http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2631624&dopt=Abstract
Ann Ist
Super Sanita 1989;25(4):577-82
Genotoxicity
of selected herbicides.
Pinter A, Torok G, Surjan A, Csik M, Borzsonyi
M, Kelecsenyi Z.
Twenty-two herbicides were studied in 67 tests for induction
of DNA damage, gene mutation and chromosomal changes in vitro
and in vivo. Triazine and urea-type herbicides were found to
be inactive in all but one test. Of 4 thiocarbamates, molinate
and vernolate caused chromosomal changes, namely increased incidence
of sister chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations in
vitro and increased frequency of micronucleated polychromatic
erythrocytes in mouse bone marrow. These compounds, however,
did not cause gene mutation and only molinate gave equivocal
positive result in bacterial repair test. Out of 11 miscellaneous
herbicides, ethofumesate, alachlor, dichlorprop and
fluorodifen proved to be positive only in one or two
tests. In the light of clastogenicity of some thiocarbamates,
serious consideration should be given to start animal carcinogenicity
studies with these chemicals.
PMID: 2631624 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
From Toxline at Toxnet
Environmental Protection Agency Vol:EPA/600/8-88/050
(1987) 27 p
Health effects assessment for Nitrophenols
EPA working group
Available data regarding the environmental fate of the nitrophenols
pertain primarily to 4- nitrophenol. It is assumed that the
environmental fate is similar for 2-, 3- and 4-nitrophenol.
Monitoring data indicate that 4-nitrophenol is removed from
the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition (U.S. EPA, 1985). Direct
photolysis or reaction with photochemically generated hydroxyl
radicals are also potential removal mechanisms. The estimated
atmospheric removal half- life of the nitrophenols that is due
to rainfall is 3 weeks and the estimated hydroxyl reaction half-
life of 2-nitrophenol is 9 days (U.S. EPA, 1985). The half-lives
of 2- and 3-nitrophenols in water could not be located in the
available literature. U.S. EPA (1985) reported that 4-nitrophenol
reacts quite rapidly with hydroxyl radicals in water in the
presence of sunlight and that the nitrophenols are capable of
undergoing significant biodegradation in various ambient surface
waters. The observed photolysis half-life of 4-nitrophenol in
aqueous solution is reported to vary from 16 hours to 5.7 days
at pH 5, 6.7 days at ph 7 and 13.7 days at pH 11.5 (U.S. EPA,
1985). The soil half- life of 4-nitrophenol was estimated using
a decay rate constant of 0.105/day measured in a model soil
ecosystem. Soil microorganisms are capable of degrading the
nitrophenols and the nitrophenols may be susceptible to leaching
in certain soil types, although biodegradation may occur rapidly
enough to prevent extensive leaching (U.S. EPA, 1985). Pertinent
guidelines and standards including EPA ambient water and air
quality criteria, drinking water standards, HAs, AADIs and ACGIH,
NIOSH or OSHA occupational exposure limits could not be located
in the available literature. The U.S. EPA (1980) defined organoleptic
detection thresholds for nitrophenols of 0.24-389 mg/2 based
upon the Soviet literature. U.S. EPA (1980) stated that the
absence of chronic toxicity data precluded derivation of water
criteria for the nitrophenols. The tolerance
for the herbicide fluorodifen and its metabolites (including
4-nitrophenol) on peanut hulls, peanuts and peanut vine hay
is 0.2 ppm (CFR, 1982). For soybean forage, soybeans, and seed
and pod vegetables and their forages, the tolerance is 0.1 ppm
(CFR, 1982).
From Toxline at Toxnet
CROP PROT; 5 (3). 1986. 203-208.
