http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16438356&query_hl=4&itool=pubmed_docsum
SADJ : Journal of the South African Dental Association - 2005
Nov;60(10):418-21.
Global trends in dental fluorosis from
1980 to 2000: a systematic review.
Khan A, Moola MH, Cleaton-Jones P.
Department of Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University
of Limpopo.
AIM: To determine trends in fluorosis prevalence at water fluoride
levels <0.3, >0.3 to <0.7, and >0.7 to 1.4 ppm from
1980 to 2000.
METHODS: A systematic review of 55 published articles identified
in a Medline search for peer-reviewed articles on fluorosis published
from 1 January 1980 to 31 December 2000. The prevalence recorded
with any fluorosis index was pooled and the trends over time were
determined in the three water concentration categories.
RESULTS: The fluorosis prevalence for the
three fluoride categories were 16.7, 27.4 and 32.2 percent, respectively.
A 16-fold and a 2-fold increase in fluorosis prevalence compared
with reported rates in the 1940s was seen in non-fluoridated (=
0.3 ppm F) and fluoridated (>0.7 to = 1.4 ppm F) areas, respectively.
There has been an increase in fluorosis prevalence over time in
the three fluoride water concentration categories but linear regression
analysis showed that none are significantly different from zero.
CONCLUSION: This systematic review concurs with recent reports
of an increase in fluorosis prevalence in fluoridated and non-fluoridated
communities.
PMID: 16438356 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16146004&query_hl=19
Ann Univ Mariae Curie Sklodowska [Med]. 2004;59(1):317-20.
Comparison of fluorine level in the tissues
of healthy teeth and teeth with decay process.
Pikula A, Kedra A, Salaga-Pylak M, Stadnik
A, Sokolowska B, Borzecki A.
Department of Hygiene, Skubiszewski Medical University of Lublin.
The aim of the study was to examine quantitative fluorine content
in tooth tissues with the decay process, tissues of teeth without
decay and tissues with diseases different than those of decay
origin. It has been found that in the examined teeth decay process
the average fluorine content in hard tissues amounted to 235.6
ppm of fluorine and it was lower than in healthy teeth (304.8
ppm) extracted for orthodontic or periodontological reasons, whereas
the highest fluorine content--383.5 ppm--was found in teeth with
diseases of non-decay etiology. Analyzing particular teeth groups
depending on the age of the patients, it
was observed that the fluorine level is higher in the teeth received
from younger patients, especially in the group of healthy
teeth and teeth with wedge defects. Susceptibility of tooth enamel
to dissolution was estimated by the CRT test with the use of discs
impregnated with crystal violet (hexamethylene-4 hydrochloride
of fuchsin) with the range of colour change from yellow and green
to violet and blue at ph 0.1-1.5. The lengthening of the time
of reaction in this test testified to lower acid sensitivity of
tissues and at the same time to harder demineralization of enamel,
e.g. in the process of decay. Longer time of reaction was observed
in teeth with higher indicated fluorine content.
PMID: 16146004 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16112781&query_hl=19
Environ Pollut. 2005 Aug 18; [Epub
ahead of print]
Growth and photosynthetic responses of
two pine species (Pinus koraiensis and Pinus rigida) in a polluted
industrial region in Korea.
Choi DS, Kayama M, Jin HO, Lee CH, Izuta
T, Koike T.
Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo
060-8589, Japan.
We investigated the effects of pollutants on two pine species
(Pinus koraiensis and Pinus rigida) in an industrial region in
Korea, using a physiological approach. The
concentrations of fluorine (F) and chlorine (Cl) in the atmosphere,
in precipitation and soil water at the damaged site were all significantly
higher than at a control site. Moreover, the concentrations of
F, Cl and Mn in pine needles were significantly higher, and essential
elements and chlorophyll in needles were significantly lower at
the damaged site than at the control site. The photosynthetic
capacities, shoot length and survival statistics of needles of
the two pines were all significantly reduced at the damaged site
compared to the control site, especially P. rigida. Based
on our comparison of photosynthetic responses and the concentrations
of F, Cl and Mn in needles of the two pine species, P. koraiensis
is more resistant to excess Mn in its needles than P. rigida.
PMID: 16112781 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16099562&query_hl=19
Environ Pollut. 2005 Aug 11; [Epub
ahead of print]
Radionuclides, heavy metals and fluorine
incidence at Tapira phosphate rocks, Brazil, and their industrial
(by) products.
da Conceicao FT, Bonotto DM.
Unidade Diferenciada Sorocaba/Ipero (UDSI), UNESP, Sorocaba,
Ipero, Brazil.
Inorganic phosphate fertilizers may contain radionuclides, heavy
metals and fluorine. This paper presents the possible environmental
hazards from Tapira phosphate rocks and their (by) products (Brazil)
utilized as phosphate fertilizers. The activity concentration
of (238)U, (234)U, (226)Ra and (40)K in Tapira phosphate rocks
is within the world range for these rock types. The (232)Th activity
concentration is higher than the mean reported in phosphate rocks.
A value of 2184nGy h(-1) was obtained for the exposure dose rate
in Tapira phosphate deposit area, which is indicative of a high
background radiation area. The flotation-separation process causes
the incorporation of no more than 9%, 11% and 24% of radionuclides,
heavy metals and fluorine, respectively, into the phosphate concentrate.
The radionuclides and heavy metals existing in phosphate fertilizers
applied in Brazilian crops according to the recommended rates,
do not raise their concentration in soils to harmful levels.
PMID: 16099562 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16084562&query_hl=19
Chemosphere. 2005 Aug 3; [Epub ahead
of print]
Total toxicity equivalents emissions of
SF(6), CHF(3), and CCl(2)F(2) decomposed in a RF plasma environment.
Wang YF, Shih M, Tsai CH, Tsai PJ.
Department of Bioenvironmental Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian
University, No. 200, Chung Pei Road, Chung-Li 320, Taiwan.
Sulfur hexafluorine compound (SF(6)), trifluoromethane (CHF(3))
and diclorodifluoromethane (CCl(2)F(2)) are extensively used in
the semiconductor industry. They are global warming gases.
Most studies have addressed the effective decomposition of fluorine
compounds, rather than the toxicity of decomposed by-products.
Hence, the concepts of toxicity equivalents (TEQs) were applied
in this work. The results indicated that HF and SiF(4) were the
two greatest contributors of TEQ to the SF(6)/H(2)/Ar plasma system,
while F(2) and SiF(4) were the two greatest contributors to the
SF(6)/O(2)/Ar system. Additionally, SiF(4) and HF were the two
greatest contributors of TEQ to both the CHF(3)/H(2)/Ar and CHF(3)/O(2)/Ar
plasma systems. HF and HCl were the two greatest contributors
of TEQ to the CCl(2)F(2)/H(2)/Ar plasma system, and Cl(2) and
COCl(2) were the two greatest contributors to the CCl(2)F(2)/O(2)/Ar
system. HCl and HF can be recovered using wet scrubbing, which
reduces the toxicity of these emission gases. Consequently, the
hydrogen-based plasma system was a better alternative for treating
gases that contained SF(6), CHF(3) and CCl(2)F(2) from the TEQs
point of view.
PMID: 16084562 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16027963&query_hl=19
Environ Geochem Health. 2005 Dec;27(4):285-8.
Dental caries in fluorine exposure areas
in China.
Binbin W, Baoshan Z, Hongying W, Yakun
P, Yuehua T.
Institute of Geochemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang,
550002, P.R. China. binbin.w@mailcity.com
In this study, fluorine concentrations in drinking water and
in urine of residents from a fluorine exposure area in China were
tested. DMFT (average number of decayed, missing and filled teeth)
of local residents in four age groups were also determined. The
results of the study indicate that in fluorine exposure areas,
there is a strictly positive correlation between fluorine content
in urine and the fluorine content in drinking water. Effect of
dental caries by high fluorine content drinking water is different
for the different age groups. High fluorine
content drinking water is more dangerous for 15-and 18-year-old
groups than 5- and 12-year-old groups.
PMID: 16027963 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16018176&query_hl=19
Tsitol Genet. 2005 Jan-Feb;39(1):34-40.
[Use of natural sorbents for removal of
mutagens from liquid fluorine-organic waste products of monomer
FC-141 manufacture]
[Article in Ukrainian]
Reveha OM, Fitel' NM, Bodnar LS, Kozub IuB.
Study of total mutagenic effects of liquid fluorine-organic waste
products of monomer FC-141 manufacture
has been carried out. Induction of gene mutations according to
the mechanism of pair base replacement and shift of reading frame
and induction of chromosomal aberrations, in particular deletions
and translocations, has been shown. Expediency of use of natural
sorbents for mutageneity removal from fluorine-organic waste products
was investigated. Zeolites and glauconites appeared to be the
most effective ones.
PMID: 16018176 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16044843&query_hl=48
Vopr Pitan. 2005;74(3):50-4.
[Stability of ascorbic acid at it contract
alloy in presence of fluoride ions]
[Article in Russian]
[No authors listed]
Aluminum utensils are considered as potentiAl source of dietary
Aluminums. Report suggests that acidic food cooked or stored in
presence of Aluminum foil contain high concentrations of Aluminum.
Study on fluoride induced leaching of Aluminum from different
pH. Higher concentrations of fluoride and lower pH enhance Aluminum
leaching to a great extent. Evidence was obtained showing that
after a 2-dyas exposure at room temperature in presence of floride
NaF, Aluminum foil liberated nearly 1 mg/l of Aluminum, compared
with less than 0.04 mg/l in absence of fluoride. There is reason
to believe that in experiments with ascorbic acid NaF prevents
the oxidation of ascorbic acid.
PMID: 16044843 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16095064&query_hl=4
Acta Odontol Scand. 2005 Feb;63(1):56-63.
Prevalence of dental fluorosis in children
from non-water-fluoridated Halmstad, Sweden: fluoride toothpaste
use in infancy.
Conway DI, MacPherson LM, Stephen KW, Gilmour
WH, Petersson LG.
Dental Public Health Unit, Level 8, University of Glasgow Dental
Hospital and School, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow G2 3JZ, UK.
D.Conway@dental.gla.ac.uk
OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence and severity of dental
fluorosis in children aged 7-9 years
from non-water-fluoridated Halmstad, Sweden, and to relate the
results to their reported fluoride exposure history during infancy.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: In Spring 2002, a questionnaire distributed
to a cluster random sample of 1039 parents enquired into their
child's early oral health behaviors and included a "photographic
toothpaste menu". The permanent upper anterior teeth (13-23)
were examined clinically (+10% repeats) using a modified Thylstrup-Fejerskov
Index.
RESULTS: Complete data were available for 53% (n=548) of the sampled
children. The prevalence offluorosis at any level was 49% (95%
CI: 45-54%), and of fluorosis with esthetic concern (TF score
> or =3) 4% (95% CI: 3-6%). Based on repeat observations, reliability
was good (kappa = 0.82). There was no statistically significant
increased risk of dental fluorosis prevalence associated with
any of the fluoride exposure risk factors examined, including
reported usage of (1000 ppm) fluoride toothpaste from time of
first deciduous tooth eruption.
CONCLUSIONS: While there were low levels of dental fluorosis of
esthetic concern, half the children had some degree of dental
fluorosis. The prevalence of dental fluorosis was not explained
by the risk factors, including fluoride toothpaste usage as explored
in this study.
