouse model. Using this fluoride dose, we performed a controlled, randomized, blinded study of low- and high-dose calcium chloride (1.8 and 3.6 mM/kg intraperitoneally, respectively) and magnesium sulfate (3.6 mM/kg intraperitoneally) to decrease the bioavailability of the fluoride ion. After injection with sodium fluoride, animals were immediately treated with injections of sodium chloride (control), calcium chloride (low- or high-dose), or magnesium sulfate. The major outcome was 6-hour survival using a Cox Proportional Hazard model.
RESULTS: All untreated animals died within 60 minutes. Using a Cox Proportional Hazard model, each 1.8 mM/kg dose of calcium chloride administered reduced the risk of death by 33%. Magnesium sulfate treatment was not associated with a hazard reduction.
CONCLUSION: Calcium chloride administered simultaneously with sodium fluoride reduces the bioavailability of fluoride poisoning in a mouse model. The equivalent dose of magnesium sulfate does not significantly decrease fluoride bioavailability.
PMID: 11527228 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11348838&dopt=AbstractNeurotoxicol Teratol 2001 Mar-Apr;23(2):197-201
Vitamin D ameliorates fluoride-induced embryotoxicity in pregnant rats.
Guna Sherlin DM, Verma RJ.
Jai Research Foundation, Vapi, Valvada 396 108, India.
We have evaluated the ameliorative effect of vitamin D on fluoride-induced embryotoxicity in pregnant rats. Oral administration of sodium fluoride (NaF; 40 mg/kg body weight) from days 6 to 19 of gestation caused, as compared with control, significantly lowered body weight, feed consumption, absolute uterine weight and number of implantations. As compared with the control, higher incidence of skeletal (presence of wavy ribs, 14th rib, dumbbell-shaped 5th sternebrae, incomplete ossification of skull) and visceral (subcutaneous haemorrhage) abnormalities was recorded in the foetuses of fluoride-treated pregnant rat. Vitamin D (2 ng/0.2 ml olive oil/animal/day po) treatment significantly ameliorated the fluoride-induced reductions in body weight, feed consumption and absolute uterine weight. As compared with fluoride-treated alone, the total percentage of skeletal and visceral abnormalities observed in foetuses was significantly lowered in fluoride plus vitamin D-treated animals. These findings suggest that vitamin D treatment significantly reduced the severity and incidence of fluoride-induced embryotoxicity. The ameliorative effect of vitamin D against skeletal and visceral abnormalities could be due to stimulation of intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate, thus raising the plasma calcium and phosphate concentrations.
PMID: 11348838 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11499888&dopt=AbstractJ Anal Toxicol 2001 Jul-Aug;25(5):339-43
Importance of vacutainer selection in forensic toxicological analysis of drugs of abuse.
Toennes SW, Kauert GF.
Institute of Forensic Toxicology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany. toennes@em.uni-frankfurt.de
The enzymatic degradation of cocaine in blood samples, even during transport to a forensic laboratory, is a common problem in toxicological analysis. This can be avoided by the use of blood-sampling devices such as gray-top Vacutainers containing the cholinesterase inhibitor sodium fluoride. In the present study, which included 147 authentic cases, blood samples were collected into two different tubes, one containing fluoride/oxalate and one without stabilizing agents. In all cases, both samples were analyzed for drugs of abuse using Abbott FPIA immunoassays after precipitation and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for quantitative analysis. The cannabinoid immunoassay showed markedly lower values in the fluoride-containing samples; this was investigated further and could be explained by hemolysis of these samples. In addition, the concentrations of 11-nor-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THCCOOH) were lower in these samples. A stability study with the THCCOOH acyl glucuronide showed that it is unstable in unpreserved serum, which could explain our observation. GC-MS quantitative data for amphetamine and derivatives, opiates, delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, and 11-hydroxy-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol were essentially identical; however, they also differed substantially for cocaine, cocaethylene, ecgonine methylester, and benzoylecgonine. Unexpectedly, the concentrations of benzoylecgonine in unpreserved serum were almost half as high as in the fluoride-containing samples.
PMID: 11499888 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11292576&dopt=AbstractEnviron. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2001 Mar;9(4):141-146
Calcium preventing locomotor behavioral and dental toxicities of fluoride by decreasing serum fluoride level in rats.
Ekambaram P, Paul V.
