http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16379167&query_hl=11&itool=pubmed_docsum
Community Dent Health. 2005 Dec;22(4):272-8.
Fluoride intake and fractional urinary
fluoride excretion of Colombian preschool children.
Franco AM, Saldarriaga A, Martignon S,
Gonzalez MC, Villa AE.
Antioquia University, Medellin, Colombia.
AIMS: The purpose of this study was to assess the total fluoride
intake and the fractional urinary fluoride excretion (FUFE) relative
to the customary daily fluoride (F) ingestion in preschool children
between 48-59 months of age.
DESIGN: Total fluoride ingestion, from dietary and toothpaste
samples was determined in 120 young children, dwellers of four
Colombian cities. A "duplicate plate" technique was
used. In Colombia, table salt is fluoridated to a concentration
of between 180-220 mg F/kg. Individual (n=96) FUFE values were
calculated as the ratio between the total amount of F excreted
in the urine and the total amount of F ingested, over a 24-hour
period.
RESULTS: The average daily F-intake was 0.098 mg F/kg/day; 95%
C.I. = 0.085-0.111 mg F/kg/day. The proportion of fluoride ingestion
from toothpaste to the total fluoride intake was higher than 66%
in all cities. The average FUFE values of subjects from each of
the four Colombian cities under study did not differ significantly
(ANOVA; p >0.91). The average 24-hour FUFE value for preschool
children was 0.33; 95% C.I. = 0.29-0.37.
CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained suggest
that preschool children residing in Colombian urban areas are
ingesting amounts of fluoride above the upper limit of the proposed
safe threshold. FUFE values are similar to those reported
in previous studies where daily F-doses were equal or higher than
0.064 mg F/kg.
PMID: 16379167 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16360195&query_hl=11&itool=pubmed_DocSum
Sci Total Environ. 2005 Dec 14;
[Epub ahead of print]
The geographic distribution of fluoride
in surface and groundwater in Ethiopia with an emphasis on the
Rift Valley.
Tekle-Haimanot R, Melaku Z, Kloos H, Reimann
C, Fantaye W, Zerihun L, Bjorvatn K.
Medical Faculty, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 4147, Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia.
This paper analyzes the most extensive database on fluoride distribution
in Ethiopia. Of the total 1438 water samples tested, 24.2% had
fluoride concentrations above the 1.5 mg/l recommended optimum
concentration recommended by WHO. Regionally, by far the highest
fluoride levels were recorded in the Rift Valley, where 41.2%
of all samples exceeded the 1.5 mg/l level. Only 1.0% of the samples
from the central and northwestern highlands and 10.0% in the southeastern
highlands exceeded 1.5 mg/l. Larger proportions of deep wells
(50.0%) and hot springs (90.0%) than shallow wells (27.2%) and
cold springs (12.6%) exceeded the 1.5 mg/l level. The highest
fluoride concentrations were recorded for Rift Valley lakes Shala
(264.0 mg/l) and Abijata (202.4 mg/l) and the lowest in Lake Tana,
and rivers, wells and springs in the highlands. The fluoride concentrations
of the Awash River, which originates in the highlands and flows
through the Rift Valley, increase downstream, giving concern over
the current diversion of high-fluoride water from Lake Beseka.
Of the various flourosis prevention methods tried in Ethiopia,
the treatment of surface water has been shown to be the most feasible
and effective for towns and large commercial farms in the Rift
Valley, although defluoridation methods should be considered for
smaller rural communities.
PMID: 16360195 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16356534&query_hl=11&itool=pubmed_DocSum
Sci Total Environ. 2005 Dec 11;
[Epub ahead of print]
Tealeaves may release or absorb fluoride,
depending on the fluoride content of water.
Kjellevold Malde M, Greiner-Simonsen R,
Julshamn K, Bjorvatn K.
National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, P.O. Box
2029 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway.
As the tea plant (Camellia sinensis) is known to accumulate fluoride
from the soil, the tealeaves may contain high concentrations of
fluoride, which is easily released during infusion. In this study,
we have tested the possible effect of original fluoride concentration
in the water on the fluoride release from tea. Moreover, we wanted
to test the possible capacity of tealeaves (commercially available
tea) to absorb fluoride from high-fluoride water. In low-fluoride
water, fluoride is easily released from tealeaves.
Depending upon the fluoride content of the water, dried tealeaves
are able also to absorb fluoride. Thus, if a cup of tea is made
from high-fluoride water, the fluoride concentration of the infusion
may actually be lower than the original fluoride concentration
of the water.
PMID: 16356534 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16312251&query_hl=11&itool=pubmed_DocSum
J Environ Health. 2005 Oct;68(3):10-7,
32.
Water availability and usage on the New
Mexico/Mexico border.
Li Y, Arnold SD, Kozel C, Forster-Cox S.
Department of Health Science, New Mexico State University, Las
Cruces, NM 88003, USA.
New Mexico, one of four states on the U.S./Mexico border, is
faced with a pressing concern--lack of water. Since the region
is either arid or semiarid, it is chronically short of continually
available surface-water resources. Groundwater resources are used
beyond their capacity to be recharged, and most surface-water
resources are used to the maximum. The quality of groundwater
varies widely. As a result of nonpoint- and point-source contamination,
as well as natural occurrence, water in some areas is too salty
or has high levels of natural uranium, fluoride,
or arsenic. To date, the New Mexico Environment Department
(NMED) has recognized 1,400 cases of groundwater contamination,
and 1,907 water supply wells have been affected (NMED, 2001a).
Of approximate 4,000 miles of coninously flowing rivers and streams
in New Mexico, 92 perent are affected by nonpoint sources of pollution
(NMED, 2001b). Numerous critical water issues exist along the
New Mexico/Mexico border as a result of the impending critical
issue of water availability, usage, and quality, as well as the
fast-growing population. Related public health problems along
the New Mexico/Mexico border are indicative of the need for a
holistic, concrete, and sustainable solution to meet water demands
in New Mexico. In order to accomplish the goals an objectives
of Border XXI, Healthy People 2010, and Heathy Border 2010, a
comprehensive statewide water management plan is needed. Solutions
to the water demands of the region will be addressed in a subsequent
manuscript.
PMID: 16312251 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16231745&query_hl=1
Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed. 2005;115(9):770-3.
Quality control in the production of fluoridated
food grade salt.
Trachsel S.
Laboratory and Development Department, Vereinigte Schweizerische
Rheinsalinen (United Swiss Saltworks on the Rhine), Pratteln.
stefan.trachsel@saline.ch
Fluoridated food grade salt has been manufactured in Switzerland
for 50 years. Since correct dosing is important not only for effective
caries prophylaxis but also in order to guarantee food safety,
the production of fluoridated salt must be accurately monitored.
