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1988 Fluoride Abstracts. Part 2.
| Abstracts
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Environ Pollut. 1988;49(2):133-43.
Aluminium contamination from fluoride assisted dissolution of metallic aluminium.
Tennakone K, Wickramanayake S, Fernando CA.
Photochemistry Group, Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana, Kandy, Sri Lanka; Department of Physics, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka.
Trace amounts (microg g(-1) quantities) of fluoride ion are found to catalyse the dissolution of metallic aluminium in very slightly acidic or alkaline aqueous media. Possibly hazardous levels of aluminium could get leached from cooking utensils if fluoridated water or fluoride rich foodstuffs are used. The fluoride assisted corrosion of aluminium is most dramatic in oxalic, tartaric acids or sodium bicarbonate. Carbon dioxide also corrodes aluminium in the presence of the fluoride ion, generating colloidal hydrated aluminium oxide which is readily soluble in dilute organic and mineral acids.
PMID: 15092668 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3191500&dopt=AbstractCancer Res 1988 Dec 15;48(24 Pt 1):7298-303
Cancer morbidity and mortality in phosphate workers.
Block G, Matanoski GM, Seltser R, Mitchell T.
Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205.
Phosphate ore mining and processing operations are associated with dusty conditions and potential exposure to gamma radiation and radon daughter products. Although most current measurements are within Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) guidelines, no measurements exist for the era preceding modern standards of industrial hygiene and workplace ventilation. All workers employed by the participating phosphate company between 1950 and 1979 were ascertained, and 3451 males employed for approximately 6 months or more comprise the study population. Statistically significant elevations in lung cancer (standardized mortality ratio = 1.62) and emphysema were observed in white but not in black workers, in relation to U.S. rates. Among workers for whom 20 years had elapsed since first employment, there was a dose-response trend of increasing lung cancer risk with increasing duration of employment (standardized mortality ratio = 2.48 with 20 years of employment). There was no evidence of excess lung cancer risk among employees hired after 1960. Multivariate analyses and internal comparisons of risk by job type are consistent with a hypothesis of occupationally related lung cancer, but small numbers prevent firm conclusions.
PMID: 3191500 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15092654Environ Pollut. 1988;50(1-2):87-99.
Tree decline in North America.
Chevone BI, Linzon SN.
Department of Plant Pathology, Price Hall, VPI and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, USA.
Air-borne, phytotoxic pollutants are known to adversely affect forest tree growth in North America. On a local scale, exposure to high concentrations of toxic gases, such as sulphur dioxide and fluoride, result in foliar injury, branch dieback, reduced radial growth and increased mortality in a variety of tree species. On a regional scale, the photochemical oxidant, ozone, is responsible for growth decline of pollutant-sensitive eastern white pine genotypes in the eastern United States, and of ponderosa and Jeffrey pines in the mountains of southern and central California. The etiology associated with the reported declines of high elevation red spruce in the Appalachian Mountains and of sugar maple in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada is incompletely known at present. A complex of predisposing and inciting factors, including temperature and moisture stress, edaphic conditions, aluminium toxicity, insect depredation, and air-borne pollutants are probably involved in these declines.
PMID: 15092654 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3413975&dopt=AbstractVet Q 1988 Apr;10(2):90-8
Environmental contamination by heavy metals and fluoride in the Saeftinge salt marsh (The Netherlands) and its effect on sheep.
Baars AJ, van Beek H, Spierenburg TJ, Beeftink WG, Nieuwenhuize J, Pekelder JJ, Boom J.
Central Veterinary Institute, Department of Analytical Chemistry & Toxicology, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
The Saeftinge salt marsh in the Westerschelde estuary (southwestern part of the Netherlands) represents one of the very few tidal brackish marsh ecosystems in Western Europe. From May 1983 to May 1985 the local pollution of this marsh with metals and fluoride was investigated. Samples from soil and vegetation were analysed monthly for cadmium, lead, copper, zinc, manganese, iron, and fluoride. The amount of these substances in the soil appeared to be related to both the percentage of clay particles and organic matter in the soil and to the frequency of tidal submergences. In vegetation, the pollutants clearly showed a seasonal variation. Adherent clay, deposited on the plants during submergences, contributed considerably to the total amount of these elements. Sheep grazing in the marsh were investigated for renal and faecal excretion of these elements, but no relation between these samples and the seasonal variation in vegetation was found. Presumably sheep consumed vegetation selectively, avoiding the more contaminated plants. Regular clinical inspections of the sheep revealed no signs of acute or chronic intoxication. The organs of sheep that died during the investigation showed increased levels of cadmium in the liver and kidney, and iron in the liver, but not enough to cause alarm. Fluoride found in the rib material, although slightly increased, did not indicate fluorosis. In conclusion, contamination with metals and fluoride, as observed in the salt marsh, apparently does not impair the health of locally grazing sheep. This may be due to selective consumption behaviour of the sheep, their stabling during the winter, limited biological availability of the elements studied, and a sheep management adapted to the local circumstances.
PMID: 3413975 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3369608&dopt=AbstractAm J Public Health 1988 Jun;78(6):711-3
Community health effects of a municipal water supply hyperfluoridation accident.
Petersen LR, Denis D, Brown D, Hadler JL, Helgerson SD.
Centers for Disease Control.
For 12 hours, excess hydrofluorosilicic acid was diverted to a 127-home community water supply. Fluoride levels peaked at 51 parts per million (ppm). Water acidification caused copper to leach from the domestic plumbing; raising copper levels to 25-41 ppm. Fifty-two (33 per cent) of those who drank hyperfluoridated water developed mild gastroenteritis. Vomiting was uncommon and symptom onsets usually occurred greater than 30 minutes after drinking water; suggesting that fluoride, rather than copper, caused illness. Skin contact with hyperfluoridated water caused itching and skin rashes.
PMID: 3369608 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Fluoride 1988; 21(1):1-4Guest Editorial
The decline in primary tooth decay in New Zealand before the use of fluroides
J Colquhoun
Education Department, University of Auckland
Summary: Official data collected in New Zealand over a 50-year period suggest that the general decline in decay of primary teeth in 5-year-olds started well before the wide-spread use of fluoride and is closely related to the expansion of school dental services.
