The
use of high doses increases the likelihood that potentially
significant toxic effects will be identified. Findings of
adverse effects in any one species do not necessarily indicate
such effects might be generated in humans. From a conservative
risk assessment perspective however, adverse findings in
animal species are assumed to represent potential effects
in humans, unless convincing evidence of species specificity
is available.
--
Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations
|
Note:
This is not an exhaustive list.
When time allows more information will be added.
Chlorfenapyr
-
Acaricide, Insecticide - CAS No. 122453-73-0
-- MRID No. 43492838
(1994). Carcinogenicity mouse. NOAEL
= 2.8/3.7 mg/kg/day, M/F. LOAEL = 16.6/21.9 mg/kg/day, M/F, based
on decreased body weight gains, brain vacuolation,
and scabbing of the skin (males)
No evidence of carcinogenicity.
-- Chronic neurotoxicity study - rat.
LOAEL = 13.6/18 mg/kg/ day, M/F, based on the presence of myelinopathic
alterations in the CNS in male rats and
decreased average body weights, body weigh gains, food
efficiency, absolute food consumption
(F), and water
consumption (M). Supporting this endpoint are similar CNS
lesions and skin lesions observed
in the mouse carcinogenicity study
(NOAEL = 2.8).
Ref:
Federal Register: September 26, 2003. Chlorfenapyr; Pesticide
Tolerance. Final Rule.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/chlorfenapyr.fr.sept26.2003.htm
Clodinafop-propargyl
-
Herbicide - CAS No. 105512-06-9
Proposal for classification as a "extrmeme sensitizer"
to skin.
n an optimization test, clodinafop-propargyl was sensitising to
the skin of guinea pig. The concentration
used for repeated intradermal induction was 0.1% and this resulted
in 100% sensitisation using dermal or intradermal challenge.
No information is provided by the sensitisation expert group for
potency categorisation based on the optimization test. However,
the induction concentration of 0.1% is equal to or below the concentration
needed to grade a substance as an extreme sensitizer in all other
sensitisation tests for which a proposal for potency categorisation
was provided in ECBI/81/02 Rev.2. Therefore, categorisation
of clodinafop-propargyl as an extreme sensitizer is proposed.
This results in a specific concentration limit of 0.001% for R43.
Ref: March 2005. Clodinafop-propargyl (P623/NL).
Proposal for specific concentration limits for the R43 classification,
The Netherlands. Doc
document: ECBI/155/04 Add. 2.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/clodinafop-propargyl.skin.html
SUBCHRONIC AND CHRONIC
TOXICITY
-- 870.3150 90-Day Oral Toxicity in Dogs NOAEL = M: 0.346 mg/kg/day,
F: 1.89 mg/kg/day. LOAEL = M: 1.73 mg/kg/day ; F: 7.16 mg/kg/day
based on occurrence of skin lesions.
-- 870.4100b Chronic Toxicity -Nonrodent NOAEL = M: 3.38 mg/kg/day;
F: 3.37 mg/kg/day LOAEL = M: 15.2 mg/kg/day ; F: 16.7 mg/kg/day
based on occurrence of skin lesions,
clinical signs, and reduced body weight
gain and food consumption.
Ref: US EPA Pesticide Fact Sheet. Reason
for Issuance: Conditional Registration. June 6, 2000.
http://www.epa.gov/opprd001/factsheets/clodinafop.pdf
Chronic toxicity. In
a 12-month feeding study in dogs, 500 ppm resulted in transient
dermatitis and reduced body weight
gain. Two females were more severely affected and showed inappetence,
body weight loss, tremors and severe
dermatitis, and necessitated an interruption of the treatment
in order to avoid mortality. Histopathology revealed slight hepatocellular
hypertrophy in one male and one female. The NOEL of 100 ppm was
equivalent to a mean daily intake of 3.38 mg/kg in males and 3.37
mg/kg in female.
Ref: Federal Register: June 5, 1998 [Page
30750-30756]. Notice of Filing of Pesticide Petitions.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Clodinafop-prop.FR.Ju5.1998.htm
Fipronil
-
Acaricide, Insecticide, Wood Preservative -
CAS No.120068-37-3
Australia: The APVMA
has received a number of human and animal adverse experience reports
involving products containing fipronil. Reports include skin
reactions in animals and humans, neurological signs and
deaths in target animals (often involving concurrent infestations
with paralysis ticks) and deaths following off- label use in domesticated
rabbits... The first reports of adverse effects in humans were
received in 1996 for the veterinary spray formulation and involved
reactions in humans who had applied the spray to pets. Since then,
53 reports of suspected adverse effects in humans involving both
the spray and the concentrated spot-on formulation have been received
(Table 1). Of these reports 43 have been considered by the APVMA
as possibly or probably linked to product use. The link to product
use is considered to be Òunlikely or unknownÓ for the remaining
ten reports (Table 2). Skin reactions are
the predominant adverse experience reported for pet owners.