The authorities do not impose any specific requirements as regards
the purity of the fluoride compounds that are used, nor the homogeneity
or dosing accuracy that should be attained during the manufacture
of fluoridated salt. The quality requirements to be observed and
the means by which these standards are to be ensured must largely
be determined by the producer himself as part of the "self-monitoring"
that is stipulated by the law. Depending on whether fluoridated
salt is manufactured in a continuous or discontinuous process
and on whether the fluoride is added as a solution or in solid
form, a plant-specific testing plan must be drawn up for the implementation
of quality monitoring. On the basis of statutory
requirements, a food manufacturer must subject all the processes
which he carries out to a risk analysis (HACCP study).
Monitoring of the dosing of fluoride must be classified as a Critical
Control Point (CCP). Three well-established testing methods which
have been validated in ring tests are available to determine the
fluoride content in food grade salt (a potentiometric, an ion-chromatographic
and a photometric method). In practice, the potentiometric method
has proven to be a simple, accurate and comparably low-priced
process and is widely used.
PMID: 16231745 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16231747&query_hl=1
Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed. 2005;115(9):778-84.
Cost aspects of salt fluoridation.
Gillespie GM, Marthaler TM.
Oral Epidemiology, University College, London, England. ggkwt@yahoo.com
The cost of salt fluoridation in a given country depends primarily
on the number of salt factories and on the technical level available
in the country. Equipment required may cost U.S. dollars 400,000
for large plants producing at least 20,000 tons/year providing
salt for populations of several millions. Reliable batch mixers
have been built locally for U.S. dollars 3000 to U.S. dollars
10,000, with one such mixer capable of producing 10 batches of
one metric ton/day or 2000 to 3000 tons a year for a population
of 350,000 to 500,000. Frequently 85-90% of the costs are devoted
to infrastructure; in combination with salt iodization, the cost
for fluoride equipment is 30-50% less. loIization is promoted
by WHO, UNICEF, other international organizations and national
aid agencies which can indirectly support salt fluoridation. With
respect to running costs, the expense for the fluoride chemical
is the major factor in small plants producing for example 6000
tons of salt, i. e U.S. dollars 0.015 to 0.03 per year and capita.
The cost for personnel necessary for addition of fluoride and
quality control is approximately U.S. dollars 0.008/capita/year
in small plants and even less in large ones. With adequate implementation,
salt fluoridation affords a cariostatic effectiveness equal to
that of water fluoridation. When its cost is compared to that
of water fluoridation, there may not be much difference regarding
initial cost for equipment except in the case of small salt factories
where local production of batch mixers may lower initial expenses
substantially. Running costs for salt fluoridation
are 10 to 100 times lower because the amount of fluoride chemical
needed and its handling are up to 100 times less than with water
fluoridation. In practice, the cost of salt fluoridation
is often so low that many producers did not raise the price of
fluoridated salt; this has been the case in Switzerland since
1955 and also in several countries in the Americas today.
PMID: 16231747 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16231748&query_hl=1
Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed. 2005;115(9):785-92.
Increasing the public health effectiveness
of fluoridated salt.
Marthaler TM.
Clinic for Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Cariology,
Dental Center, University of Zurich. tmarthal@zui.unizh.ch
This paper aims at assessing the public health potential of salt
fluoridation schemes. There is now solid evidence which shows
that the cariostatic effectiveness of universal salt fluoridation
is equivalent to that of water fluoridation in both the permanent
and primary dentition. In countries of continental Europe, only
domestic salt is fluoridated, and its consistent use may be expected
to warrant a 30% reduction of caries prevalence. However, the
effectiveness in the population at large is lower because only
part of the population uses the fluoridated domestic salt. Under
these conditions, it must be assumed that the effectiveness is
further reduced because families in low S-E strata use fluoridated
salt (FS) less frequently than those in the higher S-E strata
who are known to use preventive methods like toothbrushing twice
a day with a fluoride dentifrice more regularly. Model calculations
tend to show that in Germany, where FS has reached a market share
of 60%, the overall effectiveness is 14% instead of 30%. For France
with a market share of 30% of the fluoridated domestic salt, model
calculations lead to an overall effectiveness of 8%. In order
to obtain a substantial decline of caries in the entire population,
it is important to aim for a high market share of the FS of 80%,
or preferably 90%. This goal can be reached with a relatively
small budget. The task of health ministries would be to promote
the switch from unfluoridated salt to FS; however, such promotion
is often withheld by health ministries. It is possible, through
modest price increases of salt, to finance effective campaigns
inducing the majority of the population to use the fluoridated
variety. On a world wide scale, fluoridation of salt has established
itself as an efficient public health measure.
It may be particularly beneficial for developing countries because
it is by far the cheapest method and it is compatible with the
use of fluoridated toothpastes.
PMID: 16231748 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16233952&query_hl=1
J Hazard Mater. 2005 Oct 15; [Epub
ahead of print]
Defluoridation of groundwater using brick
powder as an adsorbent.
Yadav AK, Kaushik CP, Haritash AK, Kansal
A, Rani N.
Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guru Jambheshwar
University, Hisar 125001, India.
Defluoridation of groundwater using brick powder as an adsorbent
was studied in batch process. Different parameters of adsorption,
viz. effect of pH, effect of dose and contact time were selected
and optimized for the study. Feasible optimum conditions were
applied to two groundwater samples of high fluoride concentration
to study the suitability of adsorbent in field conditions. Comparison
of adsorption by brick powder was made with adsorption by commercially
available activated charcoal. In the optimum condition of pH and
dose of adsorbents, the percentage defluoridation from synthetic
sample, increased from 29.8 to 54.4% for brick powder and from
47.6 to 80.4% for commercially available activated charcoal with
increasing the contact time starting from 15 to 120min. Fluoride
removal was found to be 48.73 and 56.4% from groundwater samples
having 3.14 and 1.21mgl(-1) fluoride, respectively, under the
optimized conditions. Presence of other ions in samples did not
significantly affect the deflouridation efficiency of brick powder.
The optimum pH range for brick powder was found to be 6.0-8.0
and adsorption equilibrium was found to be 60min. These conditions
make it very suitable for use in drinking water treatment. Deflouridation
capacity of brick powder can be explained on the basis of the
chemical interaction of fluoride with the metal oxides under suitable
pH conditions. The adsorption process was found to follow first
order rate mechanism as well as Freundlich isotherm.
PMID: 16233952 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16228887&query_hl=1
Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2005
Jul;75(1):157-162.
Fluoride Content in Soil and Vegetation.
Kalinic N, Hrsak J, Vadjic V, Lambasa-Belak
Z, Mihelcic V, Perkovic B.
Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverskacesta.
2, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia.
No abstract available.
PMID: 16228887 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16183366&query_hl=4
J Am Diet Assoc. 2005 Oct;105(10):1620-1628.
Position of the American Dietetic Association:
The Impact of Fluoride on Health.
ADA Journal.
The American Dietetic Association reaffirms that fluoride is
an important element for all mineralized tissues in the body.
Appropriate fluoride exposure and usage is beneficial to bone
and tooth integrity and, as such, has an important, positive impact
on oral health as well as general health throughout life. Fluoride
is an important element in the mineralization of bone and teeth.
