The Endocrine System:
Illustration by K. Born in Our Stolen Future
(1996)
by Theo Colborn, Dianne Dumanoski and JP Myers
Note:
This is not an exhaustive list.
When time allows more information will be added.
Bifenthrin
- Insecticide, Acaricide- CAS Nos. 82657-04-3 (Cis);
83322-02-5 (Trans)
"Suspected
Endocrine Disruptor"
Ref:
PAN
Pesticides Database
Suspected
Endocrine Disruptor
Ref: June 14, 2001 - Implementation of the
Community Strategy for Endocrine Disruptors - a range of substances
suspected of interfering with the hormone systems of humans and
wildlife. Communication from the Commission to the Council and
the European Parliament. Commission of the European Communities,
Brussels COM (2001) 262 final.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/endocrine.disruptors.ec2001.pdf
More information available at:
http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/com/cnc/2001/com2001_0262en01.pdf
Cyhalothrin
-
Acaricide, Insecticide
- CAS No.
68085-85-8
"Suspected
Endocrine Disruptor"
Ref:
PAN
Pesticides Database
Suspected
Endocrine Disruptor
Ref: June 14, 2001 - Implementation of the
Community Strategy for Endocrine Disruptors - a range of substances
suspected of interfering with the hormone systems of humans and
wildlife. Communication from the Commission to the Council and
the European Parliament. Commission of the European Communities,
Brussels COM (2001) 262 final.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Endocrine.Disruptors.EC2001.pdf
More information available at:
http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/com/cnc/2001/com2001_0262en01.pdf
Cyhalothrin,
gamma - Insecticide
- CAS No.
76703-62-3
Suspected
Endocrine Disruptor
Ref:
PAN
Pesticides Database
Cyhalothrin,
lambda -
Insecticide - CAS No. 91465-08-6
Suspected
Endocrine Disruptor
Ref:
PAN
Pesticides Database
Dichlofluanid
- Wood Preservative, Antifoulant, Fungicide,
Acaricide -
CAS No.1085-98-9
Dichlofluanide
has been reported as a
hormonal active substance in the environment in
a review of the German Umweltbundesambt (Schramm et al., 1996).
However, a concentration range for which this "hormonal activity"
was found, was not reported (page 44).
[Schramm K.-w., thumm W. * Kettrup A. (1996).
Hormonal active substances in the environment: exposition, impact
and detection. Expert Round. Endocrinically active chemicals in
the environment. UBA Texte 3/96. Umweltbundesamt, Germay.]
Ref: RIVM report 601506005. BIOCIDES (II).
Refined aquatic environmental risk assessment of 28 priority biocides.
B.J.W.G. Mensink. November 2000. RIVM = Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid
en Milieu. National Institute of Public Health and the Environment.
http://www.rivm.nl/bibliotheek/rapporten/601506005.pdf
Diflubenzuron
- Insecticide,
Acaricide -
CAS No. 35367-38-5
Suspected
Endocrine Disruptor
Ref: June 14, 2001 - Implementation of the
Community Strategy for Endocrine Disruptors - a range of substances
suspected of interfering with the hormone systems of humans and
wildlife. Communication from the Commission to the Council and
the European Parliament. Commission of the European Communities,
Brussels COM (2001) 262 final.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Endocrine.Disruptors.EC2001.pdf
More information available at:
http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/com/cnc/2001/com2001_0262en01.pdf
Epoxiconazole
- Fungicide - CAS
No. 135319-73-2
(formerly CAS No. 106325-08-0)
Suspected
Endocrine Disruptor
Ref: June 14, 2001 - Implementation of the
Community Strategy for Endocrine Disruptors - a range of substances
suspected of interfering with the hormone systems of humans and
wildlife. Communication from the Commission to the Council and
the European Parliament. Commission of the European Communities,
Brussels COM (2001) 262 final.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Endocrine.Disruptors.EC2001.pdf
More information available at:
http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/com/cnc/2001/com2001_0262en01.pdf
"Epoxyconazole
106325-08-0 Banned. Low degradability, toxic to water-living organisms
and endocrine effects. 1997."