Fluoride 1988; 21(1):5-12Liver and lung aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in benzo(a)pyrene treated rats: lack of effect of hydrogen fluoride
Bompart G *, Rakotoarivony J, Manuel Y
* INSERM U 133, Faculte de Medecine, Toulouse, France
Summary: We have studied the effect of benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) and hydrogen fluoride (HF), given separately or together to rats on (a) the liver and lungs aryl hydrocarbon (B(a)P) hydroxylase activity and (b) cytochrome P450 levels in liver and lungs. B(a)P) was administered intraperitoneally once a week and HF by continuous inhalation over a total period of 157 days.
The results show a high aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity induced by B(a)P in the lung microsomes; however, HF does no exhibit any effect. The slight increase of lung cytochrome P450 levels induced by B(a)P is not significant. On the other hand, B(a)P and HF do not induce any effect on aryl hydrocarbonhydroxylase activity and cytochrome P450 levels in the liver.
Fluoride 1988; 21(1):22-27Variations of F- in relation to other ions in drinking water
Yasui T *, Nakao S, Tanako S, Miyamoto M
* Josai Dental University, Sakado, Saitama, Japan
Summary: Ion chromatography was used to measure the variation of some inorganic ions in the drinking water which contained different concentrations of fluroide. As the F- ion concentration increased, Na+ ion concentraion also increased, whereas the concentration of K+, Ca2+ and M2+ ions tended to decrease. The relationship of F- ion concentration to that of such other ions as Cl- and SO42- is not clear.
Fluoride 1988; 21(1):28-31Changes in the collagen structure of bone tissue in experimental fluorosis
Bely M *, Pinter T, Sandorfi N, Ratko I
* University National Institute of Rheumatology, Budapest, Hungary
Summary: The changes in the regularity of collagen structure of the corticalis and spongiosa of rat femur and vertebrae, caused by daily intraperitoneal administration of 0.5 mg and 5 mg sodium fluroide, were investigated. Daily administration of 0.5 mg NaF for three months produced a slight, but significant change in the regularity of collagen fibrils; 5 mg NaF/day, a significant decrease in the regularity and disintegration of collagen fibrils. Alteration in the regularity of collagen fibrils is a part of complex disturbances of the fluorotic bone, explained by the toxic effect of fluoride.
Fluoride 1988; 21(2):54-57Chlorophyll-protein complexes in fluoride-treated pea shoots
LA Stavdal and DJ Ballantyne *
* Department of Biology, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
Summary: Systemically applied 1 mM KF induced a significant decease in chlorophyll-protein complex in pea leaves after 72 hours of treatment.
Fluoride 1988; 21(2):58-59The effect of pH and fluoride on leaching of aluminum from kitchen utensils
S Watanabe and C Dawes *
* Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
Summary: We tested the effect of boiling acidic solutions of pH values of 1, 2 and 3 with fluoride concentrations of 0, 1 and 5 ppm on the leaching of aluminum from used aluminum pans. The amount of aluminum leached from the pans was inversely related to the pH, but was unaffected by fluoride concentrations up to 5 ppm.
Fluoride 1988; 21(2):60-68The effect of 30 m/L fluoride in drinking water on ewes and their lambs and current bone levels of sheep in N.S.W., Australia
Wheeler SM *, Turner AD, Brock TB, Teasdale DC
* NSW Department of Agriculture, Hawkesbury Agricultural Research Unit, Richmond, Australia
Summary: Pregnant ewes were given 1 (control) or 31 (treated) mgF/L in drinking water. Weekly blood serum samples from ewes and later from lambs were measured for physiological variables. Treated ewes had elevaed milk fluoride (22.0 +-1.48 µmol/L compared with 7.11 +-0.403 µmol/L). At birth, serum fluoride of lambs was 1.72 +-0.167 µmol/L (treated) and 0.50 +-0.042 µmol/L (control); for treated lambs birthweight was reduced; serum T3, calcium and magnesium was elevated. At 3-4 weeks, coccygeal bone fluroide was 580 +-117 mg/kg (treated) and 105 +-26.9 mg/kg (control). Serum phosphate in treated lambs showed an upward trend. At 17 weeks wool production of treated lambs was reduced due to decreased staple length.
Fluoride was measured in 270 metatarsal bones colleced from nine zones in NSW. The range for ewes was 67-938 mg/kg, for lambs 7-97 mg/kg. Regional differences were observed. Sheep in NSW could be ingesting sub-acute levels of fluoride from water and superphosphate, and wood production could be adversely affected.
Fluoride 1988; 21(2):69-75Determination of fluoride in plant material by a new spectrophotometric method based on the Rutin-Zr(IV) complex
P Topolewski and S Zommer-Urbanska *
* Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Center of Postgraduate Education, Bydgoszcz, Poland
Summary: The fluoride content in several types of vegetables and fruits was determined by a new spectrophotometric method based on the formation of rutin-zirconium (IV) complex. Vegetation samples collected from garden plots near the Glassworks at Inowroclaw showed fluoride level as high as 2000 mg/kg, dry sample. The results were compared with those obtained by the potentionmetric method using an ion-selective electrode and spectrophotometric titation method based on the SPANDS-Th(V) complex.
Fluoride 1988; 21(2):76-81Radiological and histological studies on bones of experimental rabbits in skeletal fluorosis
H Daijei * and Z Chongwan
* Department of Radiology, Guiyang Medical College, Guizhou, China
Summary: Thirty albino rabbits, ranging in weight from 1 to 1.5 kg. were segregated into three groups of ten each. Ten were fed 50 mg NaF/day/kg of body weight, ten 10 mg NaF/day/kg body weight, and ten served as controls. Seven months later, afer being sacrificed, their bones were studied by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and x-rays.
Compared with conrols, the experimental animals, especially those fed 50 mg NaF/day/kg of body weight, showed prominent subperiosteal new bone formation and multiple exostoses. Some showed osteoporosis at the distal end of radius, ulna and phalangeal bones. Unlike human fluorosis, in these animals, radiological changes were prominent only in long tubular bones of the extremities. Nevertheless, no prominent changes were discerned in bones of the trunk. Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealed that both new bone formation and old bone resorption were disturbed and occurred more speedily.