PMID: 16095064 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16156172&query_hl=9
Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed. 2005;115(8):685-9.
Monitoring fluoride exposure with fingernail
clippings.
Whitford GM.
Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Medical College
of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912-1129, USA. GWHITFOR@mail.mcg.edu
The purpose of this review is to discuss new information regarding
the relationship between the level of fluoride exposure and the
corresponding fluoride concentrations in fingernail clippings.
While there are several techniques available to extract fluoride
from fingernails prior to analysis with the electrode, the HMDS-facilitated
diffusion method is the most popular. Fluoride enters fingernails
at the growth end and reaches the distal end approximately three
months later. The fluoride concentration in the clipping reflects
the average fluoride intake and plasma concentration during the
period when the clipping was formed. Therefore, the concentration
in the clipping is directly related to the average fluoride exposure
that occurred during a 1-2 week period (depending on the length
of the clipping) about three months ago and not to recent and
possibly variable exposures that occur during the day. Published
studies have demonstrated that fingernail fluoride concentrations
reflect fluoride exposures from drinking water, toothpaste and
the work environment and can be expected to do so for any source
of intake including salt.
PMID: 16156172 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16110207&query_hl=3
Caries Res. 2005 Sep-Oct;39(5):363-70.
Analysis of fingernails and urine as biomarkers
of fluoride exposure from dentifrice and varnish in 4- to 7-year-old
children.
Pessan JP, Pin ML, Martinhon CC, de Silva
SM, Granjeiro JM, Buzalaf MA.
Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Public Health,
Bauru School of Dentistry, University of Sao Paulo, Bauru, SP,
Brazil.
The use of fingernails and urine as biomarkers of exposure to
fluoride (F) from fluoridated dentifrice and varnish was evaluated
in twenty 4- to 7-year-old children, who were divided into two
groups: group A (9 caries-free children) and group B (11 children
with past caries experience). They used a placebo dentifrice for
28 days, fluoridated dentifrice (1,570 ppm F) for the following
28 days, and placebo dentifrice for an additional 28 days, then
returned to their usual dentifrices. Group B children also received
4-week applications of a varnish (2.26% F) while using the fluoridated
dentifrice. Urinary collections were performed 24 h before the
use of fluoridated dentifrice and 24 h (group A) or 48 h (group
B) after. Fingernails were clipped every 2 weeks, for 26 weeks.
Total F intake from diet and dentifrice was estimated. Fingernail
F concentrations did not vary significantly throughout the study.
Twenty-four-hour urinary F outputs (mean +/- SD, microg) were:
414 +/- 200 and 468 +/- 253 for placebo and F dentifrices, respectively
(group A) and 402 +/-206, 691 +/- 345, 492 +/- 243 for placebo
dentifrice, F dentifrice plus F varnish and F dentifrice, respectively
(group B). The use of F dentifrice did not cause a significant
increase in the urinary F output. However, when F varnish was
used, a transitory increase in the urinary F output was detected
(p = 0.001), returning to baseline levels in the last 24 h. Thus,
F varnish is a safe method for topical F application even in children
that use F dentifrice regularly. According
to our protocol, urine was a suitable biomarker of exposure to
F from dentifrice plus varnish, but not from dentifrice alone,
while nails were not.
PMID: 16110207 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16156171&query_hl=9
Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed. 2005;115(8):679-84.
Monitoring salt fluoridation programs through
urinary excretion studies.
Marthaler TM, Schulte AG.
Clinic for Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Cariology,
Dental Center, University of Zurich. tmarthal@zui.unizh.ch
This paper reviews problems associated with urinary collection
for the estimation of fluoride exposure and recent findings in
this context. After intake of a salted meal at noon, children
aged 9 to 14 excreted on average 45 microgF/h. Morning and nocturnal
excretions were only 16 microgF/h with the exception of those
children who ate bread made with fluoridated salt (25 microF/h).
Fluoride excretions in children consuming drinking water with
0.6 to 0.8 ppmF were similar, but the variations within the 24
h period were smaller. When it is not feasible to obtain reliable
24 h urinary collections, fairly precise extrapolations of 24
h excretions can be obtained from three separate collections lasting
about 16 hours, which should cover morning, early afternoon and
the whole night. Three- to six-year-old children benefitting from
optimal fluoride supply through water or milk excreted approximately
0.35 to 0.40 mgF/24 h; this range seems to correspond to an optimal
usage of fluorides. Studies on urinary fluoride excretion, like
those on total fluoride intake, cannot be carried out on random
samples. Due to the necessity of close cooperation of parents
and children, such studies were done with "convenience"
samples. In westernized countries with now
low caries prevalence, intermittent high urinary excretions occur
frequently. Possible sources are fluoride intake from concentrated
oral care products (fluoride gels, fluoride chewing gums) or from
dentifrices (containing 1000 to 1500 ppmF), mineral waters, industrial
tea preparation or fluoride tablets (or other supplements).
These problems do not affect the amount of fluoride in fingernail
clippings which appear to be suitable for the routine monitoring
of fluoride exposure.
PMID: 16156171 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16156170&query_hl=9
Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed. 2005;115(8):675-8.
Fluoride metabolism when added to salt.
Whitford GM.
Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Medical College
of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912-1129, USA. GWHITFOR@mail.mcg.edu
The purpose of this review is to present the general characteristics
of the metabolism of fluoride particularly as it occurs when ingested
with fluoridated salt. Following the absorption of salt-borne
fluoride from the stomach and intestines, its metabolism is identical
to that of water-borne fluoride or other vehicles containing ionized
fluoride. Because fluoridated salt is almost always ingested with
food, however, absorption from the gastrointestinal tract may
be delayed or reduced. Reports dealing with this subject have
shown that fluoride absorption is delayed and, therefore, peak
plasma concentrations are lower than when fluoride is ingested
with water. The amount of ingested fluoride that is finally absorbed,
however, is not appreciably affected unless the meal is composed
mainly of components with high calcium concentrations. In this
case, the extent of absorption can be reduced by as much as 50%.
Fluoridated salt is also ingested less frequently than fluoridated
water. Data are presented to show that the dose size and frequency
of ingestion have only minor effects on fluoride retention in
the body and on the concentrations in plasma, bone and enamel.
Finally, calculations are presented to show that the risk of acute
toxicity from fluoridated salt is virtually non-existent.
PMID: 16156170 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16156169&query_hl=9
Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed. 2005;115(8):670-4.
Salt fluoridation in Central and Eastern
Europe.
Marthaler TM, Pollak GW.
Clinic for Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Cariology,
Center for Dentistry, University of Zurich. tmarthal@zui.unizh.ch
For decades Central European countries have been interested in
preventive dentistry. Water fluoridation played a major role in
the former German Democratic and Czechoslovak Republics and a
minor one in Poland. These schemes were abandoned after 1989.
Extensive research on all aspects of salt fluoridation was conducted
in Hungary from 1966 to 1984 but attempts to introduce it in the
country have had little success. Salt fluoridation was implemented
in the Czech and the Slovak Republics in the mid-nineties.
The market share of the fluoridated domestic salt appears to have
reached 35% in the Czech Republic; it became eventually part of
a preventive strategy comprising school-based dental health education
including topical fluoride. Another four countries have
been considering salt fluoridation but schemes did not materialize.
Antifluoridation activities occasionally impeded caries prevention,
and for years some respected dentists declared their position
against fluorides. Caries prevalence in 12-year-old children is
by 1 to 3 DMFT higher than in Western Europe. For many years to
come, modern fluoride-containing toothpastes and dentifrices may
not be affordable for the lower socio-economic strata of the populations
in Central and Eastern Europe. It is concluded that salt fluoridation,
which is by far the cheapest means of lowering caries prevalence,
could markedly improve the oral health situation even if the economical
situation is slow to improve.
PMID: 16156169 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16156168&query_hl=9
Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed. 2005;115(8):663-9.
Development of salt fluoridation in the
Americas.
Gillespie GM, Baez R.
Department of Epidemiology (Oral Health), University College,
19 Torrington Place, London WC, England. gmgc@msn.com
Fluoridation of water supplies has proven to be an effective
preventive measure for dental caries. Many developing countries
in the Americas have multiple water systems and economies that
do not permit the viable application of this approach. Some of
the highest dental caries prevalence in the world was evident
in the Americas. Fluoridated salt was considered as a potential
solution on account of the urgent need for dental caries prevention
to millions of people with limited access to routine dental services.
A fluoridated salt trial was initiated in Colombia (1963) and
upon successful completion with preventive results comparable
to water fluoridation, the approach was introduced to other countries
and was supported by resolutions of WHO, PAHO, regional health
groups and the FDI. The procedures for addition of fluoride were
comparable to those for iodization and the two elements were compatible.
In the period 1972-2004, ten countries introduced national or
localized programmes and five more initiated programmes. Results,
based on addition of F ion at 200-250 mg/kg salt, indicated caries
prevalence reductions in 12 year olds ranging from 84% in Jamaica,
73% in Costa Rica to 40% in Uruguay at an average cost of 0.06
U.S. dollars /capita/year. This paper provides a background to
the situation in the Americas, illustrates the approaches and
feasibility of implementing viable fluoridated salt programmes
in countries, and demonstrates the results obtainable at minimum
cost.
PMID: 16156168 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16156167&query_hl=9
Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed. 2005;115(8):659-62.
Salt fluoridation in Germany since 1991.
Schulte AG.
Department of Conservative Dentistry, University of Heidelberg,
Germany. andreas_schulte@med.uni-heidelberg.de
Since 1991, fluoridated salt has been on sale in household-size
packages in Germany. Potassium or sodium
fluoride is added to iodized salt until the fluoride concentration
reaches 250 mg/kg. The use of fluoridated salt to prevent
caries is officially recommended by the Deutsche Gesellschaft
fur Zahn-, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde (DGZMK) and several other
associations and groups interested in public health.
In the course of the past thirteen years, the market share of
fluoridated and iodized domestic salt rose to 63.1% in Germany.
However, this positive development must not obscure the fact that
fluoridated and iodized salt is still not allowed to be used in
restaurant or cafeteria kitchens. This restriction now
needs to be revoked in view of the fact that many children, adolescents
and adults take their main meals in cafeterias or restaurants.
Scientific studies have demonstrated beyond doubt that using fluoridated
and iodized salt in cafeteria kitchens poses no problem whatever.
PMID: 16156167 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16156166&query_hl=9
Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed. 2005;115(8):656-8.
Salt fluoridation in France since 1986.
Tramini P.
Service de Sante Publique, U.F.R. d'Odontologie, Universite de
Montpellier I, France. paul.tramini@wanadoo.fr
In 1985, the production and use of fluoridated salt was authorized
in France. Domestic salt both with added
fluoride (at 250 ppm) and without fluoride has been on the market
since 1986. It was recommended to avoid the consumption of fluoridated
salt if the local drinking water contained more than 0.5 milligrams
of fluoride per litre. The legislation has never been modified
since, except for a few developments such as the permission given
to school canteens in 1993 to use fluoridated salt, provided canteen
managers made sure that the drinking water contained no more than
0.5 milligrams of fluoride per litre. Epidemiological surveys
about fluoridated salt in France are few, but they point in the
same direction: decrease of DMFT and DMFS values, evident for
the period 1986-1993 but minimal from 1993 to 1998. In 1999 and
2002, epidemiological comparative surveys were carried out in
Montpellier (France) and Heidelberg (Germany) among 12-year-old
schoolchildren. A decrease in caries prevalence was found in both
towns, particulary in Heidelberg. On the other hand, the two cities
showed some slight differences resulting from public health policy,
from individual preventive habits, and from an earlier introduction
of fluoridated salt in France.
