1989 Fluoride Abstracts. Part 2. Fluoride Action Network Pesticide Project.

Medical World News Nov 13, 1989; 25

As cited in Fluoride 1991; 24(1):44

FDA committee spurns fluroide

Fran Pollner

Reprints: Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA

NIH-funded teams found that fluoride does not prevent fractures according to the chairman of an FDA advisory committee that reviewed fluride's effect on fracture incidence.

Dr. Saul Genuth, director of the radioimmunoassay laboratory at Cleveland's Mt. Sinai Hospital, regretfully joined in the endocrinologic and metabolic drugs advisory committee's unanimous opinion that fluoride has yet to prove its worth in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.

The FDA committee based its opinion on the recently completed NIH-sponsored trial of long-term, immediate-release sodium fluoride. The results of the study, reported earlier this fall at a bone research meeting in Montreal, were presented to the committee by Dr. Michael Kleerekoper, head of the bone and mineral division of Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit, and Dr. L. Joseph Melton III, head of clinical epidemiology at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota.

Although bone mass increased significantly, the teams found no statistically significant differences in vertebral fracture rates. Moreover, more nonvertebral skeletal lesions were observed in the fluoride-treated patients, as well as a higher incidence of painful lower extremity syndrome. The advisory committee, referring to a French team's findings published in The Lancet last year, recalled that between months 18 and 24 the percentage of patients sustaining new fractures was the same - 18% in the fluoride-treated group and 17% in the nonfluoride group - suggesting that the benefit diminished over time.

Dr. Baylink, a professor of medicine at Loma Linda (California) University, called the lack of a relation between bone density and fracture frequency " one of the most disturbing aspects" of the NIH data. It had not been available when his group acted.

Medical World News, Oct 23, 1989:42

As cited in Fluoride 1991; 24(1):50

Fluoride's fracture aid disputed

Annette Oestreicher

Reprints: Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA

In a major trial, use of fluoride therapy for osteoporosis failed to reduce vertebral fractures. This finding revealed at the first joint meeting for the International Conferences on Calcium Regulating Hormones and the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, by Dr. B. Lawrence Riggs, professor of medical research at the Mayo Foundation and Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, contradicted more optimistic results of an uncontrolled trial reported earlier this year. According to Dr. Riggs, a four-year double-blind trial at the Mayo Clinic and Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, consisted of post-menopausal women, aged 51-75, all of whom had a history of at least one vertebral fracture. Of 202 women enrolled, 135 completed the study - 66 received sodium fluoride and 69 a placebo. Both groups received 1,500 mg/day of calcium carbonate during the study. The medium dosage of fluoride given to the treated group by the end of the study was 71 mg/day.

The fluoride-treated patients demonstrated a linear increase in bone density of about 10% per year, a 35% total increase over the study period, Dr. Riggs said. In fluoride-treated women bone mass increased 10-12% in the neck and interrochanter of the proximal femur. In the radius shaft, however, fluroide-treated patients had a significantly greater rate of bone loss - about 4% - than the placebo-treated patients. A 15% decrease in vertebral fracture rates per 1000 patient-years among fluroide-treated women was not considered statistically significant. Fractures increased threefold in treated patients, namely 11 fractures compared with four in the placebo group. According to Dr. Riggs, "Under the conditions of this study, sodium fluroide was not an effective treatment."

1989 Report

TA:Directorate-General of Labour, the Netherlands PG:77 p YR:1989 IP: VI:RA 1/89

Health-based recommended occupational exposure limits for fluorine, hydrogen fluoride and inorganic fluoride compounds

Dutch expert committee for occupational standards

[Language: English]

Abstract: In occupational exposure to fluorides, depending on the duration of exposure, two target organs are known: the respiratory tract in short- term and long-term exposures and in addition the musculoskeletal system in long-term exposure. Effects on the respiratory tract: The toxicity of gaseous fluorides decreases in the order: F2, HF, BF3 and H2SiF6. Based on volunteer-study with HF at 2.1 mg HF/m3 in the air there exists no local immediate effect, and at 7.0 mg HG/m3 in air very many subjects experienced discomfort (WHO, 1984). This agrees very well with the irritating concentration of 4.2 mg KF/m3. It is concluded that occupational exposure to inorganic fluorides with levels of about 500 ug F-/m3 (as total gaseous and particulate) during the workday may induce decrement of the lung function. Effects on the musculoskeletal system One of the best known effects of long-term fluorides exposure is skeletal fluorosis. The critical concentration in skeletal tissue is estimated to be 4000 ppm (in the iliac crest ash), but individuals with levels between 3500-4000 ppm may already have vague symptoms. The estimated NAEL is 2000 ppm. Carcinogenicity and mutagenicity: There is no evidence of an increased risk of cancer due to fluoridation of community water supplies. In retrospective epidemiological studies of workers occupationally exposed to inorganic fluorides, a few facts come to the attention. Most workers are not only exposed to inorganic fluorides, but also to a multitude of other pollutants, such as CO, CO2, SO2, oxides of nitrogen and even PAH's. There are no adequate data for evaluation of the carcinogenicity in experimental animals. It can be concluded that, at present, the data do not suggest an increased risk of carcinogenicity. Contradictory reports have been published on the mutagenicity of inorganic fluorides. It is plausible that NaF may caused DNA damage. Further data are needed to differentiate between cytotoxic and genotoxic activities. Effects on reproduction: Human data are very scarce. Inorganic F- passes the placenta; the fetus has about 75% F- level in cordblood compared with the level in the mother's blood. Gynaecological problems in females exposed to inorganic fluorides have been reported, although based upon non detailed data. Experimental animal data showed that high levels of F- may induce slight reproductive risk. There is no evidence of teratogenic effects. (Shortened)

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15092378

Environ Pollut. 1989;60(3-4):223-33.

Effect of fluoride on the amount of aluminium dissolved by boiling fruit acids.

Walton KC.

Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Bangor Research Station, Penrhos Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2LQ, UK.

