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1980 Fluoride Abstracts.

Abstracts for the following years:
Part 1 - mainly biochemistry and physiology (brain, hormonal, G-proteins, etc.)
Part 2 ("b") - all other

2007

2007-b

2004

2004-b

2001

2001-b

1998

1998-b

1995

1995-b

1992

1992-b

1989

1989-b

1986

1986-b

1983

1982

1976 -
1977
1970 -
1971

2006

2006-b

2003

2003-b

2000

2000-b

1997

1997-b

1994

1994-b

1991

1991-b

1988

1988-b

1985

1985-b

1981

1980

1974 -
1975
1968 -
1969

2005

2005-b

2005-b continued

2002

2002-b

1999

1999-b

1996

1996-b

1993

1993-b

1990

1990 -b

1987

1987-b

1984

1984-b

1979

1978

1972 -
1973
Up to
1967


Staub-Reinhalt Luft 1980; 40:448-453

  • As cited and abstracted in Fluoride 1981; 14(4):194

[Fluoride-induced damage to domestic animals with special reference to feeding and productivity]

[Article in German]

Oelschlager W, Moser E, Feyler L, Loeffler K

The authors comment on the recent directive by the DBR goverment regarding the top limit of fluoride permissible in feed for domestic animals. They consider fluoride assays in soft tissue, blood, milk, urine and bones less useful as indicators of fluoride damage to animals than the determination of fluoride levels of fodder. However, even at the maximal allowable concentration as established in 1974 by the U.S. National Research Council (NRC) of 40 ppm (as dry substance) in animal feed, heifers prior to their first pregnancy can contract dental fluorosis and minor periosteal hyperostoses.

For beef cattle, the NRC tolerance limit is 100 ppm in forage and for lambs, 60 ppm. These values are higher for milking animals in view of the short stay of the animals on the farm (about 18 months). The NRC tolerance limit for pigs is 150 ppm and for poultry -which is more fluoride-resistant than other domestic animals- up to 300 ppm. These limits pertain to soluble fluoride such as sodium fluoride.

In addition to fluoride in hay, cattle consumes fluoride present in phosphate supplements, levels of which range from 9 to 2275 ppm. In contaminated areas, especially in late summer and fall, fluoride uptake in cattle increases considerably because the animals consume soil contaminated by fluoride along with their feed. Near highways, soil contains between 450 and 490 ppm fluoride. Fourteen samples of dust derived from four areas in the contaminated Ruhr Valley contained from 1250 to 7500 ppm fluoride. Near an aluminum smelter, dust contained 9.2% sodium fluoride and 13.3% less soluble aluminum fluoride.

Under these conditions fluoride levels in hard tissue which were considered "normal" twenty years ago, are now appreciably higher. Nowadays, ashed pelvic bones of cattle contain approximately 2500 ppm of fluoride.

The authors emphasize the importance of considering total fluoride intake, the state of the animal's productivity and the degree of atmospheric contamination when evaluating fluoride damage to cattle.


Cornell Veterinarian 1980; 70:183-192
  • As cited and abstracted in Fluoride 1980; 13(4):171-172
N.Y. state and U.S. federal fluoride pollution standards do not protect cattle health
Crissman JW, Maylin GA, Krook L
Department of Pathology and Diagnostic Laboratory, New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca
This study demonstrates, as the title indicates, that the generally accepted standards for fluoride pollution are inadequate. On a New York State farm near the bridge connecting Cornwall Island in the St. Lawrence River with the U.S. and downwind from an aluminum plant, the cattle population of 82 Holsteins was almost completely wiped out by fluorosis. This occurred in spite of the fact that the level of fluoride emitted from the factory in ambient air, of contamination of vegetables and of fluoride in bone ash complied fully with state and federal standards.
According to official data, the plant emits currently 34 kg of fluoride per hour or 0.816 metric tons per day, compared to 51 kg between 1968-1973 and 139 kg between 1959-1968. At a station 1.5 km from the plant, the mean particulate fluoride was 0.31 mc/m3 with a 12 hour maximum of 5.53; for gaseous fluoride, the mean was 0.36 mcg/m3 with a maximum of 6.41. At another station, 4 kms from the plant, the figures ranged between 0.15 and 3.21 mcg/m3.
The New York State ambient air fluoride standards for 24 hours, and for one month are less than 2.851 mcg/m3 and 0.80 mcg/m3 of gaseious fluoride respectively. These standards were exceeded less than 1% of the time on Cornwall Island.
Eighty-two Holstein cattle were on the farm in January 1979. By June 3, 1979, 64 of them had had to be sold for slaughter because of lameness. They were so lame that they could not "get up" or "stand up". By June 19, 1979 only two milking cows remained on the farm, one of which delivered a dead calf. In addition there were two young bulls, 15 calves and heifers ranging from 1 to 18 months of age.
At a 1300 - 2000 meter distance southeast of the plant, the sampling of vegetation showed levels in the range of 14.9 to 25.2 ppm fluoride on a dry weight basis. This contrasts with the tolerance level of 40 ppm established by the National Academy of Sciences.
With respect to the clinical state of the herd, the two lactating cows were thin; in one of them the pelvic bones protruded sharply above atrophic muscles. With exception of the 3 youngest calves less than 4 months old, all had brown discoloration and a chalk-like appearance of the enamel of the teeth. All teeth of a 2 1/2 year old cow were severely discolored with extensive chipping of the top of the enamel, severe mottling and evidence of gingivitis. One of the teeth was erupting obliquely and in a 3 1/2 year old bull eruption of teeth was considerably delayed.
The ingestion of fluoride by cattle was within the 15-30 ppm range designated by the National Academy of Sciences, as inducing "no adverse effects", based on experiments by Shupe and Suttie. In 7 cattle and in the stillborn calf, coccygeal bone biopsy revealed a range of fluoride increment according to age: In two year cattle, the linerar regression equation showed 1645 ppm fluoride and in the four year old cattle 2745. The official figures concerning correlation between fluoride ingestion and bone ash fluoride and degree of chronic fluorosis are consequently invalid in field situations.

 


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7365208&dopt=Abstract

J Environ Sci Health B 1980;15(2):207-17

Subcellular distribution of neurotoxic esterase activity in lamb and mouse brain.

Soliman SA, El-Sebae AE, Curely A, Ahmed NS.

Brain tissue samples of mice (7.6 g from 25 mouse brains and lamb (25 g) were homogenized and subcellular fractions prepared in order to assay the distribution of neurotoxic esterase (NTE) activity. The specific inhibitor, N,N-diisopropylphosphorodiamidic fluoride (mipafox) was synthesized and purified. Maximum specific activity of NTE was reached in the microsomal fraction (110,000 g) while the enzyme activity in the soluble fraction (110,000 g) was extremely low. This subcellular distribution of NTE activity in mammal brains is an original contribution. Brain microsomal fraction is suggested to be a more reliable source for the highest activity of NTE. The specific activity of NTE of lamb brain was much higher than that of mouse brain. This might help interpretation of the characteristic species variation in susceptibility to NTE inhibitors which are known to be potent delayed neurotoxic agents.

PMID: 7365208 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


Fluoride 1980; 13(4):160-162

Histological finding of mice testes following fluoride ingestion

K Kour and J Singh

Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Srinagar, Kashmir, India

Summary: The study was designed in order to assess the relationship between infertility and histological structure of testes following administration of varying doses of sodium fluoride. One hundred adult male albino mice were fed 10 ppm (Group A), 500 ppm (Group B) and 1000 ppm (Group C) of sodium fluoirde in drinking water. The Group A animals were sacrified at the end of one month, Group B after two and Group C after three months. The testes were removed and, after being processed in the usual manner, they were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. In Groups B and C, the higher dosage groups, there was a lack of maturation and differentiation of spermatocytes. In animals sacrificed at the end of three months, spermatogenesis ad stopped and the seminiferous tubules had become necrotic. A definite relationship betwee fluoride and damage to the testes has, therefore, been established by this study.