PMID: 16156166 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16156165&query_hl=9
Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed. 2005;115(8):651-5.
Overview of salt fluoridation in Switzerland
since 1955, a short history.
Marthaler TM.
Clinic for Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Cariology,
Dental Center, University of Zurich. tmarthal@zui.unizh.ch
After an early start in 1955, the introduction and acceptance
of fluoridated salt (FS) for domestic use was slow in Switzerland
because up to around 1980 there was no consistent strategy for
the support of the use of FS. Part of the dental community still
supported water fluoridation, while others criticized the insufficient
concentration of fluoride in the salt (90 ppm). All Swiss cantons
have a historical monopoly on salt trade, and until 1983 most
cantonal governments resolved to authorize the sale of fluoridated
domestic salt. Some of the cantonal governments made fluoridated
salt the only available type of "kitchen salt" in 1-kg
packages. After the concentration had been increased to 250 ppm
in 1983, the use of FS gained further acceptance. A temporary
setback occurred in 1992-1994, but was successfully met with by
making the FS available in several package sizes, while other
types of salt (with or without iodine) were available in 500 g
packages only. By 2004, the market share
of fluoridated domestic salt reached 88%. Further endeavours aim
at increasing the use of FS by large kitchens. FS is available
in portions of 12.5 kg (since 2001) and 25 kg (since 1976).
PMID: 16156165 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16034911&query_hl=13
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005
Jul 20;(3):CD003876.
Fluoridated milk for preventing dental
caries.
Yeung C, Hitchings J, Macfarlane T, Threlfall
A, Tickle M, Glenny A.
Unit of Dental Public Health, School of Dentistry, University
of Manchester, Higher Cambridge Street, Manchester, UK, M15 6FH.
BACKGROUND: Dental caries remains a major public health problem
in most industrialised countries, affecting 60% to 90% of school
children and the vast majority of adults. Milk provides a relatively
cost-effective vehicle for fluoride in the prevention of dental
caries.
OBJECTIVES: To determine the effectiveness of fluoridated milk,
as a means of delivering fluoride on a community basis, for preventing
dental caries. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched Cochrane Oral Health
Group Trials Register (28 April 2005), Cochrane Central Register
of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library Issue 2,
2005), MEDLINE (1966 to 17 May 2005), OLDMEDLINE (1950 to 1965),
EMBASE (1980 to 2005 week 20), LILACS (1982 to 17 May 2005), BBO
(1986 to 17 May 2005), SIGLE (1980 to 17 May2005), Digital Dissertations
(1861 to 17 May 2005) and reference lists of relevant articles.
Attempts were made to identify both unpublished and ongoing studies.
There were no language restrictions.
SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised or quasi-randomised controlled
trials (RCTs), with an intervention or follow-up period of at
least 3 years, comparing fluoridated milk with non-fluoridated
milk. Primary outcome was change in caries experience, as measured
by changes in decayed, missing and filled figures on tooth (dmft/DMFT)
and surface (dmfs/DMFS).
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Inclusion
decisions, data extraction and quality assessment were carried
out independently and in duplicate. Study authors were contacted
for additional information where necessary.
MAIN RESULTS: Two RCTs involving 353 children were included. For
permanent teeth, after 3 years there was a significant reduction
in the DMFT (78.4%, P < 0.05) between the test and control
groups in one trial, but not in the other. The latter study only
showed a significant reduction in the DMFT until the fourth (35.5%,
P < 0.02) and fifth (31.2%,P < 0.05) years. For primary
teeth, again there was a significant reduction in the dmft (31.3%,
P< 0.05) between the test and control groups after 3 years
in one study, but not in the other. The results could not be pooled
because of the difference in concentration of fluoride in the
milk.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There are insufficient
studies with good quality evidence examining the effects of fluoridated
milk in preventing dental caries. However, the included
studies suggested that fluoridated milk was beneficial
to school children, especially their permanent dentition. The
data need to be supplemented by further RCTs to provide the highest
level of evidence for practice.
PMID: 16034911 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16109993&query_hl=3
J Dent Res. 2005 Sep;84(9):832-6.
Fluorosis: a new model and new insights.
Bartlett JD, Dwyer SE, Beniash E, Skobe
Z, Payne-Ferreira TL.
Department of Biomineralization and Department of Cytokine Biology,
The Forsyth Institute, and Department of Oral and
Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 140
The Fenway, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
Fluoride is an effective agent for the prevention of dental caries.
However, the mechanism of how excessive fluoride exposure causes
fluorosis remains uncertain. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) exhibit periodic
tooth replacement throughout their lives, thereby providing continuous
access to teeth at developmental stages susceptible to fluoride
exposure. Zebrafish teeth do not contain true enamel, but consist
of a hard enameloid surface. Therefore, we asked whether zebrafish
could be used as a model organism for the study of dental fluorosis.
Scanning electron microscopy of fluoride-treated teeth demonstrated
that the enameloid was pitted and rough, and FTIR analysis demonstrated
that the teeth also contained a significantly higher organic content
when compared with untreated controls. Furthermore, we demonstrate
for the first time that decreased expression of an important signaling
molecule (Alk8) in tooth development may contribute to the observed
fluorotic phenotype, and that increased
cell apoptosis may also play a role in the mechanism of fluorosis.
PMID: 16109993 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16154368&query_hl=19
Vet J. 2005 Sep 8; [Epub ahead of
print]
Pharmacology of the Fluoroquinolones: A
perspective for the use in domestic animals.
Martinez M, McDermott P, Walker R.
US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine,
Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation, Rockville, MD 20855, USA.
The fluoroquinolones are a class of compounds that comprise a
large and expanding group of synthetic antimicrobial agents.
Structurally, all fluoroquinolones contain a fluorine molecule
at the 6-position of the basic quinolone nucleus. Despite
the basic similarity in the core structure of these molecules,
their physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic characteristics
and microbial activities can vary markedly across compounds. The
first of the fluoroquinolones approved for use in animals, enrofloxacin,
was approved in the late 1980s. Since then, five other fluoroquinolones
have been marketed for use in animals in the United States, with
others currently under investigation. This review focuses on the
use of fluoroquinolones within veterinary medicine, providing
an overview of the structure-activity relationship of the various
members of the group, the clinical uses of fluoroquinolones in
veterinary medicine, their pharmacokinetics and potential interspecies
differences, an overview of the current understanding of the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic
relationships associated with fluoroquinolones, a summary of toxicities
that have been associated with this class of compounds, their
use in both in human and veterinary species, mechanisms associated
with the development of microbial resistance to the fluoroquinolones,
and a discussion of fluoroquinolone dose optimization. Although
the review contains a large body of basic research information,
it is intended that the contents of this review have relevance
to both the research scientist and the veterinary medical practitioner.
PMID: 16154368 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16098643&query_hl=3
J Environ Radioact. 2005 Aug 9;
[Epub ahead of print]
Natural radioactivity in Brazilian groundwater.
Godoy JM, Godoy ML.
Instituto de Radioprotecao e Dosimetria, Comissao Nacional de
Energia Nuclear, Avenida Salvador Allende s/n, Recreio dos Bandeirantes,
CEP 22780-160 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Departamento de Quimica,
Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Marques
de Sao Vicente 225, Gavea, CEP 22543-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
More than 220 groundwater samples were
analyzed for (228)Ra, (226)Ra, (222)Rn, (210)Pb, U(nat),
Th(nat), pH, conductivity, fluoride
and some additional elements determined by ICP-MS. Since samples
from several Brazilian states were taken, involving areas with
quite different geologies, no general trend was observed relating
the chemical composition and the natural radionuclide content.
On the other hand, (210)Pb strongly depends on the water content
of its progenitor, (222)Rn. The values obtained during the present
work were compared with those reported by Hainberger et al. [Hainberger,
P.L., de Oliveira Paiva, I.R., Salles Andrade, H.A., Zundel, G.,
Cullen, T.L., 1974. Radioactivity in Brazilian mineral waters.
Radiation Data and Reports, 483-488.], when more than 270 groundwater
samples were analyzed, mainly, for (226)Ra. Based on the results
of both works, it was possible to build a database including the
results of both works, generating a set with the radium content
of circa 350 groundwater sources. It was demonstrated that (228)Ra,
(226)Ra, (222)Rn, (210)Pb and U(nat) content in Brazilian groundwater
follows a lognormal distribution and the obtained geometric mean
were 0.045, 0.014, 57.7, 0.040BqL(-1) and 1.2mugL(-1), respectively.
PMID: 16098643 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16128790&query_hl=9
Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2005
Oct;33(5):317-25.
Fluoride exposure from ingested toothpaste
in 4-5-year-old Malaysian children.
Siew Tan B, Razak IA.
Stomatology Unit, Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang,
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. bsiew_tan@yahoo.com
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess (by direct determination)
the fluoride (F) exposure from ingested toothpaste among 4-5-year-old
Malaysian children.
METHODS: This was part of a larger study to determine fluorosis
status and F exposures. A total of 1343 10-11-year-old subjects
were sampled by two-stage systematic random sampling for assessment
of fluorosis. Two hundred 4-5-year-old siblings of these index
subjects were sub-sampled for determination of F exposures from
ingested toothpastes and other sources. Estimations of F ingested
from toothpaste (FI) was made by the method of difference between
'F in toothpaste taken for use' and the 'F in toothpaste used
but not swallowed', by the duplicate technique under normal home
conditions. F ions were determined with the combination selective
ion electrode.
RESULTS: The subjects ingested 32.9% of the toothpaste placed
on the brush. Fluoride exposure from ingested toothpaste was highly
variable and the mean was 426.9 +/- 505.5 microg (SEM 38.9)/48
h, or 213.5 microg/day and 131.9 microg per brushing.
CONCLUSIONS: The amount of ingested fluoride (FI) per brushing
in this study was the lowest of all studies reporting this parameter
and was within the pea-size range of 125-250 microg. Because of
the highly statistically significant correlations between the
FI from toothpaste and the amount of toothpaste dispensed (Pearson's
correlation coefficient 0.647, P = 0.000), parents should assume
responsibility for placement of toothpaste and limit the amount
of toothpaste used.
PMID: 16128790 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16126217&query_hl=9
J Colloid Interface Sci. 2005 Aug
26; [Epub ahead of print]
Defluoridation of drinking water using
activated titanium rich bauxite.
Das N, Pattanaik P, Das R.
Applied Chemistry and Corrosion Division, National Metallurgical
Laboratory (CSIR), Jamshedpur 831 007, India;
Department of Chemistry, North Orissa University, Takatpur, Baripada
757 003, India.
The potential of thermally activated titanium rich bauxite (TRB)
for adsorptive removal of excess fluoride from drinking water
was examined. Adsorption with respect to variation of pH, adsorbent
dose, initial fluoride concentration, presence of interfering
ions and heat treatment were investigated by batch equilibrium
experiments. Thermal activation at moderate temperatures (300-450
degrees C) greatly increased the adsorption capacity of TRB. The
rate of adsorption was rapid and maximum level was attained within
90 min. The uptake of fluoride increased with increasing pH, reached
to a maximum at pH 5.5-6.5 and thereafter decreased. The adsorption
kinetics was found to follow first order rate expression and the
experimental equilibrium adsorption data fitted reasonably well
to both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The presence
of common interfering ions in drinking water did not greatly affect
the uptake of fluoride from aqueous solution indicating F specific
sorption behaviour of TRB. Nearly complete desorption of adsorbed
fluoride from loaded bauxite was achieved by treating with aqueous
solutions of pH 11.1 ([NaOH] 0.015 mol/dm(3)).