Boiling citric and tartaric acids dissolved aluminium from sheets and pans made of this metal. Fluoride increased the amount of aluminium dissolved by both citric and tartaric acids at the sort of concentrations which might be used in normal cookery (0.2%, pH 2.6). Increasing the amount of fluoride increased the amount of dissolved aluminium. The proportional increase was greater at low fluoride levels. Acids varied in their individual effects; tartaric acid dissolved considerably more aluminium than citric acid under any given set of conditions. The longer an acid solution was boiled with aluminium, the more of the metal dissolved. Repeated boiling of aluminium in acid solutions did not necessarily alter its response to further boiling. Old pans were attacked more strongly by acid solutions when fluoride was present. The precise composition of the aluminium metal used did not affect any of these conclusions.

PMID: 15092378 [PubMed - in process]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2728925&dopt=Abstract

J Bone Miner Res 1989 Apr;4(2):223-5

Increased incidence of hip fracture in osteoporotic women treated with sodium fluoride.

Hedlund LR, Gallagher JC.

Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68131.

There has been controversy as to whether fluoride therapy increases the risk of fracture in the appendicular skeleton. In the present study we compared the incidence of hip fracture in four groups of osteoporotic women: 22 treated with placebo, 17 with fluoride and calcium, 18 treated with fluoride and calcitriol, and 21 with calcitriol alone. Four hip fractures occurred in 3 patients on fluoride and calcitriol, and two hip fractures occurred in 2 patients on fluoride and calcium. No hip fractures occurred in patients receiving either calcitriol alone or placebo. The difference in fracture rates for fluoride versus nonfluoride treatment is significant (p = 0.006). Moreover, the six hip fractures occurring in patients receiving fluoride during 72.3 patient years of treatment is 10 times higher than would be expected in normal women of the same age. The probability of observing six fractures in 2 years is extremely small (0.0003). In four of the hip fracture cases, the history suggested a spontaneous fracture. These findings suggest that fluoride treatment can increase the risk of hip fracture in osteoporotic women.

Publication Types:

Clinical Trial
Controlled Clinical Trial

PMID: 2728925 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Fluoride 1989; 22(1):72-77
Fluoride toxicity and muscular manifestations: histopatholigical effects in rabbit

Shashi

Department of Zoology, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India

Summary: To assess the effect of fluroide on skeletal muscle of rabbit during experimental fluorosis, sodium fluoride at 5, 10, 20, and 50 mg/kg body weight/day was injected subcutaneously for 100 days into rabbits of both sexes. Controls were given 1 cc distilled water/kg body weight/day for the same period. Histopathological studies showed retraction of muscle fibres from perimysial sheaths. The sarcoplasm of muscle fibres showed focal areas of necrosis. Nuclear hyperplasia in endomysial connective tissue was observed in animals treated with 20 mg/kg of sodium fluroide. Atrophied and hypertrophied muscle fibres were present. The process of atrophy and hyertrophy of fibres followed a defintie pattern as seen in cases of peripheral neuropathies. In animals of 50 mg fluroide group, the muscle fibres showed acute necrosis. These experiments followed a plausible explanation for the marked weakness and fibrillation of the extremeties and muscle throughout the body encountered in preskeletal fluorosis.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2727602&dopt=Abstract
Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic 1989 Apr;56(5):375-81 Related Articles, Links

[Microradiographic study of iliac bone biopsies taken after treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with sodium fluoride. Histomorphometric correlations]

[Article in French]

Duriez R, Flautre B, Duriez J.

l'Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies du Squelette, Berck-sur-Mer.

Thirty seven female patients with osteoporosis underwent iliac bone biopsy after 10 to 23 months of continuous or discontinuous treatment with sodium fluoride, calcium, and vitamin D. Microradiographs of the biopsies from 13 patients showed one or--more often--several of the characteristic appearances of bone fluorosis: defects in periosteocytic mineralization, unmineralized strips inside the trabeculae of spongy bone, construction of fibrous bone, hypercalcified periosteal apposition. The occurrence of these microradiographic signs of fluorosis does not seem to be linked either to the age of the patients, to the interval elapsed since ovarian function ceased, or to the degree of bone remodelling at the time that treatment was started. Moreover, none of these patients showed signs of even moderate renal insufficiency. Should the development of this fluorosis, which is most frequently clinically asymptomatic, be considered as a condition or as a factor in therapeutic efficacy? Or are the effects detrimental and therefore to be avoided by a reduction in dosage or a change in therapeutic methods?

PMID: 2727602 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2630015&dopt=Abstract
Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 1989 Dec;69(12):677-83, 46

[Morphometric study of bone in domestic pigs with fluorosis caused by coal-burning pollution]

[Article in Chinese]

Qui MC.

Forty four domestic pigs were divided into 2 groups: control group: 17 pigs; fluorosis group: 27. They were fed for 14 months in the endemic area or non-endemic area respectively. In some of the pigs, double tetracycline was given for bone dynamic study, and blood and urine were collected for biochemical analyses. Iliac, tibia, fibula, the 2nd metatarsal and the 2nd vertebrae were reserved either for bone density measurement or for bone histomorphometric study. The results showed that fluoride content either in serum and in urine or in bone tissue was significantly elevated. The bone density of tibia was increased. Bone histomorphometry showed that trabecular bone volume of iliac and vertebrae was increased while that of fibula head was decreased. Trabecular resorption surface of fibula head was expanded while that of vertebrae was shrunk. As to bone dynamics, both bone formation rate and bone mineralization rate were inhibited, indicating that the toxic effects of fluoride in tremendous amount on bone remodeling. The authors suggest that the existence of osteosclerosis of axial and osteoporosis of peripheral bone in fluorosis might be related to the redistribution of calcium within the body. Furthermore, fluoride may be an osteomalacic factor for the development of osteomalacia in endemic fluorosis.

PMID: 2630015 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2661032&dopt=Abstract
Baillieres Clin Rheumatol 1989 Apr;3(1):81-8

Occupational skeletal fluorosis.