CHEMICAL WEED CONTROL IN DIRECT-SEEDED
IRRIGATED RICE ORYZA-SATIVA IN THE LAKE CHAD BASIN NIGERIA
OKAFOR LI
Abstract:
BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM LUFFA-ECHINATA SORGHUM-AETHIOPICUM
ECHINOCHLOA-COLONA ELEUSINE-INDICA DIGITARIA-SANGUINALIS ORYZA-LONGISTAMINATA
CYPERUS-ROTUNDUS CYPERUS-ESCULENTUS PROPANIL OXADIAZON FLUORODIFEN
BENTAZONE THIOBENCARB DYMRON HERBICIDES GRAIN YIELD
From Toxline at Toxnet
J AGRIC FOOD CHEM; 31 (6). 1983.
1201-1207.
Diphenyl ether herbicides and related
compounds: Structure-activity relationships as bacterial mutagens.
DRAPER WM, CASIDA JE
Pest. Chem. Toxicol. Lab., Dep. Entomol. Sci., Univ. Calif.,
Berkeley, Calif. 94720, USA.
HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Several 4-nitrodiphenyl ether herbicides
and related compounds or their nitroso, hydroxyamino or amino
derivatives are mutagens or promutagens in the Salmonella typhimurium
(strain TA100)/microsome (S9) assay. Six of eleven 4-nitrodiphenyl
ethers examined with no 3-substituent are direct-acting mutagens
(4-9 revertants/nmol) and 10 of 11 of the analogous 4-aminodiphenyl
ethers (including those of the herbicides
fluorodifen, nitrofen and CNP) are mutagens (1-30 revertants/nmol)
but only on metabolic activation (+S9). Herbicides with a 3-substituent
(i.e., acifluorfen, acifluorfen-methyl, bifenox, bifenox free
acid, chlomethoxynil and oxyfluorfen) and their amino derivatives
are generally not detected as mutagens (| S9). Nitroso- and
(hydroxyamino)nitrofen, nitroso-CNP, nitrosooxyfluorfen and
nitrosoacifluorfen are direct-acting mutagens (2-7 revertants/nmol).
Rats reduce orally administered nitrofen, CNP, oxyfluorfen,
acifluorfen-methyl and bifenox, presumably via nitroso and hydroxyamino
intermediates, to the amino compounds that are excreted in the
feces. (This study may be related to teratogenesis and carcinogenesis.)
From Toxline at Toxnet
ABST PAP AM CHEM SOC 185:PEST 97,1983
STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS FOR
BACTERIAL MUTAGENESIS BY NITRODIPHENYL ETHERS
DRAPER WA, CASIDA JE
Taxonomic Name: SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM,TA100
Test Object: BACTERIA
Name of Agent (CAS RN):
MICROSOMES,RAT LIVER,S9
P-NITRODIPHENYL ETHER ( 620-88-2 )
4-CHLORO-P-NITRODIPHENYL ETHER ( 1836-74-4 )
4-FLUORO-P-NITRODIPHENYL ETHER
( 2561-25-3 )
4-METHYL-P-NITRODIPHENYL ETHER ( 3402-74-2 )
4-CYANO-P-NITRODIPHENYL ETHER ( 17076-68-5 )
3-METHYL-P-NITRODIPHENYL ETHER ( 2303-25-5 )
3,5-DIMETHYL-P-NITRODIPHENYL ETHER ( 1630-17-7 )
BIFENOX ( 42576-02-3 )
BIFENOX FREE ACID ( 59024-05-4 )
ACIFLUORFEN ( 50594-66-6 )
ACIFLUORFEN METHYL ESTER ( 50594-67-7
)
NITROFEN ( 1836-75-5 )
OXYFLUORFEN ( 42874-03-3 )
CHLOMETHOXYNIL ( 32861-85-1 )
FLUORODIFEN ( 15457-05-3 )
P-AMINODIPHENYL ETHER ( 139-59-3 )
4-CHLORO-P-AMINODIPHENYL ETHER ( 101-79-1 )
4-FLUORO-P-AMINODIPHENYL ETHER
( 36160-82-4 )
4-METHYL-P-AMINODIPHENYL ETHER ( 41295-20-9 )
4-CYANO-P-AMINODIPHENYL ETHER ( 17076-69-6 )
3-METHYL-P-AMINODIPHENYL ETHER ( 56705-84-1 )
3,5-DIMETHYL-P-AMINODIPHENYL ETHER ( 86823-17-8 )
2-AMINO-5-(2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXY)BENZOIC ACID METHYL ESTER ( 59216-