Some reactions did not occur during the application of the products
but after skin contact with the treated cat fur or dog hair...
The existing toxicological database does
not predict an immune- mediated reaction in humans or the incidences
of dermal reactions in animals... Products containing fipronil
for use in agriculture or on animals are registered world- wide.
In the United States, the Department of Pesticide Regulation (Californian
Environmental Protection Agency) initiated a review of registered
pesticide products containing fipronil in November 2001 based
on human health concerns. Review findings have not yet been released...
Ref:
September
2003 - The Reconsideration of Approvals and Registrations Relating
to FIPRONIL. REVIEW SCOPE DOCUMENT. Australian Pesticides & Veterinary
Medicines Authority Canberra Australia.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/fipronil.australia.sept2003.pdf
Fluazinam
- Fungicide
- CAS
No. 79622-59-6
Abstract:
In spring 1992,
several farmers in the western part of The Netherlands developed
dermatitis on their hands, forearms and
face. In some, the legs, trunk and genitals were also affected.
Complaints ranged from a mildly itchy, papular rash to a painful,
weeping and blistering dermatitis. Medical aid was needed
by 5/9 of them. Some of the farmers grew seed potatoes, the others
cultivated lilies. All of them had in common
that their complaints emerged after repeated application of a
new fungicide over several weeks. The fungicide was Shirlan,
with fluazinam as its active ingredient. 9 farmers were patch
tested with a concentration range of the whole formulation (aq.)
and of the active ingredient (pet.). In
7 of 9 farmers, positive patch tests were scored with both the
whole formulation (down to 0.01% aq.) and fluazinam itself (down
to 0.1% pet.). Patch tests in consecutive control patients
(n = 10) were all negative. As it was impossible to substitute
fluazinam as the active ingredient, farmers are now supplied with
detailed information as to how to avoid skin contact as much as
feasible.
Ref: Contact Dermatitis 1995 Mar;32(3):160-2;
Allergic
contact dermatitis from the newly introduced fungicide fluazinam;
by van Ginkel CJ, Sabapathy NN. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7774188&dopt=Abstract
Flumethrin
- Acaricide - CAS No. 69770-45-2
A single case report
was located in which a 47-year-old farmer developed a hypersensitive
response that included a widespread dermal
rash after dipping sheep in a solution, the active component
of which was flumethrin (Box and Lee 1996). The relative contributions
of dermal and inhalation exposure were not indicated in the report.
Ref: DRAFT TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR PYRETHRINS
AND PYRETHROIDS. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES.
Public Health Service Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry. September 2001.
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp155.pdf
-- Groups of 15/sex/dose
Wistar rats were fed diets containing
0, 10, 50 or 250/150 mg/kg feed for 13 weeks. The test substance
was a 50% premix with colloidal SiO2 carrier... Skin
lesions, described as ulcerative dermatitis, were observed
in the 50 and 150 mg/kg feed groups and were dose-related
in severity. The NOEL was 10 mg/kg feed, equivalent to
0.7/0.8 mg/kg bw per day...
-- IN GLP repeated-dose toxicity study, groups of 20/sex/dose
Wistar rats were fed diets containing
0, 10, 40 or 160 mg/kg feed flumethrin for up to 15 weeks. During
mixing of the diets, 1% peanut oil was added to minimise dust
formation. At 160 mg/kg feed, body weight
gain was significantly reduced. Sever
skin lesions were observed in the 160 mg/kg feed group.
Some mild skin lesions were also
observed in the 40 mg/kg feed group. Decreased red cell values
and increased leucocyte counts in the 160 mg/kg feed group were
probably associated with the skin lesions. At termination, histopathological
examination revealed ulcerative skin lesions
in all rats given 160 mg/kg feed and some rats from the 40 mg/kg
feed group. Increased extramedullary
haematopoiesis and reduced haemosiderin storage in the spleen
were also observed in the 160 mg/kg feed group. The NOEL
was 10 mg/kg feed, equivalent to 0.7/0.8 mg/kg bw per day in males/females
respectively.
-- Groups of 4/sex/dose Beagle dogs
were fed diets containing 0, 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg feed flumethrin
for 13 weeks. The test substance was a 45.3% premix with colloidal
SiO2 carrier. Skin lesions and emesis
were observed in the groups receiving 50 mg/kg feed and above
and were dose-related in incidence and severity. Over the 13 weeks,
the mean body weight of males given 200 mg/kg feed was decreased
and females in this group gained less weight than the controls...