PMID: 16126217 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Full Free Report at http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5403a1.htm
MMWR Surveill Summ. 2005 Aug 26;54(3):1-43.
Surveillance for dental caries, dental
sealants, tooth retention, edentulism, and enamel fluorosis--United
States, 1988-1994 and 1999-2002.
Beltran-Aguilar ED, Barker LK, Canto MT,
Dye BA, Gooch BF, Griffin SO, Hyman J, Jaramillo F, Kingman A,
Nowjack-Raymer R, Selwitz RH, Wu T; Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (CDC).
Division of Oral Health, National Center for Chronic Disease
Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC, USA.
PROBLEM/CONDITION: Dental caries is a common chronic disease
that causes pain and disability across all age groups. If left
untreated, dental caries can lead to pain and infection, tooth
loss, and edentulism (total tooth loss). Dental sealants are effective
in preventing dental caries in the occlusal (chewing) and other
pitted and fissured surfaces of the teeth. Enamel fluorosis is
a hypomineralization of enamel related to fluoride exposure during
tooth formation (first 6 years for most permanent teeth). Exposure
to fluoride throughout life is effective in preventing dental
caries. This is the first CDC Surveillance Summary that addresses
these conditions and practices.
REPORTING PERIOD: 1988-1994 and 1999-2002.
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION: The National Health and Nutrition Examination
Survey (NHANES) is an ongoing survey of representative samples
of the civilian, noninstitutionalized U.S. population aged >/=2
months in NHANES 1988-1994 and all ages during 1999-2002. The
dental component gathered information on persons aged >/=2
years.
RESULTS: During 1999-2002, among children aged 2-11 years, 41%
had dental caries in their primary teeth. Forty-two percent of
children and adolescents aged 6-19 years and approximately 90%
of adults had dental caries in their permanent teeth. Among children
aged 6-19 years, 32% had received dental sealants. Adults aged
>/=20 years retained a mean of 24 of 28 natural teeth and 8%
were edentulous. Among persons aged 6-39 years, 23% had very mild
or greater enamel fluorosis. Disparities were noticed across all
age groups, among racial/ethnic groups, persons with lower education
and income, and by smoking status. From 1988-1994 to 1999-2002,
four trends were observed: 1) no change in the prevalence of dental
caries in primary teeth among children aged 2-11 years, 2) a reduction
in prevalence of caries in permanent teeth of up to 10 percentage
points among persons aged 6-19 years and up to six percentage
points among dentate adults aged >/=20 years, 3) an increase
of 13 percentage points in dental sealants among persons aged
6-19 years, and 4) a six percentage point reduction in total tooth
loss (edentulism) among persons aged >/=60 years.
INTERPRETATION: The findings of this report indicate that the
dental caries status of permanent teeth has improved since the
1988-1994 survey. Despite the decrease in caries prevalence and
severity in the permanent dentition and the increase in the proportion
of children and adolescents who benefit from dental sealants,
disparities remain.
PUBLIC HEALTH ACTION: These data provide information for public
health professionals in designing interventions to improve oral
health and to reduce disparities in oral health, for researchers
in assessing factors associated with disparities and dental caries
in primary teeth, and in designing timely surveillance tools to
monitor total fluoride exposure.
PMID: 16121123 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16119654&query_hl=3
Rocz Akad Med Bialymst. 2005;50
Suppl 1:160-2.
Effect of fluoride preparations on the
activity of human salivary cathepsin C.
Dabrowska E, Letko M, Roszkowska-Jakimiec
W, Letko R, Jamiolkowski J.
Department of Social and Preventive Dentistry, Medical University
of Bialystok, Poland. helpdentamb@tlen.pl
Preparations containing organic and inorganic fluorine compounds
are used for oral hygiene. Fluoride ions contained in these preparations
display high bioactivity and can alter the environment of the
mouth. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of preparations
containing aminofluorides, commonly used in oral hygiene, on the
activity of salivary cathepsin C (EC 3.4.14.1). The research material
included mixed saliva, collected at rest before and after the
application of the following preparations: Elmex gelee, Elmex
red fluid, Elmex green fluid, Fluormex rinse. The salivary pH,
concentration of fluoride ions and activity of cathepsin C were
determined. Fluoride preparations inhibit
the activity of cathepsin C and cause changes in human salivary
pH. Saliva can serve as a diagnostic material in the examination
of the environmental exposure to fluorides.
PMID: 16119654 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16119021&query_hl=3
SADJ. 2005 Jul;60(6):238-40.
A comparison of results of fluoride determinations
by different laboratories.
Mthethwa MT, du Plessis JB.
Dip Dental Hygiene, Swaziland Institute of Health Sciences.
With water fluoridation imminent in South Africa, the accurate
determination of the fluoride content of water is important. The
aim of this study was to compare the fluoride content of water
reported by 9 laboratories and the laboratory at the South African
Bureau of Standards (SABS). The SABS and 9 South African laboratories
were asked to determine the fluoride content of five water samples.
The fluoride content of the samples was in a range that could
be expected in South African waters. The laboratories were requested
to disclose their methods for fluoride determination. The results
reported by the laboratories were compared to the results reported
by the SABS laboratory. Fluoride concentrations of 0.13, 0.22
and 0.58 mg/litre were reproduced to within 0.05 mg/litre by two,
six and three laboratories respectively. At the 1.1 and 1.5 mg/litre
concentration no laboratory could achieve this accuracy. Four
different methods for the determination of fluoride were used.
At present laboratories determining fluoride
concentrations are not accurate enough to ensure that the process
of water fluoridation will be safe. Laboratories will have
to check their procedures to ensure better results before water
fluoridation can commence.
PMID: 16119021 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Nuclear Physics A; Volume 758 , 25 July 2005,
Pages 324-327
Nuclei in the Cosmos VIII
The Evolution of Fluorine in Galactic
Systems
A. Rendaa (a), Y. Fenner (a), B.K. Gibson
(a), A.I. Karakas (b), J.C. Lattanzio (c), S. Campbell (c), A.
Chieffi (a,c,d,e), K. Cunha (f) and V.V. Smith (g)
(a) Centre for Astrophysics & Supercomputing, Swinburne University,
Hawthorn, Victoria, 3122, Australia
(b) Institute for Computational Astrophysics, Department of Astronomy
& Physics, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H
3C3, Canada
(c) Centre for Stellar & Planetary Astrophysics, School of
Mathematical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800,
Australia
(d) Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica (CNR), Via
Fosso del Cavaliere, 00133 Roma, Italia
(e) INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00040
Monteporzio Catone, Italia
(f) Observatório Nacional, Rua General José Cristino
77, 20921 400 São Cristovão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
(g) Department of Physics, University of Texas at El Paso, El
Paso, TX 79968, U.S.A.
The main astrophysical factories of fluorine (19F) are thought
to be Type II supernovae, Wolf–Rayet stars, and the asymptotic
giant branch (AGB) of intermediate mass stars. We
present a model for the chemical evolution of fluorine in the
Milky Way using a semi-analytic multi-zone chemical evolution
model. For the first time, we demonstrate quantitatively the impact
of fluorine nucleosynthesis in Wolf–Rayet and AGB stars.
The inclusion of these latter two fluorine production sites provides
a possible solution to the long-standing discrepancy between model
predictions and the fluorine abundances observed in Milky Way
giants. Finally, fluorine is discussed as a possible probe of
the role of supernovae and intermediate mass stars in the chemical
evolution history of the globular cluster ? Centauri.
Journal of Fluorine Chemistry - Article in Press, Corrected Proof
-
Book review
Fluorine in Organic Chemistry’ by
Richard D. Chambers FRS,
Foreword by George A. Olah.,
Blackwell Publishing, CRC Press, 2004, ISBN 104051-0787-1.
D. O’Hagan,
University of St Andrews, School of Chemistry and Centre for
Biomolecular Science, Purdie Building, North Haugh, St Andrews,
Fife KY16 9ST, UK
This is the second, and a substantially updated, edition of Dick
Chambers’ classic book ‘Fluorine in Organic chemistry’.
The first edition, published in 1973, has had two reprintings,
and is recognised as a key text which provided a commentary on
the interface of organofluorine chemistry with developing mechanistic
theory in organic chemistry. This was important because the extreme
properties of fluorine have tended to insulate it as a discipline
from the mainstream, and the book, as well as Chambers general
approach to organic fluorine chemistry, has been an important
influence in maintaining contact with the mother discipline. As
George Olah indicates in his Foreword, Fluorine in Organic Chemistry
became a classic of the field and in the intervening three decades
the field has grown enormously, not in small measure due to the
contribution of the author and his colleagues.
The new edition has been updated significantly and although it
holds to the original format, it is essentially a new book. It
opens with a general introduction on the impact of organic fluorine
chemistry in the materials, pharmaceuticals and agrochemical arenas
as well as some of the basic properties of organic bound fluorine.
There are early chapters on the preparation of highly fluorinated
compounds by Halex type reactions moving towards recent developments
in direct fluorination technology (e.g. micro-reactors). Partial
or selective fluorination methods are reviewed with key reagents.
Then follows a chapter dealing with the influence of fluorine
substituents on reactivity and a systematic discussion on the
stability of carbocations, radicals and anions. This begins the
mechanistic discourse and then the discussion moves on to nucleophilic
displacement from, and elimination reactions of, organo-fluorine
compounds. Two substantial chapters (7 and 8) follow on the chemistry
and behaviour of polyfluorinated organics and in particular the
rich chemistry of small ring perfluorocyclics (e.g. cyclobut-ane/ene)
an area Chambers has contributed significant literature to in
his research programme. Then opens up a chapter on the synthesis
and chemistry of fluoroaromatic and heteroaromatic compounds with
an emphasis on the reactivity (nucleophilic and radical addition)
of highly fluorinated systems. The book closes with a chapter
on organometallic compounds in fluorine chemistry. This is a vast
field but the emphasis is placed on systems and issues of particular
synthetic interest to the organic chemist rather than, for example,
the influence of fluorine on the nature of metal bonding within
such complexes. Accordingly, the synthesis and reactivity of RfM
(Li, Mg, Zn, Hg, B, Al, Si, Sn, Cu, etc.) complexes are reviewed.
These chapters are supported by a distillation and ordering of
an extensive literature drawing up to 2000 references. However,
the book is not encyclopaedic (406 pp.); it is concise and eminently
readable and it is a scholarly contribution at the highest level.
The first edition has been a constant companion for many of us
involved in organo-fluorine research and it is pleasing to have
this new one emerge.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16026511&query_hl=1
Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2005
Jul;32(7):531-5.
Effects of tail fat on halothane biotransformation
in fat-tailed sheep.
Sharifi S, Vesal N.
Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary
Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
1. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of
tail fat on halothane biotransformation following similar anaesthetic
exposure in intact sheep and sheep with a ligated median sacral
artery.
2. A prospective randomized experimental study was performed using
12 healthy, 10-12-month-old female sheep.