Fluoride 1980; 13(4):148-151

Adrenal function and changes in renal (NA + K)-ATPASE activity of fluoride-intoxicated rats

Y Suketa and Y Terui

Shizuoka College of Pharmacy, Dept. of Environmental Health, Shizuoka, Japan


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7188719&dopt=Abstract

Am J Obstet Gynecol 1980 Jan 1;136(1):84-6

Placental transfer of intravenous fluoride in the pregnant ewe.

Maduska AL, Ahokas RA, Anderson GD, Lipshitz J, Morrison JC.

Fluoride ion is produced with the biotransformation of two commonly used anesthetics, methoxyflurane and enflurane. Fluoride ion is added to prenatal vitamin preparations and water to prevent carious teeth. Very high levels of fluoride assailure. Previous studies of placental transfer of fluoride ion were conflicting. Our study in pregnant ewes revealed rapid transfer of the fluoride ion across the placenta with high fetal to maternal ratios as early as 1 minute.

PMID: 7188719 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6768460&dopt=Abstract

C R Seances Acad Sci D 1980 Jan 21;290(3):215-7

[Fluorine uptake by calcified tissues in the guinea pig after 18 months exposure to an atmosphere containing 100 to 150 mcg hydrofluoric acid per cubic meter]

[Article in French]

Rioufol C, Poey J, Bourbon P.

In the conditions described, inhaled HF is uptaken progressively by bones and teeth. Metabolic processes involved in calcification are disturbed and serum alkaline phosphatase activity is increased. The transfer of fluoride ion through placenta is revealed by an increase of bone fluorine in newborne Guinea Pigs issued from intoxicated mothers.

PMID: 6768460 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6244715&dopt=Abstract

Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh) 1980 Jan;46(1):66-72

On the role of cyclic AMP in the cytotoxic effect of fluoride.

Holland RI, Hongslo JK, Christoffersen T.

The possible role of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) in the cytotoxic effect of fluoride was investigated in fluoride sensitive mouse fibroblasts (LS) and a subline of LS resistant to 6 mM fluoride (FR6). In both cell lines, growth was inhibited by dibutyryl-cAMP, prostaglandin (PG)E2 and theophylline, FR6 being somewhat more sensitive to these agents than LS. FR6 had lower basal cAMP levels in the intact cells and lower basal adenylate cyclase activity in the homogenate preparation than LS, but the percentual response of intact cells or adenylate cyclase preparations to PGE1 or PGE2 was about the same in the two cell lines, and the sensitivity of the adenylate cyclase to fluoride was similar. No measurable increase in cAMP content was found in either LS or FR6 after exposure of the intact cells to various concentrations of fluoride for various times. The present results indicate that the development of fluoride resistance in these cells is not due to decreased sensitivity to cAMP, and probably not due to altered cAMP-formation in response to fluoride. The growth inhibitory and cytotoxic effects of fluoride in LS cells is probably not mediated through cAMP.

PMID: 6244715 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6445672&dopt=Abstract

No Abstract available

Acta Odontol Scand 1980;38(2):69-79

Cytotoxicity of fluoride.

Holland RI.

Publication Types:

  • Review

PMID: 6445672 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6167244&dopt=Abstract

Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 1980;28(6):941-6

The action of various fluorides on rat mast cells. A comparative study.

Kazimierczak W, Adamas B.

The effect of various fluorides as to their ability to activate mast cells to subsequent secretory action of calcium have been investigated. The mechanism of action of both potassium and lithium fluoride conformed to a secretory process by being dependent on calcium and cellular metabolic energy. On the other hand, the action of ammonium fluoride seemed to be cytotoxic. Among fluorides tested, potassium fluoride was shown to be the most potent agent. The potency of mast cell activatory action of fluorides was parallel to their dissociation constants.

PMID: 6167244 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


Am J Clin Nutr 1980; 33:328-332

Fluoride intake of young males in the U.S.

Singer L, Ophaug RH, Harland BF

Through analysis of market basket collections, the total fluoride intake for young male adults was estimated to vary from 0.912 mg per day in unfluoridated Kansas City, Missouri to 1.720 mg/day in fluoridated Atlanta, Georgia in 1975. The 1977 collection from San Francisco, California revealed a higher fluoride intake (1.636 mg/day) than in 1975 (1.213 mg/day).


Fluoride 1980; 13(1):1-3

Editorial

Fluoride and kidney stones


Fluoride 1980; 13(1):4-9

Adrenal function and changes of sodium and potassium in serum and urine in fluoride-intoxicated rats

Y Suketa and Y Terui

Shizuoka College of Pharmacy, Department of Environmental Health, Japan

Summary: Administration of fluoride to intact and adrenalectomized rats reduced the serum sodium and elevated the serum posassium level. The response of serum sodium and potassium to angiotensin became more pronounced in intact rats which received fluoride than in the controls. The increased sensitivity of serum sodium to angiotensin by fluoride was associated with greater excretion of sodium. Interestingly, the elevation of serum potassium by adrenalectomy could be suppressed by angiotensin and the decreased urinary excretion of potassium induced by adrenalectomy was markedly suppressed by angiotensin. Fluoride did not alter the suppression effect of angiotensin.


Fluoride 1980; 13(1):10-16

Kidney changes and kidney stones in endemic fluorosis

Jolly SS, Sharma OP, Garg G, Sharma R

Summary: Urinary tract calculi obtained from 25 patients residing in endemic fluorotic area revealed a significantly higher fluoride conent compared to calculi from 25 persons from a nonendemic area. However the difference in their calcium and phosphate content was not significant. Twenty-four hour urinary fluoride excretion was significantly higher in 10 fluortic patients than in 10 controls. The incidence of urinary tract calculi was elevated in most of the fluorotic districts of Punjab.


Fluoride 1980; 13(1):17-19

The parathyroid in human fluorotic syndrome

Makhni SS, Sidhu SS, Singh P, Singh G

Government Medical College, Punjabi University, Patiala, India

Summary: The present report deals with autopsies in two endemic fluorotic subjects. In one (S 721), there were three parathyroid glands with a total weight of .795 gm. In the other (S 723), a single large parathyroid weighed 5.715 gm. Histologically the parathyroid glands showed hypeplasia. The nuclei of the chief cells were larger and more vesicular than in normal controls. In case S 721, a trend toward acinous formation was noted. Oxyphil cells showed acinous formation with large vesicular nuclei. No oxyphil cells were seen and the parathyroid showed degenetative changes similar to those reported by us in experiments on rabbits.


Fluoride 1980; 13(1):20-24

Electrophoresis of serum proteins in growing chicks fed a diet supplemented by NaF

Yu MN, Stoehr MP, Driver CJ

Huxley College of Environmental Studies, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington

Summary: The electrophoretic patterns of serum samples from growing chicks fed a diet supplemented with 150 ppm fluoride as NaF showed, after 5 and 8 weeks, variations in the mobility and the concentrations of protein components.


Fluoride 1980; 13(1):25-30

A follow up study of fluorosis a decade after a change in the source of drinking water. Preliminary report.

Bagga OP, Gupta R, Gulati PV, Goel A

Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India

Summary: An intensive survey of Bindapur Village, a decade after the inhabitants were first provided with piped drinking water (0.6 ppm) revealed that the decline in the prevalence of dental fluorosis was statistically insignificant. The study was designed to determine the incidence of skeletal fluorosis and of dental mottling in children born after 1970.

Foods high in fluoride, excessive placental transfer and its deposition in the fetus during pregnancy appears to be the source of fluoride toxicity. Fluoride intake through water and food, the hot climate, and malnutritioninduced increased deposition. Evidence of dental fluorosis was observed in all twelve villages surveyed near Delhi (India) in 1963. The highest incidence (75.4%) occurred in Bindapur. Male residents suffered more than females and adults more than children.


Fluoride 1980; 13(1):30-38

Boron as an antidote in acute fluoride intoxication in rabbits: its action on the fluoride and calcium-phosphorous metabolism

Elsair J, Merad R, Denine R, Reggabi M, Benali S, Azzouz M, Khelfat K, and M Tabet Aoul

Laboratories of Physiology, Toxicology, and Galenic Pharmacy, Medical Institue, Algiers, Algeria

Summary: The kinetics of calcium, phosphorous and fluoride were studied after daily adminisration of 60 mg/kg fluoride to rabbits in drinking water for two months and subsequent addition of boron following a lapse of 11 and 45 days during which fluoride was discontinued.