The proper use of topical and systemic fluoride has resulted in
major reductions in dental caries (tooth decay) and its associated
disability. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have
named fluoridation of water as one of the 10 most important public
health measures of the 20th century. Nearly 100 national and international
organizations recognize the public health benefits of community
water fluoridation for preventing dental caries. However, by the
year 2000, over one third of the US population (over 100 million
people) were still without this critical public health measure.
Fluoride also plays a role in bone health. However, the use of
high doses of fluoride for prevention of osteoporosis is considered
experimental at this point. Dietetics professionals should routinely
monitor and promote the use of systemic and topical fluorides,
especially in children and adolescents. The American Dietetic
Association strongly reaffirms its endorsement of the appropriate
use of systemic and topical fluorides, including water fluoridation,
at appropriate levels as an important public health measure throughout
the life span.
PMID: 16183366 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16198478&query_hl=22
J Hazard Mater. 2005 Sep 27; [Epub
ahead of print]
Decomposition of energetic chemicals contaminated
with iron or stainless steel.
Chervin S, Bodman GT, Barnhart RW.
Eastman Kodak Company, 1100 Ridgeway Avenue, Rochester, NY 14652-6270,
USA.
Contamination of chemicals or reaction mixtures with iron or
stainless steel is likely to take place during chemical processing.
If energetic and thermally unstable chemicals are involved in
a manufacturing process, contamination with iron or stainless
steel can impact the decomposition characteristics of these chemicals
and, subsequently, the safety of the processes, and should be
investigated. The goal of this project was to undertake a systematic
approach to study the impact of iron or stainless steel contamination
on the decomposition characteristics of different chemical classes.
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to study the
decomposition reaction by testing each chemical pure, and in mixtures
with iron and stainless steel. The following classes of energetic
chemicals were investigated: nitrobenzenes, tetrazoles, hydrazines,
hydroxylamines and oximes, sulfonic acid derivatives and monomers.
The following non-energetic groups were investigated for contributing
effects: halogens, hydroxyls, amines, amides, nitriles, sulfonic
acid esters, carbonyl halides and salts of hydrochloric acid.
Based on the results obtained, conclusions were drawn regarding
the sensitivity of the decomposition reaction to contamination
with iron and stainless steel for the chemical classes listed
above. It was demonstrated that the most sensitive classes are
hydrazines and hydroxylamines/oximes. Contamination of these chemicals
with iron or stainless steel not only destabilizes them, leading
to decomposition at significantly lower temperatures, but also
sometimes causes increased severity of the decomposition. The
sensitivity of nitrobenzenes to contamination with iron or stainless
steel depended upon the presence of other contributing groups:
the presence of such groups as acid chlorides or chlorine/fluorine
significantly increased the effect of contamination on decomposition
characteristics of nitrobenzenes. The decomposition of
sulfonic acid derivatives and tetrazoles was not impacted by presence
of iron or stainless steel.
PMID: 16198478 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16146004&query_hl=19
Ann Univ Mariae Curie Sklodowska [Med]. 2004;59(1):317-20.
Comparison of fluorine level in the tissues
of healthy teeth and teeth with decay process.
Pikula A, Kedra A, Salaga-Pylak M, Stadnik
A, Sokolowska B, Borzecki A.
Department of Hygiene, Skubiszewski Medical University of Lublin.
The aim of the study was to examine quantitative fluorine content
in tooth tissues with the decay process, tissues of teeth without
decay and tissues with diseases different than those of decay
origin. It has been found that in the examined teeth decay process
the average fluorine content in hard tissues amounted to 235.6
ppm of fluorine and it was lower than in healthy teeth (304.8
ppm) extracted for orthodontic or periodontological reasons, whereas
the highest fluorine content--383.5 ppm--was found in teeth with
diseases of non-decay etiology. Analyzing particular teeth groups
depending on the age of the patients, it
was observed that the fluorine level is higher in the teeth received
from younger patients, especially in the group of healthy
teeth and teeth with wedge defects. Susceptibility of tooth enamel
to dissolution was estimated by the CRT test with the use of discs
impregnated with crystal violet (hexamethylene-4 hydrochloride
of fuchsin) with the range of colour change from yellow and green
to violet and blue at ph 0.1-1.5. The lengthening of the time
of reaction in this test testified to lower acid sensitivity of
tissues and at the same time to harder demineralization of enamel,
e.g. in the process of decay. Longer time of reaction was observed
in teeth with higher indicated fluorine content.
PMID: 16146004 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16112781&query_hl=19
Environ Pollut. 2005 Aug 18; [Epub
ahead of print]
Growth and photosynthetic responses of
two pine species (Pinus koraiensis and Pinus rigida) in a polluted
industrial region in Korea.
Choi DS, Kayama M, Jin HO, Lee CH, Izuta
T, Koike T.
Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo
060-8589, Japan.
We investigated the effects of pollutants on two pine species
(Pinus koraiensis and Pinus rigida) in an industrial region in
Korea, using a physiological approach. The
concentrations of fluorine (F) and chlorine (Cl) in the atmosphere,
in precipitation and soil water at the damaged site were all significantly
higher than at a control site. Moreover, the concentrations of
F, Cl and Mn in pine needles were significantly higher, and essential
elements and chlorophyll in needles were significantly lower at
the damaged site than at the control site. The photosynthetic
capacities, shoot length and survival statistics of needles of
the two pines were all significantly reduced at the damaged site
compared to the control site, especially P. rigida. Based
on our comparison of photosynthetic responses and the concentrations
of F, Cl and Mn in needles of the two pine species, P. koraiensis
is more resistant to excess Mn in its needles than P. rigida.
PMID: 16112781 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16099562&query_hl=19
Environ Pollut. 2005 Aug 11; [Epub
ahead of print]
Radionuclides, heavy metals and fluorine
incidence at Tapira phosphate rocks, Brazil, and their industrial
(by) products.
da Conceicao FT, Bonotto DM.
Unidade Diferenciada Sorocaba/Ipero (UDSI), UNESP, Sorocaba,
Ipero, Brazil.
Inorganic phosphate fertilizers may contain radionuclides, heavy
metals and fluorine. This paper presents the possible environmental
hazards from Tapira phosphate rocks and their (by) products (Brazil)
utilized as phosphate fertilizers. The activity concentration
of (238)U, (234)U, (226)Ra and (40)K in Tapira phosphate rocks
is within the world range for these rock types. The (232)Th activity
concentration is higher than the mean reported in phosphate rocks.
A value of 2184nGy h(-1) was obtained for the exposure dose rate
in Tapira phosphate deposit area, which is indicative of a high
background radiation area. The flotation-separation process causes
the incorporation of no more than 9%, 11% and 24% of radionuclides,
heavy metals and fluorine, respectively, into the phosphate concentrate.
The radionuclides and heavy metals existing in phosphate fertilizers
applied in Brazilian crops according to the recommended rates,
do not raise their concentration in soils to harmful levels.
PMID: 16099562 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16084562&query_hl=19
Chemosphere. 2005 Aug 3; [Epub ahead
of print]
Total toxicity equivalents emissions of
SF(6), CHF(3), and CCl(2)F(2) decomposed in a RF plasma environment.