Department of Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology, Dr A.L.M. Postgraduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani, 600 113, Chennai, India
Spontaneous motor activity, rota-rod performance (motor co-ordination), body weight gain, food intake, activities of total cholinesterase (blood) and acetylcholinesterase (brain), and dental structure were determined in adult female rats treated with a very high dose of sodium fluoride (500 ppm in drinking water) alone and in combination with calcium carbonate (50 mg/kg body weight by oral intubation) for 60 days. The concentration of fluoride and calcium were measured in the serum of these animals. Administration of sodium fluoride with drinking water produced both behavioural and dental toxicities and not lethality in the present study. A suppression of spontaneous motor activity, a shortening of rota-rod endurance time, a decreased body weight gain and food intake, a suppression of total cholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase activities and dental lesion were observed in test animals. Serum fluoride concentration was raised markedly and that of calcium was decreased in these animals. The effects of sodium fluoride were prevented significantly when animals received calcium carbonate along with sodium fluoride. Serum fluoride content was decreased and that of calcium was restored to control level in these animals. These results indicate that calcium prevents not only fluoride-induced hypocalcemia but also the locomotor behavioral and dental toxicities of fluoride by decreasing bioavailability of fluoride.
PMID: 11292576 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11585278&dopt=AbstractUrol Res 2001 Aug;29(4):238-44
Evidence suggesting that high intake of fluoride provokes nephrolithiasis in tribal populations.
Singh PP, Barjatiya MK, Dhing S, Bhatnagar R, Kothari S, Dhar V.
Department of Biochemistry, Darshan Dental College, Madhuvan, India. siraj_52ali@usa.net
The present study was designed to evaluate the role of fluoride in urolithiasis in humans. Two areas were selected for this purpose, a fluoride endemic area (EA) and a fluoride non-endemic area (NEA). The prevalence of uroliathiasis was 4.6 times higher in EA than in NEA. Furthermore, the prevalence was almost double in subjects with fluorosis than without fluorosis in the endemic area. No relationship was observed between urolithiasis and the duration of fluorosis. The fluoride levels in drinking water ranged from 3.5 to 4.9 ppm in EA and subjects from this area excreted more fluoride. A comparison of normal subjects (NS) from EA and NEA revealed that endemic subjects tend to have slightly higher mean serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBAR) levels and excrete more oxalate and fluoride than their non-endemic counterparts. The urinary stone formers (SF) from the two areas showed a similar tendency, though again the difference was not significant. Citrate excretion in SF was almost normal in the EA, but NEA SF had significantly lower excretion levels. Urinary stones from endemic patients had higher fluoride, oxalate and calcium levels than those from non-endemic patients. In vitro studies suggested that fluoride did not influence the heterogonous mineralization of calcium oxalate. In conclusion, the data suggest that fluoride in vivo may behave as a mild promoter of urinary stone formation by
(a) excretion of insoluble calcium fluoride,
(b) increasing oxalate excretion and
(c) mildly increasing the oxidative burden.
PMID: 11585278 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Abstract from: http://www.fluoride-journal.com/01-34-1/341-71.pdfOral Surg Oral Med Oral Path Oral Radiol Endod 2001 Feb;91(2):230-4.
Cytotoxicity of fluoride on human pulp cell cultures in vitro
Chang YC, Chou MY.
School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Chongzuo, Guangxi, Peoples Republic of China
Objectives: Numerous studies have revealed that conventional glass-ionomer cements might release fluoride into an aqueous environment. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of fluoride on human pulp cells in vitro.
Study Design: H33258 fluorescence, cell proliferation, protein synthesis, and mitochondrial activity assay were used to investigate the pathobiological effects of fluoride on cultured human pulp cells.
Results: Fluoride was found to be a cytotoxic agent to cultured human pulp cells by inhibiting cell growth, proliferation, mitochondrial activity, and protein synthesis.
Conclusions: Fluoride release has significant potential for pulpal toxicity.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12525097&dopt=AbstractWei Sheng Yan Jiu 2001 May;30(3):182-4
[Validation and comparison of ISO standard method for the examination of fluoride in drinking water]
[Article in Chinese]
Zhang H, Zhang S, Dai H.
Membrane Science and Technology, Institute of Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300160, China.
The validation of ISO standard method for the examination of fluoride in drinking water was introduced. The test for compensating interference, standard curves, accuracy, precision and the minimum detection limit etc were included. The comparison between ISO method and others was made. The results indicated that the ISO method was better in anti-interference, wider linear range and higher precision. The points designed were reasonable. The method is superior to other methods in the same kind, and it should be adopted and extended.