Boron tends to increase the elmination of fluoride from the body. Fluoremia returned to normal levels in all groups on day 11. At that time, the fluoride balance was negative compared with normal levels. When boron was added the negative balance was more pronounced because of relative hyperfluoria and because of a decrease in the digestive utilization coefficient. In bones the fluoride content decreased more slowly. It remained very high on day 45 in the fluoride group, but returned to normal when boron was given.

Calcium and phosphorous balances were normal in all cases on days 11 and 45. This was due to normalization of calcium and phosphorous digestive utilization coefficient, in the 45-day fluoride group after addition of boron.


Fluoride 1980; 13(1):39-41

Metabolism of fluorine: report of a meeting

Zygmunt Machoy

On May 25-26, 1979, the Polish Biochemical Society held a symposium on Metabolism of Fluorine at Szczecin, Poland. It was attended by some 150 scientists from various scientific centers in Poland and abroad. Nine papers and fifty-three poster presentations made up the program. The inaugural lecture was delivered by Z. Machoy, Ph.D., Szczecin, entitled "The Infludence of Fluorine Compounds on the respiratory Chain."


Fluoride 1980; 13(2):49-57

Trace elements in endemic fluorosis in Punjab

Jolly SS, Lal H, Sharma R

Summary: No cases of genu valbum syndrome, of the kind reported in Andhra Pradesh, have been encountered in the endemic fluorosis villages of Punjab. No appreciable change in manifestations of fluorosis has taken place since our previous description of the disease in 1971. Residents of Punjab consume trace elements molybdenum, copper and zinc to lesser quantities than in Andhra Pradesh. Villages of Punjab with endemic fluorosis consume less molybdenum and zinc, while copper consumption is higher. Total and calcium hardness exert a protective influence in the genesis of skeletal fluorosis, which is in accordance with earlier reports by Jolly et al. The protective role of calcium in the diet is emphasized in the prevention of this syndrome.


Fluoride 1980; 13(2):57-64

Fluorosis in dairy cattle due to high fluoride rock phosphate supplements

Shlosberg A, Bartana U, Egyed MN

Kimron Veterinary Inst., Beit Dagan, Israel.

Summary: Non-defluorinated rock phosphate which was used as a mineral supplement in the feed of twenty herd of dairy cows over a period of 6-12 months, induced clinical fluorosis in about 70 cows. The condition was characterized by lameness, esoxtoses in hind legs and ribs, and mild dental changes. Fluoride values were elevated in the blood sera, urine, milk and bones of affected animals. Serum fluoride levels returned to normal upon withdrawal of the contaminated rock phosphate whereas, urine concentrations remained elevated for several months.


Fluoride 1980; 13(2):65-70

Biochemistry of fluorosis - methods for evaluating fluoride in blood serum. A critical and comparative study.

Paez DM, de Bianchi LP, Gil BA, Dapas Jr O, Coronato RG

Department of Toxicology and Legal Medicine, National University of San Luis, Argentina

Summary excerpt: Using pooled blood serum from a community in which the drinking water contained 0.95 ppm fluoride, the authors conducted a comparative study of the conventional methods for determining fluoride levels in order to evaluate the discrepancies in blood serum fluoride values reported in the literature...


Fluoride 1980; 13(2):70-75

Biochemical variations in Channa punctatus (Bloch.)* due to sodium fluoride treatment

* Channa Punctatus (Bloch.) belongs to the family known as smokehead - a type of fish which breathes air and lives in very polluted water

T Chitra and JV Ramana Rao

Department of Zoology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India

Summary: Channa punctatus (Bloch.) maintained in the medium containing sodium fluoride (10 ppm) showed the following biochemical changes at 15¼ C as well as at room temperature (30.22+-0.54¼ C) as compared to the controls.

1. Hyperglycemia was observed upon treatment with sodium fluoride at room temperatue.
2. Cholesterol and sodium contents increased both temperatures.
3. Potassium and calcium showed an increase at room temperature and a decrease at 15¼ C.
4, Total protein also increased on treatment with sodium fluoride.
The significance of the above results is discussed.


Fluoride 1980; 13(2):75-80

Uptake of fluoride by magnesium trisilicate

Rao KV *, Murty BVSR, Purushottam D, Rao SR

* Geological Survey of India, Chemical Division, Hyderabad

Summary: Earlier studies in this laboratory on the uptake of fluoride by serpentine indicated the proxy of fluoride ions for hydroxyl ions. The present paper seeks to elucidate the behavior of magnesium trisilicate from the standpoint of its uptake of fluoride ions in aqueous solutions under varying experimental conditions.

One gm of magnesium trisilicate (MTS) I.P. (Boots Company India Ltd.) can reduce the fluoride content from 1000 ug to 800 ug in 100 ml of solution. Data comparing serpentine with MTS are given in order to elucidate the similarities and essential differences.


Fluoride 1980; 13(2):81-85

Kizilcaoren -- A health survey in an endemic fluorosis village

Aksit MA, Tel E, Bilir S

Anadolu University, Medical Faculty, Eskisehir, Turkey

Summary: The fluoride content of the water supply in Kizilcaoren has ranged between 3.8-4.9 ppm presumably for about 650 years. A survey conducted by the Anadolu University yielded data concerning the historical background, the socio-economic and the health status of the residents.

Excerpts:
Health Status: ... Dental defects were observed in 267 persons (74%) of the total population. On the other hand, nine children between 1-10 months of age (mean 5.6 months) had, as yet, no teeth. Thirty-three women with no dental problems had come from other villages. All children seven years of age and above, born and raised in Kizilcaoren, had dental problems, below that age they were insignificant.

Bone and joint complaints (29.6%) and epigastric pain (25.8%) were problems second and third in importance. Respiratory disease occurred in 12.7% of the total population and kidney stones in 2.2%. In Kizilcaoren Village, 41.6% of the people were under the care of dentists and physicians.

... In 91 of 157 children aged 0-15 years, x-rays of the left arms were negative; forty-seven of 91 children (52%) had retarded bone age. The knee, chest and pelvic x-rays in adults showed evidence of fluorosis. Approximately half of the 166 adults (75 or 45.2%) had advanced fluorosis...


Fluoride 1980; 13(2):90-95

Book Review by Professor Albert Burgstahler

Continuing Evaluation of the Use of Fluorides

Edited by Erling Johansen, Donald R. Taves and Thor O. Olsen

Published June 1979 for the American Association for the Advancement of Science

Westview Press, 5500 Central Avenue, Boulder CO 80301; pp 321, 71 figures, 47 tables

[EC Note: Professor Albert Burghstahler is America's preminent authority on fluoride and his 6-page review of this book is but another gift he has given us. I've included his comments on Harold Hodge, a world authority on fluoride safety. Hodge was the chief of fluoride toxicology studies for the Manhattan Project at the University of Rochester, NY.]

Since its first symposium on "Fluorine and Dental Health" held in Dallas, Texas, in December 1941, the American Association for the Advancement of Science [AAAS], has, from time to time, sponsored similar meetings dealing with dental and medical aspects of fluorides and fluoridation. In February 1977 such a session took place in Denver, Colorado, and was summarized shortly afterward in Fluoride [1977; 10:141-144]. With their appearance in book form, the papers presened at this symposium, plus additional material, are now conveniently available to a wide audience. The volume is comprised of 13 chapters contributed by 16 specialists...

...the symposium also dealt with a number of more controversial issues but with an obviously overriding commitment to a profluoridation viewpoint. Thus, although they acknowledge that dental fluorosis is significantly increased by fluoridation, neither R.F. Sognnaes (Ch. 1) nor H.C. Hodge (Ch. 11) concedes any other health hazard from it. In fact Sognnaes even suggests that "it may well be that the amount of fluoride provided by water fluoridated at the 1 ppm level may be too little rather than too much for long term preventive effects on the skeletal and vascular systems in adult man." (Emphasis in original.) At the same time he calls attention to adverse oral soft tissue and systemic effecs that have been reported from the use of topical fluoride preparations, concluding that "the high concentrations of [fluoride in] some products may be neither biologically desirable nor clinically necessary."