Nemeth L, Zsogon E.

A 20-30 years' occupational and/or environmental exposure to fluorine may cause osteosclerosis, especially of the spine and pelvic bones, and calcification of spinal ligaments. The radiological picture may mimic many other diseases, especially ankylosing spondylitis, diffuse idiopathic hyperostosis, and rare bone diseases, such as Albers-Schonberg disease. As clinical findings are often not characteristic, early diagnosis is based on the history of occupational exposure, examination of urinary fluoride excretion (over 8 mg F-/litre in 24 hours) and radiological signs. It is also useful to monitor the concentration of atmospheric fluoride.

Publication Types: Review Review Literature

PMID: 2661032 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

J of Assoc of Physicians of India 1989; 34:296-299

As cited and abstracted in Fluoride 1989; 22(2):100

Rheumatoid arthritis in association with skeletal fluorosis

Bhat A, Kumar A, Prakash K, Malaviya AN

Incharge Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, AIIMS, New Delhi, India

Fluoride 1989; 22(4):195-203
Fluoride and ash content of bone in various stages of human fluorosis

J Franke

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Medical Academy Erfurt, Germany

Summary: A special method was reported earlier to confirm the diagnosis "fluorosis" in doubtful cases in early stages, or in sporadically occuring fluorosis: During iliac crest biopsy a second bone cylinder is removed, the ash content as well as the fluorine content in this cylinder is determined. From 1969 to 1986 44 cases in various stages of industrial or neighborhood-fluorosis were studied. In 8 normal cases the ash content was 42.6 +-8.5 percent, the F-content in dry bone was 0.42 +-0.09 percent fluoride in iliac crest ash. With increasing F-content ash content increased significantly. In radiological stages II and III, according to Roholm, the ash content was more than 57 percent.

In a case of stage II fluorosis, the fluoride content in the bone ash was 0.78 percent. According to a second iliac crest biopsy, 13 years after removal from the fluoride-exposed areas of employment, fluoride content had diminished to 0.45 percent.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2793153&dopt=Abstract
Hua Xi Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 1989 Mar;20(1):92-5

[Preliminary pathological observation on bone injury after inhalation of trifluoromethyl hypofluoride in rats]

[Article in Chinese]

Zhang YZ, Zheng ZR, Yang CY, Jiang YX, Yang TC.

This paper reports the relation between fluoride contents and pathologic changes of skeletal system in Wistar rats after inhalation of organofluoride compound-trifluoromethyl hypofluoride. The trifluoromethyl hypofluoride (CF3OF), purity greater than 95%, used in this study was produced and provided by the Chenguang Chemical Industrial Institute. Twenty-four Wistar rats, weighing between 200 and 250g, were divided into three groups: a control group and two test groups. They were exposure to the trifluoromethyl hypofluoride gas at a dosage of 0, 0.067 and 0.1 ppm respectively, in 1 m3 Plexiglass chamber, two hours a day, five days a week. The results showed that the fluoride levels of ilia in 0.067 and 0.1 ppm group rats were significantly higher than those in the control group (P less than 0.05). The osteogenic effect of CF3OF was confirmed by the histopathological examination of the skeletal tissues. The lesions were also mainly limited to the 0.1 ppm CF3OF group. A very marked osteogenic reaction was found in the periosteum and Haversian canals of ilia in the rats including focal active periosteous osteoblastic proliferations and bone or osteoid tissues forming with a little osteoclastic reactions. for 23 weeks.

PMID: 2793153 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Bulletin of Nutrition Foundation of India, Vol. 10, April 1989

As cited and abstracted in Fluoride 1989; 22(3):144

Fluorosis - early warning signs and diagnostic test

AK Susheela

All India Institute of Med. Sciences, Department of Anatomy, New Delhi, India

Since early 1930, when dental fluorosis was first detected in India, it has been considered a disease affecting exclusively teeth and bones. Regarding skeletal fluorosis, radiographs only reveal late characteristics of the disease namely interosseous membrane calcification, enhanced bone density and bone mass. A blood test for differentiation of fluoride toxicity from other bone disorders is now available.

Early warning signs of fluoride intoxication in subjects residing in endemic areas are nausea, loss of appetite, gas formation and nagging pain in the stomach, chronic diarrhea, chronic constipation, persistent headache. The gastro-intestinal system is one of the body systems most sensitive to adverse effects of fluoride. An individual may manifest one or a few of the above complaints. Case histories are now available which establish the correlation of fluoride toxicity with gastro-intestinal problems. Unusual fatigue, loss of muscle power, weakness and pain, excessive thirst and frequent urination, depression, tingling sensation in fingers and toes constitute additional early complaints related to the neuromuscular system.

Teeth, although not discolored, tend to fall out; an individual may become edendulous [toothless] at an early age or have allergic manifestations which, although nonspecific in subjects living in fluorosis-endemic areas, should arouse suspicion. Prompt intervention in response to these early warning signs (i.e. changing to safe drinking water) has provided considerable relief in these cases within a short span of time. Biochemical abnormalities in two important matrix constituents, namely sialic acid (SA) and glycosaminoglycans (GAG) constitute a diagnostic test for fluorosis. Circulatory levels of SA and GAG (designated as SA/GAG test), are reduced to almost 30 percent of normal in fluroide toxicity and fluorosis.

The test is useful in distinguishing fluorosis from ankylosing spondylitis, a similar clincial condition. Unlike in fluorosis in which SA/GAG values are depressed, in ankylosing spondylitis they are significantly elevated. They are not significantly changed in arthritis, osteoporosis and spondylosis.

To avoid msdiagnosis of fluorosis and ankylosing spondylitis this bood test should be routine in hospital laboratories in endemic fluorosis areas.

Fluoride 1989; 22(4):157-164
Radiological modifications of the skeletal system among aluminum smelter workers. A 15 year retrospective study.

H Runge * and J Franke

* Department of Othropedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University, Halle, Germany.