Definition: "Banned. A substance which for health or environmental
reasons by an authority decision is either no longer approved
for any area of application, or for which an approval or registration
has been denied from the first instance."
Ref: Euopean Commission. Appendix 5. Substances
which may not be included as active ingredients in approved pesticide
products, Chapter 15, Section 2, subsection one.
http://www.kemi.se/lagar_eng/pdf/app5_8.pdf
Fipronil
-
Acaracide, Insecticide, Wood Preservative -
CAS No.120068-37-3
Endocrine
disruption.
Data from the reproduction/ developmental toxicity and short-
and long-term repeated dose toxicity studies with fipronil in
the rat, rabbit, mouse, or dog, do not suggest any endocrine disruption
activity. This information is based on the absence of any treatment-related
effects from the histopathological examination of reproductive
organs as well as the absence of possible effects on fertility,
reproductive performance, or any other aspect of reproductive
function, or on growth and development of the offspring. Evidence
of offspring toxicity was observed only in the presence of significant
parental toxicity. Fipronil disrupts the
thyroid-pituitary axis. However,
mechanistic studies have demonstrated that fipronil decreases
thyroid hormone levels in long-term studies via increased clearance,
rather than a direct effect on the thyroid. Concerns related to
long-term exposure of fipronil are addressed in human risk estimates,
as the chronic RfD (0.0002 mg/kg/day) is based on endpoints that
include thyroid hormone related effects in rats.
Ref:
August 24, 2005. Federal Register. Fipronil; Notice of Filing
a Pesticide Petition to Establish a Tolerance for a Certain Pesticide
Chemical in or on Food.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/fipronil.fr.aug.24.2005.html
Abstract: The purpose
of the present study was to investigate possible reproductive
adverse effects of fipronil (Frontline TopSpot)
in female Wistar rats. The pesticide
was topically applied to rats (single dose) at different concentrations
(70, 140 and 280 mg/kg) and hormonal analysis, estrous cycle,
and pregnancy and outcome data were determined. Treatment
with fipronil altered cyclicity of
female rats lengthening the estrous cycle (days) after a single
topic administration of 70 mg/kg (9.7+/-1.18) or 280 mg/kg (14.5+/-1.45)
when compared to control (4.8+/-0.17). In
the mating study fipronil reduced
the pregnancy index (67%) in the highest
dose group (280 mg/kg). Plasma progesterone and estradiol
levels, obtained in different periods after treatment with fipronil
(70 mg/kg), were significantly different 96 h after treatment,
when compared to controls. In summary, the results of the
present study indicate that fipronil may alter the normal functioning
of the endocrine system and cause adverse reproductive effects
in female rats.
Ref:
Reproductive adverse effects of fipronil in Wistar rats. Ohi M,
Dalsenter PR, Andrade AJ, Nascimento AJ. Toxicol Lett. 2004 Jan
15;146(2):121-7.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14643964
Abstract:
Vitellogenin (VTG) has been widely used as a biomarker of estrogenic
exposure in fish, leading to the development of standardized assays
for VTG quantification. However, standardized quantitative assays
for invertebrate, particularly crustacean, lipovitellin (also
known as vitellin [VTN]) are lacking. In this study, a fluorescence-based
VTN enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to
quantify microquantities of VTN in the estuarine, sediment-dwelling
copepod Amphiascus tenuiremis. This ELISA utilizes a VTN-specific
polyclonal antibody developed against amphipod (Leptocheirus plumulosus)
embryo VTN and exhibits specificity toward female copepod proteins.
In routine assays, the working range of the ELISA was 31.25 to
1,000 ng/ml (75-25% specific binding/maximum antibody binding
[B/B0]) with a 50% B/B0 intra- and interassay variation of 3.9%
(n = 9) and 12.5% (n = 26), respectively. This ELISA is capable
of detecting VTN as low as 2 ng/ml, and can accurately detect
VTN in as few as four copepods. The ELISA significantly discriminated
positive (gravid female) and negative (male) samples, and was
suitable for screening endocrine toxicity in copepods. Stage-I
juvenile copepods were individually reared to adults in aqueous
microvolumes of the phenylpyrazole insecticide, fipronil, and
whole-body homogenate extracts were assayed for VTN levels. Fipronil-exposed
virgin adult females, but not males, exhibited significantly higher
levels of VTN relative to control males and females. This crustacean
VTN ELISA is likely useful for evaluating endocrine activity of
environmental toxicants in copepods and other crustacean species.