3. Sheep were randomly divided into two groups of six animals
each and were anaesthetized twice at 2 weekly intervals. After
mask induction with halothane in 100% oxygen, sheep were intubated
and anaesthesia was maintained for 3 h using a rebreathing system.
Serum fluoride concentration (SFC) was
measured at 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h following the induction
of anaesthesia. Serum biochemistry was also evaluated at baseline
and 72 h after anaesthesia. Induction and extubation times and
time to sternal recumbency were also recorded during anaesthetic
induction and recovery. Prior to the second anaesthesia (2 weeks
later), the median sacral artery (MSA) was ligated under epidural
anaesthesia in the experimental group. Sheep in the control group
underwent sham operation. All sheep were anaesthetized as before.
4. Following the first halothane anaesthesia, SFC
was significantly increased from 3 to 48 h compared with baseline.
In the second stage of the experiment, the
increases in SFC in the control group were similar to those seen
in the first stage of the experiment. However, in MSA-ligated
sheep, the increases in SFC were only significant between 3 and
12 h compared with baseline. The SFC was significantly higher
in intact sheep from 3 to 72 h compared with the MSA-ligated group.
Extubation and sternal recumbency times were significantly longer
in intact sheep.
5. Ligation of the MSA in fat-tailed sheep induced a significant
reduction in SFC, suggesting that the presence of tail fat substantially
affects halothane metabolism during the peri-anaesthetic period
in sheep. The greater extent of halothane
biotransformation may be clinically important in, otherwise normal,
obese patients.
Microchemical Journal Volume 81, Issue 1 , August 2005,
Pages 19-22
Determination of fluoride in drinking water
and in urine of adolescents living in three counties in Northern
Chihuahua Mexico using a fluoride ion selective electrode
Alma Ruiz-Payan (a), Melchor Ortiz (b)
and Maria Duarte-Gardea (c)
a - Environmental Science and Engineering Ph.D. Program, El Paso,
TX 79902, United States
b - School of Public Health, University of Texas-Houston Health
Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79902, United States
c - Department of Health Promotion, University of Texas at El
Paso, El Paso, TX 79902, United States
This study was carried out to determine fluoride in drinking
water and in urine of adolescents, ages 15–20 years, living
in Northern Chihuahua Mexico. Participants are from a cross-sectional
study on health effects of chronic fluoride exposure from drinking
water. A total of 201 participants (106 female and 95 male) in
the study were recruited from three counties. Samples of drinking
water of each county were collected and analyzed using the U.S.
EPA Fluoride Ion-Selective Method. Statistically significant difference
of fluoride content in water was found among the three counties
of recruitment (Cd. Juarez; 0.3 mg/L, Samalayuca, 1.0 mg/L, and
Villa Ahumada, 5.3 mg/L). Fluoride content in wells and tap water
samples of Villa Ahumada ranged from 5.0 to 5.7 mg/L. Fluoride
content of these samples was above the level permitted by Mexican
regulations. The fluoride content in bottled water obtained from
local stores in Villa Ahumada ranged from 0.3 to 3.7 mg/l.
Fluoride in urine samples of each participant was also analyzed
using the U.S. EPA Ion-Selective Method. The mean fluoride urine
concentration (reported in mg/g creatinine) in adolescents living
in these counties was 0.792±0.39, 1.33±0.67 and
2.22±1.16 (Cd. Juarez, Samalayuca and Villa Ahumada), respectively.
The high fluoride urinary levels found in
participants from Villa Ahumada may be associated to the high
fluoride level (5.3 mg/L) in dinking water.
The accuracy of measurements was assessed with reference materials
in water and in urine. Mean fluoride recovery was 99.0% and 99.6%
in water and in urine, respectively. The levels obtained were
within the assayed 5% confidence levels.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15905927&query_hl=2
(includes Link to full free report)
Cad Saude Publica. 2005 Mar-Apr;21(2):652-5.
Epub 2005 Mar 21.
[Dental fluorosis in schoolchildren in
a county in the mountainous region of Rio Grande do Sul State,
Brazil]
[Article in Portuguese]
Toassi RF, Abegg C.
Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade do Planalto Catarinense,
Lages, Brazil. ramonafernanda@zipmail.com.br
The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence
and severity of dental fluorosis in all schoolchildren (ages 4
to 18 years, n = 259) from the town of Santa Tereza, Rio Grande
do Sul, Brazil, and to investigate associated factors. Data were
obtained through a questionnaire and by means of clinical tests.
Dean's index was used to determine fluorosis occurrence. Prevalence
of fluorosis was 63.7%. The predominant category was very mild
(43.6%), followed by mild (12.0%), moderate (7.7%), borderline
(7.3%), and severe (0.4%). Approximately 85.0% of the schoolchildren
currently have, or have had, access to other topical sources of
fluoride. Significant associations were found between place of
residence and previous or ongoing fluoride mouth rinsing and prevalence
and severity of fluorosis (p < 0.05). There was also a significant
association between dental fluorosis and parents' level of schooling,
frequency of brushing teeth, fluoride rinsing, and use of fluoride
gel (p < 0.05).
PMID: 15905927 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15877161&query_hl=1
J Environ Monit. 2005 May;7(5):419-24.
Epub 2005 Apr 18.
Characterization of individual aerosol
particles in workroom air of aluminium smelter potrooms.
Hoflich BL, Weinbruch S, Theissmann R,
Gorzawski H, Ebert M, Ortner HM, Skogstad A, Ellingsen DG, Drablos
PA, Thomassen Y.
Institute of Applied Geosciences, Technical University of Darmstadt,
Schnittspahnstr. 9, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
Aerosol particles with aerodynamic diameters between 0.18 and
10 [micro sign]m were collected in the workroom air of two aluminium
smelter potrooms with different production processes (Soderberg
and Prebake processes). Size, morphology and chemical composition
of more than 2000 individual particles were determined by high
resolution scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive
X-ray microanalysis. Based on chemical composition and morphology,
particles were classified into different groups. Particle groups
with a relative abundance above 1%(by number) include aluminium
oxides, cryolite, aluminium oxides-cryolite mixtures, soot, silicates
and sea salt. In both production halls, mixtures of aluminium
oxides and cryolite are the dominant particle group. Many particles
have fluoride-containing surface coatings or show agglomerations
of nanometer-sized fluoride-containing particles on their surface.
The phase composition of approximately 100 particles was studied
by transmission electron microscopy. According to selected area
electron diffraction, sodium [small beta]-alumina (NaAl(11)O(17))
is the dominant aluminium oxide and cryolite (Na(3)AlF(6)) the
only sodium aluminium fluoride present.
Implications of our findings for assessment of adverse health
effects are discussed.
PMID: 15877161 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15859115
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2005;12(2):89-95.
Natural pollution caused by the extremely
acidic crater lake Kawah Ijen, East Java, Indonesia.
Lohr AJ, Bogaard TA, Heikens A, Hendriks
MR, Sumarti S, Van Bergen MJ, Van Gestel CA, Van Straalen NM,
Vroon PZ, Widianarko B.
Institute of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan
1085, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands. ansje.lohr@ecology.falw.vu.nl
BACKGROUND, AIMS AND SCOPE: Lakes developing in volcano craters
can become highly acidic through the influx of volcanic gases,
yielding one of the chemically most extreme natural environments
on earth. The Kawah Ijen crater lake in East Java (Indonesia)
has a pH < 0.3. It is the source of the extremely acidic and
metal-polluted river Banyupahit (45 km). The lake has a significant
impact on the river ecosystem as well as on a densely populated
area downstream, where agricultural fields are irrigated with
water with a pH between 2.5 and 3.5. The chemistry of the river
water seemed to have changed over the past decade and the negative
effect in the irrigation area increased. A multidisciplinary approach
was used to investigate the altered situation and to get insight
in the water chemistry and the hydrological processes influencing
these alterations. Moreover, a first investigation of the effects
of the low pH on ecosystem health and human health was performed.
METHODS: Water samples were taken at different sites along the
river and in the irrigation area. Sampling for macroinvertebrates
was performed at the same sites. Samples of soil and crop were
taken in the irrigation area. All samples were analysed for metals
(using ICP-AES) and other elements, and concentrations were compared
to local and international standards.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The river carries a very high load of
SO4, NH4, PO4, Cl, F, Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Al and other potentially
toxic elements. Precipitation and discharge data over the period
of 1980-2000 clearly show that the precipitation on the Ijen plateau
influences water chemistry of the downstream river. Metal concentrations
in the river water exceed the concentrations mentioned in Indonesian
and international quality guidelines, even in the downstream river
and the irrigation area. Some metal concentrations are extremely
high, especially iron (up to 1,600 mg/l) and aluminium (up to
3,000 mg/l). The food-webs in the acidic parts of the river are
highly underdeveloped. No invertebrates were present in the extremely
acidic water and, at pH 2.3, only chironomids were found. This
also holds true for the river water with pH 3.3 in the downstream
area. Agricultural soils in the irrigation area have a pH of 3.9
compared to a pH of 7.0 for soils irrigated with neutral water.
Decreased yields of cultivated crops are probably caused by the
use of Al containing acidic irrigation water. Increased levels
of metals (especially Cd, Co, Ni and Mn) are found in different
foodstuffs, but still remain within acceptable ranges. Considering
local residents' diets, Cd levels may lead to an increased risk
for the human health. Fluoride exposure
is of highest concern, with levels in drinking water exceeding
guideline values and a lot of local residents suffering from dental
fluorosis.
CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: In
short, our data indicate that the Ijen crater lake presents a
serious threat to the environment as well as human health and
agricultural production.
PMID: 15859115 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15859399
Huan Jing Ke Xue. 2005 Jan;26(1):7-11.
[Content and distribution of fluorine in
Chinese coals]
[Article in Chinese]
Wu DS, Zheng BS, Tang XY, Wang Y, Liu XJ,
Hu J, Finkelman RB.
State Key Lab of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry,
CAS, Guiyang 550002, China. wudaishe@hotmail.com
Nationwide sampling program is designed according to the resources
distribution and coal-forming periods as well as coal rank and
yield of coal in China, and 305 coal samples were collected from
26 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions. Fluorine
in coal is determined by pyrohydrolysis / fluoride-ion selective
electrode method. Fluorine in coals is mainly of an inorganic
nature. Coal rank has no effect on fluorine content. The influence
of a factor, such as geological age, on fluorine contents might
be concealed by other factors, more research should be done to
discern it. The distribution of fluorine in each province, municipality
and autonomous region's coals is studied, and the fluorine source
in coal-burning endemic fluorosis areas should be estimated over
again. The contents of fluorine in Chinese coals show logarithm
normal distribution, and 90% of values ranged from 47mg/kg to
347mg/kg, the average fluorine content in
Chinese coals was designated as the geometric mean, 136mg/kg.
Fluorine in Chinese coals is within the world coal's range.
PMID: 15859399 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15859400
Huan Jing Ke Xue. 2005 Jan;26(1):12-5.
[Emission of fluorine from black liquor
coal-water slurry combustion]
[Article in Chinese]
Ren Q, Liu JZ, Sheng JJ, Ye L, Cao XY,
Zhou JH, Cen KF.
