FLUORIDE ACTION NETWORK PESTICIDE PROJECT

Return to FAN's Pesticide Homepage

Return to Abstracts Page


1990 Fluoride Abstracts. Part 2.

Abstracts for the following years:
Part 1 - mainly biochemistry and physiology (brain, hormonal, G-proteins, etc.)
Part 2 ("b") - all other

2007

2007-b

2004

2004-b

2001

2001-b

1998

1998-b

1995

1995-b

1992

1992-b

1989

1989-b

1986

1986-b

1983

1982

1976 -
1977
1970 -
1971

2006

2006-b

2003

2003-b

2000

2000-b

1997

1997-b

1994

1994-b

1991

1991-b

1988

1988-b

1985

1985-b

1981

1980

1974 -
1975
1968 -
1969

2005

2005-b

2005-b continued

2002

2002-b

1999

1999-b

1996

1996-b

1993

1993-b

1990

1990 -b

1987

1987-b

1984

1984-b

1979

1978

1972 -
1973
Up to
1967

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2305811&dopt=Abstract

Am J Ind Med 1990;17(3):311-20

Fluoride in workplace air and in urine of workers concentrating fluorspar.

Rees D, Rama DB, Yousefi V.

National Centre for Occupational Health, Johannesburg, South Africa.

The urinary fluoride concentrations of workers exposed to calcium fluoride (CaF2) during fluorspar processing were measured. Personal dust measurement showed that the mean occupational exposure to fluoride for 12 workers in the most dusty environment was 24.3 mg/m3, which is 9.7 times the threshold limit value (TLV) of 2.5 mg/m3. Exposure was below the TLV for the remaining 23 workers. Urinary fluoride concentrations were measured pre- and postshift. The heavily exposed workers had a mean preshift concentration of 3.3 mg/liter (range 1.4-8.5 mg/liter), only slightly higher than the mean of 2.8 mg/liter (range 1.3-4.2 mg/liter) in the workers with fluoride exposure below the TLV. Four of the preshift concentrations exceeded the recommended upper limit of 4 mg/liter. The mean postshift concentration for workers exposed above the TLV was 4.4 mg/liter (range 2.4-7.1 mg/liter) and the difference between pre- and postshift concentrations was significant (p less than 0.05). Only one urinary concentration exceeded the recommended upper limit of 7 mg/liter. There was poor correlation between intensity of environmental exposure to fluorspar and postshift fluoride concentration in the urine. Eighteen workers provided a urine sample 7-14 hr after the end of a shift. The mean fluoride concentration was 4.7 mg/liter (range 2.4-11.7 mg/liter), which exceeded their postshift concentration by 0.2 mg/liter. These results indicate that the low aqueous solubility of fluorspar reduced the biologic availability of the fluoride ion but that this did not prevent excessive fluoride absorption in some workers.

PMID: 2305811 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2331147&dopt=Abstract

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 1990 Jan-Feb;19(1):132-7

Fluoride accumulation and bone strength in wild black-crowned night-herons.

Henny CJ, Burke PM.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Maryland 20708.

Fluoride was measured in femurs of black-crowned night-herons (Nycticorax nycticorax) living adjacent to a phosphate processing complex near Pocatello, Idaho. Fluoride (ash wt.) in femurs ranged from 540 micrograms/g to 11,000 micrograms/g and increased (P = 0.0001) with age, but with no difference (P = 0.80) between sexes. Adult males (greater than or equal to 4 years) contained 5,409 micrograms/g compared to 6,042 micrograms/g for adult females. The tibiotarsus (= tibiae in text) increased in diameter with age (P = 0.015) in this study; fluoride was nearly related (P = 0.065) to the increase. As the diameter increased with age, wall thickness decreased (P = 0.011) suggesting excessive internal bone resorption, but fluoride concentrations were not implicated in the relationship (p = 0.64). The apparent increase in diameter and decrease in wall thickness may have partially neutralized each other's effects on strength. Although significantly higher concentrations of fluoride were present in adults than in Third Year herons, no significant change in bone strength (maximum load or modulus of rupture) was detected between the two age classes, but three of the four comparisons showed adults with less strength (i.e., a hint of diminished strength with age). The tibiae of Hatch Year birds were significantly weaker than documented in older age classes, but incomplete growth was thought responsible. The strong relationship between age and fluoride concentrations reduced our ability to separate a "fluoride effect" from an "age effect." Other authors believed fluoride was responsible for an increase in bone diameter and the fluoride residues encountered in adults were within the range indicative of poisoning in cattle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID: 2331147 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2166793&dopt=Abstract

J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1990 Aug;254(2):514-20

Differential activation of rabbit femoral arteries by aluminum fluoride and sodium fluoride.

Ratz PH, Blackmore PF.

Department of Pharmacology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk.

The effect of fluoride (NaF; 10 mM sodium fluoride plus deferoxamine to chelate contaminating aluminum) and fluoride plus aluminum fluorides (AlF; 10 mM sodium fluoride plus 20 microM aluminum chloride) on activation of rabbit femoral arteries was investigated. AlF and NaF produced large increases in stress (force/muscle cross-sectional area), but temporal changes were dissimilar, as were other indices of muscle activation. Stress produced by NaF developed slowly and only after a long delay of about 15 min, whereas stress produced by AlF developed rapidly after a delay of only about 5 min. NaF-induced contractions were more sustained than AlF-induced contractions. Both AlF and NaF increased the level of cross-bridge phosphorylation and the velocity of muscle shortening, but at comparable stresses, AlF produced greater increases than did NaF. AlF produced a large increase in lP production, whereas NaF produced a small increase. Also, AlF-induced stress was largely insensitive to inhibition by the calcium channel blocker, nifedipine (1 microM), whereas NaF-induced stress was largely inhibited by nifedipine. However, in tissues depleted of calcium, both agents produced potent contractions when CaCl2 was added back to the tissues (EC50 values for AlF, NaF, histamine, phenylephrine and KCl were, respectively, 0.057, 0.085, 0.11, 0.11 and 0.23 mM). AlF, but not NaF, strongly desensitized arteries to phenylephrine, causing a 73% reduction in the ability of phenylephrine to achieve maximum steady-state stress. These data suggest that fluoride contracted rabbit femoral arteries by stimulating L-type calcium channels, and that aluminum fluoride stimulated phospholipase C, producing additional muscle activation.