Fluoride 1988; 21(2):82-86Changes in glycogen content in some tissues during fluorosis - an experimental study on rabbits
Shashi *, Singh JP, Thapar SP
* Department of Zoology, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
Summary: Sodium fluoride significantly decreased the amount of glycogen in spleen, lens, liver and skeletal muscle of young albino rabbits of both sexes during chronic intoxication. By contrast, the level of glycogen was significantly raised in the ovary of all treated rabbits. The decrease/increase in concentration of glycogen was directly correlated with the dosage of fluroide administered and duration of exposure. The results lend support to the involvement of the soft organs in fluorosis.
Fluoride 1988; 21(2):87-92Physical development of children in areas polluted by industry
Pilawska H *, Mikulski T, Mietkiewska B
* Head, Chair of Social Medicine, Pomeranian Medical Faculty (Pomorska Akademia Medyczna), Szczecin, Poland
Summary: Children aged 4 and 10 years from an area where air is polluted by industry (fluoride and sulfur compounds) were compared with children from a control area without air pollution. The level of F- in groundwater was identical, namely 0.2 ppm; living conditions of the children were similar. The degree of exposure to fluoride was estimated by its level in the urine. No differences in 20 anthropometric features were discovered between the groups of children, except for more frequent occurrence of less weight in 10 year old boys exposed to changing ecological conditions since birth. The lower level of fluoride in urine of controls was statistically significant.
Fluoride 1988; 21(3):109-112Editorial: Harmful effects of water fluoridation in Holland
and Book Review of A Review of Fluoride: The Freedom Fight
by Dr. Hans Moolenburgh205 pages; published in 1987 by Mainstream Publishing Company, (Edinburgh) Ltd., 7 Albany Street, Edinburgh, EH1 3UG, Scotland, UK. ISBN 1 85158 040 9 (Hardcover); ISBN 1 85158 041 7 (paperback).
[Note: This editorial is a good introduction to Dr. Moolenburgh, a medical doctor who lived in Haarlem, Holland, when fluoridation began in his community in June 1970. This led him to spearhead the campaign to stop fluoridation schemes not only in Harlaam, but throughout Holland. Through his dedicated work, he, together with many others, succeeded "against overwhelming odds" after 8 years when fluoridation ended in Holland.]
Some excerpts: ... after more than 10 years of freedom from fluoridation, tooth decay has not only not increased but has continued to decrease, and overall dental health has improved greatly...
... Dr. Mien, a neurologist, had done a dissertation on cholinesterase inhibition by fluoride and had prepared a presentation of it for the ISFR [International Society for Fluoride Research] conference held in Holland in February, 1976. Dr. Mien's experiments had been conducted on blood outside the body. To finalize her research, however, it was imperative to determine the effect of fluoridated water on cholinesterase inside the body. With the discontinuation of fluoridation in Amsterdam following the Dutch High Court decision in 1973 to outlaw fluoridation, the constant stream of patients with side effect had dried up. To solve this problem, the majroity of the doctors and their wives in the research group volunteered to become subjects for the study.
The results were dramatic. "A severe disruption of the cholinesterase function was demonstrated in each case. In a normal person cholinesterase shows a sort of slow, undulating pattern, but in the fluoridated individuals chaos prevailed. There was a definite inhibition of cholinesterase activity." Since, in addition to its role in nerve impulses, cholinesterase is important in maintaining stability in membrane permeability, its inhibition by fluroidation could make "the cell membrane more porous - one more reason why we should take care." In this way, fluroide could be behaving like "a gatekeeper who welcomed dangerous substances into the cells." Clearly, this research showed that "fluoridation has an effect on every cell of the body." ...
Fluoride 1988; 21(3):113-120Evaluation of fluoride levels and effects on honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Mayer DF *, Lunden JD, Weinstein LH
* Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Prosser, Washington 99350. USA
Summary: A three year study (1984-1986) conducted in the Puyallup Valley, WA, showed that fluoride was present in live honey bees, dead honey bees, teneral adults and stored pollen. Fluoride levels depended upon the location of the colonies in relation to a fluoride emitting source, - an aluminum smelter, and prevailing wind direction. Data on frame of adult bees, frames of brood, brood survival, brood population dynamics and honey production were collected during the study. Results indicate that the levels of fluoride found were not detrimental to the colonies over the length of the study.
Fluoride 1988; 21(3):121-126Dental fluorosis in relation to tea drinking in Jordan
Bilbeissi MW, Fraysse C, Mitre D, Kerebel LM, Kerebel B *
* Unite de Recherche INSERM, Universitie de Nantes, Faculte de Chirurgie Dentaire, Nantes, France
Summary: A total of 2,516 children aged 6 to 13, residing in a chronic dental fluorosis area of Jordan, were examined. Fluorosis and daily quantity of tea drinking were recorded for each child. Drinking waters from all visited cities were collected and analyzed. The daily mean of cups of tea drunk by each child was 4.13 +-0.48 cups. Correlation between dental fluorosis and the daily mean of tea drinking was positive.
Fluoride 1988; 21(3):131-136Alterations in the acid and alkaline phosphatase quantities in fluoride-exposed estuarine goby, Boleophthalmus dussumieri
YA Shaikh and PK Hiradhar
Department of Biosciences, South Gujarat University, Surat, India
Summary: An edible goby Boleophthalmus dussumieri, which abounds in the estuaries of South Guarat coast (21¼ 12'N and 72¼ 50'E) has been chosen for current experiments. The fish were subjected to sublethal concentrations of sodium fluroide, namely, 40 and 80 ppm, (LD50 at 96h : 120 ppm). Acid and alkaline phosphatases, which are significantly associated with structural and metabolic aspects of tissues, have been examined quantitatively to assess their involvement in the pollutant-induced derangement in the fish. Initial depletion in both these hydrolases paralleled low levels of total proteins in the two target tissues (liver and muscles). These observations in conjunction with the histopathlogical and metabolic alterations seen in the fluoride-exposed fish confirmed the extent of disturbance caused by this pollutant. However, later signs were evidenced of recovery by enzyme and metabolite concentrations close to those in the pre-exposure period.