Summary: Previously by the time skeletal fluorosis among aluminum smelter workers due to high fluroide exposure was diagnosed numerous cases of bone fluorosis had already reached stages II and III according to Roholm. Today, as a result of improved working conditions and continuous health care, the picture has changed. This paper reports the frequency of occurrence of bone changes caused by fluoride in a population of 358 aluminum smelter workers who had been fluoride exposed for more than 5 years and whose diagnosis had not been made prior to 1971. In the examination, particular attention was paid to degenerative changes of the skeleton and the frequency of spondylosis, arthrosis of the hip and elbow joints as well as changes in the form of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (spondylosis hyperostotica Forestier). A population of 81 foundry workers in aluminum smelters under siilar working conditions, but not fluriode exposed, served as controls.

Fluoride 1989; 22(1):10-19
Differences in skeletal response to fluoride in humans and animals: an overview

J Franke

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Medical School, Erfurt, Germany

Summary: From our experience with the NaF therapy for osteoporosis (158 patients with 3-5 years of treatment) 80% were good or very good responders and 20% were non-responders. Among the first group 20% of the patients reacted promptly (high alkaline phosphatase, radiologically distinct reossification of the spine after 13.2 +- 2.8 months in comparison to 24.4 +- 12.4 months of the average responders). In industrial fluorosis, correlation of the fluoride content in bone ash and radiological stages to exposure time (44 cases) was minimal. In addition to non-responders and average responders, a group was highly fluoride responsive (fast-responders). In animals individual as well as species differences in sensitivity to fluoride were observed. The causes for the individual reaction to fluroide are partly unknown at this time; known factors are gastric acidity, reactivity of bone cells to fluoride, urine pH, urine flow and individual renal clearance of fluoride. In renal diseases, fluoride storage in bones increased.

Fluoride 1989; 22(2):53-58
Anglesey fluoridation trials re-examined

M Diesendorf

Human Services Program, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia

Summary: Although recognzed by several national authorities as a potential environmental and health hazard, water fluoridation is usually justified on the grounds of its reputedly enormous dental benefits. Recent evidence suggests that the benefits from fluoridation in reducing dental caries may have been overestimated; consequently, there is need for scientific evaluation of the experimental design of previous fluoridation trials.

The often-cited Anglesey fluoridation surveys are re-exained as a case study. In the 1974 and 1983 surveys, the non-random choice of a "control," 19 years after fluoridation, negated the benefit of blind examinations. Instead of a longitdinal controlled trial, there remain two cross-sectional surveys for which the test population was mainly rural while the "control" population was entirely urban. Two different categories of secular reduction in caries, which cannot be attributed to fluoridation, occurred 1974 and 1983. So, it is doubtfulll that these Anglesey studies, or the earlier, 1955-67 study, provide evidence of large benefits from fluoridation.

Fluoride 1989; 22(3):101-107
In Memoriam

Dean Burk, 1904-1988

HL McKinney

University of Kansas, Lawence

Fluoride 1989; 22(3):108-111
Trace analysis of fluorine in plants and foods

Wang CY *, Yang SP, Xiu WG, Zhang DH

* Department of Chemistry, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China

Summary: This paper describes a method for determination of traces of fluoride in plants and foods. The samples are decomposed in an oxygen flask, followed by the multi-standard addtion of Gran's method with a fluoride ion-selective electrode. A minicomputer then processes the data using Gran's method. Compared with hydrochloric acid and perchloric acid extraction, this method is simple, rapid, and sensitive. A computer program is presented.

Fluoride 1989; 22(3):112-118
An experimental study of blood biochemical diagnostic indices for chronic fluorosis

Guan Z *, Yang P, Yu N, Zhuang Z

* Department of Pathophysiology in Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang City, GuiZhou Province, China

Summary: Of a total of 40 Wistar rats 27 were randomly divided into test groups: 13 received 10 ppm and 14 received 30 ppm fluroide, respectively, in their drinking water for eight months; the control group of 13 received low-fluoride water (less than 0.6 ppm). The rats that drank water which contained 30 ppm developed severe chronic fluorosis characterized by skeletal damage; in those receiving 10 ppm fluoirde in water only mild chronic fluorosis was detected. Blood biochemical examination showed decrease in glutathione peroxidase activity and reduced glutathione content; the amount of lipid peroxidation and the load of cyclic adenosine monophosphate increased in rats with mild chronic fluorosis. In rats with severe chronic fluorosis the glutathione peroxidase activity and contents of reduced gluthathione, albumin and calcium were lowered; but the glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity and the lipid peroxidation, inorganic phosphate, potassium and cyclic adenosine monophosphate content all increased. Among these biochemical indices, the glutathione peroxidase, potassium, calcium, inorganic phosphate, albumin and cyclic adenosine monophosphate were chosen to diagnose mild and severe chronic fluorosis.

Fluoride 1989; 22(3):119-127
Soil fluorine as an indicator of profile development in the Yamuna alluvial plain, India

Shanwai AV *, Dahiya LS, Dahiya DJ

* Department of Soil Science, H.A.U. Hisar, India

Summary: Four soil profiles were exposed, representing the various aged soils, and samples were collected by horizon. 299 surface samples from various physiographic units were also colleced to learn the spatial distribution of soil fluorine (F).

Fluoride in sand and silt fractions decreased in the direction of older soils, but increased in soil and clay size fraction. F content increased in depth in older soils (P3 and P4), evidently in response to adsorption of F weathered from minerals in coarser fractions (sand and silt) of the epipedon. Hence, F distribution in the profile which closely followed soil development trends, is well expressed by clay content (r = 0.89). Multiple regression analysis showed that clay alone explained 68 percent variation in soil F.

The cumulative frequency plot of F on probability paper suggested that spatial disribution of F, mainly governed by soil physiography, is independent of development sequence.

Fluoride 1989; 22(3:131-132
Fluorides in blast-furnace gas cleaning sludge

G Jallan and GS Pandey *

Department of Chemistry, Ravishankar University, Raipur, India

Summary: The genesis of blast-furnace gas cleaning sludge is described. The major components of the sludge matter were determined by conventional methods. The fluoride content was determined spectrophotometrically.

