MOST
POTENT RODENTICIDES KNOWN
& ARE ALSO HIGHLY TOXIC TO OTHER ANIMALS.
[Doull, J., C.D. Klaassen, and M. D. Amdur (eds.). Casarett
and Doull's Toxicology. 2nd ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing
Co., 1980. 395]
Ref:
FLUOROACETAMIDE CASRN: 640-19-7. Hazardous Substances Data
Bank. http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/fluoroacetamide.hsdb.htm
ACUTE EXPOSURE ...
Neurologic sequelae have been noted following acute poisoning,
including hypertonicity with arm and leg spasms, severe mental
deficits, and moderate residual paresis. Severe cerebellar dysfunction,
ataxia, and depression were described
in a 15-year-old patient who survived acute fluoroacetate poisoning.
Ref:
FLUOROACETAMIDE CASRN: 640-19-7. Hazardous Substances Data Bank. http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/fluoroacetamide.hsdb.htm
ANIMALS ACUTELY POISONED
BY ... /FLUOROACETAMIDE/ SHOW LISTLESSNESS, IRRITABILITY, CLONIC
CONVULSIONS, ABASIA, PILOERECTION, & IRREGULAR RESPIRATION. ONE
CHARACTERISTIC USUALLY OBSERVED IN ANIMALS DYING FROM ACUTE POISONING
WITH FLUOROACETAMIDE AS WELL AS WITH SODIUM FLUOROACETATE IS POSTMORTEM
RIGIDITY. DEATH GENERALLY OCCURS IN COMA AFTER CONVULSIONS HAVE
STOPPED. SUBACUTELY POISONED ANIMALS SHOW
ANOREXIA, EMACIATION, ALOPECIA, & ABSCESS FORMATION. [Hayes,
W.J., Jr., E.R. Laws, Jr., (eds.). Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology.
Volume 3. Classes of Pesticides. New York, NY: Academic Press,
Inc., 1991. 1278]
Ref:
FLUOROACETAMIDE CASRN: 640-19-7. Hazardous Substances Data Bank. http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/fluoroacetamide.hsdb.htm
Health Hazards (Acute,
Delayed, and Chronic): This material is super toxic; probable
oral lethal dose in humans is less than 5 mg/kg, or a taste (less
than 7 drops) for a 150-lb. person (*Gosselin 1976). Chemically
inhibits oxygen metabolism by cells with critical
damage occurring to the heart, brain,
and lungs resulting in heart failure, respiratory arrest, convulsions,
and death (Gilman 1980, p. 1644).
Ref: US EPA Chemical Profile. October 31,
1985 http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Fluoroacetamide.EPAFacts.87.htm
Neurologic sequelae
have been noted following acute poisoning, including hypertonicity
with arm and leg spasms, severe mental deficits, and moderate
residual paresis. Severe cerebellar dysfunction,
ataxia, and depression were described
in a 15-year-old patient who survived acute fluoroacetate poisoning.
Ref:
FLUOROACETAMIDE CASRN: 640-19-7. Hazardous Substances Data Bank. http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/fluoroacetamide.hsdb.htm
Sodium fluoroacetate
and fluoroacetamide are readily absorbed by the gut, but only
to a limited extent across skin. The toxic mechanism is distinct
from that of fluoride salts. Three molecules of fluoroacetate
or fluoroacetamide are combined in the liver to form a molecule
of fluorocitrate, which poisons critical enzymes of the tricarboxylic
acid (Krebs) cycle, blocking cellular respiration. The heart,
brain, and kidneys are
the organs most prominently affected... Crimidine and sodium
fluoroacetate are no longer registered for use as pesticides.
Ref: US EPA.
http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/safety/healthcare/handbook/Chap17.pdf
... /MAJOR
EFFECTS/ INVOLVE CNS & CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM. SEVERE EPILEPTIFORM CONVULSIONS ALTERNATE WITH COMA &
DEPRESSION; DEATH MAY RESULT FROM ASPHYXIA DURING CONVULSION OR
FROM RESP FAILURE. MOST PROMINENT FEATURES ... ARE CARDIAC IRREGULARITIES,
NOTABLY VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION & SUDDEN CARDIAC ARREST. [International
Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety.
Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office,
1983. 895]
-- Moderately fast-acting rodenticide which is less likely to
lead to poison shyness because of sublethal dosing. It acts chiefly
on the heart, with secondary effects on
CNS. [Tomlin, C.D.S. (ed.). The Pesticide Manual - World
Compendium. 10th ed. Surrey, UK: The British Crop Protection Council,
1994. 492]
-- Mechanism of Action: FLUOROACETATE PRODUCES ITS TOXIC ACTION
BY INHIBITING THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE. THE FLUORINE SUBSTITUTED
ACETATE BECOMES INCORPORATED, AS A NORMAL ACETATE, INTO FLUOROACETYL
COENZYME A, WHICH CONDENSES WITH OXALOACETATE TO FORM FLUOROCITRATE.
FLUOROCITRATE INHIBITS THE ENZYME ACONITASE & THEREBY INHIBITS
THE CONVERSION OF CITRATE TO ISOCITRATE. AS A RESULT THERE IS
AN ACCUMULATION OF LARGE QUANTITIES OF CITRATE IN THE TISSUE,
& THE CYCLE IS BLOCKED. ... THE HEART
& CNS ARE THE MOST CRITICAL TISSUES INVOLVED IN POISONING
BY GENERAL INHIBITION OF OXIDATIVE ENERGY METABOLISM. /FLUOROACETATE/
[Doull, J., C.D.Klassen, and M.D. Amdur (eds.).
Casarett and Doull's
Toxicology. 3rd ed., New York: Macmillan Co., Inc., 1986. 565] Ref:
FLUOROACETAMIDE CASRN: 640-19-7. Hazardous Substances Data Bank. http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/fluoroacetamide.hsdb.htm
Amnesty International accused Israel of failing to prosecute
Jewish settlers for attacking Palestinian locals and poisoning
their livestock, the international rights group said. Condemning
the "increasingly frequent attacks" against Palestinian
villagers, Amnesty urged the Israeli government to investigate
all violent incidents, and in particular, the recent spate of
cases of poisoning fields that has affected scores of Palestinian
livestock. "In recent weeks, toxic chemicals have repeatedly
been spread on fields located near the villages of Tuwani, Umm
Faggara and Kharruba in the southern Hebron region," the
group said in a statement, referring to areas in the southern
West Bank. "Scores of sheep as well as gazelles and other
animals have been contaminated by the toxins and several have
died. Palestinian farmers have been forced to quarantine their
flocks and stop using the milk, cheese and meat from them, effectively
depriving them of their livelihood." Since the first instance
of poisoning was discovered in late March, other fields had also
been contaminated, all of them in areas under Israeli security
control, known as area C, the rights group said. Until now, however,
the Israeli authorities had not decontaminated the fields, nor
had they investigated the perpetrators, who were enjoying "impunity",
the group said...
Ref: April 25, 2005. Amnesty calls on Israel
to halt poisoning of Palestinian livestock. http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/fluoroacetamide.apr.25.05.html
See also:
April 6, 2005.Israel
Probes Poisoning of Palestinian Sheep. By Haitham Tamimi.
April 12, 2005. Palestinian
villagers accuse Israeli settlers of poisoning their flocks.
By Agence France Presse.
Abstract: Orally administered FAA produces severe general toxic
effects and massive testicular degeneration.
The present study was designed to determine whether low doses
of parenterally administered FAA will produce testicular lesions
in absence of general toxic effect; and if so, what specific cell
types will be affected. Adult rats were used. FAA was administered
sc in daily injections in doses varying from 50 to 1000 mcg/rat.
Animals were sacrificed at periods varying from 4 to 56 days after
institution of treatment. At the dose of 250 mcg daily no general
toxic effects were observed, but testes
diminished in size by 50%. Microscopic
studies revealed a specific effect of the drug, primarily centered
on the division process of secondary spermatocytes and on spermiogenesis.
The spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes were not affected.
At the dose of 50 mcg the testes weight was not affected, but
microscopic study revealed changes in the same cell types mentioned
above. This is the 1st demonstration of
a specific morphologically demonstrable effect of a compound on
postmeiotic stages of the spermatogenic process.
Ref: Specificity of the effect of fluoroacetamide
(FAA) on spermatogenesis. Authors: Sud BN; Steinberger E. Source:
Anatomical Record 163: 271-272. 1969. http://www.popline.org/docs/691972.html
-- REPRODUCTIVE HAZARDS...
In mice, oral administration of fluoroacetamide resulted in a
prolonged pregnancy
and the young suffered from cyanosis, respiratory distress,
reduced growth, and decreased survival. Fluoroacetamide has caused
testicular degeneration in rats.
.. MALE RATS THAT RECEIVED A DIETARY LEVEL OF 50 PPM (USUALLY
CALCULATED AS ABOUT 2.5 MG/KG/DAY BUT SAID TO BE ABOUT 3.4 MG/KG/DAY
IN THESE RATS) SHOWED MARKED MORPHOLOGICAL
CHANGES IN THE NUCLEUS OF STEP-13 SPERMATIDS WITHIN 24
HR, & EFFECTS BECAME MORE PRONOUNCED & THE ENTIRE CELL BECAME
DISTORTED IN 5 DAYS. AFTER 10 DAYS OF TREATMENT, EARLIER STEP
SPERMATIDS SHOWED DEGENERATIVE CHANGES &
GIANT CELL FORMATION. EVENTUALLY, EVEN SPERMATOCYTES
WERE AFFECTED. DIETARY LEVELS OF 20, 10, & 5 PPM, PRODUCED
CHARACTERISTIC CHANGES IN LATE STAGE SPERMATIDS
BUT NO EFFECT ON SPERMATOCYTES. ... SC ADMIN ... AT A RATE
OF ABOUT 1.0 MG/KG/DAY PRODUCED THE CHARACTERISTIC CHANGES IN
STAGE-13 SPERMATIDS WITHIN 4 DAYS
& A 50% REDUCTION IN THE WT OF THE TESTES
IN 28 DAYS. [Hayes, W.J., Jr., E.R. Laws, Jr., (eds.).
Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology. Volume 3. Classes of Pesticides.
New York, NY: Academic Press, Inc., 1991. 1279]
-- SELECTIVE DESTRUCTION OF THE GERMINAL
EPITHELIUM OF THE TESTES OF MALE RATS WAS REPORTED ...
SINGLE DOSAGE LEVEL RESULTING FROM A DIETARY LEVEL OF 50 PPM.
ON THIS DIET, THE BODY WT OF 150 TO 160 G RATS INCR BY 88% IN
90 DAYS, BUT THE TESTES WERE REDUCED TO SLIGHTLY LESS THAN 1/3
THE WT OF CONTROLS. AFTER 64 DAYS, THE TUBULES
WERE ALMOST COMPLETELY LACKING IN SEMINAL CELLS ... PECULIAR
GIANT CELLS WERE OBSERVED. [Hayes, W.J., Jr., E.R. Laws,
Jr., (eds.). Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology. Volume 3. Classes
of Pesticides. New York, NY: Academic Press, Inc., 1991. 1278]
Ref:
FLUOROACETAMIDE CASRN: 640-19-7. Hazardous Substances Data Bank. http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/fluoroacetamide.hsdb.htm
Fetotoxicity(click on for all fluorinated
pesticides)
Abstract: HAPAB The
effects of single sublethal oral doses of fluoroacetamide (15
mg/kg in 0.03% aqueous solution), administered to female white
mice 2 days before or 10 days after fertilization, were studied
on the embryonal and postnatal development. The fluoroacetamide
influenced the ovulation and the viability of the ovi (later the
embryonic and the postnatal development) which led to
increased prenatal mortality, to prolongation of the pregnancy,
and reduced viability of the neonates. Females treated
10 days after fertilization showed the greatest increase (by up
to 30 days) in the duration of pregnancy while embryonic mortality
was highest in the group treated two days before fertilization
(11.7% against a control value of 4.6%). Reduced body weight,
cyanosis, respiratory distress, and decreased motility were among
the anomalies observed in neonates in the test groups. 1971
Ref:
The action of fluoroacetamide on albino mouse fecunidty (preliminary
report). Authors: Tokareva TG Turov I Alekseyev AN Source: Zh.
Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol.; 48: 24-26; 1971.
Genotoxic(click on for all fluorinated
pesticides)
GENOTOXICITY A. Cytogenetic
analysis detected chromosome aberrations in the rat in vivo and
in mammal lung cells. In Red Muntjac in vitro, fluoroacetamide
caused chromosomal breakage, increased rate of sister chromatid
exchanges, and a lag in the cell cycle.
Ref:
FLUOROACETAMIDE CASRN: 640-19-7. Hazardous Substances Data Bank. http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/fluoroacetamide.hsdb.htm
-- Mechanism of action:...
THE HEART & CNS ARE THE MOST CRITICAL
TISSUES INVOLVED IN POISONING BY GENERAL INHIBITION OF
OXIDATIVE ENERGY METABOLISM. /FLUOROACETATE/ [Doull, J., C.D.Klassen, and M.D. Amdur (eds.).
Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. 3rd ed., New York: Macmillan
Co., Inc., 1986. 565]
-- Cardiac effects may include tachycardia,
ventricular fibrillation, and sudden onset of asystole. -- Moderately fast-acting rodenticide which is less likely
to lead to poison shyness because of sublethal dosing. It
acts chiefly on the heart, with secondary effects on CNS.
[Tomlin, C.D.S. (ed.). The Pesticide Manual - World Compendium.
10th ed. Surrey, UK: The British Crop Protection Council, 1994.
492]
Ref:
FLUOROACETAMIDE CASRN: 640-19-7. Hazardous Substances Data Bank. http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/fluoroacetamide.hsdb.htm
Sodium fluoroacetate
and fluoroacetamide are readily absorbed by the gut, but only
to a limited extent across skin. The toxic mechanism is distinct
from that of fluoride salts. Three molecules of fluoroacetate
or fluoroacetamide are combined in the liver to form a molecule
of fluorocitrate, which poisons critical enzymes of the tricarboxylic
acid (Krebs) cycle, blocking cellular respiration. The heart,
brain, and kidneys are the organs
most prominently affected... Crimidine and sodium fluoroacetate
are no longer registered for use as pesticides.
Ref: US EPA. http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/safety/healthcare/handbook/Chap17.pdf
Sodium fluoroacetate
and fluoroacetamide are readily absorbed by the gut, but only
to a limited extent across skin. The toxic mechanism is distinct
from that of fluoride salts. Three molecules of fluoroacetate
or fluoroacetamide are combined in the liver to form a molecule
of fluorocitrate, which poisons critical enzymes of the tricarboxylic
acid (Krebs) cycle, blocking cellular respiration. The heart,
brain, and kidneys are the organs
most prominently affected... Crimidine and sodium fluoroacetate
are no longer registered for use as pesticides.
Ref: US EPA.
http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/safety/healthcare/handbook/Chap17.pdf
FLUOROACETAMIDE AT
AN ORAL DOSAGE OF 15 MG/KG ... INTERFERES
WITH REPRODUCTION IN FEMALE MICE, WHETHER ADMIN 2 DAYS
BEFORE OR 10 DAYS AFTER FERTILIZATION; PREGNANCY WAS PROLONGED,
PRENATAL MORTSEITY WAS INCR, & THE YOUNG SUFFERED FROM CYANOSIS,
RESPIRATORY DISTRESS, REDUCED GROWTH, & DECR SURVIVAL. [Hayes,
W.J., Jr., E.R. Laws, Jr., (eds.). Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology.
