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1994 Fluoride Abstracts. Part 2.
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8188103&dopt=AbstractHarefuah 1994 Mar 1;126(5):258-9, 303
[Death from fluoro-silicate in floor polish]
[Article in Hebrew]
Raikhlin-Eisenkraft B, Nutenko I, Kniznik D, Merzel J, Lev A.
Israel Poison Information Center, Haifa.
A fatal case of poisoning due to ingestion of an apparently innocuous household product is described. A healthy 28-year-old man accidentally drank floor polish (Cristalizador, a Spanish import). On arrival at the emergency room a few hours later he passed large amounts of bloody stool and lost consciousness. A call to the Spanish Poison Center revealed that although not indicated on the label, the polish contained a highly poisonous salt, fluoro-silicate. Blood gas analysis revealed severe metabolic acidosis. Serum calcium was 3.8 mg/dL. The post-resuscitation ECG showed subendocardial ischemia and ST-elevation in the anteroseptal wall and prolonged QT-interval. In the intensive care unit he received large amounts of fluids, dopamine, sodium bicarbonate and calcium. Despite the treatment, his condition continued to deteriorate: VPB's appeared, there was a short run of ventricular tachycardia and then atrial fibrillation developed. Further treatment included lidocaine, verapamil, amiodarone, and electrical cardioversion. Blood pressure remained low and 11 hours after admission he died of myocardial infarction, severe arrhythmia and multi-organ failure.
PMID: 8188103 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8259189&dopt=AbstractN Engl J Med 1994 Jan 13;330(2):95-9
Acute fluoride poisoning from a public water system.
Gessner BD, Beller M, Middaugh JP, Whitford GM.
Division of Field Epidemiology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta.
BACKGROUND. Acute fluoride poisoning produces a clinical syndrome characterized by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and paresthesias. In May 1992, excess fluoride in one of two public water systems serving a village in Alaska caused an outbreak of acute fluoride poisoning.
METHODS. We surveyed residents, measured their urinary fluoride concentrations, and analyzed their serum-chemistry profiles. A case of fluoride poisoning was defined as an illness consisting of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, or numbness or tingling of the face or extremities that began between May 21 and 23.
RESULTS. Among 47 residents studied who drank water obtained on May 21, 22, or 23 from the implicated well, 43 (91 percent) had an illness that met the case definition, as compared with only 6 of 21 residents (29 percent) who drank water obtained from the implicated well at other times and 2 of 94 residents (2 percent) served by the other water system. We estimated that 296 people were poisoned; 1 person died. Four to five days after the outbreak, 10 of the 25 case patients who were tested, but none of the 15 control subjects, had elevated urinary fluoride concentrations. The case patients had elevated serum fluoride concentrations and other abnormalities consistent with fluoride poisoning, such as elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase concentrations. The fluoride concentration of a water sample from the implicated well was 150 mg per liter, and that of a sample from the other system was 1.1 mg per liter. Failure to monitor and respond appropriately to elevated fluoride concentrations, an unreliable control system, and a mechanism that allowed fluoride concentrate to enter the well led to this outbreak.
CONCLUSIONS. Inspection of public water systems and monitoring of fluoride concentrations are needed to prevent outbreaks of fluoride poisoning.
PMID: 8259189 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Fluoride 1994; 27(1):32-36Case report: Mass Fluoride Poisoning, Hooper Bay, Alaska
A review of the Final Report of the Alaska Department of Health and Human Services, April 12, 1993
Review by RG Foulkes
Summary: The death of a 41-year-old-male and the illness of approximately 296 others on May 21-23, 1992, in Hooper Bay Alaska has been shown to be due to acute fluoride intoxication caused by malfunction of the fluoridation equipment of system 1 of the village's two-system (well) water supply. Fluoride levels were reported to be as high as 150 ppm.
The "Final Report" prepred by the Section of Epidemiology, Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) and the US Public Health Service (USPHS) is dated April 12, 1993. This document shows that gasro-intestinal symptoms were predominant. The investigators "suggest" that the minimum lethal dose for fluoride, when consumed by humans over 24-32 hours, is 20 mg/kg. This s higher than the "probably toic dose" of 5 mg/kg calculated for a single ingestion (Whitford 1989). Serum half life of 3.5 hours of the hospitalized patient was within the range previously reported (Ekstrand et al 1980). However, the recovery time of 19 days for plasma fluoride and systemic toxicity was longer than previously reported (Heifetz and Horowitz 1986). The level of dose causing illness, 0.3 mg/kg, as 27 times lower than the dose previously reported; for example, the "maximum safety tolerated" dose of 8.0 mg/kg (Heifetz and Horowitz 1986).
The final report cites a nmber of reasons for the system failure. These include human error, mechanical failure, lack of safety features and failure to comply with regulations.
The report recomments re-affirmation of fluoridation by the Alaska Division of Public Health; the determination by USPHS and DEC that operational safety features are in place; and, that DEC should ensure compliance with regulations.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7908808&dopt=AbstractHum Exp Toxicol 1994 Feb;13(2):119-22
Persistence of sodium monofluoroacetate in livestock animals and risk to humans.
Eason CT, Gooneratne R, Fitzgerald H, Wright G, Frampton C.
Manaaki Whenua-Landcare Research New Zealand Ltd, Christchurch, New Zealand.
1. Sodium monofluoroacetate (1080), a vertebrate pesticide widely used in New Zealand, was administered orally to sheep and goats at a dose level of 0.1 mg kg-1 body weight to assess risk to humans of secondary poisoning from meat. Blood, muscle, liver, and kidney were analysed for 1080 residues.
2. The plasma elimination half-life was 10.8 h in sheep and 5.4 h in goats. Concentrations of 1080 in muscle (0.042 microgram g-1), kidney (0.057 microgram g-1), and liver (0.021 microgram g-1) were substantially lower than those in plasma (0.098 microgram ml-1) at 2.5 h after dosing.
3. Only traces of 1080 (< 0.002 to 0.008 microgram g-1) were found in sheep tissues after 96 hours.
4. Livestock are normally excluded from areas where 1080 is being used for pest control, reducing the risk of secondary poisoning. Even with accidental exposure to a sublethal dose 1080 would not persist in tissues for more than a few days because it is cleared rapidly from the body. Therefore the occurrence of 1080 in meat intended for human consumption is highly unlikely.
PMID: 7908808 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7737538&dopt=AbstractGinekol Pol 1994 Nov;65(11):611-5
[Fluoride concentration in mother and fetus. I. Placental transport of fluorides]
[Article in Polish]
Chlubek D, Mokrzynski S, Machoy Z, Samujlo D, Wegrzynowski J.
Katedry i Zakladu Biochemii i Chemii Pomorskiej Akademii Medycznej, Szczecinie.
Authors estimated the relationship between maternal blood fluorides concentration and umbilical venous fluorides concentration considering many parameters related to the gestation and the labor. It has been discussed the importance of placental fluorides transport.
PMID: 7737538 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7789858&dopt=AbstractGinekol Pol 1994 Dec;65(12):678-81
[Fluoride in the organism of mother and fetus. II. Fluoride cumulation in the organism of the fetus]
[Article in Polish]
Mokrzynski S, Chlubek D, Machoy Z, Samujlo D.