For his part, Hodge cautions that "the widely recommended dosage regimen which gives infants 0.5 mg F daily for the first two years of life" is too high and should be reduced to 0.25 mg/day because of the increased risk of dental fluorosis at the higher level of intake, but he too discounts evidence of any other toxic effects. For example, he states (incorrectly) that "No documentation was provided" by Feltman and Kosel for the systemic ill effects from fluoride tablets which they reported in 1961, and for which they provided conclusive proof with placebo conrols. Moreover, Hodge does not cite the additional, fully confirmatory findings reported by Shea et al. in 1967 (2), although they are cited by Taves in Ch. 13.

Hodge further contends that in temperate regions of the United States waterborne fluoride below 2 ppm causes nothing more serious than "mild" dental mottling, which he does not consider objectionable -- even though it is often quite noticeable. But again he speaks incorrectly, because even the data he cites reveal the occurrence of the more severe degree of "moderate" dental fluorosis in an artifically fluoridated New England community (Table 2, p. 258). Moreover, he fails to mention that Dean's original surveys disclosed the presence of "moderate" mottling in midwestern cities with less than 2 ppm fluoride in the drinking water (e.g. in Elmhurst and Galesburg, Ill.). Incidentally, in Table 2 on p. 258 the percentage of "mild" dental fluorosis in Clovis, N.M., should read 35.5, not 3.5%. Also, the figues for the group index of fluorosis in the work of Assenden and Peebles cited in that same table were incorrectly calculated in the original paper. The correct figures, according to Dean's method used for the other entries, are: Group I (F supplement), 1.22 (not 0.88); Group II (control), 0.11 (not 0.07); Group III (1 ppm F water) 0.61 (not 0.40).

Far more serious than these errors, however, is Hodge's mistaken assertion that "accidental ingestion of 20 to 100 tablets containing 1 mg F each would be followed by signs and symptoms no more drastic than nausea and vomiting, perhaps by abdominal pain and prostration." He has evidently overlooked the fact that acute poisoning in the form of gastrointestinal hemorrhaging has been documented in infants and children receiving even the recommended daily doses (2,3). Moreover, deaths in children resulting from the accidental ingestion of fluoride tablets, even fewer than 100, are now on record (4).

... in this volume the AAAS has once againt lent its prestige and support to a continuing effort to sustain fluoridation with a clean bill of health. Even though the work contains a large amount of valuable as well as recent information, the fact remains that the underling viewpoint of the symposium speakers and the organizers was to minimize and discount evidence of serious adverse effects of low-level fluoride intake. Under these circumstaces it is not surprising that the gravely mistaken notion that fluoridation is safe for everyone continues to be so widely propagated. The AAAS has much for which to answer.


Fluoride 1980; 13(3):100-104

The significance of age-dependent fluoride accumulation in bone in relation to daily intake of fluoride

P Wix and SM Mohamedally

Polytechnic of the South Bank, Dept. of Biology and Food Science, London, UK

Summary: Fluoride levels of 600 samples of iliac crest bone in ash weight were correlated with age. They showed a near linearship with age. The yearly rate of accumulation of fluoride in bone was found to be 25.589 ug/g bone ash weight. This accumulation rate could be met by the ingestion of 0.867 mg/day of fluoride. The derivation of this figure is indicated and considered in relation to known ranges of dietary and other levels of fluoride ingestion.


Fluoride 1980; 13(3):105-117

Uptake of particulate fluorides from an aluminum smelter by plants. Effects of humidity of the air.

JP Garrec and N Passera

Laboratoire de Biologie Vegetale, Department de Recherche Fondamentale, Centre d'Etudes Nucleaires de Grenoble, France

Summary: Studies of polluted areas near an aluminum smelter have shown that distance traveled by particulate fluoride for deposition on vegetation is one-tenth that traveled by gaseos fluorides. In these areas, particulates less than 2 um in diameter collect in large quantities on conifer needles, whereas retention of larger particles is low.

Fluoride from aluminum smelter dust accumulates in plant tissue but the rate of accumulation is 30 to 50 fold slower than that from a comparable treatment with HF. Exposure to particulate fluoride results in visible injury to the needles, with increases in the fluoride level of the foliage. Bud growth is also adversely affected.

In our experiments, accumulation to particulate fluoride in foliage is closely related to the duration of the exposure. Fluoride levels in those tissues showing physiological effects are 3 to 5 times smaller than the total fluoride accumulation. A rise in the humidity of the air from 60% to 90% enhances foliar fluoride accumulation about 3 to 4 fold, probably because aluminum smelter dust deposited on the surface of the leaves may be dissolved and thereby adsorbed more readily.

Our experiments indicate that gaseous fluoride absorbed by the dusts is mainly responsible for the phytotoxicty of smelter dusts, when compared to the particulate fluoride itself.


Fluoride 1980; 13(3):117-121

Effect of sodium fluoride on the hematological indices in Channa punctatus (Bloch.)

T Chitra and JV Ramana Rao

Department of Zoology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India

Summary: The folowing changes in the hematological indices were observed in Channa punctatus (Bloch.) exposed to sodium fluoride (10 ppm) at room termperature (30.22+- 0.54¼ C) and 15¼ C when compared to untreated controls:

A decrease took place in the whole animal oxygen consumption, hematocrit values, total leucocyte count, percentage of monocytes and lymphocytes and the liver somatic index. An increase in erythrocyte count, in length and breadth of RBCs, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin was noted. For some parameters, variation in the response of sexes to the chemical treatent was also observed. The results are discussed in light of the physiological reorganization consequent to the chemical treatment.


Fluoride 1980; 13(3):122-129

Effects of fluoride emissions on enzyme activity in metabolism of agricultural plants

PB Moeri

Swiss Federal Research Station for Agricultural Chemistry and Hygiene of Environment, Switzerland

Summary: The effects of fluoride on the activity of malatedehydrogenase (MDH) in the metabolism of agricultural plants have been investigated. Fluoride, which has been absorbed from the air, seems to act differently from fluoirde added to the soil.

The action of airborne fluoride compounds resorbed by the plant on the activity of MDH significantly correlated with the distance from an aluminum plant, crop yield and fluoride content.


Fluoride 1980; 13(3):129-138

Boron as a preventive antidote in acute and subacute fluoride intoxication in rabbits: its action on fluoride and calcium-phosphorous metabolism

Elsair J, Merad R, Denine R, Reggabi M, Alamir B, Benali S, Azzouz M, Khelfat K

Laboratories of Physiology, Toxicology and Galenic Pharmacy, Medical Institute, Algiers, Algeria


J AWWA 1980; 72:238-243

A fluoride overfeed incident at Harbor Springs, Michigan

Leland DE, Powell KE, Anderson Jr RS


J Am Dent Assoc 1980; 100:27-33
  • As cited (and abstracted) in Fluoride 1980; 13(3):140-141

Sugar and fluoride content of various forms of tobacco

Going RE, Hau SC, Pollack RL, Haugh LD


Dt Gesundh Wesen 1978; 33:761-766
  • As cited (and abstracted) in Fluoride 1980; 13(3):142-143

[Hydrofluoric acid burns of the skin - a survey of 68 cases]

[ German]

LW Schmidt and H Metze


Fluoride 1980; 13(4):151-159

Chemical profile of plasma in fluoride toxicity. II. Total protei-bound hexose and seromucoid fraction of rabbit plasma

AK Sushella and YD Sharma

Fluorosis Research Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India


Fluoride 1980; 13(4):163-167

Histological findings in kidneys of mice following sodium fluoride administration

K Kour and J Singh

Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Srinagar, Kashmir, India

Summary: The present study assesses the effect of sodium fluoride administration on kidneys of mice. One hundred adult male Albino mice were fed 10 ppm (Group A), 500 ppm (Group B), and 1000 ppm (Group C) of sodium fluoride for 3 months. Some of the animals from each group were sacrified at the end of one, two and three months. The kidneys were removed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The most consistent changes in the kidneys were cloudy swellings of the tubular cells. In the higher dosage group (B and C), sacrificed at the end of three months, we found marked necrosis of tubular cells, atrophy of the glomeruli, and areas of interstitial infilitration of round cells. It is concluded that kidneys are adversely affected by prolonged use of sodium fluoride.