PMID: 2166793 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2390386&dopt=Abstract

Br Dent J 1990 Jul 21;169(2):47-50

Aluminium leaching and fluoride.

Moody GH, Southam JC, Buchan SA, Farmer JG.

Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology, University of Edinburgh.

Aluminium leaching from cooking utensils is a source of dietary aluminium and there are differing reports in the literature concerning the effects of fluoride ions on aluminium leaching. This paper reports that aluminium leaching may be increased by around 5% when fluoride ion at 1 mg/litre is present. More dramatic increases in aluminium leaching occur if the fluoride ion concentration is increased to 20 mg/litre, but this would rarely, if ever, be found in a culinary situation. At fluoride ion concentrations likely to be encountered in cooking, the increased leaching due to fluoride is very small in relation to the effects of pH on aluminium leaching.

PMID: 2390386 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


Fluoride 1990; 23(3):101-103

Editorial: Lung cancer in a steel city
A personal historical perspective

VA Cecilioni

Hamilton, Ontario, Canada


Fluoride 1990; 23(3):104-111

Disfiguring, or "white and strong"?

J Colquhoun

Education Department, University of Auckland, New Zealand. Note: The author was formerly Principal Dental Officer, Department of Health, Auckland, NZ; Convenor of the Fluoridation Promotion Committee of the NZ Dental Health Foudation and President of the NZ Society of Dentistry for Children. He is currently a research fellow in the Educaiton Department, University of Auckland.

Summary: Two cases of dental fluorosis in 8-year-old children who grew up in fluoridated Auckland, New Zealand, are described. Recent studies are examined with attention to the prevalence, and variability in assessment of acceptable appearance, of dental fluorosis. Recent statistics on caries prevalence suggest that fluoride intoxication has impeded caries reductions.


Fluoride 1990; 23(3):111-118

Some investigations into the "DMF" measurement of fluoride dental benefit

J Colquhoun

Education Department, University of Auckland, New Zealand. Note: The author was formerly Principal Dental Officer, Department of Health, Auckland, NZ; Convenor of the Fluoridation Promotion Committee of the NZ Dental Health Foudation and President of the NZ Society of Dentistry for Children. He is currently a research fellow in the Educaiton Department, University of Auckland.

Summary: A survey of 73 dentists' treatment records for 14- to 16-year-old children in central Auckland, New Zealand, is descirbed. Average number of fillings, inserted varied between 0.25 and 8.50 per child per year. The effect of such variable diagnostic standards on measured "DMF" [Decayed, Missing, Filled] scores in some early and recent fluroidation studies is discussed. A hypothesis is advanced to explain the origin of "DMF" measure.


Fluoride 1990; 23(3):119-122

Fluorides in hair and urine of children in the vicinity of a phosphate industry waste disposal site

W Czarnowski and J Krechniak *

* Department of Toxicology, Medical Academy, Gdansk, Poland

Summary: Fluoride content in urine and hair of children aged 7-16 living in the environs of a phosphate industry wastes disposal site was determined. These wastes which contain 0.2% soluble fluoride may present a considerable hazard for the inhabitants and the environment. Significant elevations of fluorides in urine and hair of exposed children were ascertained.

Excerpt: Phosphate industry wastes originate from the production of phosphoric acid and superphosphates of phosporites. In addition to calcium sulfate these waste products also contain other substances including fluorine compounds. Wastes disposal sites may pollute the surrounding environment as a result of leaching by rainfall and transportation of dust particles by wind. People living in the vicinity of the wastes are exposed to fluorides by aerosols as well as by drinking water and agricultural products grown in the polluted area...


Fluoride 1990; 23(3):129-136

Exposure to fluorides in the French phosphate fertilizer industry

Hery M, Diebold F, Hubert G, Gerber JM, Limasset JC

Institut National de Recherche et de Securite, Vandoeuvreles-Nancy, France

Summary: Exposure to fluorides was assessed in seven French fertilizer-production plants. Results show that the short-term limit value of hydrogen fluorde is often exeeded and that long-term values are generally respected, except in the case of superphosphate production, where almost fifty percent of sampling results are over limit values.

Excerpt: Fluorosis in the superphosphate industry has been reported by several authors. For example, Derryberry (1) found bone changes in a group of workers exposed at an air concentration averaging 3.38 mg fluoride/m3, although such changes did not appear in workers having an average exposure of 2.65 mg/m3. More recently, El Ghawabi (2) reported that 36% of the workers employed in an Egyptian superphosphate plant showed variable degrees of change in the density of bones. These changes were present in all workers with more than twenty years of exposure.

Furthermore, three mortality studies were conducted in the Florida phosphate industry (3-5). The conclusions of these studies are not exactly the same, but they all suggest a dose-response of respiratory cancer with long-term duration of employment. No causal agent is precisely evidenced, although the authors indicate the potential exposures include chemical pollutants (fluorides, acid mists), and possibly radionuclide-bearing dusts (uranium is a component of phosphate ore) and radon.

Recently, a study performed by de Labrusse (6) in a French fertilizer factory showed a decrease in pulmonary function of the workers. Age (more than fifty years old) and duration of exposure (more than ten years) were evidenced to be in relation to this decrease.

Ernst et al. (7) explored the relationship of respiratory symptoms and lung function to exposure to ambient air consisting of particulate and gaseous fluorides. They showed there was such a relationship for a population composed of young children living near an aluminum smelter...