Katedry i Zakladu Biochemii i Chemii Pomorskiej Akademii Medycznej w Szczecinie.
The authors present the results of measuring the content of fluoride, calcium and phosphates performed on material comprising 66 thigh bones of human fetus in 4 age groups. In the studies the division into epiphysis and metaphysis parts was taken into consideration. A prepared complication furnishes the ratios of calcium to fluoride and calcium to phosphates in epiphysis and metaphysis parts, as well as ratio of calcium in epiphysis to calcium in metaphysis parts of the studied bones in the respective age groups. It has been disclosed that the increasing fluoride cumulation in fetal bones is a signal that the human organism is likely to be exposed to fluorine action already during the fetal life period. The fluoride content in thigh bones of fetus does not correlate with the content of calcium and phosphates, which may be evidence that there is a lack of significant influence of the determined fluoride content on the mineralization process taking place in bones at this period of life.
PMID: 7789858 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Fluoride 1994; 27(1):3-6Effect of fluorine ingestion on cell-mediated immune response in calves
V Kapoor (1) and T Prasad (2)
(1) Department of Animal Nutrition, Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 725 004, India
(2) Division of Dairy Cattle Nutrition, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132 001, IndiaSummary: To investigate the effect of dietary fluorine (F) on cell-mediated immune (CMI) response, twenty male crossbred calves of 6-8 months of age, divided into four equal groups, were fed on diets of concentrate mixture and green corn for 20 weeks (50:50 for first 3 months and 40:60 during the later phase). The four dietary treatments differed only with respect to the F content of the mineral mixture. Treatments 1,2, and 3,4 contained dicalcium phosphate and rock phosphate, respectively. Treatments 2 and 4 in addition were supplemented with NaF so as to provide an additional 80 mg F/Kg diet. The resultant dietary F levels were 7, 19, 132 and 191 ppm in treatment group 1 to 4, respectively. The CMI response of lymphocyes determined by 3H thymidine uptake by lymphocytic cultures during blastogenesis at O1 day and after 5 months of experimental feeding declined significantly with increasing level of dietary F thus indicating immunity breakdown at higher F intake.
Fluoride 1994; 27(4):185-188Fluoride absorption in vitro by the gastrointestinal tract of the rat
K Gharzouli and A Senator
Universite Ferhat Abbas, Institut de Biologie, 1900 Setif, Algeria
Summary: Fluoride absorption by the gastrointestinal tract of the rat was studied with the everted sacs. Duodenum, proximal jejunum, distal ileum, and colon absorbed fluoride proportionally to luminal concentration (0.5 - 10mM), whereas absorption by the stomach was curvilinear and lower than that observed in the intestines. In the stomach and duodenum, a net flux of fluoride directed towards the mucosa was observed when 0.5 mM NaF was initially present on both sides of the everted sacs.
Fluoride 1994; 27(4):189-193Studies on sural nerve biopsies in endemic skeletal fluorosis
Sesikeran B (1), Rao SH, Krishnamurthi D, Reddy DR (2)
(1) National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Jamai Osmania, Hyderabad, India
(2) Department of Neurosurgery, Gandhi Medical College, Hyderabad, IndiaSummary: Sural nerve biopsies from 13 patients with radiologically confirmed skeletal fluorosis were studied for myelinated fibre densities, frequency distribution of their diameters, and single teased nerve fiber preparations. It was observed that most of the biopsies showed a marked reduction in myelinated fibre densities with more than half of them involving the smaller fibers of less than 7 µm diameter. Teased fibre measurements of internodal lengths and internodal diameters point to myelinated fibre dropout being due to axonal degeneration with secondary demyelination. The selective loss of small fibres is unlikely to be due to an entrapment neuropathy alone, and possibility of primary toxic injury needs to be considered
[Note from FAN:
Definition for Sural: relating to the calf of the leg]
Fluoride 1994; 27(4):194-200A method for estimating individual predisposition to occupational fluorosis
Polzik EV, Zinger VE, Valova GA, Kazantsev VS, Yakusheva MY
Ecological Safety Center, Ural Division Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg 620219, Russia
Summary: The occupational fluorosis risk factors were estimated in a three-stage study among the workers of alumunum and cryolite plants using dermatoglyphics as a genetic marker. This study helped:
1) to establish the existence of genetic predisposition to fluorosis and develop criteria for estimating it, and
2) to prove that predisposition to fluorosis was associated with the same dermatoglyphic features in the workers of both industrial groups.Multifactorial analysis of the set of 15 genetic and non-genetic factors was performed with the help of pattern recognition methods, and demonstrated reliable (90-100%) discrimination between two groups of workers: those who had developed fluorosis and those who had not. Each of the 15 risk factors under study was examined for the degree and the direction of influence. A PC software program was developed in the course of the study, making possible the estimation of individual predisposition to the disease. The method was used to investigate 397 disease-free workers in the electrolysis shop of an aluminum plant. Predisposition to fluorosis was discovered in 22 of them (5.5%).
Fluoride 1994; 27(4):201-204Influence of essential phospholipids (EPL) on selected biochemical parameters of lipid metabolism in rats chronically exposed to ammonium fluoride vapors
Machoy-Mokrzynska A, Put A, Ceglecka M, Mysliwiec Z
Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, Pomeranian Medical Academy, Szczecin, Poland
Summary: The influence of essential phospholipids (EPL) on selected lipid parameters in rats chronically exposed to ammonium fluoride vapours was studied. The content of total lipids, cholesterol, and triglycerides in serum, and the content of cholesterol and triglycerides in liver homogenate were measured. An advantageous influence of EPL on disorders in lipid metabolism due to ammonium fluoride was found.
Excerpt: Lipid disorders are known to be of the major risk factors in premature atherosclerosis. They have become an object of interest for multidisciplinary studies since lipids and lipoproteins are important in basic metabolic processes... The weakening of lipid metabolism by fluorides is due to repression of the activity of a number of enzymes responsible for lipid transformation: triglyceride lipase (4,5), some nonspecific esterases (6,7), and the complete blockage of pyrophosphatase activity (8,9), which causes repression in the oxidation of fatty acids.
4) Guminska M (1981). Biochemical mechanisms of action of fluorine on the living organisms. Folia Medica Cracoviensia 23:305-321
5) Larner J (1950). Toxicolgical and metabolic effects of fluorine contaminating compounds. Industrial Medicine and Surgery 19:535-539.
6) Machoy Z (1987). Biochemical mechanism of fluorine compounds action. Folia Medica Cracoviensia 38:61-81.
7) Machoy Z et al (1982). Effect of fluoride ions on the actitivty of nonspecific esterase EC.3.1.1.1. In: Metabolism of Fluorine. Panstowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Warszawa-Poznam, p 65-68.
8) Batenburg J et al (1972). The mechanism of inhibition by fluoride of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. Biochimica Biophysica Acta 280:495-505.
9) Lehninger A (1979). Biochemistry. Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Rolnicze i Lesne, Warszawa (in Polish).