Wang YF, Shih M, Tsai CH, Tsai PJ.
Department of Bioenvironmental Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian
University, No. 200, Chung Pei Road, Chung-Li 320, Taiwan.
Sulfur hexafluorine compound (SF(6)), trifluoromethane (CHF(3))
and diclorodifluoromethane (CCl(2)F(2)) are extensively used in
the semiconductor industry. They are global warming gases.
Most studies have addressed the effective decomposition of fluorine
compounds, rather than the toxicity of decomposed by-products.
Hence, the concepts of toxicity equivalents (TEQs) were applied
in this work. The results indicated that HF and SiF(4) were the
two greatest contributors of TEQ to the SF(6)/H(2)/Ar plasma system,
while F(2) and SiF(4) were the two greatest contributors to the
SF(6)/O(2)/Ar system. Additionally, SiF(4) and HF were the two
greatest contributors of TEQ to both the CHF(3)/H(2)/Ar and CHF(3)/O(2)/Ar
plasma systems. HF and HCl were the two greatest contributors
of TEQ to the CCl(2)F(2)/H(2)/Ar plasma system, and Cl(2) and
COCl(2) were the two greatest contributors to the CCl(2)F(2)/O(2)/Ar
system. HCl and HF can be recovered using wet scrubbing, which
reduces the toxicity of these emission gases. Consequently, the
hydrogen-based plasma system was a better alternative for treating
gases that contained SF(6), CHF(3) and CCl(2)F(2) from the TEQs
point of view.
PMID: 16084562 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16027963&query_hl=19
Environ Geochem Health. 2005 Dec;27(4):285-8.
Dental caries in fluorine exposure areas
in China.
Binbin W, Baoshan Z, Hongying W, Yakun
P, Yuehua T.
Institute of Geochemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang,
550002, P.R. China. binbin.w@mailcity.com
In this study, fluorine concentrations in drinking water and
in urine of residents from a fluorine exposure area in China were
tested. DMFT (average number of decayed, missing and filled teeth)
of local residents in four age groups were also determined. The
results of the study indicate that in fluorine exposure areas,
there is a strictly positive correlation between fluorine content
in urine and the fluorine content in drinking water. Effect of
dental caries by high fluorine content drinking water is different
for the different age groups. High fluorine
content drinking water is more dangerous for 15-and 18-year-old
groups than 5- and 12-year-old groups.
PMID: 16027963 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16018176&query_hl=19
Tsitol Genet. 2005 Jan-Feb;39(1):34-40.
[Use of natural sorbents for removal of
mutagens from liquid fluorine-organic waste products of monomer
FC-141 manufacture]
[Article in Ukrainian]
Reveha OM, Fitel' NM, Bodnar LS, Kozub IuB.
Study of total mutagenic effects of liquid fluorine-organic waste
products of monomer FC-141 manufacture
has been carried out. Induction of gene mutations according to
the mechanism of pair base replacement and shift of reading frame
and induction of chromosomal aberrations, in particular deletions
and translocations, has been shown. Expediency of use of natural
sorbents for mutageneity removal from fluorine-organic waste products
was investigated. Zeolites and glauconites appeared to be the
most effective ones.
PMID: 16018176 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16044843&query_hl=48
Vopr Pitan. 2005;74(3):50-4.
[Stability of ascorbic acid at it contract
alloy in presence of fluoride ions]
[Article in Russian]
[No authors listed]
Aluminum utensils are considered as potentiAl source of dietary
Aluminums. Report suggests that acidic food cooked or stored in
presence of Aluminum foil contain high concentrations of Aluminum.
Study on fluoride induced leaching of Aluminum from different
pH. Higher concentrations of fluoride and lower pH enhance Aluminum
leaching to a great extent. Evidence was obtained showing that
after a 2-dyas exposure at room temperature in presence of floride
NaF, Aluminum foil liberated nearly 1 mg/l of Aluminum, compared
with less than 0.04 mg/l in absence of fluoride. There is reason
to believe that in experiments with ascorbic acid NaF prevents
the oxidation of ascorbic acid.
PMID: 16044843 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16095064&query_hl=4
Acta Odontol Scand. 2005 Feb;63(1):56-63.
Prevalence of dental fluorosis in children
from non-water-fluoridated Halmstad, Sweden: fluoride toothpaste
use in infancy.
Conway DI, MacPherson LM, Stephen KW, Gilmour
WH, Petersson LG.
Dental Public Health Unit, Level 8, University of Glasgow Dental
Hospital and School, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow G2 3JZ, UK.
D.Conway@dental.gla.ac.uk
OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence and severity of dental
fluorosis in children aged 7-9 years
from non-water-fluoridated Halmstad, Sweden, and to relate the
results to their reported fluoride exposure history during infancy.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: In Spring 2002, a questionnaire distributed
to a cluster random sample of 1039 parents enquired into their
child's early oral health behaviors and included a "photographic
toothpaste menu". The permanent upper anterior teeth (13-23)
were examined clinically (+10% repeats) using a modified Thylstrup-Fejerskov
Index.
RESULTS: Complete data were available for 53% (n=548) of the sampled
children. The prevalence offluorosis at any level was 49% (95%
CI: 45-54%), and of fluorosis with esthetic concern (TF score
> or =3) 4% (95% CI: 3-6%). Based on repeat observations, reliability
was good (kappa = 0.82). There was no statistically significant
increased risk of dental fluorosis prevalence associated with
any of the fluoride exposure risk factors examined, including
reported usage of (1000 ppm) fluoride toothpaste from time of
first deciduous tooth eruption.
CONCLUSIONS: While there were low levels of dental fluorosis of
esthetic concern, half the children had some degree of dental
fluorosis. The prevalence of dental fluorosis was not explained
by the risk factors, including fluoride toothpaste usage as explored
in this study.
PMID: 16095064 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16156172&query_hl=9
Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed. 2005;115(8):685-9.
Monitoring fluoride exposure with fingernail
clippings.
Whitford GM.
Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Medical College
of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912-1129, USA. GWHITFOR@mail.mcg.edu
The purpose of this review is to discuss new information regarding
the relationship between the level of fluoride exposure and the
corresponding fluoride concentrations in fingernail clippings.
While there are several techniques available to extract fluoride
from fingernails prior to analysis with the electrode, the HMDS-facilitated
diffusion method is the most popular. Fluoride enters fingernails
at the growth end and reaches the distal end approximately three
months later. The fluoride concentration in the clipping reflects
the average fluoride intake and plasma concentration during the
period when the clipping was formed. Therefore, the concentration
in the clipping is directly related to the average fluoride exposure
that occurred during a 1-2 week period (depending on the length
of the clipping) about three months ago and not to recent and
possibly variable exposures that occur during the day. Published
studies have demonstrated that fingernail fluoride concentrations
reflect fluoride exposures from drinking water, toothpaste and
the work environment and can be expected to do so for any source
of intake including salt.