Fluoride 1989; 22(3):137-140
The molecular basis of dental fluorosis

G Embery

Department of Basic Dental Science, The Dental School, University of Wales, College of Medicine, Cardif, UK

Summary: Due to a marked affinity between fluoride and hydroxapatite, fluoride is stored in hard tissues of the body. Initially, fluoride exchanges with one of the ions or polarised molecules present in the hydration shell which is considered to surround ions in the crystal lattice. Next the fluroide exchanges with an ion or group at the surface of the apatite crystal. The ionic exchange occurs between fluoride ions and hydroxide or bicarbonate ions and also with fluoride ions already present in the crystal. Finally, ions present in the crystal surface may migrate slowly into vacant spaces in the crystal interior during remineralisation.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2929737&dopt=Abstract
Am J Phys Anthropol 1989 Jan;78(1):79-92

Caries prevalences among geochemical regions of Missouri.

Hildebolt CF, Elvin-Lewis M, Molnar S, McKee JK, Perkins MD, Young KL.

Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.

Our objectives were to determine how the prevalences of caries in elementary school children vary between geochemically defined regions of the state of Missouri and to compare this variation with that found for prehistoric Missouri inhabitants (Hildebolt et al.: Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 75:1-14, 1988). Caries data on 6,584 school children were used in the study of second and sixth graders drinking optimally and suboptimally fluoridated water. Geochemical regions were based on maps recently published by the United States Geological Survey. Differences in mean caries scores and proportions of children with caries were tested by analysis of covariance, analysis of variance, Student t, and chi-squared tests. We found that caries prevalences do vary between the geochemical regions of the state. In the total sample, however, there were no significant differences between those children drinking optimally fluoridated water and those drinking suboptimally fluoridated water. We conclude that there is variation in caries rates among geochemically defined regions of the state and that geochemical factors associated with young parent materials may be antagonizing the action of fluoride.

PMID: 2929737 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Fluoride 1989; 22(4):155-156
Editorial: Fluoride, water and vegetation

GW Miller

Excerpt: ... Plants can be accumulate fluoride when their aerial parts are exposed, either by flooding or sprinkling, to fluoride-containing water

Experiments in our laboratory showed the following accumulation in barley leaves with daily foliar sprays of different fluoride concentrations after 15 days

Accumulation of Fluoride in Barley Leaves from Foliar Sprays

ppm Fluoride in Spray
0

1

5

10

20

ppm Fluoride in tissue (dry wt.)
10

13

104

130

240

The fluoride accuulation in plants was very high, at concentrations in the water over 5 ppm, exceeding the tolerance levels proposed for domestic animals (heifers, 30 ppm; dairy cattle, 40 ppm; beef cattle, 50 ppm; breeding ewes, 60 ppm; horses, 60 ppm) (2). These tolerance levels are a suggested guide only when the feed is essentially the sole source of fluoride. Scientists at Cornell University have strongly questioned the above tolerance levels and showed injury to cattle at levels below those established by the National Research Council (3,4)...

(2) Peterson HB et al (1978). A study of fluoride from geothermal water. Fourth Biannual Veterinary Toxicology Workshop, Utah State University, Logan, Utah.
(3) Krook L et al (1979). Industrial fluoride pollution. Chronic fluroide poisoning in Cornwall Island cattle. Cornell Vet 69 Suppl; 8:1-70
(4) Eckerlin RH et al (1986). Milk production in cows fed fluoride-contaminated commercial feed. Cornell Vet 76:403-414.

Fluoride 1989; 22(4):169-173
Effects of environment upon fluoride content in nails of children

Z Machoy

Pomeranian Medical Academy, Department of Biochemistry, Szczecin, Poland

Summary: This report aims to evaluate the content of fluoride in nails of children, age 10-12 years, who attend schools in several localities in Poland. Preliminary studies have shown that the method used, namely gas chromatography, may be applicable.

Fluoride 1989; 22(4):174-178
Determination of tissue fluoride in rats following administration of an organic compound (Diflunisal)

Tomita M, Sugimura T, Takokoro M, Kaneko Y *

Department of Hygiene and Oral Health, School of Dentistry, Shows University, Tokyo, Japan

Summary: The purpose of this study: to find a suitable method for determination of total and ionic fluoride (F) in rats exposed to an organic F compound.

Male rats were given an organofluorine compound Diflunisal by gastric intubation. Fluoride was determined by the fluoride ion electrode method and gas chromatography following pretreatment with low temperature ashing, pyrohydrolysis and microdiffusion for plasma and soft tissues, and direct extraction and microdiffusion for hard tissues. Pyrohydrolysis was found useful for determination of total F in biological samples containing organofluorine compounds, whereas microdiffusion using a strong acid was unsatisfactory. Doses of the water-insoluble Diflunisal had little effect on the effect on the ionic F level in either soft or hard tissues of the rat.

Excerpt: ... Reports on the fate of fluroide in biological systems exposed to organofluorine compounds are limited... Diflunisal is one of the organofluorine compounds sold as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic drug under the trade name of Dolobid ...

Fluoride 1989; 22(4):179-187
The influence of biomass increase, rain and wind on the concentration of airborne fluorides in perennial rye grass

LO deTemmerman * and H Baeten

* Institute for Chemical Research, Ministry of Agriculture, Museumlaan 5, B-1980 Tervuren, Belgium

Summary: Perennial rye grass (Lolium perenne) grown in containers equipped with a semi-automatic watering system, was exposed to ambient fluroides for four weeks. The fluorides emitted by the pollution source, a phosphate fertilizer plant, were mainly in gaseous form.

After exposure the containers were transported to a low ambient-fluoride level area. In some containers the evolution of the fluroide concentration in the grass was controlled at several time intervals. An exponential decrease in the fluoride concentration as a function of the time was found.