Fluoride 1994; 27(4):205-214Transient and reversible fluoride toxicity in some soft tissues of female mice
Chinoy NJ, Walimbe AS, Vyas HA, Mangla P
Reproductive Endocrinology and Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
Summary: The effects of NaF ingestion (10 mg/kg body weight) and possible therapeutic effects of vitamin C (25 mg/animal/day) and/or calcium (25 mg/animal/day) were investigated on some soft tissues of female mice (Mus musculus). The decrease in protein levels in liver, muscle (pectoralis and gasrocnemius), and small intestine suggested an alteration in metabolism by fluoride and a possible change in the osmotic balance. The decline in the succinate dehydrogenase activity in muscle elucidates disturbances in oxidattive metabolism and contractility. The significant accumulation of glycogen levels in muscle and liver led to decreased glycogen turnover, probably due to the reduction in activity of phosphorylase. The CA++ levels of muscle was elevated, which would create an ionic gradient across the sarcolemma affecting muscle contraction. The Na+ and K+ levels in the kidney were decreased significantly, indicating an electrolyte imbalance. However, the cholesterol levels in the ventricle were not affected. The administration of ascorbic acid and calcium to NaF-treated mice revealed marked recovery from fluroide toxicity in all above parameters, showing that fluoride toxicity is reversible and transient with ameliorative effects of ascorbic acid and calcium alone and/or in combination. The recovery was more pronounced in the animal group treated with both ascorbic acid and calcium, thus indicting their synergistic action.
Fluoride 1994; 27(4):220-226Impact of artificial fluoridation on salmon species in the Northwest USA and British Columbia, Canada
RG Foulkes and AC Anderson
Summary: A review of literature and documentation suggests that concentrations of fluoride above 0.2 mg/L have lethal (LC50) effects on and inhibit migration of "endangered" salmon species whose stocks are now in serious decline in the US Northwest and British Columbia. Fluoride added to drinking water, "to improve dental health", enters the fresh water eco-system, in various ways, at levels above 0.2 mg/L. This factor, if considered in "critical habit" decisions, should lead to the development of a strategy calling for a ban on fluroidation and rapid sunsetting of the practice of disposal of industrial fluoride waste into fresh water.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8175542&dopt=AbstractJ Appl Physiol 1994 Jan;76(1):439-44
Relative narcotic potency and mode of action of sulfur hexafluoride and nitrogen in humans.
Ostlund A, Linnarsson D, Lind F, Sporrong A.
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Impairments of psychomotor, perceptual, and cognitive abilities were determined in nine male subjects exposed to inhaled SF6 partial pressures of 0, 52, 104, and 156 kPa and to inhaled N2 partial pressures of 103, 575, 825, and 1,075 kPa. Also data from a previous study with inhaled N2O partial pressures of 0, 13, 26, and 39 kPa were included. With the highest gas concentrations, performances were reduced by 41-57%. Effective doses for a 20% performance impairment were 830, 97, and 21.5 kPa for N2, SF6, and N2O, respectively, yielding relative narcotic potencies of 1.0:8.5:39. The order of narcotic potencies is the same as for the lipid solubility of the three gases. In contrast, the order of increasing tendency for hydrate formation (decreasing hydrate dissociation pressure) for the three gases is N2, N2O, and SF6. Thus, mild to moderate inert gas narcosis in humans shows the same positive relationship to lipid solubility as was shown in previous animal models that utilized much deeper levels of anesthesia.
PMID: 8175542 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Fluoride 1994; 27(1):13-22Is there a dental benefit from water fluoride?
John Colquhoun
Honorary Research Fellow, Education Department, University of Auckland, New Zealand
Summary: Dental data collected for virtually all New Zealand children, as well as comprehensive data from other countries, indicate no dental benefit from water fluoridation. Claims for a benefit depend on small-scale studies of selected samples of children. The classic fluoridation research is critically re-examined.
Fluoride 1994; 27(1):37-48
A critique of recent papers by Dr John Colquhoun
GN Jenkins
Emeritus Professor of Oral Physiology, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, EnglandReply to Professor Jenkin's critique
J ColquhounFluoride 1994; 27(3):174-178
Comments on Dr Colquhoun's reply to my critique
GN JenkinsReply to Professor Jenkins comments
J ColquhounFluoride 1994; 27(4):239-240
Final Rejoinder
GN Jenkins
Fluoride 1994; 27(2):59-66Dental caries: a disorder of high fluoride and low dietary calcium interactions (30 years of personal research)
SPS Teotia and M Teotia
Postgraduate Department of Human Metabolism and Endocrinology, LLRM Medical College, Meerut, 250-004, India
Summary: The comprehensive epidemiological study - performed during the period 1963-1993 on 0.4003 million children residing in non-endemic (F- <-1.0ppm) and endemic (F->1.0 ppm) fluorosis villages of India - was designed to investigate the essentiality or otherwise of fluoride and calcium nutrition in the prevention and control of dental caries. In non-endemic areas, of the children with adequate calcium nutrition, 7 percent showed dental fluorosis and 2 percent had dental caries, while of children with inadequate calcium nutrition 14.2 percent showed dental fluorosis and 31.4 percent had dental caries. In endemic areas, of the children with adequate calcium intakes, 50 percent had dental fluorosis and 10 percent had dental caries, while in the calcium-inadequate group 100 percent exhibited dental fluorosis and 74 percent had dental caries.
Our findings indicate that dental caries was caused by high fluoride and low dietary calcium intakes, separately and through their interactions. Dental caries was most severe and complex in calcium-deficient children exposed to high intakes of endemic fluoride in drinking water.
The only practical and effective public health measure for the prevention and control of dental caries is the limitation of the fluoride content of drinking water to <0.5 ppm, and adequate calcium nutrition (dietary calcium > 1 g/day). The World Health Organisation policy and recommendations on fluorides are not universally acceptable, especially for the environment of developing countries, with nutritional deficiencies, endemic fluorosis, and different caries prevalence trends. In the light of our scientific data, WHO recommendations require modifications to achieve dental health for all by the year AD 2000.
Fluoride 1994; 27(2):81-88Defluoridation by zeolites and apophyllite
M Maruthamuthu and A Sivasamy
Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Madras 600 025, India
Summary: Defluoridation by stilbite, natrolite and apophyllite has been investigated for laboratory samples of aqueous fluoride solutions and for fluoride-rich potable water samples. Langmuir isotherms for fluoride sorption, greater defluoridation in the pH range 3 to 4, Ca-type zeolite more effective and Na-type zeolite for fluoride removal, and an inhibiting effect of chloride [Cl-]>200 ppm are noted.
Fluoride 1994; 27(2):89-92Ground water quality of Block Bichpuri, Agra (India) with special reference to fluoride
Gupta MK, Singh V, Dass S
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Dayalbagh, Agra 282 005, India
Summary: Assessment of ground water quality of 70 villages in Block Bichpuri of District Agra was undertaken, and almost all the sources of drinking water (handpump, openwell and tubewell) were analysed. Of the total 243 samples analysed for fluoride, 33.74% were in the range of 0-1.0 mg/L, 19.34% 1.1-1.5 mg/L, 24.28% 1.6-2.5 mg/L, 17.28% 2.6-5.0 mg/L, and 5.35% above 5.0 mg/L (mean 2.06 mg/L). Significant correlations were observed among various parameters, viz, pH, EC, Cl-, SO2/4, total hardness and alkalinity.