PMID: 16156172 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16110207&query_hl=3
Caries Res. 2005 Sep-Oct;39(5):363-70.
Analysis of fingernails and urine as biomarkers
of fluoride exposure from dentifrice and varnish in 4- to 7-year-old
children.
Pessan JP, Pin ML, Martinhon CC, de Silva
SM, Granjeiro JM, Buzalaf MA.
Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Public Health,
Bauru School of Dentistry, University of Sao Paulo, Bauru, SP,
Brazil.
The use of fingernails and urine as biomarkers of exposure to
fluoride (F) from fluoridated dentifrice and varnish was evaluated
in twenty 4- to 7-year-old children, who were divided into two
groups: group A (9 caries-free children) and group B (11 children
with past caries experience). They used a placebo dentifrice for
28 days, fluoridated dentifrice (1,570 ppm F) for the following
28 days, and placebo dentifrice for an additional 28 days, then
returned to their usual dentifrices. Group B children also received
4-week applications of a varnish (2.26% F) while using the fluoridated
dentifrice. Urinary collections were performed 24 h before the
use of fluoridated dentifrice and 24 h (group A) or 48 h (group
B) after. Fingernails were clipped every 2 weeks, for 26 weeks.
Total F intake from diet and dentifrice was estimated. Fingernail
F concentrations did not vary significantly throughout the study.
Twenty-four-hour urinary F outputs (mean +/- SD, microg) were:
414 +/- 200 and 468 +/- 253 for placebo and F dentifrices, respectively
(group A) and 402 +/-206, 691 +/- 345, 492 +/- 243 for placebo
dentifrice, F dentifrice plus F varnish and F dentifrice, respectively
(group B). The use of F dentifrice did not cause a significant
increase in the urinary F output. However, when F varnish was
used, a transitory increase in the urinary F output was detected
(p = 0.001), returning to baseline levels in the last 24 h. Thus,
F varnish is a safe method for topical F application even in children
that use F dentifrice regularly. According
to our protocol, urine was a suitable biomarker of exposure to
F from dentifrice plus varnish, but not from dentifrice alone,
while nails were not.
PMID: 16110207 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16156171&query_hl=9
Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed. 2005;115(8):679-84.
Monitoring salt fluoridation programs through
urinary excretion studies.
Marthaler TM, Schulte AG.
Clinic for Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Cariology,
Dental Center, University of Zurich. tmarthal@zui.unizh.ch
This paper reviews problems associated with urinary collection
for the estimation of fluoride exposure and recent findings in
this context. After intake of a salted meal at noon, children
aged 9 to 14 excreted on average 45 microgF/h. Morning and nocturnal
excretions were only 16 microgF/h with the exception of those
children who ate bread made with fluoridated salt (25 microF/h).
Fluoride excretions in children consuming drinking water with
0.6 to 0.8 ppmF were similar, but the variations within the 24
h period were smaller. When it is not feasible to obtain reliable
24 h urinary collections, fairly precise extrapolations of 24
h excretions can be obtained from three separate collections lasting
about 16 hours, which should cover morning, early afternoon and
the whole night. Three- to six-year-old children benefitting from
optimal fluoride supply through water or milk excreted approximately
0.35 to 0.40 mgF/24 h; this range seems to correspond to an optimal
usage of fluorides. Studies on urinary fluoride excretion, like
those on total fluoride intake, cannot be carried out on random
samples. Due to the necessity of close cooperation of parents
and children, such studies were done with "convenience"
samples. In westernized countries with now
low caries prevalence, intermittent high urinary excretions occur
frequently. Possible sources are fluoride intake from concentrated
oral care products (fluoride gels, fluoride chewing gums) or from
dentifrices (containing 1000 to 1500 ppmF), mineral waters, industrial
tea preparation or fluoride tablets (or other supplements).
These problems do not affect the amount of fluoride in fingernail
clippings which appear to be suitable for the routine monitoring
of fluoride exposure.
PMID: 16156171 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16156170&query_hl=9
Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed. 2005;115(8):675-8.
Fluoride metabolism when added to salt.
Whitford GM.
Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Medical College
of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912-1129, USA. GWHITFOR@mail.mcg.edu
The purpose of this review is to present the general characteristics
of the metabolism of fluoride particularly as it occurs when ingested
with fluoridated salt. Following the absorption of salt-borne
fluoride from the stomach and intestines, its metabolism is identical
to that of water-borne fluoride or other vehicles containing ionized
fluoride. Because fluoridated salt is almost always ingested with
food, however, absorption from the gastrointestinal tract may
be delayed or reduced. Reports dealing with this subject have
shown that fluoride absorption is delayed and, therefore, peak
plasma concentrations are lower than when fluoride is ingested
with water. The amount of ingested fluoride that is finally absorbed,
however, is not appreciably affected unless the meal is composed
mainly of components with high calcium concentrations. In this
case, the extent of absorption can be reduced by as much as 50%.
Fluoridated salt is also ingested less frequently than fluoridated
water. Data are presented to show that the dose size and frequency
of ingestion have only minor effects on fluoride retention in
the body and on the concentrations in plasma, bone and enamel.
Finally, calculations are presented to show that the risk of acute
toxicity from fluoridated salt is virtually non-existent.
PMID: 16156170 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16156169&query_hl=9
Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed. 2005;115(8):670-4.
Salt fluoridation in Central and Eastern
Europe.
Marthaler TM, Pollak GW.
Clinic for Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Cariology,
Center for Dentistry, University of Zurich. tmarthal@zui.unizh.ch
For decades Central European countries have been interested in
preventive dentistry. Water fluoridation played a major role in
the former German Democratic and Czechoslovak Republics and a
minor one in Poland. These schemes were abandoned after 1989.
Extensive research on all aspects of salt fluoridation was conducted
in Hungary from 1966 to 1984 but attempts to introduce it in the
country have had little success. Salt fluoridation was implemented
in the Czech and the Slovak Republics in the mid-nineties.
The market share of the fluoridated domestic salt appears to have
reached 35% in the Czech Republic; it became eventually part of
a preventive strategy comprising school-based dental health education
including topical fluoride. Another four countries have
been considering salt fluoridation but schemes did not materialize.
Antifluoridation activities occasionally impeded caries prevention,
and for years some respected dentists declared their position
against fluorides. Caries prevalence in 12-year-old children is
by 1 to 3 DMFT higher than in Western Europe. For many years to
come, modern fluoride-containing toothpastes and dentifrices may
not be affordable for the lower socio-economic strata of the populations
in Central and Eastern Europe. It is concluded that salt fluoridation,
which is by far the cheapest means of lowering caries prevalence,
could markedly improve the oral health situation even if the economical
situation is slow to improve.
PMID: 16156169 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16156168&query_hl=9
Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed. 2005;115(8):663-9.
Development of salt fluoridation in the
Americas.
Gillespie GM, Baez R.