References:
1) Derryberry OM et al (1963). Fluoride exposure and worker health. Arch Environ Health 6:503-511.
2) El Ghawabi SH (1978). Fluorosis in superphosphate industry. Egypt J Occup Med 6:11-23.
3) Stayner CT et al (1985). A retrospective cohort mortality study of a phosphate fertilizer production facility. Arch Environ Health 40:133-138. [see Abstract]
4) Checkoway H et al (1985). Mortality among workers in the Florida phosphate industry. J Occup Med 27:885-896. [ see Abstracts: Part 1 and Part II]
5) Block G et al (1988). Cancer mortality and mortality in phosphate workers. Cancer Res 48:7298-7303. [see Abstract]
6) de Labrusse B et al (1989). Fabrication d'engrais ternaires et deficit respiratoire. Arch Mal Prof 49:542-543.
7) Ernst P et al (1986). Respiratory survey of North American Indian children living in proximity to an aluminum smelter. Amer Rev Resp Dis 133:307-312. [see Abstract]


Fluoride 1990; 23(3):1327-138

Symposium in southern Poland
[Health and Environmental Pollution, Nov 21-22, 1988. Polish Academy of Sciences]

JR Marier

Researcher Emeritus, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa

Excerpt: ... During the years 1954-1981, Krakow was subjected to severe fluoride pollution emanating from a large electroltic aluminum smelter at nearby Skawina, and the environmental impact has been documented in Polish publications [1,2,3]. The fluoride contamination in Krakow has abated since the shutdown of the aluminum operation. However, fluoride continues to be a problem in Upper Silesia where bone pains in citizens of Chorzow have been positively correlated with high urinary fluoride conentrations, as have metabolic derangements in the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) cycle...

(1) Folio Medica Cracoviensia 1981; 23:305-414.
(2) Folio Medica Cracoviensia 1985; 26:5-107.
(3) Rolnicza Academy publication No. 188 (1985). Scientific Meeting 13: Agriculture in an environment polluted by fluorine compounds as exemplified by the Region of Skawina. Krakow.


Fluoride 1990; 23(4):151-153

Editorial: Mechanisms of fluoride elimination and detoxification in living organisms

Z Machoy and A Machoy-Mokrzyfiska

Pomeranian Medical Academy, Szczecin, Poland


Fluoride 1990; 23(4):154-163

Fluoride effect on the epiphyseal growth plate evaluated by vertical section stereology

H Mohr * and J Kragstrup

* Department of Oral Anatomy, Dental Pathlogy and Operative Dentistry, The Royal Dental College, Aarhus, Denmark

Summary: The objective of this study was to describe the effects of fluoride on the epiphyses of the rat tibia by a newly developed histomorphometric technique for estimation of surface density and surface area of highly organized (anisotropic) organs: vertical section stereology. Seventeen experimental animals receiving drinking water with 100 ppm fluoride for seven weeks were compared with 16 controls. The proximal epiphyseal plate of the right tibia was examined. Morphometric estimates were obtained from vertical sections, i.e., histologic sections cut perpendicular to a defined plane. The thickness of the growth plate was significantly smaller in the fluoride group compared to controls (p < 0.05) due to a reduced thickness of the proliferative zone (p < 0.01). The surface density as well as the total volume of cells in the proliferative zone were significantly reduced in the fluoride group (p < 0.05). It was concluded that fluroide induces quantitative changes in the epiphyseal plate of the rat tibia probably by an effect on surpracellular mechanisms.


Fluoride 1990; 23(4):164-170

Ionic, nonionic, and total fluoride in human serum

C Li * and X Ke

Professor Caishuang Li, The Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical College, Tianjin, China

Summary: 97 healthy adults and 13 fluorosis patients living in Tianjin Yangliuqing were investigated for serum ionic fluoride (F-), nonionic fluoride (NF), and total fluoride (TF) concentrations. No sex-related differences in serum F-, NF, TF, and the ratios of F-/NF and F-/TF were observed in healthy adults. Serum F- concentration and F-/NF, F-/TF of fluorosis patients were significantly higher than those of healthy adults. Both F-/NF and F-/TF are useful indices of fluoride status.


Fluoride 1990; 23(4):171-174

The orientation of capsular and intercapsular collagen fibres and glycosaminoglycans in experimental osteofluorosis

M Bely

University National Institute of Rheumatology, Budapest, Hungary

Summary: The oriented microstructure of the capsular and inercapsular collagen fibers and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) shows an induced and enhanced birefringence after amisotropic staining procedures.

The orientation of the capsular and intercapsular collagen fibers and GAGs of preexisting bone tissue was determined by selective staining methods (Picrosirius Red F3BA and Toluidine Blue at pH 6) in fluoride-treated rats.

Daily administration of 0.5 mg and 5 mg NaF for three months produced a significant decrease in the regularity of the capsular and inercasular collagen fibers and GAGS of preexisting bone tissue. Alteration in the regularity of collagen fibers and GAGs is part of complex disturbances of the fluorotic bone.


Fluoride 1990; 23(4):175-178

Surface absorption - one of the possible routes of fluoride accumulation in the nails of human beings

A Machoy-Mokrzyfiska

Department of Pharmacology, Pomeranian Medical Academy, Szczecin, Poland.

Summary: This study was designed to learn how fluoride compounds accumulate in and are absorbed by nails of humans from various walks of life and working conditions.


Fluoride 1990; 23(3):123-128

Formation of sustained-release fluoride matrix tablets

Aithal KS, Nalini K, Pathan YV *

* College of Pharmacy, Maipal, India. Current address: University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA

Summary: The present work is an attempt to develop a sustained-release fluoride matrix tablet. Formulations were developed that incorporated various rosin derivatives which are widely used in chewing gums and dental produts for their film properties. Tablets prepared from these materials as hydrophobic matrices were evaluated for various tablet parameters. Dissolution studies were carried out in buffer media with pH 7.2. All the formulations had adequate hardness, higher disintegration time, and less friability loss. The drug release followed a first-order kinetic pattern controlled by difusion and was linear to the square roote of time function. In pentaerythritol rosin (PR) ester and rosin-maleic acid adduct esterified with glycerol (RMEP) formulations T80% was > 3 hr.