Fluoride 1994; 27(2):93-96Fluoride in borehole water in selected villages of Medak District, Andhra Pradesh, India
Srikanth R, Khanam A, Rao AMM
Limnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Osmania University, Hyderabad-7, Andhra Pradesh, India
Summary: Dental and skeletal fluorosis, associated with high fluoride concentration in drinking water, is widespread in rural India. Monitoring of fluoride in potable water is essential for remedial measures. The authors determined water fluoride concentrations, by the ion selective fluoride electrode method, from 100 boreholes in 20 villages in Medak District of Andhra Pradesh State. The highest concentration recorded was 5.2 ppm while the lowest was 0.4 ppm. Eighty percent of the samples had a fluoride content of 1 ppm and above, presenting a health risk to consumers.
Fluoride 1994; 27(2):97-107Developments in the analysis of fluoride 1991-1993
CY Wang and YM Zhou
Department of Chemistry, Yunnan University, Kunmig 650091, China
This biennial review is a continuation of the previous article [Fluoride 1993; 26(3):197-202] and covers the literature of the analysis of fluoride from June 1991 to May 1993.
Fluoride 1994; 27(2):122Book Review
Fluoride: the Aging Factor
by John Yiamooouyiannis
1993, 3rd Edition. Health Action Press, Delaware OH.
Review by Dr. Hans Moolenburg
Excerpt: ... To my mind it is a stroke of genius that Yiamouyiannis called his book Fluoride, the Aging Factor. In the aging person all sorts of immune responses, enzyme functions and even DNA repairs slow down, giving rise to all the troubles of the elderly. The same sort of inhibitions have been demonstrated to be caused by fluoride ingestion, even at the level of 1 ppm used in water fluoridtion. The writer has described an interesting new principle, that as far as I know has not been discussed before in scientific literature. We know that nature, if left to itself, tends towards an ecologic equilibrium. This must mean that apart from essential minerals enhancing life, like calcium, magnesium, zinc, etc. and neutral elements like helium, there also should exist minerals that inhibit and shorten life, thus seeing to it that we do not live forever on earth, making the planet uninhabitable. These minerals probably control our life-span as they slowly accmulate. The evidence that Yiamouyiannis has amassed indicates that fluoride could well be one of the main life inhibitors on earth...
Fluoride 1994; 27(3):125-128Guest Editorial
Recent studies on endemic fluorosis in China
J Li and S Cao
Institute of Environmental Health and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing, China
Fluoride 1994; 27(3):129-135ESR spectrum studies of the influence of fluoride on the human erythrocyte membrane protein SH binding site property
Wang Y *, Li X, Xin W
* Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, 100037 Beijing, China
Summary: Healthy human erythrocyte membrane was labeled with the various chain lengths of malcimide nitroxide I, II, III, IV, and V, and their ESR spectra showed that sodium fluoride (NaF) decreases W/S (weakly immobilized component/strongly immobilized component) ratio. Further experiments indicated that the reduction of W/S ratio due to fluoride is dependent upon the following three factors:
1) Dose. W/S ratio is decreased with increasing dose of fluoride.
2) Time. With increasing exposure, the time required to reach the maximal ratio is shortened.
3) Temperature. Between 0-50¼C, the point of phase transition is altered from 28.5¼C in the control to 25.0¼C. However fluoride did not induce a change of the basic ESR spectra of the membrane protein SH when labeled with maleimide. An occurrence of the Q peak is discussed.
Fluoride 1994; 27(3):136-140The effect of nutrition supplementation during the annual dry grass season on tooth wear in industry-fluorosed goats.
Wang J, Hong J, Li J, Cai J
Correspondence: Jundong Wang, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801 Shanxi, China
Summary: The effect of nutrition on the teeth of goats consuming industrial fluoride-contaminated grass during the dry grass season was studied in three groups of ten goats each, pastured in the same area of fluoride pollution. The control group diet was not supplmented. The goats in the two treatment groups were supplemented either 100 g of mixed feed containing corn, wheat bran, CaCO3 and trace of CuSO4 (Ca:P=1.5:1) or 100 g of soybean meal per goat per day for six months of the first annual dry grass season. The results show that tooth wear decreased with increased protein supplementation. The heights of the first pairs of incisors, developed during the feed supplementation period and measured after a succeeding six month green grass season, were: 6.2+-0.8 mm (control), 8.9+-2.0 mm (mixed feed) and 11.1+-1.3 mm (soybean), respectively. This paper discusses the relationship between nutrition and tooth wear.
Fluoride 1994; 27(3):141-144Fluoride in water, urine and egg shells as an indicator of environmental contamination
Czarnowski W, Wrzesniowska K, Krechniak J
Department of Toxicology, Medical Academy of Gdansk, Poland
Summary: The fluoride content of drinking water, human urine, and hen egg shells was determined in the Gdansk region of Poland. A positive correlation was found between the concentration of fluoride in drinking water and urine of inhabitants. High fluoride levels were found in egg shells collected in the environs of a phosphate fertilizer plant.
Fluoride 1994; 27(3):145-150Effect of calcium ion content on the interaction of x-lactalbumin with fluoride ions
Wieczorek P, Samujlo D, Machoy Z
Pomeranian Medical Academy, Szezecin, Poland
Summary: The effect of calcium ions in a-lactalbumin on the binding of fluoride ions was investigated. It has been disclosed that at a pH of 4.6 both a-lactalbumin and apo-a-lactalbumin, when deprived of calcium ions, fail to bind fluoride ions. At pH 3.7 the a-lactalbumin molecule and its calcium-free form of apo-a-lactalbumin do bind fluoride ions, but the mechanism of this binding is variable.
Fluoride 1994; 27(3):151-154Fluoride incorporation into fetal bone
S Mokrzynski and Z Machoy
Department of Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical Academy, Szczecin, Poland
Summary: The mineral conent (calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and fluorine) of fetuses, obtained from the Department of Anatomy after accidents and miscarriages, was determined. Higher contents of Ca, Mg, and P were disclosed in the diaphyscal (shaft) part, in which mineralization proceeds sooner than in the metaphyseal part. The behaviour of fluoride was different. Higher levels of fluoride were recorded in the metaphysis as compared to the shaft. The results provide some insight into the course of bone mineralization from 14 to 36 weeks of fetal life.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7867457&dopt=AbstractZhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 1994 Nov;28(6):360-2
[Effects of pollution with fluoride on bone dynamics of periosteum in iliac of domestic pigs]
[Article in Chinese]
Zhang X, Qiu MC, Liu WB.
Department of Endocrinology Affiliated Hospital Tianjin Medical College.
Studies on bone dynamic parameters of iliac periosteum and endosteum in domestic pigs with fluorosis caused by coal-burning contamination were conducted. Bone dynamics of 12 pigs with experimental fluorosis and nine controls both labelled with double tetracycline was investigated. Results showed the distance between two labels on iliac periosteum of domestic pigs with fluorosis shortened and, rates of mineralization and bone matrix formation slowed. It suggested fluorosis played significantly inhibitory roles in bone formation on the periosteal membrane of pig iliac.