PMID: 12525097 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11575239&dopt=AbstractRev Panam Salud Publica 2001 Aug;10(2):108-13
[Exposure to fluorides from drinking water in the city of Aguascalientes, Mexico]
[Article in Spanish]
Trejo-Vazquez R, Bonilla-Petriciolet A.
Instituto Tecnologico de Aguascalientes, Departamento de Ingenieria Quimica, Av. Lopez Mateos 1801 Ote. C.P. 20256, Aguascalientes, Ags, Mexico. rtrejo@seit.ita.mx
OBJECTIVE: Determine the fluoride content in all the wells that supply drinking water to the city of Aguascalientes, Mexico, in order to establish the population's degree of exposure. METHODS: The fluoride content of the 126 wells that supply drinking water to the city of Aguascalientes was determined, using the SPADNS method, in accordance with two Mexican regulations, NMX-AA-77-1982 and NMX-014-SSAI-1993. Using that data, we created fluoride isopleth maps showing the distribution of fluoride concentrations in the water supplies for the city of Aguascalientes. We also estimated exposure doses for the city's inhabitants.
RESULTS: The mean analysis uncertainty was 3.9%. Seventy-three wells had a fluoride concentration of" 1.5 mg/L, which was the maximum permissible value set by the Mexican standards then in effect. All the maximum exposure doses surpassed the minimum risk level set by Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) of the Department of Health and Human Services of the United States of America. In the children under 1 year of age, even the minimum does was slightly higher than the ATSDR risk level.
CONCLUSIONS: From estimating the fluoride exposure doses caused by water consumption in the city of Aguascalientes and comparing those doses with ones from other states in Mexico, we concluded that the fluoride intake in Aguascalientes represents a potential risk for inhabitants' health. The fluoride content of the city's drinking water should be reduced to 0.69 mg/L.
PMID: 11575239 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Environ Int 2001 May;26(5-6):377-80
- As cited and abstracted in Fluoride 2002; 35(1):65
Dynamics of aluminum speciation in forest-well drainage waters from the Rhode River watershed, Maryland
Bi SP, An SQ, Yang M, Chen T
For Correspondence: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China. bisp@nju.edu.cn
This paper reports an investigation of the dynamics of aluminum (Al) speciation in the forest-well waters from study site 110 of the Rhode River watershed, a representative subunit of Chesapeake Bay. Seasonal changes of Al speciation are evaluated by a modified MINEQL computer model using chemical equilibrium calculation. It was found that Al-F and Al-Org complexes were the dominate forms, whereas toxic forms of Al 3+ and Al-OH were not significant. This indicates that Al toxicity is not very serious in the Rhode River area due to the high concentrations of fluoride and organic materials, even though sometimes pH is very low (approximately 4). Increased H + or some other associated factors may be responsible for the decline in fish and amphibian population on the watershed.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11890039&dopt=AbstractRev Belge Med Dent 2001;56(4):291-309
[Fluorosis: diagnosis, risk assessment and epidemiology]
[Article in French]
Bottenberg P, Declerck D, Martens L.
Vakgroep Restauratieve Tandheelkunde, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussel.
Fluorosis is the most widespread side-effect of fluoride use and appears as discrete white spots on the enamel up to severe enamel dysplasia. There are different techniques for scoring fluorosis in epidemiological surveys. In the literature there is no uniform way of selection of teeth and data processing. Fluorosis risk is determined by environmental factors such as water and food fluoride content as well as individual factors such as use (or misuse) of fluoride supplements and fluoridated oral hygiene products. In a group of Flemish schoolchildren, fluorosis prevalence is low and mainly related to use of fluoride supplements and toothpaste in childhood.
Publication Types:
- Review
- Review, Tutorial
PMID: 11890039 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11824676&dopt=AbstractRisk Anal 2001 Dec;21(6):1001-10
A case study comparing static and spatially explicit ecological exposure analysis methods.
Hope BK.
Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, Portland 972t5-2654, USA. bkhope@hotmail.com
Exposure to chemical contaminants must be estimated when performing ecological risk assessments. A previous article proposed a habitat area and quality conditioned population exposure estimator, E[HQ]P, and described an individual-based, random walk, Monte Carlo model (SE3M) to facilitate calculation of E[HQ]P. In this article, E[HQ]P was compared with exposure estimates from a baseline risk assessment that evaluated mink and great blue heron exposure to fluoride at a federal Superfund site. Calculation of E[HQ]P took into consideration a receptor's forage area, movement behavior, population size, and the areal extent and quality of suitable habitat. The baseline assessment used four methods that did (total and unit Tier 2) and did not (total and unit Tier 1) consider habitat area or quality; where "total" included all exposure units on site and "unit" only a given exposure unit. Total Tier 1 estimates were consistently higher than E[HQ]P (e.g., 169.1 mg/kg x d versus 21.6 mg/kg x d). Risk managers using total Tier 1 results for decision making would be unlikely to underestimate exposure; however, implementability of correspondingly lower remedial objectives could be challenging. Unit Tier 1 estimates were higher (e.g., 96.5 mg/kg x d versus 61.6 mg/kg x d) or lower (e.g., 3.5 mg/kg x d versus 51.1 mg/kg x d) than E[HQ]P depending on variations in landscape features. Total Tier 2 and E[HQ]P estimates were similar (e.g., 20.7 mg/kg x d versus 21.6 mg/kg x d) when an ecologically questionable average exposure was assumed. Unit Tier 2 estimates were consistently well below E[HQ]P (e.g., 17.8 mg/kg x d versus 61.6 mg/kg x d) when an average exposure was not assumed. Risk managers using unit Tier 1 or 2 results could be basing their decisions on potentially large underestimates of exposure. By forgoing average exposure assumptions, and explicitly addressing landscape heterogeneity, SE3M appears capable of yielding exposure estimates that are not as potentially misleading to risk managers as those produced with traditional averaging methods.
PMID: 11824676 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11771115&dopt=AbstractRocz Panstw Zakl Hig 2001;52(3):225-30
[Bioavailable fluoride in poultry deboned meat and meat products]
[Article in Polish]
Jedra M, Urbanek-Karlowska B, Fonberg-Broczek M, Sawilska-Rautenstrauch D, Badowski P.
Zaklad Badania Zywnosci i Przedmiotow Uzytku Panstwowy Zaklad Higieny 00-791 Warszawa, ul. Chocimska 24.
Deboned poultry meat (MDOM) consists of meat and fat and may also contain pieces of bones. This type of meat is a raw material used for production of different kinds of sausages. The aim of our investigation was to determine whether MDOM could be the significant source of bioavailable fluorine. Sample of MDOM and poultry meat products were digested in 37 degrees C water bath shaker with pepsin and 0.1 M HCl and then neutralized by adding carbonate and digested with pancreatine. Measurement was performed by ionoselective fluoride electrode. Fluorine determined in prepared samples is potentially ready to be absorbed by organism. Nine kinds of MDOM and eight poultry meat products were investigated. Content of fluorine in MDOM ranged 0.3-2.7 mg/kg of fresh weight but in one sample of turkey meat--7.4 mg/kg, while determined content of fluorine in poultry meat was low--not exceeded 0.2 mg/kg. Sausages prepared from homogenated meat contained fluorine from 0.5 to 0.7 mg/kg. In products prepared from big pieces of meat the content of fluorine was lower.
CONCLUSIONS: MDOM is characterized by higher level of bioavailable fluorine than muscle tissue. MDOM in poultry meat products may be a source of higher fluoride content.
PMID: 11771115 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11460160&dopt=AbstractNature 2001 Jul 19;412(6844):321-4
Thermolysis of fluoropolymers as a potential source of halogenated organic acids in the environment.
Ellis DA, Mabury SA, Martin JW, Muir DC.
Department of Chemistry, 80 St George Street, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3H6.
Following the introduction of hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFCs) and hydrofluorocarbon (HFCs) gases as replacements for the ozone-destroying chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), it has been discovered that HCFCs/HFCs can degrade in the atmosphere to produce trifluoroacetic acid, a compound with no known loss mechanisms in the environment, and higher concentrations in natural waters have been shown to be mildly phytotoxic. Present environmental levels of trifluooracetic acid are not accounted by HCFC/HFC degradation alone. Here we report that thermolysis of fluorinated polymers, such as the commercial polymers Teflon and Kel-F, can also produce trifluoroacetate and the similar compound chlorodifluoroacetate. This can occur either directly, or indirectly via products that are known to degrade to these haloacetates in the atmosphere. The environmental significance of these findings is confirmed by modelling, which indicates that the thermolysis of fluoropolymers in industrial and consumer high-temperature applications (ovens, non-stick cooking utensils and combustion engines) is likely to be a significant source of trifluoroacetate in urban rain water ( approximately 25 ng l-1, as estimated for Toronto). Thermolysis also leads to longer chain polyfluoro- and/or polychlorofluoro- (C3-C14) carboxylic acids which may be equally persistent. Some of these products have recently been linked with possible adverse health and environmental impacts and are being phased out of the US market. Furthermore, we detected CFCs and fluorocarbons-groups that can destroy ozone and act as greenhouse gases, respectively-among the other thermal degradation products, suggesting that continued use of fluoropolymers may also exacerbate stratospheric ozone-depletion and global warming.