Fluoride 1990; 23(1):5-19

The influences of elevated environmental fluoride on the physiology and metabolism of higher plants

JC Pushnik * and GW Miller

Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Chico, California 95929-0515. USA

Summary: Fluoride pollution has long been documented to have adverse effects on the normal growth and development of higher plants. Although fluoride comprises at least 0.05% of the earth's crust, only minimal accumulation occurs through roots with the exception of a few accumulator species. This review focuses, therefore, on the physiologic and biochemical processes which are altered primarily due to exposure to elevated atmospheric levels of fluoride. Fluoride gases and dusts gain entry to leaf physiology via the processes of leaf gas exchange and cuticular diffusion. In the subepidermal leaf spaces, water-soluble fluorides travel with the transpirational stream toward the leaf margins where accumulation occurs. When fluoride concentrations exceed a cellular threshold level visual damage is manifested.

Disruption of fluoride-sensitive biochemical processes integrated through metabolic feedback mechanisms precede the visible foliar damage associated with prolonged exposure. The subcellular distribution of accumulated fluoride and the direct influences of fluroide on enzymatic activities prior to the display of any visual symptoms are discussed with particular emphasis on the energy metabolizing systems of the cell, the ATPases. ATPase activities indirectly regulate numerous metabolic systems and have been demonstrated to be differentially inhibited by fluoride. The varying sensitivities of these enzymes in different subcellular compartments form the basis of a proposed model which attempts to correlate in vivo and in vitro experimental observation.


Fluoride 1990; 23(1):20-26

The influence of the composition of the TISAB solution on the determination of fluoride in tea infusions

Colina JM *, Arias CF, Rodriguez A

* Department of Chemistry and Department of Allied Physics, Polytechnic School, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain

Summary: The fluoride ion content of eleven different kinds of tea infusions consumed in Cantabria (northern Spain) has been measured. Because most of the infusions analyzed contained interfering levels of Al+3, the influence of the concentration of the complexing agent in the TISAB soution was studied. If the Al+3 content is no greater than 2.5 ppm, a 10-3 M citrate concentration in TISAB solution can be used (the TISAB solution most generally found in the literature). If, however, the Al+3 content ranges between 2.5 and 5 ppm, low results for F- are obtained, and a more concentrated TISAB solution containing 0.1 M citrate is recommended.


Fluoride 1990; 23(1):27-30

The orientation of glycosaminoglycans in osteocye capsules of fluoride treated rats

Frege J, Graf C, Dominok GW *

* Prof. Dr. GW Dominok, Institute of Pathology, County Hospital of Cottbus, German Democratic Republic, 7500 Cottbus, Thiemstr. 111.

Summary: The oriented microstructure of the exracellular matrix in osteocyte capsules shows an enhanced birefringence after anisotopic staining procedures. The anisotopic staining of the functional groups of glycosaminoglycans has been performed on rat bone tissue sections with and without fluoride treatment of rats. The number of birefringent osteocyte capsules is reduced in fluroide-exposed rat bone tissue in relation to the bone fluroide content, indicating a fluroide-induced decrease of the spatial orientation of the glycosaminoglycan macromolecules in osteocyte capsules.


Fluoride 1990; 23(1):31-34

Fluoride content in river water. A longitudinal profile from source to mouth.

CW Schmidt * and W Leuschke

* Department of Internal Medicine, General District Hospital, Heidenau, Germany

Summary: A longitudinal profile of rivers can provide information not only about the natural-geologic fluoride load, but it can also detect artificial fluoride sources. In this way it can fulfill a contribution to ecological research and to communal hygienic sanitation.


Fluoride 1990; 23(1):35-36

Alum plant waste: application in treatment of fluoride polluted water

Nair S, Jallan G, Pandey GS *

* Department of Chemistry, Ravishankar University, Raipur, India

Summary: In a study of the removal of fluoride by alum waste, discharged by an alum manufacturing plant, it was observed that the presence of Ca hardness in the treatment medium is advantageous to its total removal. The optimum pH of the treatment medium was 7.64. One gram quantity of alum waste removed 10 mg of soluble fluoride in three days. Alum waste can thus be economically used for removal of fluoride from potable and industrial waste waters.


Fluoride 1990; 23(1):37-42

The anti-fluoride effects of Zhonghua Maifanshi. An experimental study.

Li GS, Wang JX, Jing L

Institute of Endemic Diseases, Norman Bethune University of Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jillin, China

Summary: The anti-fluoride effect of Zhonghua Maifanshi (China medical stone, CMS) was studied using osteomalacic skeletal fluorosis of rats as an animal model. When CMS powder was added either to the diet or to drinking water, at the ratio of 1000 or 2000 ppm respectively, the toxic action of excess fluoride on rats was alleviated. Compared to the control, the degree of osteomalacia induced by fluoride was reduced; the activity of serum ALP decreased; the serum corticosterone level increased; the serum content of T4 declined; the lowered ratio of Ca/P in serum was restored to normal. The foregoing results indicate that CMS serves as an antidote to fluoride. The mechanism however remains to be clarified.

Excerpt: ... Zhonghua maifanshi which can be found in Inner Mongolia is a kind of intrusion of grandiorite porphyry composed of aluminiosilicates. Maifanshi was documented as a medical stone by a famous medical scientist Li Shi-Zhen in his Compendium of Materia Medica about 400 years ago. In recent years it has been used in producing artificial mineral water and refrigerator odor killer in Japan...