Southern Med J 1980; 73:301-306

Fluoridation: a clinician's experience

GL Waldbott


Pediatrics 1980; 65:897-900

Acute fluoride poisoning in New Mexico elementary school

Hoffman R, Mann J, Calderoni J, Trumbull J, Burkhardt M

In an elementary school in Los Lunas 13 miles south of Albuquerque, New Mexico, 34 persons became ill after a fluoride spill into the water supply. Fluoridation equipment had been designed to increase the fluoride levels of the school's well water from 0.33 ppm to beteen 1 and 5 ppm.

During September through November, 1978 levels ranged from 0.81 to 4.75 ppm. On November 17, 1978 however, due to equipment failure water from storage tanks containing a mixture of well water and a concentated NaF solution (4220 ppm) was pumped through the pipes supplying two school buildings. The fluoride levels in the water supply rose as high as 375 ppm in Building A and 93.5 ppm in Building B. Fifteen children became ill with acute gastrointestinal symptoms within 30 minutes after the start of the school day. Of the 265 persons in the school, 75% or 207 persons were interviewed; 16.4% were believed to have acute fluoride poisoning. Of those affected, 79% reported abdominal pain, 68% nausea and 32% vomiting. Other symptoms were general weakness, diarhea, muscular fibrillation and excessive salivation.

Twenty-seven of the 34 patients were contacted one week later. In 18 the symptoms had subsided within 24 hours, but no information is presented about the other 9. In the classroom where most illness occurred, the teacher had instructed students to drink water routinely at 8:45 each morning before beginning class.

Two components of the water system failed to function properly. A faulty electric relay switch permitted the fluoridator to pump the concentrated NaF solution into the storage tanks without simultaneously pumping an appropriate amount of water into the tanks. In addition, a toilet in the boys bathroom in Building A failed to shut off after flushing. Therefore, water was continuously being drawn through the pipes into this building, whereas in Building B water was used only intermittently. Thus more of the concentrated NaF solution was drawn into the storage tank of building A than of Building B. According to the author's estimate, children who drank from a few sips to several ounces of water swallowed a dose of 4 to 90 mg fluoride.

In explanation of the symptomatology of acute fluoride intoxication, the authors pointed to formation of HF due to gastric HCl reacting with NaF, to precipitation of calcium and lowering of the serum ionized calcium concentration by fluoride and to the effect of fluoride on glycolytic enzymes and cholinesterases in which magnesium and manganese are present.

The authors cautioned about the danger of pleasant tasting mouthwashes containing from 200 to 900 ppm NaF and emphasized the need for physicians to become aware of the toxic effects of fluoride.


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7426009&dopt=Abstract

Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1980 Sep 30;96(2):704-10

No Abstract available

Fentrifanil: a diarylamine acaricide with potent mitochondrial uncoupling activity.


Nizamani SM, Hollingworth RM.

PMID: 7426009 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

[Note from FAN: Fentrfanil is an acaracide]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7355803&dopt=Abstract
Am J Clin Nutr 1980 Feb;33(2):328-32

Fluoride
intakes of young male adults in the United States.


Singer L, Ophaug RH, Harland BF.

The total daily fluoride intake for young male adults living in four geographical areas of the United States has been estimated by the analysis of "market basket collections" obtained in 1975 and 1977. The fluoride intake in 1975 vaired from 0.912 mg/day in an unfluoridated city (Kansas City, Mo.) to 1.720 mg/day in a fluoridated city (Atlanta, Ga.). The 1977 collection from San Francisco, Calif. contained more fluoride (1.636 mg/day) than the 1975 collection (1.213 mg/day). The level of intake found in this study is less than that reported by San Filippo and Battistone (Clin. Chem. Acta 31: 453, 1971) who analyzed similar collections from Baltimore, Md. in 1967 to 1968 (2.09 to 2.34 mg/day). This study, as well as the earlier one, indicates that relatively low levels of fluoride are being consumed in the United States by the young adult male 16 to 19 years of age.

PMID: 7355803 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7425768&dopt=Abstract

Arch Intern Med 1980 Oct;140(10):1331-5

Fluoride metabolism
in patients with chronic renal failure.


Spencer H, Kramer L, Gatza C, Norris C, Wiatrowski E, Gandhi VC.

Studies of fluoride metabolism were carried out in patients with chronic renal failure by determining fluoride balances for several weeks. The fluoride intake was due to the analyzed fluoride content of the diet and of the drinking water. The effect of aluminum hydroxide on fluoride metabolism was investigated because this antacid is commonly used therapeutically for these patients. Studies have shown that urinary fluoride excretion in patients with chronic renal failure was significantly lower than that in patients with normal renal function, resulting in a signicantly higher retention of fluoride. Although the fecal fluoride excretion in patients with chronic renal failure was slightly but significantly increased, this change did not compensate for the decrease of the urinary fluoride excretion. The intake of aluminum hydroxide resulted in a significant increase of fecal fluoride excretion and in a significant decrease of net absorption and retention of fluoride in patients with chronic renal failure.

PMID: 7425768 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7210717&dopt=Abstract

ZFA 1980;34(6):557-60

[Skeletal fluorosis in senility (author's transl)]


[Article in German]

Schmidt CW, Klingler J, Auermann E, Weymar F, Funke U.

There are reported two cases of nonprofessional skeletal fluorosis in senility. Causes of origin, clinical and roentgenological picture, histology and bone fluoride contents are specified, the findings discussed in connection with sodium fluoride therapy of osteoporosis.

PMID: 7210717 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6972232&dopt=Abstract

Biokhimiia 1980 Oct;45(10):1810-8
[Adenylate cyclase from rat thymus and spleen lymphocytes]

[Article in Russian]

Dmitrenko NP, Komissarenko SV, Goroshnikova TV.

It was found that adenylate cyclase from spleen lymphocytes is more active as compared to that from thymocytes, but is less sensitive to the activating effect of epinephrine and NaF. Adenylate cyclase from different subcellular fractions of thymocytes has different sensitivity to NaF. In the microsomal and mitochondrial fractions the enzyme is inhibited by NaF 7- and 2-fold, while in cell lysate and nuclear-cellular fractions it is activated 3- and 9-fold, respectively. In the presence of NaF adenosine, AMP, PPi and methylene diphosphonic acid inhibit the enzyme activity both in thymus and spleen lymphocytes. Creatine and CrP also significantly decrease the enzyme activity. NH4+ and concanavalin A have no effect and phytohemagglutinin stimulates the enzyme from both sources.

PMID: 6972232 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7002667&dopt=Abstract

Diabetes 1980 Oct;29(10):852-5
Isolation from rat adipocytes of a chemical mediator for insulin activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase.

Kiechle FL, Jarett L, Popp DA, Kotagal N.

Insulin treatment of adipocytes increased the amount or activity of a low molecular weight, acid-stable material which, when isolated from intact adipocytes by heat extraction and subsequent Sephadex G25 chromatography, yielded a single active fraction that stimulated mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase by activating the phosphatase and not by altering the kinase activity. Phosphatase activation was demonstrated by the ability of the active material to increase pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in the absence of ATP and by the ability of NaF, a phosphatase inhibitor, to this stimulation. Involvement of the kinase in this activation mechanism was eliminated by the fact that, in the presence of ATP,
(1) NaF completely blocked the stimulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase by the active fraction, and
(2) the stimulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase by dichloroacetic acid, a kinase inhibitor, was additive to the stimulation caused by the active fraction. This active fraction may contain an intracellular chemical mediator or second messenger for insulin.