The effect of rain was studied by using a rain simulator and the impact of wind by using a fan. The results clearly show the major importance of the studied climatic parameters in the fluroide release process. Washing the samples prior to analysis, indicated that this procedure always removes a part of the accumulated airborne fluroides, even after exposure to large amounts of artificial rain.

Fluoride 1989; 22(4):188-194
Bioavailability in soil fluoride in sheep

Milhaud G, Clauw M *, Joseph-Enriquez B

* Laboratoire de Pharmacie et Toxicologie, Ecole Nationale Veterinaire d'Alfort, 94704 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France

Summary: Digestive absorption of soil fluoride was determined by balance technique, during 4 days on groups of 4 ewes which for 4 weeks had been given concentrated feed containing 30 percent earth.

Seven soils of various origins were used: 4 were collected in the vicinity of different aluminum plants, 3 in an area far distant from any source of fluroide. Total fluoride levels ranged between 490 and 1000 ppm/dry in the soils collected near the plants and between 235 and 1030 ppm/dry in the non-polluted soils. The levels of extractable fluoride (water, CaCl2, amberlite) were significantly higher in the polluted soils.

Digestive absorption of soil fluoride ranges between 5 and 25 percent, with 4 values close to 20 percent. It is positively correlated (0.59) to soil total fluroide but independent of soil extractable fluoride. In some cases, to assess the hazards of fluorosis in ruminants, it is necessary to differentiate between soil fluoride and vegetable fluoride.

Fluoride 1989; 22(1):59-65
Accumulation of volcanogenic fluorides by lichens

FBM Davies and G Notcutt *

Faculty of Applied Sciences, Luton College of Higher Education, Luton, UK

Summary: A comparative study was carried out to determine the fluoride level in lichens grown on the island of La Palma, in the Canary Islands. The island is characterized by infrequent and small scale volcanic activities. The results show that lichens accumulate fluroides produced from minor volcanic eruptions in relatively high concentrations, with a maximum of 23.3 µg g-1 compared with a background level of less than 1.0 g g-1. Lichens appear to be sensitive and effective monitors of the dispersal of volcanic gasses.

Fluoride 1989; 22(1):66-71
A highly selective method for the separation of fluoride ion by ion exchange resin loaded with a lanthanum complex of alizarin complexane: deferoxamine as a masking agent for aluminum

M Chikuma * and M Nishijima

* Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kawai, Matsubara, Osaka, Japan

Summary: An effective method for the separation and ion-selective electrode determination of fluroide ion was developed by the use of an anion-exchange resin loaded with alizarin complexane or its sulfonate-lanthanum(III) complex in the presence of deferoxamine as a masking agent for aluminum(III), which seriously interferes with the determination of fluoride ion. The interference cased by iron(III) was not serious when its concentration was not extremely high. Deferoxamine, a chelating agent, selectively forms highly stable chelates with aluminum(III) and iron(III), but not with lanthanum(III).

Fluoride 1989; 22(1):85-89
Monitoring occupational fluoride exposure through urinary and salivary tests

Kertesz P *, Peter, Maria, Tomecz E, Tempfli A, Banoczy J

Department of Conservative Dentistry, II. Clinic of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest, and Public Health Station, Bacs-Kiskun county, Hungary.

Summary: To monitor individual fluoride exposure urine and saliva of workers exposed to fluoride contamination at their work place in an enamel factory in Kecskemet (Hungary) were analyzed. The authors recommend testing of renal function and determination of salivary fluoride concentration to complement the currently accepted determination of urinary fluoride and fluoride creatine ratio.

Fluoride 1989; 22(1):90-91
Report on the Fourth Fluorine Symposium in Szczecin [Poland]
September 1-2, 1988

Z Machoy

Fluoride 1989; 22(1):1-4
International fluoridation symposium in Brazil

M Diesendorf (1) and J Colquhoun (2)

(1) Human Sciences Program, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
(2) Education Department, University of Auckland, New Zealand

Excerpt: On May 15-18, 1988, an international scientific symposium of considerable significance, which will undoubtedly influence the future course of debate on the risk-benefit aspects of water fluoridation, was held in Porto Alegre, Brazil. Sponsored by the Rio Grande do Sul State Section of the Brazilian Association of Sanitary and Environmental Engineers, the meeting brought together fluoride researchers representing both sides of the issue from six countries for a critical review and assessment of potential health hazards as well as the alleged enormous dental benefits of fluoridation.

Proponent speakers, in order of their presentations, included a biochemist, Jaime Cury (Brazil), and five dental researchers: Jan Ekstrand (USA, formerly Sweden), Gunnar Rolla (Norway), William H. Bowen (USA), Jack Lee (Canada), and Herschel S. Horowitz (USA).

Opponent speakers, also inorder of their presentations, included two dentists, Robert Mick (USA) and John Colquhoun (New Zealand), two physicians John R. Lee (USA) and Francisco Pompeo do Amaral (Brazil), and an applied mathematician, Mark Diesendorf (Australia). The place of the sixth opponent, biomedical researcher, Albert Schatz (USA), who was unable to attend, was taken by Diesendorf, who spoke twice to restore the balance. Although most of the 400 persons who attended - mainly dentists, engineers, health administrators, and physicians - seemed to favor fluoridation, the organizers conducted the symposium with meticulous impartiality, reflecting their desire to examine the scientific differences on fluoridtion...

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2622142&dopt=Abstract
J Soc Occup Med 1989 Winter;39(4):133-5

Cross-sectional study of health effects of cryolite production.

Friis H, Clausen J, Gyntelberg F.

A cross-sectional health study of 101 cryolite workers was performed, using spirometry and a questionnaire. Multiple regression analysis revealed a significant correlation between the index of smoking and a decrease in FEV1 (per cent). There was no significant correlation between work-related exposure and lung function. Many cryolite workers described a group of symptoms appearing after 15 to 30 min of heavy dust exposure: nausea, followed by epigastric pain with relief after spontaneous or provoked vomiting. Thirty-four (33.6 per cent) workers complained of nausea, vomiting or diarrhoea in relation to work, compared to 3.8 per cent of 1752 men participating in the Copenhagen Male Study.