Ref: Environ Toxicol Chem. 2004 Feb;23(2):298-305.
An
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for lipovitellin quantification
in copepods: a screening tool for endocrine toxicity; by Volz
DC, Chandler GT.
The purpose of the
present study was to investigate possible reproductive adverse
effects of fipronil (Frontline TopSpot)
in female Wistar rats. The pesticide
was topically applied to rats (single dose) at different concentrations
(70, 140 and 280 mg/kg) and hormonal analysis, estrous cycle,
and pregnancy and outcome data were determined. Treatment
with fipronil altered cyclicity of female rats lengthening the
estrous cycle (days) after a single topic
administration of 70 mg/kg (9.7+/-1.18) or 280 mg/kg (14.5+/-1.45)
when compared to control (4.8+/-0.17).
In the mating study fipronil reduced the pregnancy index (67%)
in the highest dose group (280 mg/kg). Plasma progesterone and
estradiol levels, obtained in different periods after treatment
with fipronil (70 mg/kg), were significantly different 96 h after
treatment, when compared to controls. In summary, the results
of the present study indicate that
fipronil may alter the normal functioning of the endocrine system
and cause adverse reproductive effects in female rats.
Ref:
Toxicol Lett. 2004 Jan 15;146(2):121-7. Reproductive adverse effects
of fipronil in Wistar rats; by Ohi M, Dalsenter PR, Andrade AJ,
Nascimento AJ.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14643964
"Suspected
Endocrine Disruptor"
Ref:
PAN
Pesticides Database
Suspected
Endocrine Disruptor
Ref: June 14, 2001 - Implementation of the
Community Strategy for Endocrine Disruptors - a range of substances
suspected of interfering with the hormone systems of humans and
wildlife. Communication from the Commission to the Council and
the European Parliament. Commission of the European Communities,
Brussels COM (2001) 262 final.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Endocrine.Disruptors.EC2001.pdf
More information available at:
http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/com/cnc/2001/com2001_0262en01.pdf
Fluazifop-butyl
- Herbicide -
CAS No. 69806-50-4
Suspected
Endocrine Disruptor
Ref: June 14, 2001 - Implementation of the
Community Strategy for Endocrine Disruptors - a range of substances
suspected of interfering with the hormone systems of humans and
wildlife. Communication from the Commission to the Council and
the European Parliament. Commission of the European Communities,
Brussels COM (2001) 262 final.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Endocrine.Disruptors.EC2001.pdf
More
information available at:
http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/com/cnc/2001/com2001_0262en01.pdf
Flusilazole
- Fungicide (azole) - CAS
No. 85509-19-9
Abstract:
Azoles (imidazoles and triazoles) are used as antifungal agents
in agriculture and in medicine, and also for antiestrogen therapy,
e.g., for breast cancer treatment.
Antifungal activity is based on inhibition of fungal CYP51 (lanosterol
14alpha-demethylase), and estrogen biosynthesis reduction is due
to azole inhibition of CYP19 (aromatase).
Inhibition of aromatase by antifungal agents is usually
an unwanted side effect and may cause endocrine disruption. A
fluorimetric assay based on human recombinant CYP19 enzyme with
dibenzylfluorescein as a substrate was used to compare the inhibitory
potency of 22 azole compounds. Dose responses were established
and duplicate datasets were analyzed with a nonlinear mixed-effects
model with cumulative normal distribution for the logarithm of
concentration. IC50 values (50% inhibitory concentration) of 13
fungicides used in agriculture ranged more than 700-fold, starting
from 0.047 microM. The potency of seven human drugs spanned more
than 7000-fold, starting from 0.019 microM. Most
potent fungicides included prochloraz, flusilazole,
and imazalil, and most potent medicinal antifungals were bifonazole,
miconazole, and clotrimazole. These in vitro data indicate that
the top-ranking azoles used as antifungal agents or drugs are
as potent inhibitors of aromatase as are antiestrogen therapeutics
used to treat breast cancer. These putative
effects of azole agents and drugs on steroid biosynthesis and
sex hormone balance should be considered when used in human subjects
and also in wildlife exposed to azole fungicides used in agriculture.