PMID: 7002667 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7355802&dopt=Abstract

Am J Clin Nutr 1980 Feb;33(2):324-7
Estimated fluoride intake of 6-month-old infants in four dietary regions of the United States.

Ophaug RH, Singer L, Harland BF.

Eleven composite food groups comprising the infant "market basket" food collections for 1977 or 1978 from each of four dietary regions of the United States were analyzed for their fluoride content. Based upon the determined fluoride content of each composite and Food and Drug Administration estimates of food consumption the daily fluoride intake of an average 6-month-old infant residing in each of the dietary regions was calculated. The daily fluoride intake varied from 0.207 mg/day in Grand Rapids, Mich. (north central dietary region) to 0.541 mg/day in Orlando, Fla. (south dietary region). Fluoride intakes of 0.272 and 0.354 mg/day were calculated for Philadelphia, Pa. (northeast dietary region) and Los Angeles, Calif. (west dietary region), respectively. The fluoride content of the water supplies ranged from 0.37 ppm (Los Angeles) to 1.04 ppm (Grand Rapids). Drinking water, dairy products and substitutes (other than milk), and grain and cereal products contributed 44 to 80% of the daily fluoride intake. In three of the four dietary regions the daily fluoride intake was less than the optimum level of 0.05 mg/kg body weight.

PMID: 7355802 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7189325&dopt=Abstract

Am J Obstet Gynecol 1980 Apr 15;136(8):1080

No Abstract available

Fluoride
renal toxicity in fetus and neonate.


Maduska AL.

Publication Types:
PMID: 7189325 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6159011&dopt=Abstract

Biull Eksp Biol Med 1980 Oct;90(10):420-2

[RNA synthesis in different mouse organs against a background of chronic fluorine poisoning]


[Article in Russian]

Avtsyn AP, Zhavoronkov AA, Strochkova LS.

PMID: 6159011 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7210717&dopt=Abstract

ZFA 1980;34(6):557-60

[Skeletal fluorosis in senility (author's transl)]

[Article in German]

Schmidt CW, Klingler J, Auermann E, Weymar F, Funke U.

There are reported two cases of nonprofessional skeletal fluorosis in senility. Causes of origin, clinical and roentgenological picture, histology and bone fluoride contents are specified, the findings discussed in connection with sodium fluoride therapy of osteoporosis.

PMID: 7210717 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7256940&dopt=Abstract

Ukr Biokhim Zh 1980 Nov-Dec;52(6):774-7

[Kinetic characteristics and effect of sodium fluoride on AMP-aminohydrolase from rat liver hyaloplasm]


[Article in Russian]

Rymar'-Shcherbina NB, Okunev VN.

NaF in various concentrations is shown to have different effects on the rat liver AMP-aminohydrolase. At constant initial level of AMP in samples the NaF 5-25 mM concentrations favour the enzyme activation and the NaF 5-150 mM concentrations inhibit the AMP deamination. The character of sodium fluoride effect is also determined by the substrate concentration in samples. With the presence of 2-10 mM of AMP and 15 mM sodium fluoride in the reaction mixture the AMP-aminohydrolase activity rises. With the rise of the substrate concentration in the sample the positive kinetic cooperation is replaced by the negative one. The maximal reaction rate is reduced. The Hill coefficient in the control and in the sample with 15 mM of NaF is identical and equals 2.5.

PMID: 7256940 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7441496&dopt=Abstract

J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1980 Nov;215(2):292-6

Disposition of enflurane in obese patients.

Miller MS, Gandolfi AJ, Vaughan RW, Bentley JB.

The disposition of enflurane, a volatile halogenated anesthetic, was studied in obese (n = 26) and nonobese (n = 8) consenting adult subjects undergoing elective intra-abdominal surgical procedures. Enflurane and
fluoride ion, a nephrotoxic metabolite of enflurane, were measured in the blood of subjects before, during and up to 24 hr after exposure to pharmacologically equivalent doses of enflurane [approximately 2.0 MAC hr (the minimal alveolar concentration at which 50% of humans do not respond to a painful stimulus)] Arterial enflurane in obese subjects reached maximal concentrations 3 times faster than nonobese subjects who reached similar blood levels 80 min after the initiation of anesthesia. The blood/gas partition coefficient for enflurane in the obese was found to be 30% lower than that in the nonobese (0.99 +/- 0.02 vs. 1.42 +/- 0.02) and may possibly explain the observed differences in enflurane uptake. The rate at which inorganic fluoride appeared in obese serum (5.5 microM/hr) was twice that seen in the nonobese group. No differences in urinary fluoride excretion were demonstrated. Maximum serum fluoride concentration occurred 2 hr postenflurane anesthesia in both groups with the obese having a 60% higher concentration (27.8 +/- 2.0 vs. 17.0 +/- 3.0 microM), indicating increased biotransformation in the obese. Hepatic triglyceride content was demonstrated to be unrelated to the increased enflurane biotransformation observed in obese subjects. Equations are presented for the estimation of mean maximum serum inorganic fluoride levels in both obese and nonobese subjects after enflurane anesthesia.

PMID: 7441496 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7428957&dopt=Abstract

Fed Proc 1980 Nov;39(13):3129-33

Metabolic activation of nephrotoxic haloalkanes.

Kluwe WM, Hook JB.

Worldwide industrialization and environmental pollution have increased the incidence of human exposure to halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons, many of which are injurious to the mammalian kidney. Evaluation of human risk from haloalkane exposure requires knowledge about the mechanisms of the nephrotoxic effects of these agents so that appropriate animal models of human response can be developed. Recent studies indicate that nephropathy following methoxyflurane (2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl methyl ether) anesthesia is caused by hepatic enzymatic release of inorganic fluoride ion, a nephrotoxic component of the parent molecule. Thus, the toxic effect is dependent upon hepatic metabolism of methoxyflurance. Acute chloroform injury to the kidney also may be caused by a toxic metabolite. In this case, however, the metabolite is most likely produced within the kidney. Chloride ion is relatively innocuous, suggesting that a carbon fragment of chloroform is the nephrotoxic agent. These results indicate that haloalkane metabolism, both renal and hepatic, can be important determinants of haloalkane nephropathy.

PMID: 7428957 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7431138&dopt=Abstract

J Occup Med 1980 Oct;22(10):691-2

Fatality due to acute systemic fluoride poisoning following a hydrofluoric acid skin burn.

Tepperman PB.

Reports indicate that death due to hydrofluoric acid exposure is usually the result of inhalation of vapor causing pulmonary edema and fluoride poisoning. Absorption via the skin route of fluoride ion sufficient to cause serious systemic problems and even death has rarely been reported. A fatality resulting from a severe facial burn, which produced acute systemic fluoride poisoning with profound hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia, is presented. The importance of proper personal protective equipment as well as the immediate initiation of first aid and appropriate medical measures, including the monitoring and replacement of serum calcium and magnesium, are emphasized.

PMID: 7431138 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6775696&dopt=Abstract

Biochemistry 1980 Oct 14;19(21):4859-64

(p-Amidinophenyl)methanesulfonyl fluoride, an irreversible inhibitor of serine proteases.

Laura R, Robison DJ, Bing DH.

p-(Amidinophenyl)methanesulfonyl fluoride (p-APMSF) has been synthesized and shown to be a specific, irreversible inhibitor of the class of plasma serine proteases which demonstrate substrate specificity for the positively charged side chains of the amino acid lysine or arginine. In equimolar concentration, this compound causes immediate and complete irreversible inhibition of bovine trypsin and human thrombin. A 5-10-fold molar excess of reagent over enzyme is required to achieve complete irreversible inhibition of bovine Factor Xa, human plasmin, human C1-r, and human C1-s. the Ki of p-APMSF for all of the above-mentioned proteases is between 1 and 2 microM. In contrast, p-APMSF in large molar excess does not inactivate chymotrypsin or acetylcholinesterase. The unique reactivity of p-APMSF has been further shown in comparison with the related compound p-nitrophenyl (p-amidinophenyl)methanesulfonate which is an active-site titrant for thrombin but reacts poorly with Factor Xa, C1-r, and C1-s and is not hydrolyzed by bovine trypsin or human plasmin. Similarly, (p-amidinophenyl)methanesulfonate has a Ki of 30 microM for thrombin but is a poor inhibitor of trypsin, Factor Xa, C1-r, C1-s, and plasmin. Studies with bovine trypsin have demonstrated that the inhibitory activity of p-APMSF is the result of its interaction with the diisopropyl fluorophosphate reactive site. The unique reactivity of this inhibitor classifies it as one of the most effective active site directed reagents for this class of serine proteases. Collectively, these results suggest that the primary substrate binding site of these enzymes, which share a high degree of structural homology, do in fact significantly differ from each other in their ability to interact with low molecular weight inhibitors and synthetic substrates.