PMID: 11460160 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11264465&dopt=AbstractAnnu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2001;41:443-70
Metabolism of fluorine-containing drugs.
Park BK, Kitteringham NR, O'Neill PM.
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, New Medical Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom. bkpark@liverpool.ac.uk
This article reviews current knowledge of the metabolism of drugs that contain fluorine. The strategic value of fluorine substitution in drug design is discussed in terms of chemical structure and basic concepts in drug metabolism and drug toxicity.
Publication Types:
- Review
- Review, Academic
PMID: 11264465 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11569877&dopt=AbstractFresenius J Anal Chem 2001 Aug;370(7):924-9
Fluorine determination in human and animal bones by particle-induced gamma-ray emission.
Sastri CS, Iyengar V, Blondiaux G, Tessier Y, Petri H, Hoffmann P, Aras NK, Zaichick V, Ortner HM.
Fachbereich Material und Geowissenschaften, Technische Universitat Darmstadt, Germany. sastri@xterna-net.de
Fluorine was determined in the iliac crest bones of patients and in ribs collected from post-mortem investigations by particle-induced gamma-ray emission based on the 19F(p,p'gamma)19F reaction, using 2.0/2.5 MeV protons. The results indicate that for 68% of the human samples the F concentration is in the range 500-1999 microg g(-1). For comparison purposes fluorine was also determined in some animal bones; in some animal tissues lateral profiles of fluorine were measured.
PMID: 11569877 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11324405&dopt=AbstractASDC J Dent Child 2001 Jan-Feb;68(1):37-41, 10
Fluoride content of infant formulas prepared with deionized, bottled mineral and fluoridated drinking water.
Buzalaf MA, Granjeiro JM, Damante CA, de Ornelas F.
Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru Dental School, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Usually infant milk formula is the major source of fluoride in infancy. Fluoride concentrations in ten samples of powdered milk formulas, prepared with deionized, bottled mineral, and fluoridated drinking water were determined after HMDS-facilitated diffusion, using a fluoride ion specific electrode(Orion 9609). Fluoride concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 0.75 ppm; from 0.02 to 1.37 ppm and from 0.91 to 1.65 ppm for formulas prepared with deionized, bottled mineral (0.02 to 0.69 ppm F) and fluorinated drinking water (0.9 ppm F), respectively. Possible fluoride ingestion per Kg body mass ws estimated. With deionized water, only the soy-based- formulas should provide a daily fluoride intake of above the suggested threshold for fluorosis. With water containing 0.9 ppm F, however, all of them would provide it. Hence, to limit fluoride intakes to amounts <0.1 mg/kg/day, it is necessary to avoid use fo fluoridated water (around 1 ppm) to dilute powdered infant formulas.
PMID: 11324405 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12024749&dopt=AbstractGen Dent 2001 Nov-Dec;49(6):604-7
Rice as a vehicle for dietary fluoride uptake.
McIntyre J, Williams P, Ha HD, Najee S, Anh VT, Ivanow G, Ngo H, Fraser M.
The objective of this study was to analyze aspects of the metabolism and bio-availability of fluoride after consumption of a sample of polished white rice containing 5.6 ppm fluoride ion. Up to 400 g of fluoridated rice was consumed by three volunteer adult subjects over specific time periods on two separate occasions. Saliva concentrations were elevated immediately and remained so 90 minutes following ingestion, among other indications. It was concluded that polished rice has the potential to be a useful vehicle for dietary fluoride transport.
PMID: 12024749 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11471682&dopt=AbstractWater Res 2001 Aug;35(12):2819-32
Mechanism of degradation of the quality of natural water in the Lakes Region of the Ethiopian rift valley.