Department of Epidemiology (Oral Health), University College,
19 Torrington Place, London WC, England. gmgc@msn.com
Fluoridation of water supplies has proven to be an effective
preventive measure for dental caries. Many developing countries
in the Americas have multiple water systems and economies that
do not permit the viable application of this approach. Some of
the highest dental caries prevalence in the world was evident
in the Americas. Fluoridated salt was considered as a potential
solution on account of the urgent need for dental caries prevention
to millions of people with limited access to routine dental services.
A fluoridated salt trial was initiated in Colombia (1963) and
upon successful completion with preventive results comparable
to water fluoridation, the approach was introduced to other countries
and was supported by resolutions of WHO, PAHO, regional health
groups and the FDI. The procedures for addition of fluoride were
comparable to those for iodization and the two elements were compatible.
In the period 1972-2004, ten countries introduced national or
localized programmes and five more initiated programmes. Results,
based on addition of F ion at 200-250 mg/kg salt, indicated caries
prevalence reductions in 12 year olds ranging from 84% in Jamaica,
73% in Costa Rica to 40% in Uruguay at an average cost of 0.06
U.S. dollars /capita/year. This paper provides a background to
the situation in the Americas, illustrates the approaches and
feasibility of implementing viable fluoridated salt programmes
in countries, and demonstrates the results obtainable at minimum
cost.
PMID: 16156168 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16156167&query_hl=9
Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed. 2005;115(8):659-62.
Salt fluoridation in Germany since 1991.
Schulte AG.
Department of Conservative Dentistry, University of Heidelberg,
Germany. andreas_schulte@med.uni-heidelberg.de
Since 1991, fluoridated salt has been on sale in household-size
packages in Germany. Potassium or sodium
fluoride is added to iodized salt until the fluoride concentration
reaches 250 mg/kg. The use of fluoridated salt to prevent
caries is officially recommended by the Deutsche Gesellschaft
fur Zahn-, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde (DGZMK) and several other
associations and groups interested in public health.
In the course of the past thirteen years, the market share of
fluoridated and iodized domestic salt rose to 63.1% in Germany.
However, this positive development must not obscure the fact that
fluoridated and iodized salt is still not allowed to be used in
restaurant or cafeteria kitchens. This restriction now
needs to be revoked in view of the fact that many children, adolescents
and adults take their main meals in cafeterias or restaurants.
Scientific studies have demonstrated beyond doubt that using fluoridated
and iodized salt in cafeteria kitchens poses no problem whatever.
PMID: 16156167 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16156166&query_hl=9
Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed. 2005;115(8):656-8.
Salt fluoridation in France since 1986.
Tramini P.
Service de Sante Publique, U.F.R. d'Odontologie, Universite de
Montpellier I, France. paul.tramini@wanadoo.fr
In 1985, the production and use of fluoridated salt was authorized
in France. Domestic salt both with added
fluoride (at 250 ppm) and without fluoride has been on the market
since 1986. It was recommended to avoid the consumption of fluoridated
salt if the local drinking water contained more than 0.5 milligrams
of fluoride per litre. The legislation has never been modified
since, except for a few developments such as the permission given
to school canteens in 1993 to use fluoridated salt, provided canteen
managers made sure that the drinking water contained no more than
0.5 milligrams of fluoride per litre. Epidemiological surveys
about fluoridated salt in France are few, but they point in the
same direction: decrease of DMFT and DMFS values, evident for
the period 1986-1993 but minimal from 1993 to 1998. In 1999 and
2002, epidemiological comparative surveys were carried out in
Montpellier (France) and Heidelberg (Germany) among 12-year-old
schoolchildren. A decrease in caries prevalence was found in both
towns, particulary in Heidelberg. On the other hand, the two cities
showed some slight differences resulting from public health policy,
from individual preventive habits, and from an earlier introduction
of fluoridated salt in France.
PMID: 16156166 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16156165&query_hl=9
Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed. 2005;115(8):651-5.
Overview of salt fluoridation in Switzerland
since 1955, a short history.
Marthaler TM.
Clinic for Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Cariology,
Dental Center, University of Zurich. tmarthal@zui.unizh.ch
After an early start in 1955, the introduction and acceptance
of fluoridated salt (FS) for domestic use was slow in Switzerland
because up to around 1980 there was no consistent strategy for
the support of the use of FS. Part of the dental community still
supported water fluoridation, while others criticized the insufficient
concentration of fluoride in the salt (90 ppm). All Swiss cantons
have a historical monopoly on salt trade, and until 1983 most
cantonal governments resolved to authorize the sale of fluoridated
domestic salt. Some of the cantonal governments made fluoridated
salt the only available type of "kitchen salt" in 1-kg
packages. After the concentration had been increased to 250 ppm
in 1983, the use of FS gained further acceptance. A temporary
setback occurred in 1992-1994, but was successfully met with by
making the FS available in several package sizes, while other
types of salt (with or without iodine) were available in 500 g
packages only. By 2004, the market share
of fluoridated domestic salt reached 88%. Further endeavours aim
at increasing the use of FS by large kitchens. FS is available
in portions of 12.5 kg (since 2001) and 25 kg (since 1976).
PMID: 16156165 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16034911&query_hl=13
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005
Jul 20;(3):CD003876.
Fluoridated milk for preventing dental
caries.
Yeung C, Hitchings J, Macfarlane T, Threlfall
A, Tickle M, Glenny A.
Unit of Dental Public Health, School of Dentistry, University
of Manchester, Higher Cambridge Street, Manchester, UK, M15 6FH.
BACKGROUND: Dental caries remains a major public health problem
in most industrialised countries, affecting 60% to 90% of school
children and the vast majority of adults. Milk provides a relatively
cost-effective vehicle for fluoride in the prevention of dental
caries.
OBJECTIVES: To determine the effectiveness of fluoridated milk,
as a means of delivering fluoride on a community basis, for preventing
dental caries. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched Cochrane Oral Health
Group Trials Register (28 April 2005), Cochrane Central Register
of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library Issue 2,
2005), MEDLINE (1966 to 17 May 2005), OLDMEDLINE (1950 to 1965),
EMBASE (1980 to 2005 week 20), LILACS (1982 to 17 May 2005), BBO
(1986 to 17 May 2005), SIGLE (1980 to 17 May2005), Digital Dissertations
(1861 to 17 May 2005) and reference lists of relevant articles.
Attempts were made to identify both unpublished and ongoing studies.
There were no language restrictions.
SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised or quasi-randomised controlled
trials (RCTs), with an intervention or follow-up period of at
least 3 years, comparing fluoridated milk with non-fluoridated
milk. Primary outcome was change in caries experience, as measured
by changes in decayed, missing and filled figures on tooth (dmft/DMFT)
and surface (dmfs/DMFS).
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Inclusion
decisions, data extraction and quality assessment were carried
out independently and in duplicate. Study authors were contacted
for additional information where necessary.
