A little background on the
Salivary Glands...
The tongue, cheeks, and palate (the hard and soft areas
at the roof of the mouth) contain many glands that produce
saliva. In saliva there are enzymes, or catalysts, that
begin the breakdown (digestion) of food while it is still
in the mouth. The glands are called salivary glands because
of their function.
There are three big pairs of salivary glands in addition
to many smaller ones. The parotid glands, submandibular
glands and sublingual glands are the large, paired salivary
glands. The parotids are located inside the cheeks, one
below each ear. The submandibular glands are located on
the floor of the mouth, with one on the inner side of each
part of the lower jaw, or mandible. The sublingual glands
are also in the floor of the mouth, but they are under the
tongue. Ref: http://www.ehendrick.org/healthy/002167.htm |
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MAJOR
FEATURES OF SALIVARY GLANDS
Ref: http://www.bioscience.org/lecture/tabibza/1.htm |
Gland |
Feature |
Duct |
Glands |
Fat |
Lymphoid
Tissue |
Sebaceous
Glands |
Nerve |
Parotid |
Largest
major salivary gland |
Stensen's
duct |
Serous |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Facial
Nerve |
Sub-mandibular
gland |
Second
largest major salivary gland |
Wharton's
duct |
Mucous-Serous |
Yes |
None |
None |
None |
Sub-
lingual
gland |
Smallest
of major salivary glands |
Bartholin's
duct, Rivinus ducts |
Mucous-Serous |
Yes |
None |
None |
None |
Small
salivary glands |
Scattered
throughout the tongue, palate and lip |
Small |
Mucous
except for those in tongue |
Yes
(Tongue) |
None |
None |
None |
The
use of high doses increases the likelihood that potentially
significant toxic effects will be identified. Findings of
adverse effects in any one species do not necessarily indicate
such effects might be generated in humans. From a conservative
risk assessment perspective however, adverse findings in
animal species are assumed to represent potential effects
in humans, unless convincing evidence of species specificity
is available.
--
Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations
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Note:
This is not an exhaustive list.
When time allows more information will be added.
Chlorodifluoromethane
-
Insecticide, Fungicide, Propellant - CAS No. 75-45-6
-- Groups of 80 male
and 80 female Alderley Park Wistar-derived rats (age unspecified)
were exposed by inhalation to 0 (2 groups), 1000, 10,000 or 50,000
ppm (0, 3540, 35,400 or 177,000 mg/cu m) chlorodifluoromethane
(CFC 22; purity >99.8%) for 5 hr/day, on 5 days/wk for up to 118
(females) or 131 (males) wk, by which time approx 80% of animals
had died. Body-wt gain was reduced in high-dose males up to wk
80. Treatment did not affect number of animals with benign tumors.
Among males, the proportions of animals with malignant tumors
were higher in treated groups (controls, 16/80 & 18/80; low-dose,
27/80; mid-dose, 22/80; high-dose, 33/80), due primarily to increases
in incidences of fibrosarcomas (controls, 5/80 & 7/80; low-dose,
8/80; mid-dose, 5/80; high-dose, 18/80). The numbers of animals
in which such tumors involved the salivary
glands were, 1, 0, 1, 0 & 7, respectively. The increase
in the overall incidence of fibrosarcomas occurred between weeks
105 & 130. In addition, 4 high-dose males had Zymbal-gland
tumors, whereas no such tumor was found in males of the
other groups. No increased incidence of malignant tumors was observed
in treated females. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the
Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization,
International Agency for Research on Cancer,1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume
work).,p. V41 242 (1986)]
-- TSCA Test Submissions: Oncogenicity was evaluated in male and
female Alderley Park rats (80/sex/group) exposed to chlorodifluoromethane
via inhalation at 0 (2 groups), 1000, 10,000 and 50,000 ppm for
5 hrs/day, 5 days/week for 27-30 months. The only reported finding
of significance was an increase in the incidence of malignant
neoplasms, due mainly to fibrosarcoma of the
salivary gland in both sexes at 50,000 ppm. The incidence
of these tumors was significant only after 25 months. This preliminary
report did not contain information concerning the histopathological
results of the study. [ICI Americas, Inc.; Chlorofluorocarbon
22 (CFC 22 - chlorodifluoromethane). (1981), EPA Document No.
FYI-OTS-0481-0111, Fiche No. 0111-0 ]
Ref: TOXNET profile from Hazardous Substances
Data Base for Chlorodifluoromethane.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/chlorodifluoromethan.toxnet.htm
Cyfluthrin
-
Insecticide - CAS No. 68359-37-5
-- Cyfluthrin. 28-Day
oral toxicity NOAEL = 15.0 (males & females) based on
minimal decrease in blood glucose. LOAEL = 50 based on, gait abnormalities,
salivation, nervousness, decrease in body weight, food consumption,
changes in hematological, clinical chem. & urinalysis parameters,
increases in selected organ wts., cytoplasmic swelling of glandular
epithelium of submaxillary gland,
minimal degrees of fiber degeneration in sciatic nerve (# not
reported) which disappeared after recovery period.