Ref:
Comparative assessment of the inhibition of recombinant human
CYP19 (aromatase) by azoles used in agriculture and as drugs for
humans. Trosken
ER, Scholz K, Lutz RW, Volkel W, Zarn JA, Lutz WK. Endocr Res.
2004 Aug;30(3):387-94.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15554355
•
Definition of aromatase inhibition:
Prevention of the formation of estradiol, a female hormone,
by interfering with an aromatase enzyme. Aromatase inhibition
is a type of hormone therapy used in postmenopausal women who
have hormone-dependent breast cancer.
Fluvalinate
- Acaricide,
Insecticide - CAS
No. 69409-94-5
Suspected
Endocrine Disruptor
Ref:
PAN
Pesticides Database
Hydramethylnon
- Insecticide
- CAS No. 67485-29-4
EPA
may require further testing of this active ingredient and end
use products for endocrine disruptor effects.
Ref: Federal Register. March 4, 1998. Pesticide
tolerances for emergency exemptions. Final Rule.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/hydramethylnon.fr.mar4.1998.htm
Prodiamine
- Herbicide - CAS No. 29091-21-2
"Suspected
Endocrine Disruptor"
Ref:
PAN
Pesticides Database
Suspected
Endocrine Disruptor
Ref: June 14, 2001 - Implementation of the
Community Strategy for Endocrine Disruptors - a range of substances
suspected of interfering with the hormone systems of humans and
wildlife. Communication from the Commission to the Council and
the European Parliament. Commission of the European Communities,
Brussels COM (2001) 262 final.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Endocrine.Disruptors.EC2001.pdf
More information available at:
http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/com/cnc/2001/com2001_0262en01.pdf
Tembotrione - Herbicide - CAS No. 335104-84-2
• Certain changes in multiple organs seen in the subchronic, chronic, dermal, and reproduction studies (e.g., microscopic changes in the thyroid gland, adrenal gland, and pancreas; increased number of corpora lutea in the ovary, and delayed preputial separation) may be due to various mechanisms including possible liver-pituitary-thyroid homeostatic disruption or inhibition of steroid synthesis (page 6).
• When additional appropriate screening and/or testing protocols being considered under the Agency’s EDSP have been developed, tembotrione may be subjected to further screening and/or testing to better characterize effects related to endocrine disruption (page 29).
Reference: Tembotrione. Human-Health Risk Assessment for Proposed Uses on Field Corn, Sweet Corn and Popcorn. USEPA. September 7, 2007.
TFM
(3-Trifluoro-Methyl-4-Nitro-Phenol)
- Lampricide, Piscicide - CAS No. 88-30-2
-- TFM treatments have
been associated with induction of hepatic mixed function oxyganase
activity and altered levels of circulating
steroids in fish and induced hepatic
vitellogenesis in primary cultures of rainbow trout hepatocytes
(Hewitt et al. 1997). As such, TFM acts
as an estradiol agonist and
has a demonstrated endocrine disrupting effect...
-- Abundance of sea lamprey peaked in several Great Lakes before
chemical control began. The sex ratio in
these peak populations were predominately males (68-71%). Following
a decade of lampricide treatments, populations of sea lampreys
showed marked declines and the sex ratios in these populations
shifted toward a predominance of females accounting for 72% of
the population (Henrich, et al, 1979). This publication by Henrich
concludes that lampricides reduced the populations of sea lampreys
in the Great Lakes and contributed to the sequential shifting
of the sex composition from a predominance of males to a predominance
of females. There are no data to support that the endocrine
mediated effect associated with TFM is related to the observed
sex-ratio shifts among TFM-treated populations of sea lamprey
[page 23].