Fluoride 1990; 23(2):55-67

Water fluoridation and tooth decay: results from the 1986-1987 National Survey of US schoolchilden

JA Yiamouyiannis

Safe Water Foundation, Delaware, Ohio

Summary: Data from dental examinations of 39,207 shoolchildren, aged 5-17, in 84 areas throughout the United States are analyzed. Of these areas, 27 had been fluoridated for 17 yeas or more (F), 30 had never been fluoridated (NF), and 27 had been onllly partially fluoridated or fluoirdated for less than 17 years (PF). No statistically significant differences were found in the decay rates of permanent teeth or the percentages of decay-free children in the F, NF and PF areas. However, among 5-year-olds, the decay rates of deciduous teeth were significantly lower in F than in NF areas.


Fluoride 1990; 23(2):68-79

Boron as an antidote to fluorosis?

Seffner W *, Teubener W, Runde H, Wiedner H, Vogt J, Otto G, Zschau E, Geinitz D, Franke J

Dr. sc. med. vet. W. Seffner, DDR, Forgschunginstitut fur Hygiene and Mikrobiologie, Heinrich-Heine-Str., 12, Bad Elster, 9933.

Summary: Application of 15 mg NaF per kg body weight to growing pigs led to a morphologically demonstrable activation of epithelial cells of the thyroid gland which could be prevented by the antidote boron (B). Under the influence of fluoride (F) the change in activity of some liver and kidney enzymes was partially avoided by boron or aluminum. According to spectroscopy and morphology of bone and determination of alkaline phosphatase the action of B as an antidote to bone fluorosis is quite different. Thus its application for prevention of bone fluorosis cannot be recommended.


Fluoride 1990; 23(2):79-82

Fluoride content in finger nails of individuals with and without chronic fluoride exposure

CW Schmidt * and W Leuschke

* Department of Internal Medicine, General District Hospital, Heidenau, Germany

Summary: The fluoride content in finger nails taken from persons with and without chronic fluoride exposure was studied. In the group with fluorine tretment 3.47-fold higher fluroine was found compared to the controls. A great dispersion to values was observed in both groups.


Fluoride 1990; 23(2):92-97

Fluoride induced changes in certain metabolites during tail regeneration in the Gekkonid lizard, Hemidactylus flaviviridis

B Suresh and PK Hiradar *

* Department of Biosciences, South Gujarat University, Surat, India

Summary: The metabolism of caudal autotomized lizard, Hemidactylus flaviviridis, was altered considerably to meet the extra energy demands for repair and regeneration of the broken tail stump tissues. Fluoride may cause additional stress in the metabolism of this animal. Following treatment with sublethal concentration of fluoride (2000 µg/mL), biochemical analyses of blood glucose, liver glycogen, liver protein and liver lipids were carried out at various established phases of regeneration of the above mentioned lizard. Hyperglycemia together with a hike in liver glycogen, liver protein and liver lipids were observed in the experimental animals compared to controls.


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2253520&dopt=Abstract

Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 1990 May;24(3):143-5

[Experimental research on toxic reaction of rats to sodium fluoride after a short period of exposure]

[Article in Chinese]

Zhang J.

Department of Military Hygiene, 4th Military Medical University, Xi'an.

This article reported the effects of 3 different dosages of NaF on the rats when they were exposed for 30-90 days. The results showed that many toxic indexes had significant changes when high dose of NaF (3.37 mg/kg) was given to rats for 30 days. Some toxic indexes had significant changes when medium dose of NaF (1.12 mg/kg) was given to rats for 90 days. But no significant difference was observed when compared to the normal control group, when low dose of NaF (0.37 mg/kg) was given to rats for 90 days.

PMID: 2253520 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2271739&dopt=Abstract

Biomed Pharmacother 1990;44(8):417-20

Chronic fluorine poisoning in man: a review of literature in English (1946-1989) and indications for research.

Anand JK, Roberts JT.

Publication Types:

PMID: 2271739 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2366812&dopt=Abstract

No Abstract Available

Mutat Res 1990 Jul;241(3):339-40

Genotoxic effects of fluoride.

Smith GE.

Publication Types:
Letter

PMID: 2366812 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2134262&dopt=Abstract

Kanagawa Shigaku 1990 Jun;25(1):11-21

[Reactions of fluoride with hydroxyapatite powders--especially on the formation of alkali-soluble and -insoluble fluorides]

[Article in Japanese]

Yamada H.

Department of Dental Health and Public Health, Kanagawa Dental College.

Synthetic hydroxyapatite (HA) powders were treated for varying time (1-60 min.) with neutral sodium fluoride solution of varying concentrations (10(0)-10(4) ppm). The alkali-soluble and -insoluble fluorides formation were studied independently of each other following their separation in molar potassium hydroxide. The total fluoride uptake by HA and its alkali-soluble and/or -insoluble fluoride contents were both found to be linearly related to the logarithm of the ionic fluoride level in the treatment solution, except for the outstandingly high figures in 10(4) ppm F solution. Further, the alkali-soluble/-insoluble fluoride rates were found in the same manner above. From the present results, it was suggested that the less treatment period (e.g. 1 min.) could sufficiently be effective in the fluoride painting. Further, the usefulness of frequent application with lower fluoride concentration was also suggested.

PMID: 2134262 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2321644&dopt=Abstract

Am J Kidney Dis 1990 Apr;15(4):320-4

High fluoride exposure in hemodialysis patients.

Bello VA, Gitelman HJ.

School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.

The observation of higher plasma flouride levels in our hemodialysis (HD) patients than our continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients (4.0 +/- 0.5 mumol/L [n = 17] v 2.5 +/- 0.3 mumol/L [n = 17], P less than 0.005) prompted an evaluation of fluoride metabolism during HD. We found that serum fluoride was completely ultrafiltrable across cuprophane membranes (99% +/- 4%) and that HD produced acute changes in plasma fluoride levels that correlated well with the fluoride gradient between plasma and dialysis fluid at the start of dialysis. Our HD fluids contained significantly higher fluoride concentrations than were present in commercially prepared peritoneal dialysis fluid. Our fluids are prepared from fluoridated tap water that is purified by reverse osmosis (RO). We conclude that the different concentrations of fluoride in our dialysis fluids account for the differences in the plasma flouride concentrations between our dialysis groups. Since many HD units rely on RO systems to purify fluoridated tap water, it is likely that many HD patients are being exposed inadvertently to increased concentrations of fluoride.