PMID: 2622142 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Fluoride 1989; 22(1):5-9
Microanalytical techniques with an inverted plate-shaped solid state fluoride electrode

Y Jun * and S Yi-lin

* Institute of Labor Protection, China National Nonferrous Metals Industry Company, Changsha, China

Summary: A new plate-shaped solid state fluoride electrode utilizing soluble polymers containing electrolyte and soluble adhesive replaces the reference solution in a conventional fluoride electrode. Because of its design the electrode can be used in an inverted positon: a microdrop of specimen can be placed on the sensitive membrane and the fluoride level determined. The advantage of this new electrode is that a specimen of microscopic size as small as 10 micro-liters can be measured.

Fluoride 1989; 22(1):20-24
A study of equilibrium between ionic fluoride and nonionic fluoride in serum of monkeys with skeletal fluorosis

Li C *, Tan Y, Liang X, Fan J

* Associate Professor Caishuang Li, The Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical College, Tianjin, China

Summary: In order to evaluate the effect of non-ionic fluoride on fluoride equilibration, we have made a model of monkey skeletal fluorosis, to examine equilibrate changes of ionic fluoride and non-ionic fluoride in serum during fluorosis (giving monkey NaF 10 mg/kg, daily, orally). Non-ionic fluoride decreased slightly at an early stage, whereas ionic fluoride increased. However when osteofluorosis became severe, non-ionic fluoride decreased gradually to the minimum value which sugested that the non-ionic fluoride might be a factor in maintaining the equilibrium of serum fluorides.

Fluoride 1989; 22(1):24-28
Hydroxyproline and urinary fluoride in rats repeadedly exposed to inhaled phosphorites

W Czarnowski and J Krechniak *

Department of Toxicology, Medical Academy, Gdansk, Poland

Summary: Rats were insufflated intratracheally for 12 weeks with phosphorites containing 2% fluoride. Urinary fluroide, which was signifiantly elevated duing the period of dosing, failed to return to control values within 2 weeks after exposure ended. This result may indicate the possibility of fluoride accumulation in workers exposed to phosphorites. Elevated pulmonary hydroxyproline and weight of lung indicate that phosphorites display a moderate fibrogenic activity.

Fluoride 1989; 22(1):29-32
Effects of fluoride pollution on calcium and magnesium content of mandibles (lower jaws) of wild game

E Dabkowska and Z Machoy *

Pomeranian Medical Academy, Department of Biochemistry, Szczecin, Poland

Summary: Our investigation aimed to show the manner by which changing conditions of the natural environment, polluted by industrial emission, influences the mineral composition of the deer's masticatory system. Fluoride accumulation in bone tissue is accompanied by a simultaneously rise in calcium and magnesium content.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2589311&dopt=Abstract
Am J Epidemiol 1989 Dec;130(6):1199-208

Risk of enamel fluorosis associated with fluoride supplementation, infant formula, and fluoride dentifrice use.

Pendrys DG, Katz RV.

Department of Behavioral Sciences and Community Health, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington 06032.

Eight hundred fifty 11- to 14-year-old residents of nonfluoridated communities in Massachusetts and Connecticut, who were born between 1972 and 1975, were investigated in a case-control study of the possible association between enamel fluorosis and exposure to fluoride supplements, infant formula, and/or fluoride dentifrice. The effect of median household income, an indicator of socioeconomic status, was also examined. Clinical examination, using the Fluorosis Risk Index, a fluorosis index developed for this project, allowed cases and controls to be identified based upon the specific time period of exposure to the various sources of ingested fluoride. Risk factor exposure was assessed via a mailed questionnaire with a response rate of 80%. Mild-to-moderate enamel fluorosis was strongly associated with fluoride supplementation during the first six years of life (odds ratio = 4.0) and with median household income (odds ratio = 6.6). Subjects in the middle median household income group who had used fluoride supplements through the first six years of life had a 28-fold increase in the risk of fluorosis compared with unexposed subjects in the lower median household income group. An odds ratio of 1.7 associated with infant formula use was suggestive of an increased risk of enamel fluorosis as was an odds ratio of 2.9 associated with fluoride dentifrice use.

PMID: 2589311 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2767579&dopt=Abstract
Forensic Sci Int 1989 Apr-May;41(1-2):55-9

Disposition of fluoride in a fatal case of unsuspected sodium fluoride poisoning.

Poklis A, Mackell MA.

Department of Pathology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298-0597.

A case of suicidal ingestion of sodium fluoride roach powder by a 33-year-old black woman is presented. Disposition of fluoride (mg/l or mg/kg) was: bile, 3.4; gastric content, 225; kidney, 16; liver, 8.6 and urine, 295. No history of roach powder ingestion was available at autopsy. This case illustrates the need for extensive toxicological screening to determine if fatal poisoning has occurred when histopathological findings are unremarkable.

PMID: 2767579 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2693648&dopt=Abstract
J Nutr 1989 Dec;119(12 Suppl):1856-60

Fluoride intake in early infancy.

Ekstrand J.

Dows Institute for Dental Research, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242.

Current regulations concerning nutrient content of infant formulas do not specify either a lower or an upper limit for fluoride content. There would appear to be no need to specify a lower limit. An upper limit of 0.06 mg per 100 kcal is achievable and is recommended. Intake of fluoride by the infant will be influenced more by the water used as a diluent than by the concentrated liquid or powder used in formula preparation.

Publication Types:

Review

Review, Tutorial

PMID: 2693648 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2818467&dopt=Abstract
Beitr Gerichtl Med 1989;47:103-6

[Poisoning with a wood preservative]

[Article in German]

Wiese J, Klug E.

Autopsy findings and the results of chemical-toxicological analysis are presented on a case of suicide with a wood preservative containing potassium fluoride. The highest amounts of fluoride were found in kidney and urine; there was no increase of fluorides amount in the brain. The analysis was done by colorimetry after micro-diffusion.