Ref: November 1999 US EPA's Reregistration
Eligibility Decision (RED) for 3-Trifluoro-Methyl-4-Nitro-Phenol
and Niclosamide). http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/tfm.red.1999.pdf
Abstract: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT:
BIOL ABS. Recent laboratory studies with nontarget fish species
have shown that the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol
(TFM) exhibits estrogenic activity through binding to rainbow
trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatic estrogen receptors and induction
of vitellogenin in hepatocyte cultures. In addition, mixed function
oxygenase (MFO) activity associated with exposure to field formulations
has been attributed in part to the presence of chloro-nitrotrifluoromethyl-dibenzo-p-dioxin
impurities. To investigate the environmental effects associated
with these findings, the temporal and spatial patterns of MFO
activity and vitellogenin induction were monitored in three nontarget
fish species following a TFM field treatment. Elevated MFO activity
was detected as early as 1 day in caged rainbow trout and activity
in trout, wild white sucker (Catostomus commersoni), and longnose
dace (Rhinichthys cataractae) peaked 2 or 3 days after treatment.
Highest activities were observed in fish
Ref:
HEWITT LM et al. (1998). Hepatic mixed function oxygenase activity
and vitellogenin induction in fish following a treatment of the
lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM). CANADIAN JOURNAL
OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES; 55 (9). 1998. 2078-2086.
Thiazopyr
- Herbicide - CAS No. 117718-60-2
Suspected
Endocrine Disruptor
Ref: June 14, 2001 - Implementation of the
Community Strategy for Endocrine Disruptors - a range of substances
suspected of interfering with the hormone systems of humans and
wildlife. Communication from the Commission to the Council and
the European Parliament. Commission of the European Communities,
Brussels COM (2001) 262 final.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Endocrine.Disruptors.EC2001.pdf
More information available at:
http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/com/cnc/2001/com2001_0262en01.pdf
Tributyltin
fluoride - Antifoulant, Fungicide,
Microbiocide - CAS No. 1983-10-4
Suspected
Endocrine Disruptor
Ref: June 14, 2001 - Implementation of the
Community Strategy for Endocrine Disruptors - a range of substances
suspected of interfering with the hormone systems of humans and
wildlife. Communication from the Commission to the Council and
the European Parliament. Commission of the European Communities,
Brussels COM (2001) 262 final.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Endocrine.Disruptors.EC2001.pdf
More information available at:
http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/com/cnc/2001/com2001_0262en01.pdf
Table
9 Organotin compounds suspected of being endocrine disruptors. |
Common
name |
CAS-no. |
Y
/µg l Ð1 |
log
P ow |
Bis(tributyltin)oxide |
56-35-9 |
8000
Ð10 000 |
3.62 |
Triphenyltinhydroxide |
76-87-9 |
400 |
- |
Tributyltin
fluoride |
1983-10-4 |
- |
- |
Ysat
:Water solubility in seawater at 22 ¡C.
P ow :Partition coefficient octanol/water. |
Ref:
Endocrine Disruptors in the Environment (IUPAC Technical
Report). Prepared for publication by J.LINTELMANN et al.
INTERNATIONAL UNION OF PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY. Pure
Appl.Chem.,Vol.75,No.5,pp.631 Ð681,2003. ©2003 IUPAC.
Full report available at
http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/2003/pdf/7505x0631.pdf |
Trifluralin
- Herbicide - CAS No. 1582-09-8
Suspected
Endocrine Disruptor
Ref:
PAN
Pesticides Database
Suspected
Endocrine Disruptor
Ref: June 14, 2001 - Implementation of the
Community Strategy for Endocrine Disruptors - a range of substances
suspected of interfering with the hormone systems of humans and
wildlife. Communication from the Commission to the Council and
the European Parliament. Commission of the European Communities,
Brussels COM (2001) 262 final.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Endocrine.Disruptors.EC2001.pdf
More information available at:
http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/com/cnc/2001/com2001_0262en01.pdf
|