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations were significantly
increased in dogs given 200 mg/kg feed and slightly increased
in dogs given 100 mg/kg feed. At termination,
treatment-related skin lesions were observed in all treated groups;
the epithelial layer of the epidermis was
thickened and covered with hyperkeratotic material in places.
In 2 dogs given 200 mg/kg feed, the epidermis was ulcerated. No
NOEL was established in this study.
Ref: Committee for Veterinary Medicinal
Products. Flumethrin. Summary Report (1). June 1998. EMEA/MRL/469/98-FINAL.
The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/flumethrin.eu.june.1998.pdf
Fluosilicic
acid -
Wood Preservative - CAS No. 16961-83-4
-- Rats, guinea pigs,
and swine tested as a group; no other data were provided, percutaneous;
The intact skin was not affected. When areas were injured before
application of the acid, necrosis, continuously spreading, occurred
in the deeper regions. Hypocellular necrosis,
consisting of sharp leukocyte demarcations, and edema
up to the subcutis were observed. Alhassan and Zink (1982; cited
by HSDB, 2000a)
-- Rabbits, New Zealand; 0.5 mL (4 mol) to the intact and abraded
skin for 1, 24, or 72 h Severe erythema
and edema were observed, indicating the material to be
a primary irritant. Rhone- Poulenc Inc. (1971)
Ref: Review of Toxicological Literature.
October 2001. Sodium Hexafluorosilicate [CASRN 16893-85-9] and
Fluorosilicic Acid [CASRN 16961-83-4]. Prepared for Scott Masten,
Ph.D. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences P.O.
Box 12233 Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709. Contract
No. N01-ES-65402. Submitted by Karen E. Haneke, M.S. (Principal
Investigator) Bonnie L. Carson, M.S. (Co-Principal Investigator)
Integrated Laboratory Systems P.O. Box 13501 Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina 27709.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Fluorosilicates.NIH.2001.pdf
Fluridone
- Herbicide - CAS No. 59756-60-4
ONCOGENICITY, MOUSE
** 014, 028; 44090, 64272; "A Two-year Chronic Dietary Toxicity
Study of EL-171 (Fluridone) in the Mouse." (G.S.Probst et. al.,
Toxicology Division, Lilly Research Lab., Greenfield, IN, studies
M-9407, 9417 and M-9397, 12/81); Fluridone (97.2-97.8% purity);
administered to ICR mice at 0, 33, 100 or 330 ppm in the diet
equivalent to 0, 3.5, 10.9 or 30.7 mg/kg/day in males and 0, 4.0,
12.3 or 34.5 mg/kg/day in females; liver enzyme induction at high
dose, borderline decrease in survival in the high dose group.
Possible adverse effect: increased skin
fibrosarcomas in high dose females. acceptable; 64272 is
the 1-year report on 15/sex/group at the same concentrations in
the diet. (Carlisle, 7/2/86 and Gee, 4/11/88).
Ref: Summary of Toxicology Data. Fluridone.
California EPA, Department of Pesticide Regulation, Medical Toxicology
Branch, Revised: 2/9/00.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Fluridone.CA.EPA.Tox.Data.pdf
Fluvalinate
- Acaricide, Insecticide - CAS No. 69409-94-5
In a range finding
study, dietary administration of 50 mg/kg/day for 30 days produced
skin lesions in rats. The NOEL was
not determined. A 2-year rat feeding study was terminated at 64
weeks due to dermal lesions produced
in animals at 15 mg/kg/day. The NOEL was 2 mg/kg/day. Dietary
administration of 10 mg/kg/day (LOEL for effect) to mice for 2
years produced scabbing and dermal abrasion.
No NOEL for these effects was established. An increase in plantar
ulcers was observed in rats fed 2.5 mg/kg/day (LOEL)
for 2 years. The NOEL was 1 mg/kg/day. Decreases in body weight
gain were also observed in this study. Based on the NOEL of the
study, an oral RfD of 0.01 mg/kg/day was derived. In a 2- generation
rat reproduction study, dietary administration of 5 mg/kg/ day
produced decreased body weight gain and skin
lesions in parents and offspring. Dietary administration
of 2.5 mg/kg/day to rats for 13 weeks produced anemia in blood
parameters (decreased hematocrit, hemaglobin, and red blood cells).
The NOEL was 1.0 mg/kg/day... EPA believes that there is sufficient
evidence for listing fluvinate on EPCRA section 313 pursuant to
EPCRA section 313(d)(2)(B) based on the available developmental,
dermal, and hematological toxicity
data for this chemical.