PMID: 2818467 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2753568&dopt=Abstract
Int Dent J 1989 Jun;39(2):140-6

Fluctuation of fluoride concentrations in drinking waters: a collaborative study.

Larsen MJ, Fejerskov O, Bojen O, Senderowitz F, Lambrou D, Manji F, Hobdell M.

Institute of Oral Anatomy, Dental Pathology and Operative Dentistry, Royal Dental College, Aarhus C, Denmark.

The aim of this study was to describe the variations with time in the concentrations of fluoride in drinking water sources in Greenland, Kenya, Greece, Denmark and Ireland. Water samples were collected monthly and shipped to laboratories in Aarhus for electrometric analyses. In Narssaq, Greenland the fluoride concentration of a single piped water supply ranged from 0.3 to 2.8 ppm, the variations being related to climate, precipitation and temperature over the year. Water from the Athi River, Kenya had a fluoride content ranging from 0.3 to 1.2 ppm, the higher concentrations being associated with the dry seasons. The fluoride concentration in piped water from mountain rivers in Mourjes, Greece, ranged over the year between 1.3 to 2.0 ppm, the changes being apparently unrelated to rainfall. Marked variations in fluoride concentrations from 0.5 to over 3.5 ppm were observed in water from artesian wells in Assiros, Greece. In drinking waters from boreholes in Boennerup Strand, Denmark, fluoride concentrations ranged with time from 1.4 to 2.4 ppm, the variations being unrelated to climate or precipitation, while little variation in fluoride concentrations was found in water from boreholes in either Roedvig or Egens, Denmark. Water obtained from two sources of artificially fluoridated water supplies from Ireland showed considerable variations with time, although pooled samples indicated relatively constant levels over the year. The study indicates that the results of single fluoride ion measurement from any given source should not be taken as being a reliable indicator of fluoride exposure from drinking water.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID: 2753568 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2700017&dopt=Abstract
Minerva Anestesiol 1989 Dec;55(12):487-500

[Poisoning caused by chronic exposure to volatile anesthetics. Molecular mechanisms and risk anesthetics]

[Article in Italian]

Peduto VA, Napoleone M.

The possible molecular mechanisms potentially inducing occupational disease among operating room personnel were examined; and the really dangerous anaesthetic agents were identified. As concerns the molecular mechanisms of parenchymatous injury, we surveyed: those connected with free radicals and biological reactive intermediates produced during halothane and nitrous oxide biotransformation; those coming from inorganic fluoride produced during biotransformation of any halogenated anaesthetic agent, and from inorganic bromide released during halothane metabolism; and, finally, those linked to vitamin B12 inactivation from nitrous oxide. Halothane and nitrous oxide can be considered as really dangerous anaesthetic agents for operating room personnel, and enflurane as an agent with marginal toxic power. On the contrary, isoflurane is a safe, useful compound, totally devoided of viscerotoxic effects. From data examined it is possible to conclude that an isoflurane-oxygen-air anaesthesia is safe for operating room personnel more than a balanced anaesthesia with intravenous drugs and nitrous oxide as maintenance.

Publication Types: Review Review, Tutorial

PMID: 2700017 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2750099&dopt=Abstract
Vrach Delo 1989 Mar;(3):100-3

[Clinical picture and treatment of acute thallium [fluoride] poisoning]

[Article in Russian]

Treshchinskii AI, Shplapak IP, Chepkii LP, Dmitrieva MB, Kharchenko LA.

The authors report results of treatment of 16 patients whose disease was caused by premeditated poisoning with thallium fluoride. The first signs of the disease appeared in 5 patients 30-38 hours and in the remaining 2-4 days after ingestion of poisoned food and were manifested by dyspepsia, leg pain. Then neurological symptoms of polyneuritis and encephalomyelitis prevailed. Within 1-3 weeks alopecia, xeroderma, herpetic phenomena appeared. Most patients showed disorders of the psycho-emotional sphere (intoxication encephalopathies of anxiety-paranoia type). Severe grades of thallitoxicosis were marked by involvement of the myocardium, liver and kidneys. Excretion of the nucleus is slow: with the urine (45%), with feces (55%). For correct diagnosis and for solution medical forensic problems examination of the content of thallium in the blood, urine, feces and hair is of importance. Treatment tactics are described in detail.

PMID: 2750099 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2673373&dopt=Abstract
Biochim Biophys Acta 1989;1000:254-69

No Abstract available

The toxicity of fluoroacetate and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. 1949.

Liebecq C, Peters RA.

Publication Types:

Biography

Classical Article

Historical Article

Personal Name as Subject:

Liebecq C

Peters RA

PMID: 2673373 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2673372&dopt=Abstract
Biochim Biophys Acta 1989;1000:251-3

No Abstract available

Commentary on 'The Toxicity of Fluoroacetate and the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle'.

Liebecq C.

University of Liege, Belgium.

Publication Types:

Historical Article

PMID: 2673372 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2590495&dopt=Abstract
Biomed Environ Sci 1989 Mar;2(1):7-16

Importance of the development of veterinary toxicology in Argentina.

Lopez TA.

Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA), Laboratorio de Toxicologia Veterinaria, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.

The different types of toxic substances that affect farm animals in Argentina are described. These substances include (a) toxic plants, such as Solanum glaucophyllum, Baccharis coridifolia, Festuca arundinacea; (b) mycotoxins, such as zearalenone, tremorgenic mycotoxins, and ergoalkaloid; (c) trace elements, such as fluorine, copper, molybdenum, and arsenic; and (d) others, such as toxic algae and pesticides. The direct and indirect economic loss of farm animals associated with these toxic substances in Argentina is roughly estimated at 50 million dollars a year. A number of recommendations are made to ameliorate the situation.

PMID: 2590495 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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Accumulation of Fluoride in Barley Leaves from Foliar Sprays
ppm Fluoride in Spray	0	1	5	10	20
ppm Fluoride in tissue (dry wt.)	10	13	104	130	240