PMID: 6775696 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6939705&dopt=Abstract

Koku Eisei Gakkai Zasshi 1980 Dec;30(4):312-28

[Cytogenetic effects of fluoride on human lymphocytes in vitro]

[Article in Japanese]

Matsuda A.

PMID: 6939705 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7207000&dopt=Abstract

Life Sci 1980 Nov 24;27(21):1961-6

No Abstract available

The effect of fluoride intake on the total lipid, cholesterol and vitamin E levels in sera and liver of guinea pigs on high fat diet.

Vatassery GT, Ophaug RH, Singer L.

PMID: 7207000 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7458958&dopt=Abstract

Biochem Pharmacol 1980 Nov 15;29(22):3051-7

No Abstract available

The interaction of fluoride with rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes: induction of exocytosis and cytolysis.

Elferink JG, Alsbach EJ, Riemersma JC.

PMID: 7458958 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6939153&dopt=Abstract

Tex Dent J 1980 Nov;98(11):6-11

No Abstract available

Texas communities on the EPA water fluoride "hit list".

Shannon IL.

PMID: 6939153 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7443680&dopt=Abstract

Proc Inst Med Chic 1980 Oct-Dec;33(4):126-8

No Abstract available

The effects of long-term fluoride administration on immature murine leukocytes.

Greenberg SR.

PMID: 7443680 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


NOTE: AG Gilman, co-author of this report, shared the 1994 Nobel Prize for the discovery of "G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells."

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6935665&dopt=Abstract

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1980 Nov;77(11):6516-20

Purification of the regulatory component of adenylate cyclase.

Northup JK, Sternweis PC, Smigel MD, Schleifer LS, Ross EM, Gilman AG.

The regulatory component (G/F) of adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] from rabbit liver plasma membranes has been purified essentially to homogeneity. The purification was accomplished by three chromatographic procedures in sodium cholate-containing solutions, followed by three steps in Lubrol-containing solutions. The specific activity of G/F was enriched 2000-fold from extracts of membranes to 3-4 mumol x min-1 x mg-1 (reconstituted adenylate cyclase activity). Purified G/F reconstitutes guanine nucleotide-, fluoride-, and hormone-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in the adenylate cyclase-deficient variant of S49 murine lymphoma cells. G/F also recouples hormonal stimulation of the enzyme in the uncoupled variant of S49. Preparations of pure G/F contain three polypeptides with approximate molecular weights of 52,000, 45,000, and 35,000. The active G/F protein behaves as a multisubunit complex of these polypeptides. Treatment of G/F with [32P]NAD+ and cholera toxin covalently labels the molecular weight 52,000 and 45,000 polypeptides with 32P.

PMID: 6935665 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


NOTE: AG Gilman, co-author of this report, shared the 1994 Nobel Prize for the discovery of "G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells."

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6244297&dopt=Abstract

J Biol Chem 1980 Apr 10;255(7):2861-6

Hydrodynamic properties of the regulatory component of adenylate cyclase.

Howlett AC, Gilman AG.

Hydrodynamic parameters of the regulatory component of adenylate cyclase, G/F, have been estimated by gel filtration and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. In solutions containing Lubrol 12A9, the protein has an apparent molecular weight of 130,000. G/F from various sources and resolved from the catalytic moiety of the enzyme by different techniques behaves similarly. Consistent with our previous proposal that this protein is the site of action of both guanine nucleotides and fluoride, treatment with these activating ligands causes a reduction in both the sedimentation coefficient and the Stokes radius of G/F. These changes suggest a loss of mass of approximately 40,000 daltons. Nevertheless, this alteration is fully reversible when ligands are removed, even if the liganded protein is first fractionated by gel filtration or sucrose density gradient centrifugation.

PMID: 6244297 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


NOTE: Martin Rodbell (co-author of this report) and Alfred G. Gilman shared the 1994 Nobel Prize for the discovery of "G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells."

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6771284&dopt=Abstract

J Biol Chem 1980 Aug 10;255(15):7250-4

Selective effects of organic mercurials on the GTP-regulatory proteins of adenylate cyclase systems.

Lin MC, Cooper DM, Rodbell M.

Treatment of membranes from HeLa cells, rat adipocytes, and rat liver with organic mercurials results in complex effects on adenylate cyclase activity that are not mimicked by the reversible sulfhydryl reagent, tetrathionate. At low concentrations (0.1 mM or less 1 mercurials inactivate the enzyme; inactivation is reversed by the thiol-reducing agent, dithiothreitol. Treatment with higher concentrations of organic mercurials (1 mM and above) results in a time-dependent, irreversible change in the ability of guanine nucleotides and fluoride ion to stimulate adenylate cyclase activity. The irreversible changes are blocked by treatment of membranes with cholera toxin and NAD, suggesting that the GTP-regulatory component is the site of mercurial action. This is further suggested by the lack of irreversible effects of mercurials on adenylate cyclase activity in membranes from mouse lymphoma cells that lack this component. Irreversible effects of mercurials on the adipocyte cyclase system also include enhancement of basal activity and potentiation of the inhibitory effects of GTP on cyclase activity; the latter effects of GTP are mediated through a process independent from that mediating stimulation of activity by GTP. It is concluded that the GTP-regulatory proteins responsible for the modulation of adenylate cyclase activity by hormones and neurotransmitters contain the sites of action of organic mercurials. Their possible mode of action is discussed.

PMID: 6771284 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


NOTE: Martin Rodbell (co-author of this report) and Alfred G. Gilman shared the 1994 Nobel Prize for the discovery of "G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells."

No Abstract available

FEBS Lett 1980 Jun 30;115(2):260-4

Proteolysis activates adenylate cyclase in rat liver and AC-lymphoma cell independently of the guanine nucleotide regulatory site.

Stengel D, Lad PM, Nielsen TB, Rodbell M, Hanoune J.

PMID: 7398885 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


NOTE: Martin Rodbell (co-author of this report) and Alfred G. Gilman shared the 1994 Nobel Prize for the discovery of "G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells."

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6245715&dopt=Abstract

Biochim Biophys Acta 1980 Apr 17;629(1):143-55

Characteristics of the guanine nucleotide regulatory component of adenylate cyclase in human erythrocyte membranes.

Nielsen TB, Lad PM, Preston MS, Rodbell M.

This study probes the structure and mutual interactions of the components of adenylate cyclase. We use a complementation assay which involves the addition of an adenylate cyclase-related guanine nucleotide-binding protein component to a membrane lacking this component to measure guanine nucleotide-stimulated-adenylate cyclase. Instead of using detergent extracts we were able to achieve full complementation by mixing intact membrane preparations in the presence of the nucleotide component. Of particular interest was the human erythrocyte membrane which contains very low amounts of catalytic activity and no measurable beta-adrenergic receptor but has normal amounts of the nucleotide component. This component appears to be the same, by several criteria, as components found in pigeon and turkey erythrocytes and in rat liver plasma membrane. The component confers Gpp(NH)p, fluoride, and GTP stimulation of adenylate cyclase along a single reconstitution curve. It is labeled with NAD by cholera toxin, and has an apparent molecular weight of 39 000 upon sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. The presence of the nucleotide unit in the virtual absence of the active catalytic unit allowed us to determine those properties intrinsic to each unit and those conferred by the association of the units. The nucleotide component binds guanine nucleotides weakly in the human erythrocyte membrane, yet produces persistent activation of adenylate cyclase and tight binding (of Gpp(NH)p) upon combination with the catalytic unit. Treatment of the human erythrocyte membrane with N-ethylmaleimide causes a simultaneous diminution in both Gpp(NH)p and fluoride stimulation in reconstituted activities, suggesting that both activities are conferred by the same component.