)
75-0
2-AMINO-5-(2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXY)BENZOIC ACID ( 59216-76-1 )
2-AMINO-5-(2-CHLORO-4-(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)PHENOXY)BENZOIC
ACID ( 742 )
74-36-5
2-AMINO-5-(2-CHLORO-4-(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)PHENOXY)BENZOIC
ACID METHYL ESTER ( 58105-66-1 )
4-(2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXY)BENZENAMINE ( 14861-17-7 )
4-(2-CHLORO-4-(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)PHENOXY)-2-ETHOXYBENZENAMINE
( 643 )
78-95-6
4-(2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXY)-2-METHOXYBENZENAMINE ( 59683-60-2 )
2-(4-AMINOPHENOXY)-5-(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)BENZENAMINE
( 24219-88-3 )
4-(2-NITRO-4-(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)PHENOXY)BENZENAMINE
( 24219-87-2
From Toxline at Toxnet
Source: Agr. Chem.; 25(3): 21-2, 24, 47 1970
New pesticides for 1970.
ANON
HAPAB The status and availability of a number of new and recently
introduced pesticides are reviewed. Newly registered herbicides
include Igran 80W (Geigy), Ro-Neet (Stauffer), Tandex (Niagara),
Preforan
and Marolan (Ciba)
and Solo (Uniroyal). Five herbicides have received expanded
registrations: Evik (Geigy), Royal MH30 (Uniroyal) and Stauffer's
Tillam, Prefar and Sutan 6E. Temporary labels were granted for
the herbicides Bladex (Shell), CP52223 (Monsanto) and Kerb 75W
(Rohm and Haas). Herbicides awaiting registration and in test
stages are: VCS 438 (Velsicol), CP53619 (Monsanto), Nopalmate
(Pennwalt), Dowco 221 (Dow), ER5461 (Esso Research), Bay 94337
(Chemagro) Alar and Uni-F 523 (Uniroyal). New insecticides being
tested or awaiting registration cited are: Lannate (E. I. duPont),
Torak (Hercules), Phosvel (Velsicol), Biothin (American Cyanamid)
and Chemagro's Bay 93820, 37289, 68138 and 37344. Those insecticides
receiving new registrations are: Temik 10G (Union Carbide),
Cygon 267 and Cygon Systemic 25 (American Cyanamid), and the
pyrethrums Pyrenone (Niagara), Prentox Pyronyl 60-6 (Prentiss)
and SBP-1382. Omite (Uniroyal) had its label expanded to cover
a wider range of uses. Dyfonate 20G (Stauffer) is a new 20%
granular formulation of Dyfonate 10G (a 10% formulation). American
Cyanamid has improved their Cythion for ULV (0.92 oz/acre) control
of mosquitos. Uniroyal is awaiting registration of its new systemic
fungicide, Plantvax. Bay 78175 (Chemagro) is being tested as
a broad spectrum soil and seed treatment fungicide. Miller Chemical
and Fertilizer Company has introduced Nu-Film 17, a residue
control agent which increases the residual life and effectiveness
of such insecticides as Sevin, morestan, guthion, difolatan,
malathion, daconil, polyram and others. 1970
From Toxline at Toxnet
Source: Dissertation Abstr. Intern.; 31(3): 1020B 1970
The persistence and movement of p-nitrophenyl-alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-o-nitro-p-tolyl
ether in plants and soils.
Walter J
HAPAB Microfilm and Xerox copies of the thesis are available
from University Microfilms at $4.00 and $6.00, respectively
(order No. 70-16,771). 1970
CAS Registry Numbers:
15457-05-3