MAIN RESULTS: Two RCTs involving 353 children were included. For
permanent teeth, after 3 years there was a significant reduction
in the DMFT (78.4%, P < 0.05) between the test and control
groups in one trial, but not in the other. The latter study only
showed a significant reduction in the DMFT until the fourth (35.5%,
P < 0.02) and fifth (31.2%,P < 0.05) years. For primary
teeth, again there was a significant reduction in the dmft (31.3%,
P< 0.05) between the test and control groups after 3 years
in one study, but not in the other. The results could not be pooled
because of the difference in concentration of fluoride in the
milk.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There are insufficient
studies with good quality evidence examining the effects of fluoridated
milk in preventing dental caries. However, the included
studies suggested that fluoridated milk was beneficial
to school children, especially their permanent dentition. The
data need to be supplemented by further RCTs to provide the highest
level of evidence for practice.
PMID: 16034911 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16109993&query_hl=3
J Dent Res. 2005 Sep;84(9):832-6.
Fluorosis: a new model and new insights.
Bartlett JD, Dwyer SE, Beniash E, Skobe
Z, Payne-Ferreira TL.
Department of Biomineralization and Department of Cytokine Biology,
The Forsyth Institute, and Department of Oral and
Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 140
The Fenway, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
Fluoride is an effective agent for the prevention of dental caries.
However, the mechanism of how excessive fluoride exposure causes
fluorosis remains uncertain. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) exhibit periodic
tooth replacement throughout their lives, thereby providing continuous
access to teeth at developmental stages susceptible to fluoride
exposure. Zebrafish teeth do not contain true enamel, but consist
of a hard enameloid surface. Therefore, we asked whether zebrafish
could be used as a model organism for the study of dental fluorosis.
Scanning electron microscopy of fluoride-treated teeth demonstrated
that the enameloid was pitted and rough, and FTIR analysis demonstrated
that the teeth also contained a significantly higher organic content
when compared with untreated controls. Furthermore, we demonstrate
for the first time that decreased expression of an important signaling
molecule (Alk8) in tooth development may contribute to the observed
fluorotic phenotype, and that increased
cell apoptosis may also play a role in the mechanism of fluorosis.
PMID: 16109993 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16154368&query_hl=19
Vet J. 2005 Sep 8; [Epub ahead of
print]
Pharmacology of the Fluoroquinolones: A
perspective for the use in domestic animals.
Martinez M, McDermott P, Walker R.
US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine,
Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation, Rockville, MD 20855, USA.
The fluoroquinolones are a class of compounds that comprise a
large and expanding group of synthetic antimicrobial agents.
Structurally, all fluoroquinolones contain a fluorine molecule
at the 6-position of the basic quinolone nucleus. Despite
the basic similarity in the core structure of these molecules,
their physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic characteristics
and microbial activities can vary markedly across compounds. The
first of the fluoroquinolones approved for use in animals, enrofloxacin,
was approved in the late 1980s. Since then, five other fluoroquinolones
have been marketed for use in animals in the United States, with
others currently under investigation. This review focuses on the
use of fluoroquinolones within veterinary medicine, providing
an overview of the structure-activity relationship of the various
members of the group, the clinical uses of fluoroquinolones in
veterinary medicine, their pharmacokinetics and potential interspecies
differences, an overview of the current understanding of the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic
relationships associated with fluoroquinolones, a summary of toxicities
that have been associated with this class of compounds, their
use in both in human and veterinary species, mechanisms associated
with the development of microbial resistance to the fluoroquinolones,
and a discussion of fluoroquinolone dose optimization. Although
the review contains a large body of basic research information,
it is intended that the contents of this review have relevance
to both the research scientist and the veterinary medical practitioner.
PMID: 16154368 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16098643&query_hl=3
J Environ Radioact. 2005 Aug 9;
[Epub ahead of print]
Natural radioactivity in Brazilian groundwater.
Godoy JM, Godoy ML.
Instituto de Radioprotecao e Dosimetria, Comissao Nacional de
Energia Nuclear, Avenida Salvador Allende s/n, Recreio dos Bandeirantes,
CEP 22780-160 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Departamento de Quimica,
Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Marques
de Sao Vicente 225, Gavea, CEP 22543-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
More than 220 groundwater samples were
analyzed for (228)Ra, (226)Ra, (222)Rn, (210)Pb, U(nat),
Th(nat), pH, conductivity, fluoride
and some additional elements determined by ICP-MS. Since samples
from several Brazilian states were taken, involving areas with
quite different geologies, no general trend was observed relating
the chemical composition and the natural radionuclide content.
On the other hand, (210)Pb strongly depends on the water content
of its progenitor, (222)Rn. The values obtained during the present
work were compared with those reported by Hainberger et al. [Hainberger,
P.L., de Oliveira Paiva, I.R., Salles Andrade, H.A., Zundel, G.,
Cullen, T.L., 1974. Radioactivity in Brazilian mineral waters.
Radiation Data and Reports, 483-488.], when more than 270 groundwater
samples were analyzed, mainly, for (226)Ra. Based on the results
of both works, it was possible to build a database including the
results of both works, generating a set with the radium content
of circa 350 groundwater sources. It was demonstrated that (228)Ra,
(226)Ra, (222)Rn, (210)Pb and U(nat) content in Brazilian groundwater
follows a lognormal distribution and the obtained geometric mean
were 0.045, 0.014, 57.7, 0.040BqL(-1) and 1.2mugL(-1), respectively.
PMID: 16098643 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16128790&query_hl=9
Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2005
Oct;33(5):317-25.
Fluoride exposure from ingested toothpaste
in 4-5-year-old Malaysian children.
Siew Tan B, Razak IA.
Stomatology Unit, Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang,
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. bsiew_tan@yahoo.com
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess (by direct determination)
the fluoride (F) exposure from ingested toothpaste among 4-5-year-old
Malaysian children.
METHODS: This was part of a larger study to determine fluorosis
status and F exposures. A total of 1343 10-11-year-old subjects
were sampled by two-stage systematic random sampling for assessment
of fluorosis. Two hundred 4-5-year-old siblings of these index
subjects were sub-sampled for determination of F exposures from
ingested toothpastes and other sources. Estimations of F ingested
from toothpaste (FI) was made by the method of difference between
'F in toothpaste taken for use' and the 'F in toothpaste used
but not swallowed', by the duplicate technique under normal home
conditions. F ions were determined with the combination selective
ion electrode.
RESULTS: The subjects ingested 32.9% of the toothpaste placed
on the brush. Fluoride exposure from ingested toothpaste was highly
variable and the mean was 426.9 +/- 505.5 microg (SEM 38.9)/48
h, or 213.5 microg/day and 131.9 microg per brushing.
CONCLUSIONS: The amount of ingested fluoride (FI) per brushing
in this study was the lowest of all studies reporting this parameter
and was within the pea-size range of 125-250 microg. Because of
the highly statistically significant correlations between the
FI from toothpaste and the amount of toothpaste dispensed (Pearson's
correlation coefficient 0.647, P = 0.000), parents should assume
responsibility for placement of toothpaste and limit the amount
of toothpaste used.
PMID: 16128790 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16126217&query_hl=9
J Colloid Interface Sci. 2005 Aug
26; [Epub ahead of print]
Defluoridation of drinking water using
activated titanium rich bauxite.