Volume 3. Classes of Pesticides. New York, NY: Academic Press,
Inc., 1991. 1279]
Ref:
FLUOROACETAMIDE CASRN: 640-19-7. Hazardous Substances Data Bank. http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/fluoroacetamide.hsdb.htm
April 12, 2005: Palestinian
villagers accuse Israeli settlers of poisoning their flocks.
By Agence France Presse.
... Tests carried out by the center for environmental health
at the university of Beir Zeit in the central West Bank
have found that the product spread in the pastures was fluoroacetamide.
"The tests have revealed that
it is fluoroacetamide, a very toxic substance without
any known antidote. It was first conceived as a pesticide
against rats and its production and use are forbidden without
authorization from the Israeli government," said the
center's director Ramzi Sansur. ... A spokesman for the
Israeli police in the southern West Bank, Shlomi Sagui,
confirmed that a "poison" had recently been detected
in the fields in question following complaints from Palestinian
villagers. "It is true that a poison has been found.
We do not know yet know where it came from but an inquiry
is under way," Sagui said. - AFP
Ref: The Daily Star - Lebanon.
April
6, 2005: Israel
Probes Poisoning of Palestinian Sheep. By
Haitham Tamimi.
Israeli police said on Tuesday they were investigating accusations
that Jewish settlers killed sheep belonging to Palestinians
with poison in a bid to drive Palestinians off their land
in the West Bank... Ramzi Sansur, a Palestinian toxicologist
who examined the pellets in a Bir Zeit university laboratory,
said the chemical, Fluoroacetamide,
was "extremely toxic" and ordinarily used to kill
rodents in sewers... led to the death
of 20 sheep and poisoning of 82 others that are fighting
for their lives." ...Other
animals including gazelles and migratory birds also died.
Ref: Planet Ark World Environment News.
-- RESULTS
OF LAB INVESTIGATIONS ARE REPORTED IN MASS POISONING IN WHICH
ABOUT 800 DOGS DIED SHORTLY AFTER CONSUMING
PURCHASED POULTRY MEAT. THE TOXICOLOGICAL & PUBLIC
HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF MASS POISONING ARE DISCUSSED. [EGYED MN; FLUORIDE 12 (2): 76 (1979)]
Abstract:
An account is presented of poisoning
in a dairy herd grazing fields adjacent to a chemical factory
which manufactured fluoroacetamide. In mid-May, three
cows of a dairy herd of 26 Friesians died suddenly. In spite
of the fact that a ditch and ponds running through the field
were fenced off so that the cows could not drink from them,
several more cows died at intervals. Clinical signs observed
before death were listlessness, intermittent inappetence,
incoordination and accelerated heart and respiratory rates.
No nervous signs and convulsions were observed. Submaxillary
edema and edema of the brisket occurred in a notable proportion
of the herd. Surviving cows were lethargic, appetite remained
poor and milk yield fell considerably. Several
calves died at or shortly after birth. Postmortem
examination did not give any indication of the nature of
the poison. A neighboring farm reported
infertility of their cows and at another adjoining farm
several apparently healthy sheep died suddenly. An
investigation of the environs together with the clinical
condition of the cows provided circumstantial evidence that
the cows had been poisoned by water contaminated by a toxic
organic fluorine compound present in the factory effluent
and draining into ditches and ponds situated on the adjoining
farms. Five months after the cows were removed from access
to the ditch and pond water. the survivors were still unthrifty
and lethargic. The production and agricultural uses of fluoroacetamide
and fluoroactate are discussed. Early
in 1964, the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
recommended that fluoroacetamide should not be used as an
insecticide in agriuclture, home gardens or in food storage
practice in Great Britain; proprietary products containing
fluoroacetamide were subsequently withdrawn from the market.
REF:
Epidemiology
and Treatment 69/10/00, 346 1969. Fluoroacetamide
poisoning. I. Toxicity in dairy cattle: Clinical history
and preliminary investigations.
Authors: Allcroft JSL RJones
Source: Vet. REcord; 84(16), 399-402, 1969.