Fluoride 1988; 21(3):137-141Epidemiological study of dental fluorosis in tribals residing near fluorspar mines
Desai VK *, Saxena DK, Bhavsar BS, Kantharia SL
Associate Professor, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Government Medical College, Surat, Gujarat, India
Summary: A total of 4544 tribals from 24 villages living in the vicinity of mines were examined in a house to house survey. 2637 tribals from downstream villages (along the river into which fluorspar plant effluent is discharged) and 1907 tribals from surrounding villages (within 8 km radius from mines) were studied. Water fluroide level of villages varied from 0.4-5.6 ppm.
The prevalence of dental fluorosis was 35.3% and dental caries was 3.0%. Dental fluorosis showed significant positive association and dental caries showed significant negative association with water fluoride level. River water fluoride level was 17.0 ppm at the point of effluent discharge which gradually declined with increasing distance from that point. Dental fluorosis also showed gradual decline with increasing distance from the point of effluent discharge in downstream villages. The pattern of dental fluorosis, urinary fluoride excretion and radiological changes suggestive of skeletal fluorosis was similar in tribals.
Fluoride 1988; 21(3):142-148Dental fluorosis in school children in the vicinity of an aluminum factory in India
UN Samai * and BN Naik
* Environmental Research Laboratory, P.G. Department of Zoology, G.M. College, Sambalpur, Orissa, India
Summary: Dental fluorosis is endemic for the school age children aged 5-16 residing in the vicinity of an aluminum factory at Hirakud, Orissa. Of school children examined, 60.9% of boys and 47.8% of girls showed mild to severe symptoms of dental fluorosis in the form of variously stained and worn-out teeth with wearing enamel. Severe grade of mottling due to ingestion of fluoride-contaminated water (1.0 to 52.5 ppm) and to the fluoride-polluted atmosphere in this industrial area.
Fluoride 1988; 21(1):39-44Endemic skeletal fluorosis. Clinical and radiological variants.
(Review of 25 years of personal research.)SPS Teotia * and M Teotia
* Postgraduate Department of Human Metabolism and Endocrinology, L.L.R.M. Medical College, Meerut, India
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3206158&dopt=AbstractNo Abstract Available
Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic 1988 Nov;55(11):915-8
[Role of hyperthyroidism in bone complications of fluoride treatment of osteoporosis]
[Article in French]
Marcelli C, Pansard E, Baldet P, Simon L.
Service de Rhumatologie, Hopital Lapeyronie, Montpellier.
PMID: 3206158 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3376117&dopt=AbstractToxicol Appl Pharmacol 1988 Jun 15;94(1):84-92
2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol intestinal and bone marrow toxicity: the role of its metabolism to 2,2,2-trifluoroacetaldehyde and trifluoroacetic acid.
Fraser JM, Kaminsky LS.
Wadsworth Center for Laboratories and Research, New York State Department of Health, Albany 12201.
2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol (TFE) produces bone marrow and small intestine toxicity resulting in leukopenia, loss of intestinal dry weight, and consequent lethal septicemia in male Wistar rats. Its metabolic pathway, based on serum and small intestine time courses of substrate and metabolites, was determined to be TFE in equilibrium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetaldehyde (TFAld)----trifluoroacetic acid (TFAA). Administered TFE and TFAld were not toxic per se, since their toxicity and metabolism were inhibited by pyrazole. TFE and TFAld were equipotent at equimolar doses thus precluding the oxidative reaction, TFE to TFAld, from being the toxic step. Since equimolar TFAA exhibited no toxic effects, an oxidative intermediate on the pathway from TFAld to TFAA, most likely F3C-C+(OH)2, must thus be the toxic moiety. The intermediate TFAld is stable in serum, as determined by a novel assay developed for its analysis in biological systems, and can be transported to the target tissues, bone marrow, and small intestine, after formation probably in the liver. On the basis of the more rapid metabolism of TFE to higher levels of TFAld in the small intestine and bone marrow than in the serum, the closer correspondence of bone marrow and small intestine metabolite ratios than serum ratios at high and low doses of TFE to the corresponding ratios of toxicity, and the decreased toxicity of TFAld when administered ig versus ip, the formation of the toxic metabolic intermediate of TFE probably occurs in the target tissues.
PMID: 3376117 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3188078&dopt=AbstractToxicol Lett 1988 Nov;44(1-2):21-9
Effect of subacute dosage of fluoride on male mice.
Pillai KS, Mathai AT, Deshmukh PB.
Jai Research Foundation, Dist Bulsar, Gujarat, India.
A sublethal concentration (one-tenth of the LD50) of fluoride (F) (5.2 mg F/kg body weight) was administered to Swiss albino mice (male) daily for 35 days. These mice showed a decrease in body weight gain, and food and water consumption. A significant decrease in red blood cell counts and an increase in white blood cell counts were seen in fluoride-administered mice. These animals also showed a decline in albumin, total protein, cholesterol, glucose and alkaline phosphatase activity in the serum. The fluoride content significantly increased in different organs of these animals. Sperm did not show any abnormalities due to fluoride toxicity.
PMID: 3188078 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3195361&dopt=AbstractJ Bone Miner Res 1988 Oct;3(5):497-502
Fluoride content in human iliac bone: results in controls, patients with fluorosis, and osteoporotic patients treated with fluoride.
Boivin G, Chapuy MC, Baud CA, Meunier PJ.
INSERM Unite 234, Faculte A. Carrel, Lyon, France.
The major part of fluoride ingested is fixed on calcified tissues, mainly in bone tissue, and then is progressively but slowly recycled during bone remodeling. Thus, the measurement of bone fluoride content allows the determination of the extent of bone fluoride retention, and this parameter constitutes a useful complement to bone histology for the diagnosis of skeletal fluorosis and could also be used for the management of fluoride treatment of osteoporosis. A simple method is described to measure the fluoride content in calcined human iliac bone samples. Bone ashes were diluted in perchloric acid, and the measurement of the bone fluoride content was performed using a specific ion electrode combined with a reference electrode. Reference values are given for bone tissue from 76 control subjects (0.08 +/- 0.05% of bone ash), from two groups of 117 and 102 untreated osteoporotic patients (0.05 +/- 0.03% and 0.08 +/- 0.05%, respectively), from 166 sodium fluoride-treated osteoporotic patients (mean bone fluoride content varying from 0.24 to 0.67%, depending on the duration of therapy), and from 96 patients showing typical skeletal fluorosis (mean bone fluoride content varying from 0.56 to 1.33%, depending on the etiology of fluorosis and the relationship with the amount of fluoride ingested as well as with the duration of fluoride exposure). During a prolonged exposure of adult bone tissue to fluoride, the early bone fluoride uptake is variable and depends on the remodeling activity; then it increases rapidly before becoming more or less stable at a maximum level.