PMID: 7867457 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8070779&dopt=AbstractHua Xi Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 1994 Mar;25(1):74-7
[Histopathologic and bone histomorphometric studies of pigs' phalanges in an endemic fluorosis area]
[Article in Chinese]
Zhang Y, Li H, Yang C, Zheng Z, Chen X.
This paper presents the histopathologic changes and bone histomorphometry of ten pigs' phalanges in an endemic fluorosis area. Ten pigs from nonendemic area served as control. Results showed that the fluoride contents of blood, urine and bone were markedly increased and the calcium contents of blood were markedly decreased in endemic pigs than those in nonendemic ones. Histopathologic and bone morphometric studies of the phalangeal bones of pigs from endemic area indicate that osteoporosis is the predominant change.
PMID: 8070779 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7732274&dopt=AbstractToxicol Pathol 1994 Nov-Dec;22(6):569-78
Fluorosis in a wild cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) population inhabiting a petrochemical waste site.
Paranjpe MG, Chandra AM, Qualls CW Jr, McMurry ST, Rohrer MD, Whaley MM, Lochmiller RL, McBee K.
Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078, USA.
We have developed an in situ mammalian model for evaluating environmental contamination using wild cotton rats. In a series of experiments, 200 male cotton rats were captured during 4 collection periods (spring 1991 = 35; fall 1991 = 60; spring 1992 = 53; fall 1992 = 52). A total of 103 of these cotton rats were captured from control sites, and the remaining 97 were captured from an abandoned oil refinery. All sites were located in the vicinity of Cyril, Oklahoma. There were alterations in the incisors of cotton rats captured from the refinery site. Normal color of cotton rat incisors is deep yellow-orange, which is imparted by a pigment normally produced by ameloblasts. Grossly, the upper incisors of 37 of 97 rats and lower incisors of 54 of 97 rats were affected. The affected incisors were white, chalky, and thin with striations and erosions of the enamel. Microscopic examination revealed that there were dysplastic and necrotic changes in the ameloblasts. The bone fluoride levels were significantly higher in rats captured from the refinery as compared to the rats captured from the control sites.
PMID: 7732274 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10150603&dopt=AbstractClin Mater 1994;17(3):151-4
Fluoride concentration in ancient teeth measured by nuclear reaction.
Torrisi L.
Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita di Messina, Italy.
Fluoride content in the enamel and dentine of ancient teeth has been measured using a nuclear analysis technique. Analysed teeth were found in a vast necropolis of Sicily (Italy) which is archeologically datable between the 13th and the 8th century B.C. Measurements gave high fluoride concentrations, of the order of 10 mg per gram of hydroxyapatite, comparable with the content of fluorotic teeth of patients living nowadays in regions rich in fluorinated drinking water. Results suggest that the dental caries process was probably unknown to the tribal population living in this geographical area.
Publication Types: Historical ArticlePMID: 10150603 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7993551&dopt=AbstractNo Abstract available
Adv Dent Res 1994 Jun;8(1):1-117
Proceedings of the Workshop on Methods for Assessing Fluoride Accumulation and Effects in the Body; January 13-15, 1993.
Publication Types:
- Congresses
- Overall
PMID: 7993551 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7974315&dopt=AbstractThorax 1994 Oct;49(10):984-9
Relation between exposure to fluoride and bronchial responsiveness in aluminium potroom workers with work-related asthma-like symptoms.
Soyseth V, Kongerud J, Ekstrand J, Boe J.
Hydro Aluminium, Health Department, Ardal Aluminium Plant, Norway.
BACKGROUND--The relation between plasma fluoride levels and bronchial responsiveness was investigated in a longitudinal study in aluminium potroom workers who reported work-related asthmatic symptoms.
METHODS--From a cross-sectional respiratory survey, 26 men who reported work-related asthmatic symptoms on a validated questionnaire were selected for repeated measurements of bronchial responsiveness to methacholine. Regular analyses of plasma fluoride levels were performed. Exposure to fluoride and total particulates was assessed from routine surveillance of the workplace. Bronchial responsiveness was expressed as the dose-response slope of the line through the origin and last data point.
RESULTS--A positive association was found between bronchial responsiveness and plasma fluoride levels, such that an increase in the plasma fluoride level of 10 ng/ml was associated with an increase in the dose-response slope by a factor of 1.11 (95% confidence interval 1.05 to 1.17). Plasma fluoride levels were associated with the total atmospheric fluoride concentration in mg/m3 (beta = 28.1), but not with total particulates in the environment.
CONCLUSIONS--Bronchial responsiveness in aluminium potroom workers reporting work-related asthmatic symptoms appears to be related to plasma levels of fluoride. The underlying mechanism is, however, unknown.
PMID: 7974315 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8143817&dopt=AbstractEur Respir J 1994 Jan;7(1):165-72
Aluminium potroom asthma: the Norwegian experience.
Kongerud J, Boe J, Soyseth V, Naalsund A, Magnus P.
Dept of Thoracic Medicine, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Norway.
Work-related asthma in aluminium potroom workers, is reviewed and discussed, mainly on the basis of own investigations. The occurrence of work-related asthma has been shown to be associated with the duration of potroom employment, although the prevalence of asthmatic symptoms is not significantly different from that of the general population. Typical manifestations of occupational asthma are described in potroom workers, and a close relationship between the levels of fluoride exposure and work-related asthmatic symptoms has been observed. The existence of occupational asthma in aluminium potroom workers has been confirmed by characteristic patterns of repeated peak flow measurements, supported by changes in methacholine responsiveness in workers with suspected work-related asthma. However, no immunological test is available to establish the diagnosis. Methacholine challenge appears to be inappropriate for screening aluminium potroom workers in order to detect work-related asthma. Current smoking, but not self-reported allergy, is a risk factor for potroom asthma. A family history of asthma and previous occupational exposure may have some effect on the risk of developing symptoms. The prognosis of potroom asthma seems to depend on early replacement to unexposed work. The pathogenetic mechanisms are unknown, although some studies indirectly imply a hypersensitivity reaction. Future studies involving specific bronchial challenge appear to be necessary to find the causal agent(s) of aluminium potroom asthma.
Publication Types:
- Review
- Review, Tutorial
PMID: 8143817 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7997710&dopt=AbstractStat Med 1994 Sep 15;13(17):1771-80
Interval censoring in longitudinal data of respiratory symptoms in aluminium potroom workers: a comparison of methods.
Samuelsen SO, Kongerud J.
Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
In a longitudinal study of workers in seven Norwegian aluminium plants, the time to development of asthmatic symptoms could only be determined to lie in the interval between two consecutive health examinations. In a previous paper we analysed the data by survival techniques for interval censored data. In the present paper the data are reanalysed in two ways and compared to the previous analyses. First, it is assumed that occurrence of symptoms coincided with reporting, in which case the data can be analysed as right censored. Secondly, the follow-up times are completely disregarded and the effects of covariates are analysed on the binary outcomes of symptoms. Comparing the estimated effects of the covariates between the three approaches, only minor differences were found. However, the estimates on incidence were strongly influenced by whether the data were analysed as right or interval censored.