PMID: 6245715 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6998268&dopt=Abstract

Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1980 Jul;41(7):463-8

Extent of industrial exposure to epichlorohydrin, vinyl fluoride, vinyl bromide and ethylene dibromide.

Oser JL.

Industrial hygiene studies of epichlorohydrin, vinyl fluoride, vinyl bromide and ethylene dibromide were conducted as part of an industry-wide evaluation of suspect cancer-causing chemical agents. At present there is no evidence that workers are experiencing adverse health effects at the reported exposure levels. Continued efforts to minimize worker exposure are recommended.

PMID: 6998268 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7469787&dopt=Abstract

Arch Toxicol 1980 Jul;45(2):109-16

Characteristics of haloethylene-induced acetonemia in rats.

Filser JG, Bolt HM.

A series of halogenated ethylenes (vinyl chloride, vinylidene fluoride, cis- and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, perchloroethylene) induces increased acetone exhalation in rats. Exposures of differently pre-treated rats to vinylidene fluoride suggest that a metabolite of the haloethylene must be envolved in eliciting this formation of acetone. This conclusion is based on
(a)dependence of acetone exhalation on the concentration of vinylidene fluoride,
(b)effect of inducing agents,
(c)effect of pyrazol, a metabolic inhibitor,
(d)effect of cysteine,
(e)effect of hypoxia and
(f)the time course of acetone exhalation.

PMID: 7469787 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6991685&dopt=Abstract
J Public Health Dent 1980 Spring;40(2):141-5

Recruitment of a clinical field trial population: reasons for nonparticipation.

Weintraub J, Leske GS, Ripa LW, Levinson A.

Open-ended telephone interviews were conducted with 294 families who refused participation in a school-based program of professionally applied topical fluoride. While the program was conducted in a fluoride-deficient community, the level of topical fluoride contact in the homes of the nonparticipants was high. The traditional antifluoridationist reasons for nonparticipation were not expressed with frequency. Instead, the most frequent reason for returning a negative consent form was that the child was already receiving topical fluoride applications from the family dentist. The second most frequent reason was that the child did not wish to participate. Many of the reasons given for nonparticipation were not cogent, suggesting that if the parents had been more informed about the nature of the project and about fluoride in general their responses might have been positive.

Publication Types:

PMID: 6991685 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6773404&dopt=Abstract

Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1980 Aug;41(8):576-83

Animal toxicity studies with ammonium perfluorooctanoate.

Griffith FD, Long JE.

These studies were conducted to evaluate the potential toxicity of ammonium perfluorooctanoate, a commercial surfactant. They include acute and subchronic feeding studies with rabbits, mice, rats and monkeys as well as in vitro mutagenicity assays with Salmonella typhimurium and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The compound was non-irritating to the skin and moderately irritating to the eyes of rabbits. The rat oral LD50 was 540 mg/kg; no deaths resulted from a one hour rat inhalation exposure at a nominal concentration of 18.6 mg/L. All in vitro assays were negative. The liver was the target organ in rodents in both the 28 day and 90 day feeding studies with males showing a greater response than females. Serum and liver concentrations of organic fluorine were greater in male than in female rats. In a 90 day oral study in rhesus monkeys the gastrointestinal tract and the reticuloendothelial system were the sites of toxic effects. The gastrointestinal effects were attributed to the potent surface activity of the compound. Histopathological effects wer noted in the spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow. Unlike the rats, sex related differences were not evident in the monkeys. Toxicological evaluations of ammonium perfluorooctanoate are continuing.

PMID: 6773404 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


J Dent Res 1980; 59-1171

Radiofluoride distribution in rat lung, colon and heart

Whitford GM, Callan RD, Pearson DE

In most soft tissues, fluoride enters the intracellular spaces as indicated by the tissue water-to-plasma fluoride concentration ratio which ranges between 0.4 to 1.0.

The authors injected intravenously 8 female Wistar rats with 18F, 9.1 uCi/rat. They sacrified four rats after 30 minutes and the other four after 60 minutes and collected blood from the neck wound,heard, color, and lungs. They removed the colon, heart, and lungs. Fecal pellets were removed from the colon and special care was taken to discent the lung from the major bronchi and trachea because cartilage tends to attract fluoride. Samples were weighed and counted for 18F in a well-type scintillation counter.

The tissue water-to-plasma concentrations were lowest for the heart and colon andhighest in the lung and trachea tissue. There was no evidence of 18F binding by colon or by peripheral lung tissue. The authors stated in conclusion that earlier reports of the 18F binding by lung "were probably based on samples containing major bronchi and perhpas trachea."


J Soc Occup Med 1980; 30:12-14

Hydrofluoric acid - a chronic poisoning effect

DA White

Excerpt from abstract: ... The author emphasizes that standards of occupational health designed to protect the worker from accute effects of HF, do not protect the worker from chronic exposure at lower leversl. He recommends routine monitoring of urinary fluoride in employees working with hydrofluoric acid.


R Soc Health J 1980; 100:86-94

Some observations on atmospheric fluoride concentration in Stoke-on-Trent

AJ Bennett and RS Barratt


La Nouvelle Presse Medicale 1980; 9:1446-1447

[ Fluoride osteosclerosis after 11 years of uninterrupted treatment with Niflumique acid ]

[Article in French]

Bregeon C, Bernat M, Renier JC, Rebel A, Basile M

Excerpt: The first report of fluoride osteosclerosis due to a drug was presented in 1978 by Prost et al. The current report describes the case of a 57-year old male afflicted with rheumatoid arthritis which had been developing gradually since 1945. Mainly involved were the hips and the left carpal-phalangeal joints. His condition was treated at first with prednisone which had to be discontinued because of the presence of anemia. It was followed by a fluoride-containng drug Noflumique acid...


Clin Pharmacol Ther 1980; 28:525-539

Effect of aluminum hydroxide on fluoride metabolism

Spencer H, Kramer L, Norris C, Wiatrowski E


Br Med J 1980; 281:910-911

Osteomalacia developing during treatment of osteoporosis with sodium fluoride and vitamin D

Compston JE, Chadha S, Merrett AL


Skeletal Radiol 1980; 5:161-165

Radiological criteria of industrial fluorosis

Boiliat MA, Garcia J, Velebit L


Anat Rec 1980; 196:232

The effects of long-term fluoride administration on immature murine leukocytes

SR Greenberg

Excerpt: The author concluded that "fluoride in drinking water may induce leukocytic degeneration accompanied by alterations i the RNA content of the affected cells. changes in the distribution of intracellular RNA resemble those in bronchial epithelial cells undergoing malignant transformation."


Acta Biol Med Germ 1980; 39:287-293

Effect of sodium fluoride on collagen

Drozz M, Kucharz E, Grucka-Mamczar E

Rats were given 10 ppm sodium fluoride in water for 7 weeks prior to and during pregnancy, as well as after delivery. Their offspring was treated in the same manner up to 6 months after birth. Sodium fluoride increased hydroxyproline and hydroxylsine concentrations and urinary excretion of the catabolites. Soluble and insoluble collagen deceased in skin and lungs.

The increase in serum and urinary collagen catabolites was directly related to the rats' age, the maximum values occuring in animals 6 months of age.


Proc Soc for Exp Biol and Med 1980; 164-500-506

Fluoride tissue distribution intracellular fluoride concentrations

WD Armstrong and L Singer


Tsilogiia T Genetika 1980; 14:19-20

Morphofunctional characterization of certain ultrastructures of rat liver hepatocytes under the prolonged influence of sodium fluoride

Lavrushenko LF, Trunov VI, Okunev VN (Ukraine)


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