Clean Energy and Environment Engineering Key Laboratory of Ministry
of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
The paper is about the emission of fluorine from an experimental
boiler of 0.25 MW when burning black liquor coal-water slurry
(CWS). The result is compared with CWS. And the analysis of effect
factors is also carried out. Experimental research show that,
the content of fluorine in CWS, which was less than 30 mg/kg,
was relatively low. The emission ratio and concentration of fluorine
were 70% - 90% and 2.0 - 2.6 mg/m3 respectively when burning common
CWS; while the data of those when combusting black liquor CWS
were 45% - 80% and 1.7 - 3.0 mg/m3 respectively. The hearth temperature
and the element of CWS were two factors of emission fluorine when
burning CWS.
PMID: 15859400 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15798897
Osteoporos Int. 2005 Mar 30; [Epub
ahead of print]
Assessment of teeth as biomarkers for skeletal
fluoride exposure.
Vieira AP, Mousny M, Maia R, Hancock R,
Everett ET, Grynpas MD.
Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario,
Canada.
Skeletal fluorosis and dental fluorosis are diseases related
to fluoride (F) ingestion. Bone is the largest storage site of
F in our body. Therefore, bone F concentrations are considered
biomarkers for total F body burden (exposure). However, difficult
accessibility limits its use as a biomarker. Thus, a more accessible
tissue should be considered and analyzed as a biomarker for total
F body burden. The objective of this study, which was divided
into two parts, was to evaluate teeth as a biomarker for skeletal
F exposure. In part 1 of the study, 70 mice of three different
strains (SWR/J, A/J and 129P3/J) were exposed to different levels
of water fluoridation (0, 25, 50 and 100 ppm). Bone (femora and
vertebrae) and teeth from these mice were then analyzed for F
concentration using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA).
In part 2 of the study, human teeth (enamel and dentin) and bone
from 30 study subjects were collected and analyzed for F concentration
using INAA. Study subjects lived in areas with optimum levels
of water fluoridation (0.7 and 1 ppm) and underwent therapeutic
extraction of their unerupted third molars. The values of bone
and teeth F concentration were correlated for parts 1 and 2 of
this study. The results showed that in the animal model, where
animals were exposed to a wide range of F in their drinking water,
tooth [F] correlated with bone [F]. However, no correlation was
seen between bone and enamel F concentrations or between bone
and dentin F concentrations in the human samples. Therefore, teeth
are not good biomarkers for skeletal F exposure in humans when
exposure is confined to optimum levels of F in the drinking water.
PMID: 15798897 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15841963
Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2005
Feb;74(2):242-9.
Toxicity of fluoride to the endangered
unionid mussel, Alasmidonta raveneliana, and surrogate species.
Keller AE, Augspurger T.
USEPA, 701 San Marco Boulevard,
Suite 7W, Jacksonville, FL 32207, USA.
The Appalachian elktoe, Alasmidonta raveneliana, is
a federally-listed endangered unionid mussel whose range once
included the Cumberland and Tennessee River drainages, but is
now limited to the Tennessee River and its tributaries, Nolichucky
River system, Pigeon River system, Mills River, and Little River
(Burch 1975, USFWS 1996, Bogan 2002). The decline in abundance
of this species and other unionids is believed to have resulted
from habitat destruction, competition with nonindigenous species,
the loss of host fish species that are necessary for larval transformation
to the juvenile stage, and contamination (Williams et al. 1993,
USFWS 1994, The Nature Conservancy 1992). One of the healthiest
remaining populations of the Appalachian elktoe mussel is found
in North Carolina's North Toe River that now receives discharges
from feldspar mining operations containing
significant concentrations of fluoride. Fluoride is known to be
toxic to fish, zooplankton, aquatic insects and some adult unionid
mussels (Smith et al. 1985, Feiser 1986, Camargo and Tarazona
1990, Muley 1990). However, no fluoride toxicity data were available
for early life stages of the endangered A. raveneliana.
The present study was conducted primarily as a means of evaluating
fluoride as a possible limiting factor in the recovery of this
mussel species. A second goal was to test several fish species
as potential hosts for the mussel larvae during transformation.
Excerpts:
... Two juvenile tests were conducted for nine days (216 hr)
resulting in little decrease in LC50S, i.e., A. raveneliana,
LC50 of 223 mg/L F and L. fasciola, LC50 of 177 mg/L
F, compared to those determined at 96 hr (Table 1). However, based
on an ANOVA and Duncan's test, there were
significant differences (p≤0.05) in growth (based on shell
lengths) between controls and juvenile mussels exposed to fluoride
(Table 3). Control mussels had a mean shell length (±
s.d.) of )0.362±0.019 mm, while mussels exposed to fluoride
had mean lengths of 0.348±0.027 mm, 0.333±0.022
mm and 0.318±0.021 mm, for 31, 62 and 124 mg/L F, respectively.
Using these results, the acute to chronic ratio (96 hr LC50 divided
by the geometric mean of the chronic No Observed Effect Concentration
[NOAEC] and Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Concentration [LOAEC],
USEPA (1985) for F in these mussels is at least 10. Note that
no NOAEC other than zero was defined.
... Sublethal effects occurred at concentrations as low as one-tenth
of the 96 hr LC50S, and one-fifth of the 9-d LC 50S. Few studies
have evaluated growth impacts in juvenile unionids resulting from
short-term exposure to pollutants. The success of the current
study is therefore of particular value. Results of the 9-days
tests indicated that subchronic exposures of juvenile mussels
to fluoride can impair their growth at 31 mg F/L, but this concentration
is about 17 times that permitted by the State of North Carolina.
Facilities are generally meeting this standard; the ambient concentration
of fluoride in the North Toe River at Penland, NC (which is within
a mile downstream of four of the five mine discharges) ranged
from <0.1 to 3.0 mg/L F with a median of 0.87 mg F/L over the
past decade. These concentrations are significantly higher than
those from the North Toe River ambient monitoring station near
Ingalls, NC (upstream of all five facilities) which ranged from
<0.1 to 2.0 mg/L F with a median of 0.2 mg F/L over the past
decade, but they are still well below the sublethal effects concentrations
determined in this study. Because growth
impacts were measurable after such a short time in this study
and mussels live for decades, it would be worthwhile to perform
more lengthy exposures at lower concentrations. Smaller adults
are known to suffer greater predation effects and reduced reproductive
success compared to those of normal size and this could have a
negative impact on populations in the long term.
PMID: 15841963 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15776095
N Z Med J. 2005 Feb 25;118(1210):U1319.
Effect of volcanic gas exposure on urine,
blood, and serum chemistry.
Durand M, Florkowsk C, George P, Walmsley
T, Weinstein P.
Natural Hazards Research Centre, Department of Geological Sciences,
University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. michaeldurand2004@yahoo.co.uk
AIMS: This pilot study tested the hypothesis that aluminium (Al),
rubidium (Rb), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg),
fluorine (F), and chlorine (Cl), which are all known to
be present in volcanic emissions, may be useful biological markers
for occupational gas exposure in volcanologists.
METHODS: Ten human subjects were exposed to fumarole gases on
White Island, New Zealand, for approximately 20 minutes. Sulphur
dioxide (SO2) exposure was recorded by personal monitoring tubes.
Pre- and post-exposure urine, blood and serum samples (collected
using standard protocols) were analysed in the pathology laboratory
for trace element and halogen content.
RESULTS: Average personal exposure was measured at <75 ppm
SO2 and calculated at approximately 25 ppm HCl, approximately
8 ppm hydrogen fluoride (HF), approximately 1 ppm Al, approximately
0.1 ppb Rb and approximately 4 ppb Pb. These concentrations almost
certainly exceed those usually found in occupational exposure
settings. Advanced levels of urinary Al and Rb were found following
gas exposure and were statistically significant in the population
at p<0.005 and p<0.001, respectively. The other chemical
elements that were analysed (urinary Cl, F, and Hg; blood Pb,
and serum Al) did not show such patterns.
CONCLUSIONS: It is possible that urinary Al and Rb may be useful
markers for exposure, a hypothesis which should be followed up
in future work.
PMID: 15776095 [PubMed - in process]
From
Science Direct
Science of The Total
Environment - 2005. Article in Press, Corrected
Proof. Available online 29 January 2005.
The impact of the hyperacid Ijen Crater Lake: risks of
excess fluoride to human health
Alex
Heikens(a), Sri Sumarti (b, c), Manfred van Bergen (b), Budi Widianarko
(d), Luuk Fokkert (e), Kees van Leeuwen (f) and Willem Seinen
(a)
a. Institute for Risk
Assessment Sciences, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM, The Netherlands
b. Faculty of Geosciences, University of Utrecht, Budapestlaan
4, 3584 CD Utrecht, The Netherlands
c. Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, Jalan Cendana
15, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
d. Soegijapranata Catholic University, Jl. Pawiyatan Luhur IV/I,
Bendang Duwur, Semarang 50234, Indonesia
e. National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM),
Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
f. European Commission, Joint Research Institute, Via E. Fermi
1, I-21020 Ispra (VA), Italy
The
Asembagus irrigation area (East Java, Indonesia) receives a high
input of fluoride (F) via surface water that partially originates
from the hyperacid crater lake of the Ijen volcano. Endemic dental
fluorosis among local residents has been ascribed to F in water
wells. In this study, the total F intake by children and adults
was estimated, based on concentrations in well waters and foods
throughout the area. These values were compared with the Lowest
Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL) for dental fluorosis among
children and skeletal fluorosis among adults. Fluorosis hazard
maps were prepared, identifying the most hazardous locations in
the area. It was concluded that there is not only a high risk
of dental fluorosis, but also of skeletal fluorosis. Based on
the total daily intake, the lowest F concentration
in drinking water that poses a risk of developing fluorosis is
approximately 0.5 mg/l for dental fluorosis and 1.1 mg/l for skeletal
fluorosis. This is below 1.5 mg/l, which is both the guideline
value for drinking water from the World Health Organization (WHO)
and the Indonesian drinking water standard. This is the first
documented case of human health problems that may be directly
associated with natural pollutants originating from a volcano-hosted
crater lake.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15693498
J Am Dent Assoc. 2005
Jan;136(1):67-70.
Controlling the fluoride dosage in a patient with compromised
salivary function.
Eichmiller
FC, Eidelman N, Carey CM.
American Dental Association
Foundation, Paffenbarger Research Center, National Institute of
Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8546, USA. Frederick.Eichmiller@nist.gov
BACKGROUND: High-concentration
topical fluorides are used commonly to with compromised salivary
function due to irradiation and chemotherapy.
CASE DESCRIPTION: The authors describe a 50-year-old man with
previously treated cancer who was using tray-applied topical fluoride
gel. He complained of gastric symptoms, difficulty in swallowing,
leg muscle soreness and knee joint soreness. A computed tomographic
scan revealed thickening of the esophageal
walls. An upper endoscopy revealed abnormal
motility. The motility test indicated high-amplitude peristalsis
and hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter, and
urine testing indicated high levels of systemic fluoride.
The patient's fluoride regimen was altered, and within a short
period his urinary fluoride levels returned to normal and his
symptoms resolved.
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Clinicians prescribing home-applied high-concentration
fluorides need to be cognizant of the symptoms of fluoride toxicity,
carefully monitor the patient's compliance with the treatment
regimen, and adjust the dosage or mode of application to control
the total ingested dose of fluoride.
PMID:
15693498 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15740709
Arch Oral Biol. 2005 Mar;50(3):309-16.
Estimation of fluoride distribution in
the mandible and teeth of the red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) from
industrially polluted areas in Poland.
Zakrzewska H, Machoy-Mokrzynska A, Materny
M, Gutowska I, Machoy Z.