PMID: 7997710 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8165049&dopt=AbstractPediatr Res 1994 Feb;35(2):157-63
Fluoride pharmacokinetics in infancy.
Ekstrand J, Fomon SJ, Ziegler EE, Nelson SE.
Department of Dental Toxicology, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden.
Fluoride pharmacokinetic data are presented for infants given a fluoride supplement. Seventeen infants participated in a total of 20 studies. On one day, 0.013 mmol (0.25 mg) fluoride was given as a supplement (fluoride supplement study), and on another day a placebo was given (control study). Samples of plasma and urine were collected for 5 h and analyzed for fluoride. During control studies fluoride intake averaged 0.15 mumol/kg (2.9 micrograms/kg), and plasma fluoride concentrations ranged from 0.05 to 0.11 mumol/L (10 to 20 micrograms/L). In nine instances, the quantity of fluoride excreted in the urine was more than twice that consumed. When the fluoride supplement was given, total fluoride intake averaged 1.93 mumol/kg (36.6 micrograms/kg). Plasma peak concentration was reached by 30 min in 14 studies and by 60 min in six studies. Mean plasma peak fluoride concentration was 3.3 mumol/L (63 ng/mL). Area under the plasma concentration curve averaged 236 nmol.m-1 x min (4479 ng.mL-1 x min) and was not related to the dose of fluoride. The rate of urinary excretion was significantly correlated with rate of urinary flow. When the dose of fluoride was expressed per unit of body weight, fluoride retention was strongly related to the dose. Retention of the fluoride absorbed from the fluoride dose ranged from 75.4 to 87.6%. Plasma clearance averaged 6.8 mL.kg-1 x min-1 and decreased significantly with age. Net fractional clearance (renal clearance of the fluoride dose/GFR) averaged 56.7%, which was significantly greater than the 29% observed during the control studies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Publication Types:
- Clinical Trial
- Controlled Clinical Trial
PMID: 8165049 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7858580&dopt=AbstractRev Rhum Ed Fr 1994 Dec;61(11):847-51
[Epidemiology of bone fluorosis of hydrotelluric origin]
[Article in French]
Saraux A, Bouillin D, Jeandel P, Abdoulaye L, Le Goff P.
Service de Rhumatologie, CHU Morvan, Brest.
Although endemic fluorosis occurs in many countries, epidemiological studies have been limited by funding problems, a lack of awareness of the public health impact of the disease, and the absence of inexpensive defluoridation methods. The effects of fluorides on human bone are reviewed and the methodological problems raised by epidemiological studies of endemic skeletal fluorosis are discussed.
Publication Types:
- Review
- Review, Tutorial
PMID: 7858580 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9584726&dopt=AbstractJ Gt Houst Dent Soc 1994 Nov;66(4):8-9
No Abstract available
Fluoride concentration in milk, tea and bottled water in Houston.
Chan JT, Liu CF, Tate WH.
PMID: 9584726 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7896351&dopt=AbstractIndian Pediatr 1994 Nov;31(11):1431-2
No Abstract available
Increased incidence of spina bifida occulta in fluorosis prone areas.
Gupta SK, Gupta RC, Seth AK.
Department of Physiology, S.M.S. Medical College, Jaipur.
Publication Types:
- Review
- Review, Multicase
PMID: 7896351 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7968576&dopt=Abstract
Mutagenesis 1994 Jul;9(4):341-6The w/w+ SMART is a useful tool for the evaluation of pesticides.
Aguirrezabalaga I, Santamaria I, Comendador MA.
Departamento de Biologia Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain.
Genotype-dependent variability in the response of several Drosophila strains to hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) has been studied using the white/white+ (w/w+) somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART). Among the tester strains, there were three wild-type laboratory strains (Leiden-S, Oregon-K and 91-C) and three insecticide-resistant strains (Haag-79, Hikone-R and 91-R). The response to HMPA of larvae from a cross between two wild-type strains (Leiden-S and Berlin-K) was also measured. The strains have been evaluated in terms of spontaneous frequencies of mosaic eyes, lowest effective dose and dose-response relationship. Strong variability was found among the strains, the best performance to HMPA being obtained with the strain Oregon-K. In addition, a series of pesticides structurally related to HMPA, such as dimefox, hexamethylmelamine, hexazinone, alachlor, CAM, pirimicarb, dimetilan, thiram and methabenzthiazuron have been tested with the Oregon-K strain. Some of these pesticides had already been shown to be genotoxic in other systems, whereas others have either not been tested or gave negative results in in vitro systems. Although genotoxicity was expressed only within a narrow dose range, all pesticides were genotoxic in the w/w+ system with the Oregon-K strain. Thus, these compounds may be a genotoxic hazard to man. These results suggest the suitability of the strain Oregon-K for genotoxicity testing with the w/w+ eye mosaic system, although more information about the performance of this strain with other compounds must be obtained.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
PMID: 7968576 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7945099&dopt=AbstractAust Vet J 1994 Jul;71(7):207-10
Efficacy against sheep lice (Bovicola ovis) and fleece wetting of six shower dip preparations.
Higgs AR, Love RA, Morcombe PW.
Animal Industries Division, Department of Agriculture, Albany, Western Australia.
The relative efficacy of 6 shower dip chemicals most frequently used for the treatment of sheep lice (Bovicola ovis) in Western Australia was examined. Groups of 20 sheep infested with lice were treated with products containing either alphamethrin, cyhalothrin, diazinon or diazinon plus piperonyl butoxide and rotenone, formulated as emulsifiable concentrates, and with products containing either coumaphos or magnesium fluorosilicate, formulated as wettable powders. All treatments were applied through a shower dip (Sunbeam model SSD). Inspections for lice were conducted until 9 months after dipping. No lice were found on sheep treated with the 4 emulsifiable concentrate products. In contrast, treatment with the wettable powders, which contained either coumaphos or magnesium fluorosilicate as the active ingredient, did not eradicate the lice infestations. The degree to which the fleece was wetted was assessed 20 minutes after dipping and showed that the wettable powder dips penetrated the fleece less than the emulsifiable concentrate dips. Less fluid was retained by wool staples in an in-vitro test when dip wash was made with the wettable powders. It was concluded that the degree of wetting attained at dipping was an important factor in achieving eradication of sheep lice.
Publication Types:Clinical Trial
Randomized Controlled Trial
PMID: 7945099 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8042823&dopt=AbstractAnn Intern Med 1994 Sep 1;121(5):339-44
An outbreak of fatal fluoride intoxication in a long-term hemodialysis unit.
Arnow PM, Bland LA, Garcia-Houchins S, Fridkin S, Fellner SK.
Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Hospital, IL 60637.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the cause of an outbreak of acute illness and death in a long-term hemodialysis unit.
DESIGN: A retrospective cohort and case-control study of patients receiving hemodialysis and a laboratory study of a model deionization system to purify water for hemodialysis.