PMID: 2321644 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2083033&dopt=Abstract

Crit Rev Toxicol 1990;21(2):149-70

Toxicology of fluorine-containing monomers.

Kennedy GL Jr.

Toxicology Department, Haskell Laboratory/E.I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co., Newark, DE 19714.

Fluorine-containing monomers form the basis for production of a large number of commercially important polymers. Most of the polymerization occurs as gas-phase reactions, hence the hazards associated with the monomers arises primarily from inhalation. The chemicals covered in this review include bromotrifluoroethylene (BTFE), chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE), hexafluoroacetone (HFA), hexafluoroisobutylene (HFIB), hexafluoropropylene (HFP), perfluorobutylene (PFBE), tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), trichloropropene (TFP), vinyl fluoride (VF), and vinylidene fluoride (VF2). The amount of toxicologic information available on the compounds is relatively small and for certain of these the information consists is short-term or acute, hence the current need to make predictions of biologic activity based on analogy or chemical reactivity is great. In animal models and in man, these monomers may be absorbed into the body at varying rates and the metabolism ranges from extensive to little in a species, dose, and chemical specific fashion. The major toxicologic target of these materials is the kidney, and the degree of involvement depends greatly on the excretion patterns and metabolic profiles of the monomers. However, other target sites exist, such as the reproductive system for HFA, making the use of structure-activity relationships difficult.

Publication Types:

PMID: 2083033 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2326284&dopt=Abstract

Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1990 May;194(1):43-7

Influence of coffee on fluoride metabolism in rats.

Chan JT, Qui CC, Whitford GM, Weatherred JG.

Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Dental Branch, Houston 77225.

Concomitant intragastric administration of sodium fluoride and coffee resulted in a significantly higher (P less than 0.01) plasma fluoride level than intake of the same amount of fluoride with water. The same result was obtained when coffee was substituted with an equivalent amount of caffeine. Comparison of plasma fluoride levels by total area under the curve of plasma fluoride concentration versus time indicated an almost 2-fold difference. Although the mechanism(s) is not known, it appears that caffeine is responsible for the present observation. This finding could help explain the variations in the incidence of dental fluorosis among people living in optimally fluoridated communities.

PMID: 2326284 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2110856&dopt=Abstract

Calcif Tissue Int 1990 May;46(5):333-8

Inhibitory effect of fluoride on the secretion of insulin.

Rigalli A, Ballina JC, Roveri E, Puche RC.


Departmento de Ciencias Fisiologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Santa Fe, Argentina.

The oral administration of sodium fluoride (NaF) (40 mumol/100 body weight [bw]) to fasting rats produced an immediate fall in insulin levels and the consequent increase in glycemia. These phenomena were observed with plasma fluoride concentrations 5-15 microM. Glycemia and insulin returned to normal levels within 4-5 hours, together with the washing out of fluoride from plasma and soft tissues. The insulin secretion of isolated Langerhans islets, perifused with solutions containing 5, 10, or 20 microM fluoride, was found to be significantly inhibited as a function of fluoride levels, both with basal and stimulatory concentrations of glucose. One hour after the intake of 60 mg of NaF, fasting human volunteers showed increased fluoride (5-15 microM) together with a significant fall of plasma insulin levels.

PMID: 2110856 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2407957&dopt=Abstract

N Engl J Med 1990 Mar 22;322(12):802-9

Comment in:

Effect of fluoride treatment on the fracture rate in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.

Riggs BL, Hodgson SF, O'Fallon WM, Chao EY, Wahner HW, Muhs JM, Cedel SL, Melton LJ 3rd.

Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. 55905.

Although fluoride increases bone mass, the newly formed bone may have reduced strength. To assess the effect of fluoride treatment on the fracture rate in osteoporosis, we conducted a four-year prospective clinical trial in 202 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and vertebral fractures who were randomly assigned to receive sodium fluoride (75 mg per day) or placebo. All received a calcium supplement (1500 mg per day). Sixty-six women in the fluoride group and 69 women in the placebo group completed the trial. As compared with the placebo group, the treatment group had increases in median bone mineral density of 35 percent (P less than 0.0001) in the lumbar spine (predominantly cancellous bone), 12 percent (P less than 0.0001) in the femoral neck, and 10 percent (P less than 0.0001) in the femoral trochanter (sites of mixed cortical and cancellous bone), but the bone mineral density decreased by 4 percent (P less than 0.02) in the shaft of the radius (predominantly cortical bone). The number of new vertebral fractures was similar in the treatment and placebo groups (163 and 136, respectively; P not significant), but the number of nonvertebral fractures was higher in the treatment group (72 vs. 24; P less than 0.01). Fifty-four women in the fluoride group and 24 in the placebo group had side effects sufficiently severe to warrant dose reduction; the major side effects were gastrointestinal symptoms and lower-extremity pain. We conclude that fluoride therapy increases cancellous but decreases cortical bone mineral density and increases skeletal fragility. Thus, under the conditions of this study, the fluoride-calcium regimen was not effective treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Publication Types:

PMID: 2407957 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2339642&dopt=Abstract

J Bone Miner Res 1990 Mar;5 Suppl 1:S87-9

Topographical distribution of fluoride in iliac bone of a fluoride-treated osteoporotic patient.

Bang S, Baud CA.

Instut de Morphologie, Centre Medical Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland.