PMID: 3195361 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3275558&dopt=AbstractDiabetes 1988 Jan;37(1):89-98
Structural beta-cell changes and transient hyperglycemia in mice treated with compounds inducing inhibited citric acid cycle enzyme activity.
Boquist L, Boquist S, Ericsson I.
Institute of Pathology, University of Umea, Sweden.
An initial transient hyperglycemia was seen in mice injected with asparagine, fluoroacetate, hydroxylamine, or malonate plus methionine, whereas an initial triphasic blood glucose response and a transient "secondary" hyperglycemia were exhibited in those injected with hydroxylamine plus arsenite, and a delayed hypoglycemia was observed in those treated with fluoroacetate or arsenite. The glucose-induced insulin secretion was significantly decreased in isolated pancreatic islets incubated with hydroxylamine plus arsenite. Light and electron microscopy, pyroantimonate technique, and X-ray microanalysis disclosed mitochondrial damage, degeneration, and necrosis among the beta-cells in the islets of mice injected with hydroxylamine plus arsenite. Glycogen depletion and microvesicular fatty change were seen in the liver of mice treated with fluoroacetate, arsenite, or hydroxylamine plus arsenite. These observations support the view that inhibition of the activity of citric acid cycle enzymes and associated reactions in the beta-cells play a role in the induction of diabetic features.
PMID: 3275558 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3255216&dopt=AbstractNo Abstract Available
Tsurumi Shigaku 1988 Sep;14(3):491-500
[Fluorine distribution in the soft and hard tissues of mice after administration of NaF and its pharmacokinetics]
[Article in Japanese]
Kawaguchi K.
PMID: 3255216 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3234170&dopt=AbstractNo Abstract Available
Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 1988 Sep;22(5):284-6
[Experimental studies on the acute and chronic combined action of arsenic and fluoride]
[Article in Chinese]
Yao H, Wang GQ.
PMID: 3234170 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3283934&dopt=AbstractSci Total Environ 1988 Jan;68:79-96
Is fluoride a mutagen?
Smith GE.
Recent studies suggest that fluoride may be genotoxic. While the concentration of fluoride in artificially fluoridated water (1 mg Fl-1) is generally considered to be "safe", levels of fluoride present in a number of widely used dental health products, such as fluoride-containing toothpaste, appear to be potentially mutagenic. Since fluoride is increasingly being used as a drug, and contamination of the total environment by fluoride emissions and solid wastes from industry is a growing problem, a review of the evidence regarding the potential mutagenicity of fluoride may be in order.
Publication Types:
- Review
- Review, Tutorial
PMID: 3283934 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3263067&dopt=AbstractAm J Vet Res 1988 Aug;49(8):1376-81
Lethality and bone alterations in chicken embryos and newly hatched chickens given bone-active agents.
Smith RE, Torgersen J, Long PH, Maurer JK.
Department of Microbiology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523.
Studies were undertaken to assess the chicken embryo and newly hatched chicken as models for studying the effects of bone-active agents. Initially, 1,25-dihydroxycholecaliferol (1,25[OH]2D3), sodium fluoride (NaF), parathyroid extract, epidermal growth factor, and prostaglandin E2, were tested for lethality over a broad dose range. One or 3 injections of 1,25(OH)2D3 into the yolk sac of chicken embryos resulted in death of embryos given greater than or equal to 0.1 ng/injection, whereas 0.01 ng was tolerated by the embryos. Administering 1,25(OH)2D3 intraperitoneally to newly hatched chickens as a single injection or weekly for 3 weeks resulted in no deaths at doses up to 50 ng. One or 3 IV injections of 800 micrograms of NaF were lethal to embryos, whereas injections of less than or equal to 400 micrograms were tolerated by the embryo. Giving chickens feed and water containing 2.4 g of NaF/kg was lethal, but no deaths occurred when chickens were given feed containing less than or equal to 1.2 g of NaF/kg. Mortality associated with the administration of epidermal growth factor to embryos was inconsistent, in that death occurred in embryos given a single injection of greater than or equal to 250 ng, but no deaths occurred in embryos given 3 injections at similar doses. Parathyroid extract and prostaglandin E2 were not lethal when administered to embryos and chickens in a single-injection or multiple-injection regimen. Overall, lethality in chicken embryos given a particular agent reflected the dose of bone-active agent injected, rather than the number of injections. Three of the bone-active agents were selected to characterize their microscopic bone effects in chicken embryos and chickens.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
PMID: 3263067 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3413022&dopt=AbstractPoult Sci 1988 Jun;67(6):950-5
Effect of dietary fluoride on performances and bone characteristics of broilers and the influence of drying and defatting on bone-breaking strength.
Huyghebaert G, De Groote G, Froyman R, Derijcke J.
Rijksstation voor Kleinveeteelt CLO-Gent, Belgium.
A trial with broiler males, housed in cages, was conducted to determine the effect of (added) dietary fluoride at 0, 200, and 400 mg/kg on performance and bone characteristics and the influence of preconditioning (drying, defatting) on bone-breaking strength. The F administration resulted in a significantly (P less than .05) lower weight gain. Feed conversion, however, was not affected. Tibial ash deposition and ash-percentage increased significantly (P less than .05) at both dietary levels of added F. Broiler males fed supplemented F had a significantly (P less than .05) higher incidence of tibial dyschondroplastic plugs and epiphyseal bone with looser structure, as judged macroscopically. Tibial bone strength was significantly (P less than .05) affected not only by dietary F level, but also by preconditioning, resulting in a significant interaction. Administration of F had a significantly negative or positive effect on breaking strength, depending on whether the measurements were carried out on fresh bones or dried (defatted) bones, respectively. This diverging response of F on breaking strength offers a valid explanation for the contradictory results in the literature, demonstrating at the same time that F supplementation of feed or drinking water should be discontinued as a method to improve bone-breaking strength.