Ref: Federal Register. September 27, 2002.
Cyfluthrin; Pesticide Tolerance. Final Rule.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/cyfluthrin.fr.sept.27.2002.htm
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Definition: [n] a salivary gland inside the lower jaw on either
side that produces most of the nocturnal saliva; discharges saliva
into the mouth under the tongue
Synonyms: mandibular gland, submandibular gland, submandibular
salivary gland, submaxillary salivary gland
Cyhalothrin,
lambda -
Insecticide - CAS No. 91465-08-6
Gastrointestinal: Changes
in structure or function of salivary glands.
Ref: The Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical
Substances. NIOSH.
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/rtecs/gz12bc04.html#PCBPBS
PFOS - Insecticide,
US EPA List 3 Inert
Adverse signs of toxicity
observed in Rhesus monkey studies included anorexia, emesis, diarrhea,
hypoactivity, prostration, convulsions, atrophy
of the salivary glands and the pancreas, marked decreases
in serum cholesterol, and lipid depletion in the adrenals. The
dose range for these effects was reported between 1.5-300 mg/kg/day.
No monkeys survived beyond 3 weeks into treatment at 10 mg/kg/day
or beyond 7 weeks into treatment at doses as low as 4.5 mg/kg/day.
Ref:
November 21, 2002 report:
Hazard Assessment of Perfluorooctane sulfonate
(PFOS) and its salts.
Organisation
for Economic Co-operation and Development. ENV/JM/RD(2002)17/FINAL.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/pfos.final.report.nov.2002.pdf
Sodium
fluoride - Insecticide, Wood preservative, US EPA List
4B Inert - CAS No. 7681-49-4
1999
Material Safety Data Sheet:
TARGET ORGAN DATA... GASTROINTESTINAL
(CHANGES IN STRUCTURE OR FUNCTION OF SALIVARY
GLANDS)
Ref:
Material Safety Data Sheet. Valid 08/1999 - 10/1999. Sigma Chemical
Co. P.O. Box 14508 St. Louis, MO 63178 USA
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/sodium.fluoride.msds.1999.htm
1995 Abstract: Summary: The effect
of various concentrations of NaF on human salivary amylase was
studied. Sodium fluoride was found to inhibit
the enzyme when the fluoride concentration was at and above 5
x 10-2 M.
Ref: Fluoride 1995; 28(2):71-74. Effect of fluoride on human salivary
amylase activity, by K Hara and M-H Yu
1988 Abstract: The effect of NaF
on cAMP accumulation, cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity (cAMP-dPK)
ratios and [14C]-glucosamine-labelled mucin release from these
isolated cells was investigated. NaF (0.01-5 mM) increased significantly
the cellular cAMP concentration and cAMP-dPK activity ratios in
a dose- and time-dependent manner. NaF (5.0
mM) increased [14C]-glucosamine-labelled mucin release in a time-dependent
manner. Thus the stimulation of prelabelled mucin secretion by
NaF is mediated by an increase in the cAMP concentration, which
exerts its effect, at least partly, via the activation of cAMP-dPK
activity.
Ref: Arch Oral Biol 1988;33(5):347-51. Stimulation
of mucin release from rat submandibular salivary-gland cells
by NaF.Shahed AR, Allmann DW.
1987
Paper: The
effect of NaF on salivary gland function by Allmann DW, Shahed
AR.
No abstract available. Dtsch Zahnarztl
Z 1987 Oct;42(10 Suppl 1):S95-8
1984 Abstract: Summary: This study
examined the effect of intakes of 25 or 50 ppm fluoride via drinking
water for four weeks on the amylase activity of the parotid gland,
isoproterenol-stimulated (1 mg/100 g b.w., i.p.) salivary flow
and on the amylase activity in saliva fractions. A significant
elevation of the tissue amylase activity was seen in the F25 and
F50 groups compared to control. The volume of saliva collected
for 30 min after isoproterenol injection was higher in the fluoride-treated
groups; the amylase activity was also increased. In the glandular
tissue cAMP level was augmented. It appears
that fluoride may affect the parotid function; it may also influence
the salivary amylase activity, presumably by acting on the adenyl
cyclase activity.
Ref: Fluoride 1984; 17(4):217-223. Effect of F- on major salivary
glands. The amylase activity, stimulated salivary flow response
and cAMP levels in parotid gland of rats consuming F- via drinking
water, by Boros I, Mozsik G, Keszler P
1982 Abstract: One to 10 ppm fluroide
added to drinking water enchance the activity of carbonic anhydrase
in the submandibular salivary gland of rats. With 25 ppm fluoride
in drinking water, the fluoride content of the parotid gland increased
considerably. It is concluded that fluoride
affects the function of the salivary gland.
Ref: Acta Physiologica Academiae Scientiarum
Hungaricae 1979; 53:155. Functional changes in the salivary glands
of rats after sodium fluoride treatment, by Boros I, Keszler P,
Zelles T. As cited in Fluoride 1982; 15(1):50
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