The electron microprobe was used to display the topographical distribution pattern of fluoride (F) at the microscopical level in the iliac bone of an osteoporotic patient treated with fluoride. Composite x-ray image of F K alpha emission revealed a high concentration of fluoride in the periosteal and endosteal bone layers, in the cancellous bone, and in certain osteons, which corresponded to the bone formed during the period of fluoride treatment. Fluoride was also concentrated around the Haversian canals in the vicinity of the capillary blood vessels by a diffusion process. Morphometric analysis showed that more cancellous bone than cortical bone is formed.

PMID: 2339642 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2179312&dopt=Abstract

J Dent Res 1990 Feb;69 Spec No:539-49; discussion 556-7

The physiological and toxicological characteristics of fluoride.

Whitford GM.

Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta 30912.

The metabolism and toxicity of fluoride are discussed with emphasis on new scientific findings. The gastric absorption, tissue distribution, and renal excretion of the ion are all influenced by the magnitude and direction of the pH gradient between adjacent body fluid compartments. This mechanism explains the asymmetric distribution of fluoride across cell membranes, and the manipulation of transmembrane pH gradients has proven efficacious in acute fluoride toxicity. The comparative metabolism and relative toxicities of ionic fluoride and monofluorophosphate are discussed. It is no longer certain that there is a difference between the acute toxic potentials of sodium fluoride and those of MFP. It is concluded that the "probably toxic dose" or PTD of fluoride--the dose which should trigger therapeutic intervention and hospitalization--is 5 mg/kg of body weight. As currently packaged, many dental products contain sufficient fluoride to exceed the PTD for young children. There is a need for additional research into the sources, effects, and fate of strongly bound or organic fluoride compounds. Attention is drawn to the fact that, while the metabolic characteristics and effects of fluoride in young and middle-aged adults have received considerable research attention, there is a paucity of such information for young children and the elderly. The increasing prevalence of dental fluorosis is addressed. It is concluded that nondietary sources of fluoride, mainly fluoride-containing dental products, are a major source of ingested fluoride. The article concludes with 12 recommendations for future research.

Publication Types:

PMID: 2179312 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2331314&dopt=Abstract

Magnes Trace Elem 1990;9(1):15-27

The LD50, excretion and serum and bone levels of F after a high single F and F + Mg dose in rats with findings on cardiac Ca and Mg.

Koskinen-Kainulainen M, Luoma H, Tuomisto J.

Department of Preventive Dentistry and Cariology, University of Kuopio, Finland.

The LD50 for fluoride was elevated from less than 60 mg F/kg body weight to 172 mg F/kg when magnesium (as MgCl2), equivalent to 3 times that of F, was administered by gavage 30 min after the F dose. A dose of 30 mg F/kg elevated the mean steady state of F in serum nearly 1.5-fold and in femoral bone nearly 2-fold when administered with or without the subsequent Mg dose and observed 24 h after the electrolyte dosages. Also, in 24-hour urine the mean F excretion was highest in the F and FMg groups. The total F excretion (fecal + urinary) was elevated 8- and 10-fold when fluoride was administered with or without magnesium, as compared to control levels. Magnesium administration with fluoride did not significantly modify the above mean values of the group given fluoride alone. This suggests that interference with the absorption of fluoride was not the primary protective function of magnesium against the acute toxicity of fluoride. Additional experiments, conducted to further clarify the toxic mechanism of fluoride and the protective mechanism of magnesium, resulted in the following findings: An intraperitoneal dose of 20 mg F/kg elevated fluoride concentration in serum in 1 h about 20 times compared to the controls. Magnesium injected simultaneously with fluoride did not modify the effect of fluoride alone. No significant changes were found in the concentrations of K, Mg, Na or Ca of the lung, skeletal muscle, kidney or liver after these injections except for some trend of elevation of Ca in the heart. However, after a dose of 30 mg F/kg i.p., the heart Ca/Mg mole ratio was elevated within 1 h from 0.037 to 0.194, while all of these rats died within 1 h after the injections. When magnesium, equivalent to 3 times the amount of fluoride was injected, this mole ratio was only 0.095, and all rats in this group survived over 1 h. These results suggest that the lethality of fluoride may be dominantly mediated by the elevated Ca (Ca/Mg ratio) in the heart muscle and that this is correctable by Mg.

PMID: 2331314 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2106380&dopt=Abstract

Calcif Tissue Int 1990 Mar;46(3):200-4

Distribution of fluoride concentration in the rat's bone.

Narita N, Kato K, Nakagaki H, Ohno N, Kameyama Y, Weatherell JA.

Department of Preventive Denistry and Dental Public Health, School of Dentistry, Nagoya, Japan.

The present study was undertaken to determine the fluoride distribution profile in the rat femur. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups and given water containing 0, 25, 50, and 100 ppm of fluoride, respectively, for 10 weeks. The fluoride distribution from the periosteum to the endosteum was determined in each specimen after sampling using the abrasive microsampling technique. In the outer circumferential lamellae, the concentration of fluoride was relatively high in the periosteal layer and then decreased gradually towards its interior. In the haversian and interstitial lamellae, it was lower and roughly constant through the tissue. In the inner circumferential lamellae, it rose again to reach the highest level towards the endosteal surface. Fluoride concentration throughout the cortex increased significantly with increasing intake of fluoride. These increases were especially marked at periosteal and endosteal surfaces.

PMID: 2106380 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2268641&dopt=Abstract

Dtsch Stomatol 1990 Oct;40(10):441

[Fluoride content of deciduous teeth after regular intake of black tea]

[Article in German]

Schmidt CW, Leuschke W.

Betriebspoliklinik des Kunstseidenwerekes Siegfried Radel Pirna.

Continuous intake of black tea rich in fluorides leads to distinct increase of fluoride content of temporary teeth. This is to consider analogous a caries prophylaxis.

PMID: 2268641 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2209423&dopt=Abstract

Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1990 Sep 21;115(38):1436-7

[Pseudofluorosis: psychologic aspects of environmental pollution]

[Article in German]

Schmidt CW, Leuschke W.