Das N, Pattanaik P, Das R.
Applied Chemistry and Corrosion Division, National Metallurgical
Laboratory (CSIR), Jamshedpur 831 007, India;
Department of Chemistry, North Orissa University, Takatpur, Baripada
757 003, India.
The potential of thermally activated titanium rich bauxite (TRB)
for adsorptive removal of excess fluoride from drinking water
was examined. Adsorption with respect to variation of pH, adsorbent
dose, initial fluoride concentration, presence of interfering
ions and heat treatment were investigated by batch equilibrium
experiments. Thermal activation at moderate temperatures (300-450
degrees C) greatly increased the adsorption capacity of TRB. The
rate of adsorption was rapid and maximum level was attained within
90 min. The uptake of fluoride increased with increasing pH, reached
to a maximum at pH 5.5-6.5 and thereafter decreased. The adsorption
kinetics was found to follow first order rate expression and the
experimental equilibrium adsorption data fitted reasonably well
to both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The presence
of common interfering ions in drinking water did not greatly affect
the uptake of fluoride from aqueous solution indicating F specific
sorption behaviour of TRB. Nearly complete desorption of adsorbed
fluoride from loaded bauxite was achieved by treating with aqueous
solutions of pH 11.1 ([NaOH] 0.015 mol/dm(3)).
PMID: 16126217 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Full Free Report at http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5403a1.htm
MMWR Surveill Summ. 2005 Aug 26;54(3):1-43.
Surveillance for dental caries, dental
sealants, tooth retention, edentulism, and enamel fluorosis--United
States, 1988-1994 and 1999-2002.
Beltran-Aguilar ED, Barker LK, Canto MT,
Dye BA, Gooch BF, Griffin SO, Hyman J, Jaramillo F, Kingman A,
Nowjack-Raymer R, Selwitz RH, Wu T; Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (CDC).
Division of Oral Health, National Center for Chronic Disease
Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC, USA.
PROBLEM/CONDITION: Dental caries is a common chronic disease
that causes pain and disability across all age groups. If left
untreated, dental caries can lead to pain and infection, tooth
loss, and edentulism (total tooth loss). Dental sealants are effective
in preventing dental caries in the occlusal (chewing) and other
pitted and fissured surfaces of the teeth. Enamel fluorosis is
a hypomineralization of enamel related to fluoride exposure during
tooth formation (first 6 years for most permanent teeth). Exposure
to fluoride throughout life is effective in preventing dental
caries. This is the first CDC Surveillance Summary that addresses
these conditions and practices.
REPORTING PERIOD: 1988-1994 and 1999-2002.
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION: The National Health and Nutrition Examination
Survey (NHANES) is an ongoing survey of representative samples
of the civilian, noninstitutionalized U.S. population aged >/=2
months in NHANES 1988-1994 and all ages during 1999-2002. The
dental component gathered information on persons aged >/=2
years.
RESULTS: During 1999-2002, among children aged 2-11 years, 41%
had dental caries in their primary teeth. Forty-two percent of
children and adolescents aged 6-19 years and approximately 90%
of adults had dental caries in their permanent teeth. Among children
aged 6-19 years, 32% had received dental sealants. Adults aged
>/=20 years retained a mean of 24 of 28 natural teeth and 8%
were edentulous. Among persons aged 6-39 years, 23% had very mild
or greater enamel fluorosis. Disparities were noticed across all
age groups, among racial/ethnic groups, persons with lower education
and income, and by smoking status. From 1988-1994 to 1999-2002,
four trends were observed: 1) no change in the prevalence of dental
caries in primary teeth among children aged 2-11 years, 2) a reduction
in prevalence of caries in permanent teeth of up to 10 percentage
points among persons aged 6-19 years and up to six percentage
points among dentate adults aged >/=20 years, 3) an increase
of 13 percentage points in dental sealants among persons aged
6-19 years, and 4) a six percentage point reduction in total tooth
loss (edentulism) among persons aged >/=60 years.
INTERPRETATION: The findings of this report indicate that the
dental caries status of permanent teeth has improved since the
1988-1994 survey. Despite the decrease in caries prevalence and
severity in the permanent dentition and the increase in the proportion
of children and adolescents who benefit from dental sealants,
disparities remain.
PUBLIC HEALTH ACTION: These data provide information for public
health professionals in designing interventions to improve oral
health and to reduce disparities in oral health, for researchers
in assessing factors associated with disparities and dental caries
in primary teeth, and in designing timely surveillance tools to
monitor total fluoride exposure.
PMID: 16121123 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16119654&query_hl=3
Rocz Akad Med Bialymst. 2005;50
Suppl 1:160-2.
Effect of fluoride preparations on the
activity of human salivary cathepsin C.
Dabrowska E, Letko M, Roszkowska-Jakimiec
W, Letko R, Jamiolkowski J.
Department of Social and Preventive Dentistry, Medical University
of Bialystok, Poland. helpdentamb@tlen.pl
Preparations containing organic and inorganic fluorine compounds
are used for oral hygiene. Fluoride ions contained in these preparations
display high bioactivity and can alter the environment of the
mouth. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of preparations
containing aminofluorides, commonly used in oral hygiene, on the
activity of salivary cathepsin C (EC 3.4.14.1). The research material
included mixed saliva, collected at rest before and after the
application of the following preparations: Elmex gelee, Elmex
red fluid, Elmex green fluid, Fluormex rinse. The salivary pH,
concentration of fluoride ions and activity of cathepsin C were
determined. Fluoride preparations inhibit
the activity of cathepsin C and cause changes in human salivary
pH. Saliva can serve as a diagnostic material in the examination
of the environmental exposure to fluorides.
PMID: 16119654 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16119021&query_hl=3
SADJ. 2005 Jul;60(6):238-40.
A comparison of results of fluoride determinations
by different laboratories.
Mthethwa MT, du Plessis JB.
Dip Dental Hygiene, Swaziland Institute of Health Sciences.
With water fluoridation imminent in South Africa, the accurate
determination of the fluoride content of water is important. The
aim of this study was to compare the fluoride content of water
reported by 9 laboratories and the laboratory at the South African
Bureau of Standards (SABS). The SABS and 9 South African laboratories
were asked to determine the fluoride content of five water samples.
The fluoride content of the samples was in a range that could
be expected in South African waters. The laboratories were requested
to disclose their methods for fluoride determination. The results
reported by the laboratories were compared to the results reported
by the SABS laboratory. Fluoride concentrations of 0.13, 0.22
and 0.58 mg/litre were reproduced to within 0.05 mg/litre by two,
six and three laboratories respectively. At the 1.1 and 1.5 mg/litre
concentration no laboratory could achieve this accuracy. Four
different methods for the determination of fluoride were used.
At present laboratories determining fluoride
concentrations are not accurate enough to ensure that the process
of water fluoridation will be safe. Laboratories will have
to check their procedures to ensure better results before water
fluoridation can commence.
PMID: 16119021 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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