Department of Biochemistry, Agriculture Academy, Szczecin, Poland.
MINI SUMMARY: Animals from areas contaminated by industrial emissions
containing fluoride may accumulate it predominantly in hard tissues.
Therefore, an analysis was performed for the determination of
fluoride content in mandibles and teeth of deer living at large
in different areas in Western Pomerania (Poland). Samples of hard
tissues obtained with a dental drill, were dissolved in perchloric
acid and analyzed for fluoride content with an ion-selective electrode.
Using the Generalized Regression Neural Network (GRNN), it was
possible to arrange definite variables according to their order
of importance concerning the fluoride mean content in investigated
bone material. Parametric analysis revealed in which sites of
mandibles and teeth the fluoride accumulation was the highest.
In our calculation, the traditional statistic as well as artificial
neural network was applied.
OBJECTIVE: One of the interesting properties
of fluoride is its balancing accumulation in the hard and soft
tissues. In this paper, we decided estimate how the changeable
doses of fluoride in natural environment influence on fluoride
distribution and accumulation in the examined sites of mandible
and teeth.
MATERIAL AND METHOD:: The material consist of 103 mandibles of
red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) from five forestry districts of Western
Pomerania in Poland, which are located near or far away from two
major industrial plants: Police Chemical Work and the Dolna Odra
Coal Power Plant. Samples (10 mg of powdered bone or tooth) were
dissolved in perchloric acid and the fluoride content was determined
with an ion-selective electrode. Comparisons were done with the
Statistica 5.5 and Statistica Neural Networks.
RESULTS: Animals living in Western Pomerania
(Poland) have high fluoride contents in their bones. Fluoride
accumulation in mandibles and teeth is irregular. The higher content
of fluoride show incisal area, but coronoid process of the mandible
was not sensitive to different exposure of environmental fluoride
at all. Parametric analysis revealed that
the accumulation pattern of fluorine was different in the two
groups of deer.
CONCLUSIONS: Many biological and environmental
factors may influence on incessant fluoride accumulation in osseous
tissue of ruminants living at large. The use of artificial
neural networks enables a more accurate insight into the process
of fluorine accumulation in the mandible and teeth and helps in
the ranking of factors influencing this process.
PMID: 15740709 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15759914
Salud Publica Mex.
2005 Jan-Feb;47(1):58-63.
[Estimation of exposure to fluoride in "Los Altos
de Jalisco", Mexico]
[Article in Spanish]
Hurtado-Jimenez
R, Gardea-Torresdey J.
El Colegio de la Frontera
Norte, A.C. Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico. rhurtado@colef.mx
OBJECTIVE: To estimate
the level of fluoride exposure and human health risks in Los Altos
de Jalisco (Jalisco State Heights) region.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study was conducted between May and
July 2002. The fluoride concentrations of 105 water wells and
six tap water samples were electrochemically measured. Exposure
doses to fluoride and total intake of fluoride were estimated
for babies (10 kg), children (20 kg), and adults (70 kg).
RESULTS: The fluoride concentration of the water samples ranged
from 0.1 to 17.7 mg/l. More than 45% of
the water samples exceeded the national guideline value for fluoride
of 1.5 mg/l. The estimated values of the exposure doses
to fluoride and total intake of fluoride were in the range of
0.04-1.8 mg/kg/d and 0.5-18.4 mg/d, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: Dental fluorosis, skeletal fluorosis, and bone fractures
are some of the potential health risks due to the intake of high
doses of fluoride for the population of Los Altos de Jalisco.
In order to reduce health risks, fluoridated
salt, fluoridated toothpastes, and drinking water containing more
than 0.7 mg/l of fluoride should be avoided.
PMID: 15759914
[PubMed - in process]
Fuel Volume 84, Issue 4 , March 2005,
Pages 353-357
Volatilization behavior of fluorine in
coal during fluidized-bed pyrolysis and CO2-gasification
Wen Li, , Hailiang Lu, Haokan Chen and
Baoqing Li
State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan South Road No. 27, Taiyuan
030001, People's Republic of China
The volatilization behavior of fluorine in five Chinese coals
was investigated during fluidized-bed pyrolysis and CO2-gasification
at a temperature range of 500–900 °C. The effect
of co-existed and added calcium on fluorine volatility during
pyrolysis was also determined. With increasing
pyrolysis temperature, the volatility of fluorine increases.
However, the volatility is greatly dependent on the fluorine chemical
forms occurred in coal. Except for Datong and Zhungeer coal, more
than 65% of fluorine in other three coals occurs as the steady
forms. Fluorapatite is not the major carrier of fluorine in the
coals studied. Fluorine volatility is retarded by coexisting calcium
during coal pyrolysis, indicating that at least part of the stable
forms of fluorine in coal might occur as calcium fluoride or calcium
fluoride with complex compounds which are stable even at high
pyrolysis temperature. The addition of CaO and limestone can suppress
the release of fluorine during pyrolysis. The effect of CaO is
better than that of limestone. The volatility of fluorine of coal
during CO2-gasification depends on not only the occurrence mode
of fluorine, but also the gasification reactivity of the coal.
Compared with N2 atmosphere, CO2 is more favorable to the release
of fluorine from coal.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15750536
Am J Orthod Dentofacial
Orthop. 2005 Feb;127(2):177-85.
Physical properties of root cementum: Part 4. Quantitative
analysis of the mineral composition of human premolar cementum.
Rex
T, Kharbanda OP, Petocz P, Darendeliler MA.
Discipline of Orthodontics,
Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sydney, 2 Chalmers Street,
Surry Hills NSW 2010, Australia.
BACKGROUND: The aim
of this study was to perform a quantitative analysis of the calcium
(Ca), phosphorus (P), and fluoride (F) concentrations in human
first premolars.
METHODS: This study was conducted on 18 maxillary or mandibular
first premolars that were collected from 16 prospective orthodontic
patients (10 male, 6 female), mean age 13.9 years (range, 11.7-16.1
years), requiring first premolar extractions. After extraction,
the teeth were prepared for electron probe microanalysis. The
Ca, P, and F concentrations were measured on the buccal and lingual
surfaces at the midpoint of the cervical, middle, and apical thirds
of the root from the outer to middle to inner third of the cementum.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: In first premolar cementum, there was
significant interindividual variation in the Ca, P, and F concentrations
( P = .024, .017, and .000, respectively). There was no significant
difference in the Ca, P, and F concentrations of cementum between
the buccal and lingual surfaces, except for a significantly higher
F content at the cervical region on the buccal surface ( P = .000).
There was a decreasing gradient in the Ca, P, and F concentrations
from the cervical to the apical third of the root, which was highly
significant from the cervical to middle third ( P = .000) and
from the middle to apical third ( P = .000), except for F, for
which there was no significant difference from the cervical to
the middle third on the lingual surface ( P = .966). There was
a significant increasing gradient in the Ca and P concentrations
from the outer to inner third of cementum at the cervical ( P
< .01) and middle ( P < .01) thirds of the root but no significant
difference at the apical third of the root. For
F, there was a significant decreasing gradient from the outer
to the inner third of cementum at the cervical ( P < .01),
middle ( P < .01) and apical ( P < .01) thirds of the root.
PMID: 15750536
[PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15748797
Regul Toxicol Pharmacol.
2005 Apr;41(3):228-39.
Toxicological
profile of hydrofluoropolyethers
G.
Malinvernoa, I. Colombob, , and M. Viscab
(a) Solvay
S.A., European Public Affairs Brussels, Belgium
(b) Solvay Solexis R&D Centre,
Regulatory Affairs and Industrial Toxicology, Bollate, Italy
Received 14 June 2004.
Available online 20 January 2005.
Hydrofluoropolyethers
(HFPE) are a family of linear oligomeric fluorinated fluids comprising
a chain of difluoromethoxy and tetrafluoroethoxy repeating units
with terminal OCF2H end groups, each of which contains an isolated
hydrogen atom. These fluids have been designed as low environmental
impact substitutes for perfluorinated organic substances in a
number of applications including heat transfer and fire suppression
agents, and as a solvent. The toxicological profile of these new
fluids has been evaluated and is presented in this paper. Acute
toxicity tests have been performed on Sprague–Dawley Crl:
CD (SD) BR rats using oral, dermal, and inhalation routes. No
deaths were recorded even at the highest tested concentrations,
and the resultant LD50/LC50 values were >5000 mg/kg (oral),
>2000 mg/kg (dermal), and >26,411 ppm (inhalation:
reversible anaesthetic effects, e.g., lethargy, seen at this exposure
concentration). Other short-term tests (skin and eye irritation,
skin sensitisation, genotoxicity tests in vitro and in vivo, cardiac
sensitisation) were also performed, and no hazardous properties
were identified. Effects of repeated exposure by inhalation were
examined in rats over test periods of 5, 14, 28, and 90 days.
Effects on embryo–foetal development in the rat have also
been studied. The 28-day, 90-day and developmental studies were
performed using nominal HFPE concentrations of 1000, 3300, and
10,000 ppm (6 h/day: actual exposures confirmed by test
atmosphere analysis), and the highest tested concentration proved
to be an NOAEL in each study. Major observed
effects were elevated urinary (inorganic) fluoride levels and
increased liver weights with centrilobular hepatocyte hypertrophy
(considered an adaptive response, linked to hepatic metabolism
of absorbed material).
From
Science Direct
Fuel Volume 84, Issue
4 , March 2005, Pages 353-357
Volatilization behavior of fluorine in coal during fluidized-bed
pyrolysis and CO2-gasification
Wen
Li, , Hailiang Lu, Haokan Chen and Baoqing Li
State Key Laboratory
of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Taiyuan South Road No. 27, Taiyuan 030001, People's
Republic of China
The volatilization behavior of fluorine in five Chinese coals
was investigated during fluidized-bed pyrolysis and CO2-gasification
at a temperature range of 500–900 °C. The effect
of co-existed and added calcium on fluorine volatility during
pyrolysis was also determined. With increasing
pyrolysis temperature, the volatility of fluorine increases.
However, the volatility is greatly dependent on the fluorine chemical
forms occurred in coal. Except for Datong and Zhungeer coal, more
than 65% of fluorine in other three coals occurs as the steady
forms. Fluorapatite is not the major carrier of fluorine in the
coals studied. Fluorine volatility is retarded by coexisting calcium
during coal pyrolysis, indicating that at least part of the stable
forms of fluorine in coal might occur as calcium fluoride or calcium
fluoride with complex compounds which are stable even at high
pyrolysis temperature. The addition of CaO and limestone can suppress
the release of fluorine during pyrolysis. The effect of CaO is
better than that of limestone. The volatility of fluorine of coal
during CO2-gasification depends on not only the occurrence mode
of fluorine, but also the gasification reactivity of the coal.
Compared with N2 atmosphere, CO2 is more favorable to the release
of fluorine from coal.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15693498
J Am Dent Assoc. 2005
Jan;136(1):67-70.
Controlling the fluoride dosage in a patient with compromised
salivary function.
Eichmiller
FC, Eidelman N, Carey CM.
American Dental Association
Foundation, Paffenbarger Research Center, National Institute of
Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8546, USA. Frederick.Eichmiller@nist.gov
BACKGROUND: High-concentration
topical fluorides are used commonly to with compromised salivary
function due to irradiation and chemotherapy.