Innere Abteilung, VEB Kunstseidenwerks Pirna.

A middle-aged woman who had been living in close surroundings of a fluorine-emitting factory for many years, was examined because she claimed to be suffering from skeletal fluorosis. Radiological, histological and laboratory findings did not give evidence of fluorosis. Fluoride concentrations were normal in samples of blood, bone, pooled urine, nails and hair. Even this proof to the contrary did not shake her conviction of many years that she was suffering from fluorosis. Thus, psychological aspects have to be considered in the assessment of health implications of pollutants.

PMID: 2209423 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2156370&dopt=Abstract

Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1990 Mar;20(2):339-52

Toxicology of selected pesticides, drugs, and chemicals. Anticoagulant, cholecalciferol, and bromethalin-based rodenticides.

Dorman DC.

Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign College of Veterinary Medicine.

The control of rodent pests is a continuing goal of mankind. To this end, a multitude of rodenticides have been produced, each designed to kill rodents by exerting their toxic effects on various body systems. As examples, veterinarians have had to manage companion animal poisonings due to anticoagulant, sodium fluoroacetate (compound 1080), thallium, barium carbonate, and zinc phosphide-based rodenticides. Many of these rodenticides were introduced because of their anticipated safety in relation to nontarget species; unfortunately, this has not been the case. Veterinarians must attempt to identify the specific rodenticide involved in poisoning cases. Therapeutic success in these poisonings is often more dependent upon symptomatic and supportive care rather than the use of antidotal therapy.

Publication Types:

PMID: 2156370 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2209810&dopt=Abstract

Exp Mol Pathol 1990 Aug;53(1):72-80

Aortic calcification in chronic fluoride poisoning: biochemical and electronmicroscopic evidence.

Susheela AK, Kharb P.

Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi.

Fluoride is known to cause ectopic calcification. The biochemical mechanism(s) involved in the initiation of calcification is not understood and the accompanying ultrastructural changes remain to be elucidated. Therefore, certain relevant parameters have been investigated in the aorta of rabbits administered fluoride, 10 mg NaF/kg body wt, every 24 hr for 17 and 24 months. The significant findings are: (i) degeneration of smooth muscle fibers in the tunica media of the aorta, (ii) presence of electron-dense granules in the mitochondria and on the inner surface of the plasma membrane of smooth muscle cells, (iii) presence of matrix vesicles with electron-dense deposits, (iv) enhanced calcium content and the Ca/P ratio, and (v) increased total glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content with reduced dermatan sulfate. The presence of electron-dense granules in the mitochondria, on the plasma membrane and matrix vesicles is suggestive of the process of calcification. The enhanced calcium content as well as the Ca/P ratio supports the view that the aorta is undergoing mineralization. The total GAG is enhanced, possibly due to an increase in the content of GAGs other than isomers of chondroitin. The observation that conveys an important message is that the dermatan sulfate normally known to exist in high concentrations in soft tissues begins to decrease as the process of calcification sets in. This perhaps would hold true and may serve as an index in the process of ectopic calcification.

PMID: 2209810 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2209266&dopt=Abstract

Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 1990 Jul;24(4):217-9

[A study of left ventricular function of workers exposed to fluorine]

[Article in Chinese]

Yuan ZW.

Liaoning Provinical Institute of Oceupational Health, Shenyang.

The left ventricular function of 26 workers exposed to fluorine was investigated. The results demonstrated that the LVET in the higher urine fluorine group (greater than 1.5 mg/L) was significantly shorter than the control group (P less than 0.01), the PEP was much longer than the control group (P less than 0.05), and the rate of PEP/LVET compared with the control group was increased. The difference was statistically significant (P less than 0.01). In the lower urine fluorine group (less than 1.5 mg/L) the time of LVET and PEP and the rate of PEP/LVET was not significantly different from the control group. The results showed that excessive fluorine ion in the body could cause decrease of myocardial contraction. The reason may be, that the fluorine ion inhibits the activities of certain enzymes in the body, thereby producing inhibition of ATP supply and utilization.

PMID: 2209266 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2250088&dopt=Abstract

J Dent Res 1990 Dec;69(12):1828-33

Fluoride intake of infants in New Zealand.

Chowdhury NG, Brown RH, Shepherd MG.

Department of Community Dental Health, School of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.

Since the fluoride (F-) intake of New Zealand infants and young children is not known, a study was designed to determine and compare the F- intake of infants, aged 11 to 13 months, residing in fluoridated (F) and non-fluoridated (NF) areas. Parents of 60 infants duplicated quantitatively and qualitatively all food and drink that the infants ingested during a three-day period. The acid-diffusible F- content in the liquid homogenate was isolated by the HMDS-HCl diffusion technique (Taves, 1968) and measured by a fluoride electrode. The ionic F- in samples of breast milk was measured directly by the electrode. In the F area, the F- content of the food and drinks of 31 subjects ranged from 0.130 to 0.679 mg/kg (mean, 0.320; SD, 0.168); in the NF areas, the F- content of the food and drinks of 29 subjects ranged from 0.036 to 0.281 mg/kg (mean, 0.095; SD, 0.053). The dietary intake ranged from 0.089 to 0.549 mg F/day (0.009-0.056 mg F/kg bw) in the F area, and from 0.038 to 0.314 mg F/day (0.004-0.038 mg F/kg bw) in the NF area. Including F- from tablets and toothpastes, total intake ranged from 0.093 to 1.299 mg F/day (0.009-0.150 mg F/kg bw) and from 0.039 to 0.720 mg F/day (0.004-0.061 mg F/kg bw) in F and NF areas, respectively. The mean dietary intake of infants in the F area was about half the recommended "optimal" range; in the NF areas, the dietary intake was five to seven times less than the optimal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID: 2250088 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


Back to the top

Return to FAN's Pesticide Homepage