PMID: 3413022 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Fluoride 1988; 21(4):163-166Editorial: Environmental fluoride problems in China
MH Yu (1) and H Tsunoda (2)
(1) Huxley College of Environmental Studies, Western Washington Universtiy, Bellingham, WA, USA
(2) Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, JapanExcerpt: ... According to Wang et al. (2), except for Shanghai, endemic fluorosis is widespread throughout China's primary administrative districts, including 22 provinces, 2 municipalities, and 5 autonomous regions. In all, an estimated 40 million persons out of a total population of 1.1 billion are affliced with dental and/or skeletal fluorosis...
(2) Wang G et al (1987). Some characteristics of endemic fluorine poisoning in children [Japanese]. Fusso Kenkyu 8:3-8.
Fluoride 1988; 21(4):167-170Fluoride in toothpaste: cause for concern
Rajan BP *, Gnanasundaran N, Santhini R
* Madras Dental College, Madras, India
Summary: This study, conducted to determine whether fluoride enters the blood circulation when fluroidated toothpaste is used for brushing, reveals that, within minutes after brushing, circulatory levels of fluoride are enhanced. Experiments in rabbits by applying different quantities of fluoridated toothpaste on the abdominal surface showed that the rise in the blood circulation level of fluroide is directly related to the quantity of fluoridated toothpaste applied.
Fluoride 1988; 21(4):171-176Estimation of fluoride content of toothpaste
VA Joshi * and MV Nanoti
* Scientist, Water Division, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
Summary: Most of the toothpaste marketed in India contain fluoride either added or as an impurity in the raw material. The object of this study was to evaluate sensitivity of the ion selective electrode methods to estimate fluoride in toothpastes. Those identified as fluoridated, nonfluoridated, herbal and homeopathic and the effect of varying concentration and stirring time were evaluated by four techniques of conversion of fluoride into fluoride ions. In water suspension methods the release of fluoride is dependent on weight of the paste and volume of TISAB solution added to the sample. The composition of the paste is also related to the release of fluoride. All pastes except two showed the presence of fluoride by all four methods. The values obtained by water suspension and TISAB boiling were in good agreement with each other.
Fluoride 1988; 21(4):177-184Cost-effectiveness analysis: application to industrial fluorosis
P Rey * and A Bousquet
* Institute de medecine sociale et preventive, Unite de medecine du travail, Universite de Geneve, Switzerland
Summary: Decision analysis was applied to potroom workers of the aluminum industry, either compensated for fluorosis or surveyed for being exposed to fluoride. Controls were non-exposed workers of the same industry or workers outside the aluminum industry. Bone fluoride content was shown to be the golden standard and to display the highest sensitivity and specificity. Different strategies, with various combinations of testing procedures, were identified as more or less cost-effective, following the prevalence of the disease. It was also suggested, that some strategies are better suited for screening workers for prevention, when diagnosing fluorosis for compensation.
Fluoride 1988; 21(4):185-192The accumulation of airborne fluorides by perennial ryegrass cultures
L de Temmerman and H Baeten
Institute for Chemical Research, Ministry of Agriculture, Museumlaan 5, B-1980 Tervuren, Belgium
Summary: Perennial ryegrass, grown in containers provided with a semi-automatic water supply system, was exposed to ambient air fluorides in the neighborhood of a phosphate fertilizer plant. The exposure time, four weeks, was followed by clipping and harvesting.
Ambient fluorides were continually sampled by means of a dynamic single filter method. Furthermore, sampling systems were used to determine the gaseous, particulate and adsorbed fractions of ambient fluorides. At the studied area, particulates constituted a maximum 10 percent of the total ambient fluoride concentration.
Correlations between ambient fluoride concentrations and accumulation by grass are described. The last two weeks of the exposue period were responsible for 80 to 90 percent of the total fluoride level at harvest time. Rainfall during the two week period prior to harvesting failed to influence the accumulation rate.
A model was developed to calculate the average fluroide content in grass based on the average ambient fluoride concentration and rainfall.
Fluoride 1988; 21(4):193-200Experimental fluorosis in sheep: fluoride kinetics and alleviating effects of aluminum sulfate
Kessabi M *, Hamliri A, Braun JP
* Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Institut Agronomique et Veterinaire Hassan II, Rabat-Instituts, Morocco.
This research is supported by International Foundation of Science, Grev Turegatan 19. S-114 38, Stockholm, Sweden.
Summary: For 33 months five groups of four sheep were given a daily oral dose of 0, 0.10, 0.25 mmol F-/kg BW with or without 0.50 mmol A/kg. In all treated animals fluoride levels increased in blood, urine, feces, bones and teeth. Aluminum sulfate decreased the digesteive absorption of fluoride (about 33 to 45%) and reduced the fluoride in serum, urine, bones and teeth. Most variations were fluoride dose-related.
Fluoride 1988; 21(4):201-209Determination of fluorocarbons obtained by the photochlorination reaction
Y Takizawa * and H Muto
* Department of Public Health, Akita University School of Medicine, Hondol-1-1, Akita 010, Japan
Summary: The findings in this study indicate that fluorocarbons are obtained by the photochlorination reactions of organo-fluorine compounds and the photoreactions of the HF/chloroolefin mixtures. Further we observed the production of several halocarbons such as CCl4, ChCl3, CHCl=CFCl, CH3CCl3, CH3CH2CL, CH2ClCHCl2, CH2=CCL2, CFBr3, CH3Br in our reaction systems under wavelengths of the exciting radiation (Amax. = 254 nm). For possible formation of fluorocarbons in the environment, further detailed investigtion from all approaches is necessary.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3203120&dopt=AbstractBiol Neonate 1988;54(5):263-9
Maternal-fetal transfer of fluoride in pregnant women.
Caldera R, Chavinie J, Fermanian J, Tortrat D, Laurent AM.
Service Pediatrie B, Hopital St-Vincent-de-Paul; Paris, France.