CASE DESCRIPTION: The authors describe a 50-year-old man with
previously treated cancer who was using tray-applied topical fluoride
gel. He complained of gastric symptoms, difficulty in swallowing,
leg muscle soreness and knee joint soreness. A computed tomographic
scan revealed thickening of the esophageal
walls. An upper endoscopy revealed abnormal
motility. The motility test indicated high-amplitude peristalsis
and hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter, and
urine testing indicated high levels of systemic fluoride.
The patient's fluoride regimen was altered, and within a short
period his urinary fluoride levels returned to normal and his
symptoms resolved.
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Clinicians prescribing home-applied high-concentration
fluorides need to be cognizant of the symptoms of fluoride toxicity,
carefully monitor the patient's compliance with the treatment
regimen, and adjust the dosage or mode of application to control
the total ingested dose of fluoride.
PMID:
15693498 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15688330
J Perianesth Nurs.
2005 Feb;20(1):13-8.
Sevoflurane and emergence behavioral changes in pediatrics.
Moos
DD.
Sevoflurane has rapidly
replaced halothane as the inhaled anesthetic agent of choice for
the pediatric population. Benefits of sevoflurane use include
a quick induction and emergence from anesthesia, a nonpungent
odor, which allows for mask induction, and decreased airway irritation,
which results in a decrease in the incidence of bronchospasm and
laryngospasm. Despite the positive aspects of sevoflurane, there
are several side effects, including seizures during induction
and maintenance, elevations in plasma inorganic
fluoride and compound A concentrations, and an increased
incidence of emergence delirium when compared to halothane. The
purpose of this article is to inform perianesthesia nurses of
the common complication of emergence behavioral changes associated
with sevoflurane.
PMID:
15688330 [PubMed - in process]
Full report
available at: http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/members/2004/7077/7077.html
Environ Health Perspect.
2005 Jan;113(1):111-7.
A quantitative look at fluorosis, fluoride exposure, and
intake in children using a health risk assessment approach.
Erdal
S, Buchanan SN.
Division of Environmental
and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University
of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60613, USA. erdal@uic.edu
The prevalence of dental
fluorosis in the United States has increased during the last 30
years. In this study, we used a mathematical model commonly employed
by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to estimate average
daily intake of fluoride via all applicable exposure pathways
contributing to fluorosis risk for infants and children living
in hypothetical fluoridated and nonfluoridated communities. We
also estimated hazard quotients for each exposure pathway and
hazard indices for exposure conditions representative of central
tendency exposure (CTE) and reasonable maximum exposure (RME)
conditions. The exposure pathways considered were uptake
of fluoride via fluoridated drinking water, beverages, cow's milk,
foods, and fluoride supplements for both age groups. Additionally,
consumption of infant formula for infants and inadvertent swallowing
of toothpaste while brushing and incidental ingestion of soil
for children were also considered. The cumulative daily fluoride
intake in fluoridated areas was estimated as 0.20 and 0.11 mg/kg-day
for RME and CTE scenarios, respectively, for infants. On the other
hand, the RME and CTE estimates for children were 0.23 and 0.06
mg/kg-day, respectively. In areas where municipal water is not
fluoridated, our RME and CTE estimates for cumulative daily average
intake were, respectively, 0.11 and 0.08 mg/kg-day for infants
and 0.21 and 0.06 mg/kg-day for children. Our theoretical estimates
are in good agreement with measurement-based estimates reported
in the literature. Although CTE estimates were within the optimum
range for dental caries prevention, the RME estimates were above
the upper tolerable intake limit. This suggests that some children
may be at risk for fluorosis.
PMID: 15626657
[PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15663310
J Environ Sci Health
A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng. 2005;40(1):193-202.
Recovering industrial sludge-derived slag as fine aggregate.
Huang
YC, Li KC, Chiang HH.
Department of Land
Management and Development, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan,
Taiwan.
This study presents
the result of using melting to recover both industrial
sludge slag (the main constituent of which is calcium fluoride)
and water works sludge slag as fine aggregate
in cement. The main characteristics of both slag and cement
mortars were measured to evaluate the feasibility of using slag
as aggregate. In this study, the slag replacement ratios were
0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% (w/w), and the curing periods were
7, 28, and 90 days. Slag quality was determined according to the
standards of fine aggregates in the ASTM specifications, and cement
mortars with various slag replacement ratios were evaluated based
on their compressive strength, and Toxicity Characteristic Leaching
Procedure (TCLP). The crushed slag produced in this study met
the ASTM standards for fine aggregate, including gravity, unit
weight, absorption, and grading, and the TCLP leached concentrations
are far below existing limits, establishing the safety and suitability
of slag as fine aggregate. The TCLP leached concentrations of
slag and cement mortar were not significantly related to the replacement
ratio, and declined with increasing curing period, revealing that
the hydration strongly influenced metal leaching. The compressive
strength test results of the cement mortars demonstrated that
the optimal replacement ratio for maximizing compressive strength
was 40%. This study also discussed the effects of replacement
ratio and curing periods on cement mortars.
PMID:
15663310 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15642041
Community Dent Oral
Epidemiol. 2005 Feb;33(1):1-8.
Total fluoride intake in children aged 22-35 months in
four Colombian cities.
Franco
AM, Martignon S, Saldarriaga A, Gonzalez MC, Arbelaez MI, Ocampo
A, Luna LM, Martinez-Mier EA, Villa AE.
CES University, Medellin,
Columbia.
Objective: To obtain
information on the level of total fluoride intake from food, beverages
and toothpaste by children at the age of 22-25 months of low and
high socioeconomic status (SES) in major Colombian cities.
Methods: Daily fluoride intake was assessed by the duplicate plate
method and by recovered toothpaste solution during a 3-day period
and afterwards analysed by the microdiffusion method.
Results: Mean daily fluoride intake was 0.11 (+/-0.10), 0.14 (+/-0.12),
0.10 (+/-0.07) and 0.07 (+/-0.06) mg/kg body weight (bw)/day in
Bogota, Medellin, Manizales and Cartagena, respectively. The total
fluoride intake was higher in low-SES subjects in the cities of
Medellin and Bogota. In the high-SES children of the four cities,
the average intakes ranged from 0.06 to 0.09 mg F/kg bw, whereas,
the low-SES children in three cities had intakes between 0.11
and 0.21 mg F/kg bw (Cartagena, 0.07). Toothpaste
(containing 1000-1500 ppm F, with 1500 ppm F being more common)
accounted for approximately 70% of total fluoride intake, followed
by food (24%) and beverages (<6%). More than half the
children had their teeth brushed by an adult, on average twice
a day, using 0.22-0.65 g of toothpaste.
Conclusion: Children from three Colombian cities have a mean total
daily fluoride intake above the 'optimal range'. Health authorities
should promote an appropriate use of fluoridated dentifrices discouraging
the use of dentifrices containing 1500 ppm F in children younger
than 6 years of age and promoting a campaign of education of parents
and oral health professionals on adequate toothbrushing practices.
PMID: 15642041
[PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15695844
Biol Trace Elem Res.
2005 Jan;103(1):1-16.
Health effects of natural dust: role of trace elements
and compounds.
Cook
AG, Weinstein P, Centeno JA.
School of Population
Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia
6009.
This article reviews
the health effects of trace elements carried in natural dusts
of geologic or geochemical origin. The sources of these dusts
are diverse, including volcanoes, dust storms, long-range transport
of desert dust, and displacement through natural processes such
as landslides and earthquakes. The primary focus is dust exposures
affecting communities rather than occupational groups (which have
been comprehensively explored in other publications). The principal
elements and compounds reviewed are trace metals (including As,
Hg, Cd, and Fe), radioactive elements, fluoride,
silicates, natural asbestiform compounds, and alkali salts. The
pathways by which such agents affect human populations are explored,
including carriage through water, air, soil, and the food chain.
The mechanisms of biotoxicity and the acute and chronic consequences
on health associated with these elements are described. The discussion
explores problems inferring risk and disease causation from natural
dust exposures using standard epidemiological indicators, particularly
for chronic outcomes, and will argue for the importance of the
ecological perspective in assessing pathogenesis. The authors
stress the global scale of the problem, which remains underevaluated
and underreported in terms of health implications.
PMID:
15695844 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15591730
Caries Res. 2005
Jan-Feb;39(1):20-6.
The effect of five years' implementation of caries-preventive
methods in Swedish high-risk adolescents.
Kallestal
C.
National
Institute of Public Health,
SE-103 52 Stockholm, Sweden. carina.kallestal@fhi.se
AIM: To study the effectiveness
of four different preventive programmes within a group of adolescents
at high risk of caries.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In 1995, a cohort of 12-year-olds was examined
for caries and completed a questionnaire. Subjects identified
as being at high risk were examined every year until 2000 when
they were 17 years old. This high-risk group was subdivided into
four groups, each individual randomly assigned to one of four
preventive programmes:
(A) information on tooth-brushing techniques;
(B) prescription of fluoride lozenges;
(C) semi-annual applications of fluoride varnish;
(D) quarterly appointments where participants were given individualised
information on oral hygiene and diet as well as an application
of fluoride varnish.
The outcomes examined were the caries increment in dentine, enamel
and fillings. Poisson regression was used to assess the influence
of background, preventive factors and habits.
RESULTS: The number of 12-year-olds in the high-risk group was
1,134 in 1995, of which 925 were still participants in 2000. The
differences between the programmes in mean 5-year increment were
not significant. Less risk of caries increment was shown for those
who had at least one sealant and for those who belonged to the
fluoride varnish group (C). A higher risk was observed for adolescents
from working-class homes, and for those who reported often eating
sweets and not brushing their teeth twice a day at all examinations
during the whole study period.
CONCLUSIONS: The preventive programmes tested
were equal in showing low efficiency in adolescents with high
caries risk. Copyright 2005 S. Karger AG, Basel.
PMID:
15591730 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15607263
Int J Pharm. 2005
Jan 6;288(1):109-122. Epub 2004 Nov 18.
Development and evaluation of extended release bioadhesive
sodium fluoride tablets.
Owens
TS, Dansereau RJ, Sakr A.
Industrial Pharmacy
Graduate Program, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati,
3223 Eden Ave., Cincinnati 45219, OH, USA.
Localized fluoride
delivery to the oral cavity is important in caries prevention.
However, no current marketed dosage forms deliver fluoride for
an extended period. This work describes the effect of poly (methyl
vinyl ether-co-maleic anhydride) mixed calcium/sodium salt (Gantrez
MS), sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC), polyethylene glycol
8000 (PEG8000) and Carbopol 934 (C934) on the in vitro dissolution
and ex vivo bioadhesion of sodium fluoride matrix tablets. Dissolution
was studied using USP Apparatus 2 and a low volume (3.1ml), low
flow (0.5ml/min) dissolution apparatus. In both apparatus, the
percent drug dissolved at 2, 4 and 8h was found to be statistically
dependent on the fractions of Gantrez MS and NaCMC. The interaction
term was significant at 2 and 4h (probability>{t} of less than
0.05). Ex vivo bioadhesion was studied using excised bovine gingiva
and a TA.XT2i Texture Analyzer. Peak bioadhesive force and work
of bioadhesion were found to be statistically dependent on the
fractions of Gantrez MS and NaCMC with no interaction (probability>{t}
of less than 0.01). Results indicate that bioadhesive matrix fluoride
tablets of these mixtures can be designed to exhibit both bioadhesive
and extended release properties.
PMID: 15607263
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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