Chernet T, Travi Y, Valles V.
Lab, Hydrogeologie, Universite d'Avignon, France.
The natural waters of the Lakes Region in the Main Ethiopian Rift (MER) show serious problems of chemical quality. The high content of fluoride reaches 300 mgl(-1) and affects the health of the population who live in this area. Furthermore, the alkaline and sodic characteristics (8<pH<10 and 0.9 x 10(-4) < Na < 0.35 Ml(-1)) of these waters destroy the soil for agricultural use. This geochemical study is conducted using analytical data issued from literature (UNDP, 1973: Chernet, 1982) and several field sampling and laboratory analyses completed during the last 4 yr. Chemical analyses of 320 samples taken throughout the region have been analysed using the computer software AQUA for geostatistic, statistic, chemical equilibria and simulation of evaporative concentration process. The results show that the waters issuing from volcanic rocks are characterised by a positive alkalinity residual of calcite. When they concentrate due to the effect of climate, the precipitation of calcite causes a decrease in the chemical activity of calcium. This results in an increase in solubility of fluoride, previously controlled by equilibrium with CaF, and the element concentrates without being significantly affected by the precipitation of fluorite. As water concentrates, the low concentration of dissolved calcium emphasises the alkaline characteristics. As a consequence, the pH reaches very high values (9-10) which make the waters unsuitable for agriculture. The adverse elements. namely fluoride, sodium, and alkalinity accumulate in the lower zones of the basins. The acquisition of high fluoride content and the alkaline-sodic characteristics depends primarily on the unbalanced initial stage between the carbonate alkalinity and calcium [(HCO3) > 2(Ca + Mg)]. which results from the weathering and dissolution of the volcanic rocks. The predictive qualities of the model AQUA were tested in the context of this region. A simulation of the concentration of the waters by evaporation has shown chemical variations relatively similar to those obtained with field data which include the minor chemical elements such as the fluoride or the dissolved silica. For field data, enrichment is more variable and may represent localised conditions of mineralization. This model is then used to study a method of defluoridation by supplying these waters with calcium in the form of gypsum. This method also allows the reduction of the alkalinizing and sodifying characteristics of the waters without reaching the fluoride standard concentration accepted for drinking waters. For drinking purpose, waters of the Ethiopian rift should undergo another method of defluoridation.
PMID: 11471682 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11247570&dopt=AbstractLancet 2001 Mar 3;357(9257):704-8
No abstract available
The Meuse Valley fog of 1930: an air pollution disaster.
Nemery B, Hoet PH, Nemmar A.
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Laboratory of Pneumology, Belgium. ben.nemery@med.kuleuven.ac.be
Publication Types: Historical ArticlePMID: 11247570 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Full report available at: http://www.asiaandro.com/1008-682X/3/193.htmAsian J Androl 2001 Sep;3(3):193-8
Inhibition of sperm motility does not affect live-dead separation of bull sperm by glass beads.
Foote RH.
Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-4801, USA. dgb1@Cornell.edu
AIM: This study was designed to explore factors which influence binding of dead versus live sperm to glass filters.
METHODS: Multiple semen collections from bulls were used to explore selective filtration of bull sperm as influenced by nonlethal inhibition of sperm motility with fluoride, killing of sperm by quick-freezing, alteration of the glass surface with silicone, and different intervals of sexual rest between semen collections.
RESULTS: A comparison of glass spheres 100, 200 and 390 microm in diameter indicated that 200 microm spheres were optimal for selective filtration. Quantitative separation of live from dead sperm was demonstrated with a correlation between the percentage of motile sperm and retention of sperm by the filter of r = -0.87 (P < 0.05). Up to 0.02 mol/L NaFl did not alter the proportion of sperm retained by the filter despite inhibiting sperm motility during filtration, an inhibition which was reversible. Proportions of live-dead sperm, based upon eosin staining, were unaffected by fluoride. Coating the glass spheres with silicone greatly reduced selective filtration. Dead sperm adherence to glass was reduced and resistance to NaFl inhibition was increased by daily ejaculation versus one-week intervals of sexual rest.
CONCLUSION: These studies indicate that the adherence of sperm to glass is primarily due to some form of physico-chemical change accompanying death of the sperm cell independent of active sperm motility. This attraction between the sperm plasma membrane and glass is modified by the age of the ejaculated sperm. This information is useful in evaluating different clinical procedures used for sperm separation.
PMID: 11561189 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]