Gas chromatography was used to measure the maternal and fetal plasma inorganic fluoride values at term in 91 women. They were assigned to one of four groups: group A were untreated controls; group B received a single daily dose of 1.5 mg of fluoride (as calcium fluoride) during the final trimester of pregnancy; group C was given a single dose of 1.5 mg of fluoride (as sodium fluoride) and group D was given 2 daily doses of fluoride (as sodium fluoride) totaling 1.5 mg. There was a significant difference between the cord plasma fluoride levels of the newborns in the untreated group (mean: 27.8 micrograms/l) and that of the combined supplemented groups B, C and D (mean: 58.3 micrograms/l). There was no difference between the average fluoride levels in the three supplemented groups. There was no significant effect of maternal age, infant birth weight, gestation or diet during pregnancy on the cord plasma fluoride level. These results indicate that fluoride supplementation during the final trimester of pregnancy will significantly elevate cord plasma fluoride concentrations.
PMID: 3203120 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3146166&dopt=AbstractNo Abstract available
Z Arztl Fortbild (Jena) 1988;82(10):455-9
[Skeletal fluorosis following uncontrolled use of sodium fluoride]
[Article in German]
Kastner P, Schafer W.
Abteilung fur Rheumatologie, Medizinischen Akademie Erfurt.
PMID: 3146166 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3051783&dopt=AbstractZ Urol Nephrol 1988 Jul;81(7):467-71
[Significance of fluorides in chronic hemodialysis with reference to fluoridation of drinking water]
[Article in German]
Schmidt CW, Walter R, Johl M.
Innere Abteilung, Kreiskrankenhauses Heidenau.
The metabolism of fluorides in impaired renal function is described. The use of fluoridized drinking-water in the production of dialysis fluid is discussed controversial. In patients treated by chronic hemodialysis the plasma fluoride level rises at a content of 1 mg fluoride per liter dialysis fluid. A relevant effect on the state of health is not certain established today. Therefore, it will be advised to the use of fluoride-free dialysis water. Its production should be made by use of a reverse-osmosis unit.
Publication Types:
- Review
- Review, Tutorial
PMID: 3051783 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1815494&dopt=AbstractArh Hig Rada Toksikol 1991 Dec;42(4):391-6
[Drug poisoning in children in Vojvodina]
[Article in Serbo-Croatian (Roman)]
Konstantinidis G, Roncevic N, Konstantinidis N.
Institut za zdravstvenu zastitu majke i deteta, Novi Sad.
Epidemiological characteristics of acute drug poisoning in children were investigated over a period of two years (1988-1989). The total number of poisonings was 450. Among causes of poisoning psychopharmaca, especially benzodiazepine, came first (33.3%). They were followed by drugs affecting the nervous system (9.1%), usually by analgoantipyretics, and by drugs affecting the cardiovascular system (7.8%). In 10.6% of the cases poisoning was due to two or more drugs. In 12.3% of the poisonings drug was unknown. Sodium fluoride was the most frequent single cause of acute poisoning. The average age of the poisoned children was 5.1 years. Poisoning with drugs was more frequent among girls than among boys (55:45%). In more than half poisoning accidents there was no one present when poisoning occurred. A major number of poisonings were an attention-getting gesture or a suicidal attempt. There were 11 cases of repeated poisoning with the same drug.
PMID: 1815494 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3206164&dopt=AbstractRev Rhum Mal Osteoartic 1988 Nov;55(11):959-60
[Fluoride poisoning from the Saint-Yorre water with osteomalacia. Apropos of a case with bone histomorphometric analysis]
[Article in French]
Martin-May A, Troussier B, Grauer JL, Meunier PJ, Boivin G, Phelip X.
Service de Rhumatologie, CHU de Grenoble.
PMID: 3206164 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3184225&dopt=AbstractJ Trauma 1988 Nov;28(11):1593-6
Hydrofluoric acid-induced hypocalcemia.
Greco RJ, Hartford CE, Haith LR Jr, Patton ML.
Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Among patients exposed to hydrofluoric acid the potentially lethal effect of calcium depletion induced by binding with fluoride ion has not been well reported. Three patients exposed to hydrofluoric acid had acute fluoride poisoning with serum calcium levels equal to or below 4.1 mgm/dl. Treatment included administration of large amounts of calcium, both intravenously and by subsechar injection, to replenish the biologically active calcium and to bind fluoride. This report describes successful treatment of two survivors, apparently the first two, of severe hypocalcemia caused by hydrofluoric acid.
PMID: 3184225 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3178291&dopt=AbstractArch Environ Health 1988 Sep-Oct;43(5):340-3
Bone and joint pathology in fluoride-exposed workers.
Czerwinski E, Nowak J, Dabrowska D, Skolarczyk A, Kita B, Ksiezyk M.
Cracow Academy of Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Poland.
Clinical and radiological investigations were performed for 2,258 aluminum workers exposed to fluoride for an average of 17.6 yr (standard deviation = 7.6). Changes in bone and joints were presented in detail in three groups: (1) exposed up to 5 yr (135 cases), (2) exposed from 6-32 yr (1,463 cases), and (3) retired workers (660 cases). A semiquantitative assessment of early fluorosis was introduced. A 20.2% incidence of fluorosis was found, but, according to Roholm, only 1.05% was in stage I. The disease was mainly in the pre-stages of O and OI. A close relationship between the occurrence of fluorosis and the time and degree of fluoride exposure was found. The difficulties in diagnosing skeletal fluorosis result from the questionable sensitivity of the x-ray techniques and from the nonspecificity of the associated symptoms. A quantitative method to assess osteosclerosis and bone structure alteration is needed.
PMID: 3178291 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3148411&dopt=AbstractChin Med J (Engl) 1988 Sep;101(9):679-84
Synergistic action of iodine-deficiency and fluorine-intoxication on rat thyroid.
Guan ZZ, Zhuang ZJ, Yang PS, Pan S.
PMID: 3148411 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2893047&dopt=AbstractLancet 1988 Jan 30;1(8579):223-5
Unsuitability of World Health Organisation guidelines for fluoride concentrations in drinking water in Senegal.
Brouwer ID, Dirks OB, De Bruin A, Hautvast JG.