SETTING: An outpatient hemodialysis unit of a university hospital.
PATIENTS: 12 patients who became severely ill after hemodialysis treatment and 20 patients who did not become ill after receiving hemodialysis treatment in the same unit.
MEASUREMENTS: Medical and dialysis unit records were reviewed to identify and characterize cases. Fluids for dialysis were tested for toxic substances, and fluoride was measured in patients' serum. Resistivity and fluoride were measured in effluent from a model deionization system operated in the same way as the system associated with illness.
RESULTS: During five consecutive hemodialysis shifts, 12 of 15 patients receiving dialysis treatment in one room became acutely ill, with severe pruritus, multiple nonspecific symptoms, and/or fatal ventricular fibrillation (3 patients). None of 17 patients treated in the adjacent room became ill (P < 0.0001). Death was associated with longer hemodialysis time and increased age compared with other patients who became ill. Serum concentrations of fluoride in the sick patients were markedly increased to as high as 716 mumol/L, and the source of fluoride was the temporary deionization system used to purify water for hemodialysis only in the affected room. Operation of a model deionization system showed how fluoride was adsorbed and then displaced in a massive efflux.
CONCLUSIONS: Because deionization systems are used widely in hemodialysis and can cause fatal fluoride intoxication, careful design and monitoring are essential.
PMID: 8042823 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8060693&dopt=AbstractBr Dent J 1994 Jul 9;177(1):17-20
- Comment in: Br Dent J. 1994 Sep 10;177(5):157.
Young children and fluoride toothpaste.
Rock WP.
Orthodontic Unit, School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham.
Studies have shown a higher prevalence of enamel mottling in children who live in fluoridated areas than in those from low fluoride areas. It is possible that the additive effect of fluoride ingestion from water and toothpaste may be responsible since it is known that young children may swallow up to half of the toothpaste on the brush. Parents must supervise toothbrushing for young children, low fluoride paste should be used, and the brush merely smeared with paste. The commonly recommended pea-sized quantity may be too much.
PMID: 8060693 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8164191&dopt=AbstractJ Public Health Dent 1994 Winter;54(1):47-54
Factors associated with the use of fluoride supplements and fluoride dentifrice by infants and toddlers.
Nourjah P, Horowitz AM, Wagener DK.
National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, MD.
Dental fluorosis may be associated with the inappropriate use of fluoride dentifrices and/or dietary fluoride supplements by young children, especially for those who consume optimally fluoridated water. Studies to date have used retrospective designs that rely on anamnestic responses of adults to determine fluoride exposures in their children. The 1986 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) collected information on current use of fluoride-containing dental products (dentifrices, drops, tablets, and mouthrinses) by all household members during home interviews. This report contains information obtained from adults for 1,996 children younger than two years of age. Nearly half of the children used fluoride dentifrices or dietary fluoride supplements. Eleven percent of the children younger than one year of age and nearly 60 percent of children between one and two years of age reportedly used a fluoride toothpaste. Dietary fluoride supplements were used about equally in these age groups (about 16%). The use of a fluoride dentifrice was similar across racial-ethnic groups, but the use of dietary fluoride supplements was less among blacks and Hispanics. A significantly higher proportion of children whose respondent knew the purpose of water fluoridation used some type of fluoride product. Because young children tend to swallow dentifrices, the findings of this study suggest the need for educational programs targeted to parents and health care providers regarding the appropriate use of fluorides and the risk of fluorosis when they are used inappropriately.
PMID: 8164191 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8166114&dopt=AbstractAm J Forensic Med Pathol 1994 Mar;15(1):40-3
Peanut butter and fatal fluoride poisoning. A case of mistaken identity.
Randall BB, Fraser BJ.
Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Sioux Falls 57117-5017.
We report here a case of an adult seeking a late night peanut butter snack who mistook for peanut butter a fluoride containing glass etching compound. The glass etching compound was of a color and consistency similar to peanut butter and was packaged in a similar appearing container. The decedent survived for six hours after the fluoride ingestion. He was admitted to the emergency room in stable condition with severe gastrointestinal symptoms. His condition deteriorated rapidly prior to death with abrupt cardiac arrest and profound hypocalcemia (5.5 mg/dl). Autopsy showed only gastric hyperemia and discoloration with a postmortem blood fluoride level of 19 mg/L.
PMID: 8166114 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7993560&dopt=AbstractAdv Dent Res 1994 Jun;8(1):5-14
Intake and metabolism of fluoride.
Whitford GM.
Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta 30912-1129.
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the major factors that determine the body burden of inorganic fluoride. Fluoride intake 25 or more years ago was determined mainly by measurement of the concentration of the ion in the drinking water supply. This is not necessarily true today because of ingestion from fluoride-containing dental products, the "halo effect", the consumption of bottled water, and the use of water purification systems in the home. Therefore, the concentration of fluoride in drinking water may not be a reliable indicator of previous intake. Under most conditions, fluoride is rapidly and extensively absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. The rate of gastric absorption is inversely related to the pH of the gastric contents. Overall absorption is reduced by calcium and certain other cations and by elevated plasma fluoride levels. Fluoride removal from plasma occurs by calcified tissue uptake and urinary excretion. About 99% of the body burden of fluoride is associated with calcified tissues, and most of it is not exchangeable. In general, the clearance of fluoride from plasma by the skeleton is inversely related to the stage of skeletal development. Skeletal uptake, however, can be positive or negative, depending on the level of fluoride intake, hormonal status, and other factors. Dentin fluoride concentrations tend to increase throughout life and appear to be similar to those in bone. Research to determine whether dentin is a reliable biomarker for the body burden of fluoride is recommended. The renal clearance of fluoride is high compared with other halogens. It is directly related to urinary pH. Factors that acidify the urine increase the retention of fluoride and vice versa. The renal clearance of fluoride decreases and tissue levels increase when the glomerular filtration rate is depressed on a chronic basis.
Publication Types:
- Review
- Review, Tutorial
PMID: 7993560 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7917577&dopt=AbstractBone 1994 Jul-Aug;15(4):393-9
Marked decrease in trabecular bone quality after five years of sodium fluoride therapy--assessed by biomechanical testing of iliac crest bone biopsies in osteoporotic patients.
Sogaard CH, Mosekilde L, Richards A, Mosekilde L.
Department of Connective Tissue Biology, University of Aarhus, Denmark.
Sodium fluoride has for more than 2 decades been a commonly used therapeutic agent for established osteoporosis because of a repeatedly documented anabolic effect on trabecular bone mass. Recently, however, three controlled trials have failed to demonstrate any therapeutic advantage of NaF over placebo with respect to vertebral fracture rate. Also, there have been several reports of an increased incidence of nonvertebral fractures during fluoride administration. Thus, the efficacy of fluoride therapy remains a controversial issue. The aim of this longitudinal study was to investigate the effect of sodium fluoride (40-60 mg per day), calcium (45 mmol), and vitamin D2 (18,000 IU) on trabecular bone strength, assessed before and after 1 or 5 years of treatment for osteoporosis. Iliac crest biopsies were taken before and after 1 year of treatment in 12 patients, and before and after 5 years of treatment in 14 patients. Measurements were made of biomechanical competence, ash content, and bone fluoride content, and bone strength parameters were normalized for ash content, thereby obtaining a measure of trabecular bone quality. Bone fluoride content was significantly increased after both 1 and 5 years of treatment, indicating that the administered fluoride had been ingested. After 1 year of treatment, no difference was observed in iliac crest trabecular bone ash content. A general trend for decreased bone strength and bone quality was observed, but this was insignificant. After 5 years of fluoride treatment, an insignificant decrease in iliac crest trabecular bone ash content was observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Publication Types: Clinical TrialPMID: 7917577 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7848549&dopt=AbstractBiomed Environ Sci 1994 Sep;7(3):205-15
Fluoride-induced early teeth wearing in Argentinian cattle.
Lopez TA, Busetti MR, Fort MC, Bedotti DO.
Laboratorio de Toxicologia Veterinaria-Estacion Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce (INTA), Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
The relationship between observed early teeth wearing in cattle and the existence of large areas where excess fluoride in underground water prevails in Argentina, but has never been studied. Average values of bone fluoride exceeding 5000 ppm and well water containing up to 10.5 ppm of this element were found in a farm (ETWF) where early teeth wearing is observed, while in a control farm (NETWF), those values were 1480 ppm and 3.0 ppm respectively. Urine samples from animals from the ETWF contained almost 4 times more fluoride than those from the latter. Forage in both farms contained about the same levels of fluoride (15 to 25 ppm). None of the farms was exposed to industrial, volcanic, or geothermal activity. Lactating and adult animals were transferred from one farm to the other. After 30 months, adult animals from the NETWF showed no damage in teeth, while adults from the ETWF continued a rapid teeth wearing. Young animals from the NETWF developed severely damaged permanent teeth, while young animals from the ETWF developed normal teeth. We concluded that the problem exists in the ETWF and being a standard farm, the condition could be extrapolated to other areas.
PMID: 7848549 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7993553&dopt=AbstractAdv Dent Res 1994 Jun;8(1):105-10
Dental fluorosis: its use as a biomarker.
Den Besten PK.
Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Eastman Dental Center, Rochester, NY 14620.
Several epidemiological studies, beginning with those of Dean and co-workers in the 1940's, clearly demonstrate the relationship between dental fluorosis in humans and the level of fluoride in water supplies. These studies and others have shown that, in a population, there is a direct relationship among the degree of enamel fluorosis, plasma and bone fluoride levels, and the concentration of fluoride in drinking water. However, dental fluorosis is a reflection of fluoride exposure only during the time of enamel formation, somewhat limiting its use as a biomarker. In addition, the degree of fluorosis is dependent not only on the total fluoride dose, but also on the timing and duration of fluoride exposure. At the level of an individual response to fluoride exposure, factors such as body weight, activity level, nutritional factors, and the rate of skeletal growth and remodeling are also important. These variables, along with an individual variability in response to similar doses of fluoride, indicate that enamel fluorosis cannot be used as a biological marker of the level of fluoride exposure for an individual.
Publication Types:
- Review
- Review, Tutorial
PMID: 7993553 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7881860&dopt=AbstractMed Tr Prom Ekol 1994;(7):32-5
[Hygienic regulation of yttrium, terbium, ytterbium and lutetium fluorides in the air of the workplace]
[Article in Russian]
Neizvestnova EM, Grekhova TD, Privalova LI, Babakova OM, Konovalova NE, Petelina EV.
The study (experiments on animals and on culture of rats' peritoneal macrophages) covered fluorides of rare-earth metals (REM) assigned to yttrium group--yttrium, terbium, ytterbium, lutetium. Fluorides of REM have low toxicity and cumulativity, induce no local irritation of skin and eyes. Fluorides of yttrium, terbium and lutetium, if administered into stomach, result in specific intoxication (fluorosis). Fluoride of ytterbium did not cause such intoxication. According to short-term tests of cytotoxicity, the foreseeable fibrogenic danger for ytterbium fluoride is moderate, for fluorides of yttrium, terbium and lutetium is mild. The authors recommend to control the level of yttrium, terbium and lutetium fluorides in the air of workplace through the MACs for the fluorides at 2.5 mg/cu m (maximal single concentration) and 0.5 mg/cu m (average shift concentration), the level of ytterbium fluoride as moderate fibrogenic dust at 6 mg/cu m.
PMID: 7881860 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7909675&dopt=AbstractHum Exp Toxicol 1994 Mar;13(3):149-55
The mechanism of fluoride-induced hypocalcaemia.
Boink AB, Wemer J, Meulenbelt J, Vaessen HA, de Wildt DJ.
Laboratory of Toxicology, National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
1. Fluoride intoxication leads to sudden cardiac death which has been assumed to result from the accompanying severe hypocalcaemia. The aim of this study has been to investigate the suggestion that fluorapatite formation rather than CaF2 precipitation is responsible for this low calcium.
2. Measurements of free Ca2+ and F- ion concentrations in HEPES buffered solutions containing F-, Ca2+, and phosphate ions at different concentrations in the absence and presence of hydroxyapatite showed that the presence of hydroxyapatite enhanced the decrease of Ca2+ and F- concentration.
3. The ratio of Ca2+:F- clearance was 5:1 which is consistent with formation of fluorapatite. These results support the hypothesis that hydroxyapatite acts as a nucleation catalyst for fluorapatite formation and this process is responsible for the hypocalcaemia induced by fluoride intoxication.
4. The proposed mechanism explains also the metabolic acidosis which is frequently seen in cases of fluoride intoxication.
PMID: 7909675 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7944572&dopt=AbstractArch Environ Health 1994 Sep-Oct;49(5):395-401
Evaluating a fluorosis hazard after a volcanic eruption.
Rubin CH, Noji EK, Seligman PJ, Holtz JL, Grande J, Vittani F.
Epidemic Intelligence Service, Epidemiology Program Office, Atlanta, Georgia.
The August, 1991 eruption of Mt. Hudson (Chile) deposited ash across southern Argentina and contributed to the deaths of thousands of grazing sheep. Early ash analysis revealed high levels of fluoride, a potential ash constituent toxic to humans and animals. In order to evaluate fluorosis as the cause of sheep deaths and to examine the possibility that similar ash and airborne toxins could also have an effect on the human population, we conducted an investigation that included health provider interviews, hospital record review, physical examination of sheep, determination of sheep urine fluoride levels, and complete constituent analysis of ash samples collected at proscribed distances from the volcano. Ash deposited farthest from the volcano had highest fluoride levels; all fluoride measurements were normal after rainfall. There were no signs or symptoms of fluorosis observed in sheep or humans. Sheep deaths resulted from physical, rather than chemical properties of the ash.
PMID: 7944572 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7745892&dopt=AbstractJ Emerg Nurs 1994 Dec;20(6):451-3
- A fatal hydrogen fluoride exposure.
O'Neil K.
PMID: 7745892 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8076512&dopt=AbstractDtsch Med Wochenschr 1994 Aug 26;119(34-35):1185
[Acute poisoning by fluoridated drinking water]
[Article in German]
PMID: 8076512 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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