Department of Human Nutrition, Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
A survey was done of the prevalence of dental fluorosis among children aged 7-16 years and the occurrence of skeletal fluorosis among adults aged 40-60 years living in regions in Senegal where fluoride concentrations in the drinking water ranged from less than 0.1 to 7.4 mg/l. In the area where the fluoride concentration in the drinking water was 1.1 mg/l milder forms of dental fluorosis were found, the prevalence being 68.5%. In areas where fluoride concentrations exceeded 4 mg/l the prevalence of dental fluorosis reached 100%. Kyphosis was very prevalent among a community whose drinking water contained 7.4 mg/l fluoride. Radiographs of the vertebral column, hand, and wrist of 3 adults with kyphosis confirmed the diagnosis of skeletal fluorosis. High sweat loss and a high intake of water because of the hot weather may account for the finding. The present World Health Organisation guideline for the upper limit of fluoride concentration in drinking water may be unsuitable for countries with a hot, dry climate.
PMID: 2893047 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3178291&dopt=AbstractArch Environ Health 1988 Sep-Oct;43(5):340-3
Bone and joint pathology in fluoride-exposed workers.
Czerwinski E, Nowak J, Dabrowska D, Skolarczyk A, Kita B, Ksiezyk M.
Cracow Academy of Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Poland.
Clinical and radiological investigations were performed for 2,258 aluminum workers exposed to fluoride for an average of 17.6 yr (standard deviation = 7.6). Changes in bone and joints were presented in detail in three groups: (1) exposed up to 5 yr (135 cases), (2) exposed from 6-32 yr (1,463 cases), and (3) retired workers (660 cases). A semiquantitative assessment of early fluorosis was introduced. A 20.2% incidence of fluorosis was found, but, according to Roholm, only 1.05% was in stage I. The disease was mainly in the pre-stages of O and OI. A close relationship between the occurrence of fluorosis and the time and degree of fluoride exposure was found. The difficulties in diagnosing skeletal fluorosis result from the questionable sensitivity of the x-ray techniques and from the nonspecificity of the associated symptoms. A quantitative method to assess osteosclerosis and bone structure alteration is needed.
PMID: 3178291 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3059145&dopt=AbstractMed Hypotheses 1988 Oct;27(2):153-6
Fluoridation: a fifty-year-old accepted but unconfirmed hypothesis.
Sutton PR.
The fifty-year-old fluoridation hypothesis has not been confirmed. Despite this, millions of people are still medicated with fluoride by government decree, on the assumption that this process has been proved to be entirely safe, and very efficacious in reducing dental caries. In fact, the scientific basis of fluoridation is very unsatisfactory. It is promoted, in the main, by emotion-based 'endorsements' rather than by scientifically-acceptable evidence.
Publication Types: Historical ArticlePMID: 3059145 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11621556&dopt=AbstractSoc Stud Sci 1988 May;18(2):331-63
No Abstract available
Analyzing the fluoridation controversy: resources and structures.
Martin B.
Publication Types: Historical ArticlePMID: 11621556 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3363326&dopt=AbstractSci Total Environ 1988 Jan;68:97-111
- Erratum in:
- Sci Total Environ 1988 Nov 1;77(1):91
Spatial and temporal patterns in the fluoride content of vegetation around two aluminium smelters in the Hunter Valley, New South Wales.
Bowen SE.
State Pollution Control Commission, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
Spatial and temporal patterns in the fluoride content of native vegetation around two aluminium smelters in the Hunter Valley were studied between 1982 and 1985. Foliage samples were collected every month from dominant tree, shrub and herb species located up to 15 km from each smelter and, after washing, were analysed for their fluoride concentrations. At Kurri Kurri, an established smelter, fluoride emissions varied between 10 and 15 tonnes per month, or 1.8 and 2 kg [corrected] per tonne Al produced. At Tomago, they increased rapidly during start-up, peaked at 15.2 tonnes per month (0.7 kg per tonne Al), and then fell to around 10 tonnes per month. Fluoride isopleths for Angophora bakeri and a histogram for A. costata, revealed that the main areas of impact were to the immediate north and north-east of Kurri Kurri and immediate north and south-east of Tomago. Although foliar fluoride concentrations greater than background levels extended 3 km from Kurri Kurri and 1 km from Tomago, fluoride-induced, visible injury was more limited in extent. Close to the smelters tree species accumulated more foliar fluoride than shrub species, which in turn accumulated more foliar fluoride than herb species. Foliar fluoride concentrations in tree and herb species were lowest in summer; spring peaks were also apparent at Tomago.
PMID: 3363326 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3163958&dopt=AbstractCommunity Dent Oral Epidemiol 1988 Jun;16(3):129-30
Community water fluoridation in Leningrad and Moscow.
Abrams RA.
School of Dentistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233.
A total of 47 water samples were obtained over a 3-yr period in the cities of Leningrad and Moscow in the USSR. All the samples had their fluoride content analyzed blindly outside the Soviet Union. A total of three samples had therapeutic levels of fluoride (0.8 ppm or above); all the other 44 samples had fluoride levels of 0.3 ppm or less.
PMID: 3163958 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3165405&dopt=AbstractJ Dent Res 1988 Aug;67(8):1114-7
Dentifrice usage among Danish children.
Bruun C, Thylstrup A.
Department of Cariology and Endodontics, Royal Dental College, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
The usage of dentifrice was studied in 179 Danish children of approximate ages 3, 7, 9, and 16 years. The usage was assessed by measurement of the aggregated quantities used at home during a two-week period. Information was also obtained on toothbrushing habits. The mean daily usage with the same brand of dentifrice increased from 1.1 g among 3-year-olds to 1.5, 2.3, and 3.4 g among 7-, 9-, and 16-year-olds, respectively. The amount used showed a significant, positive relationship to the orifice diameter of the tube. However, the lengths of ribbon of paste squeezed out per brushing were quite similar, regardless of tube orifice diameter. When the usage data were considered in light of the fact that young children swallow an average of 15 to 30% of the dentifrice used for brushing, it became obvious that a notable number of the 3- and 7-year-olds can be expected to ingest fluoride from 1000- and 1500-ppm-F dentifrices in quantities exceeding recommended daily doses.
PMID: 3165405 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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