Ref:
USEPA/OPP. Support Document for the Addition of Chemicals from
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) Active
Ingredients to EPCRA Section 313. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, DC (1993). As cited by US EPA in: Federal
Register: January 12, 1994. Part IV. 40 CFR Part 372. Addition
of Certain Chemicals; Toxic Chemical Release Reporting; Community
Right-to-Know; Proposed Rule.
• Note
from FAN; Plantar ulcers
- sometimes called "Diabetic Foot"
Gamma-cyhalothrin
- Insecticide - CAS No. 76703-62-3
13-Week Dietary
- Rat.
NOAEL:
male/female =3.4/4.2 mg/kg/day
LOAEL: male/female = 6.6/8.8 mg/kg/day (mortality
in males, neuromuscular effects in both sexes,
dermatitis, and gross and microscopic skin lesions in females).
Ref:
April 8, 2004. Federal Register. Lambda-Cyhalothrin and Gamma-Cyhalothrin.
Tolerances for Residues. FINAL RULE.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/cyhalothrin.fr.april.8.2004.htm
Penoxsulam
- Herbicide - CAS No. 219714-96-2
(Page 22-23): In a developmental toxicity study (MRID 45830917)
XDE-638 (Penoxsulam; 97.5% ai, lot #ND05167938, TSN101773) was
administered to 25 time-mated female CD rats/dose by gavage in
0.5% aqueous METHOCEL at dose levels of 0, 100, 500, or 1000 mg/kg
bw/day on gestation days (GD) 6 through 20, inclusive. On GD 21,
surviving females were sacrificed and necropsied. All fetuses
were weighed sexed, and examined for external alterations. Approximately
one-half of the fetuses from each litter were subjected to visceral
examination, and the remaining one-half were subjected to skeletal
examinaiton... Malformations were observed in 0, 2, 2 and 3 fetuses
and in 0/24, 2/24, 1/25, and 2/22 litters from the control, low-,
mid-, and high-dose groups, respectively.... An
apparently rare external malformation (cutis laxis*) was observed
in 2 fetuses in single litters at both the 500 and 1000
mg/kg/day dose levels. However, based on a weight-of-the-evidence
consideration of all the available information/data, it is concluded
that the cutis laxis observed inthis study most likely has a genetic
etiology. There is insufficient information to conclude that it
is a treatment-related effect due to the test material. Therefore,
the development toxicity LOAEL for penoxsulam in CD rats is not
identied (>1000 mg/kg day), and the developmental toxicity
NOAEL is 1000 mg/kg day.
Ref: June 18, 2007 - Penoxsulam.
Human Health Risk Assessment for Proposed Uses on Fish and Shellfish.
Docket: EPA-HQ-OPP-2006-0076-0004. USEPA.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/EPA-HQ-OPP-2006-0076-0004.pdf
NOTE FROM FAN: We could not find the term
cutix laxis, only the term Cutis Laxa.
* Definition of Cutis laxa: Pathophysiology: Cutix laxa
is characterized by degenerative changes in the elastic fibers
resulting in loose, pendulous skin. The skin is sagging, redundant,
and stretchable, with reduced elastic recoil.
Ref: eMedicine site: Cutis Laxa (Elastolysis).
http://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic93.htm
from Merck.com: : Cutis laxa is a
rare disorder of connective tissue that causes the skin to stretch
easily and hang in loose folds... Sometimes only the skin is affected,
but connective tissues throughout the body can be affected. Cutis
laxa is usually hereditary. In some kinds of cutis laxa, the abnormal
genes cause problems unrelated to connective tissues - for example,
mental retardation....
http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec23/ch279/ch279e.html
Sodium
fluorosilicate
(Sodium Hexafluorosilicate) - Insecticiide;
Wood Preservative; EPA List 3 Inert - CAS No. 16893-85-9
-- Within one week
after beginning work in a foam rubber plant, a 23-year-old man
exhibited skin lesions consisting of "diffuse, poorly delineated,
erythematous plaques with lichenoid papules
and large pustules" on his arms, wrists, thighs, and trunk.
Although scratch and patch tests with sodium hexafluorosilicate
(2% aqueous) were negative, animal testing showed the compound
to be a pustulogen. When rabbits
received topical application of a 1, 5, 10, and 25% solution of
sodium hexafluorosilicate in petroleum, pustules occurred on normal
skin only with the high concentration, while all concentrations
produced pustules on stabbed skin
(Dooms-Goossens et al., 1985).
-- -- Rabbits, New Zealand; 0.5 mL (4 mol) to the intact and abraded
skin for 1, 24, or 72 h Severe erythema
and edema were observed, indicating the material to be
a primary irritant. Rhone- Poulenc Inc. (1971)
Ref: Review of Toxicological Literature.
October 2001. Sodium Hexafluorosilicate [CASRN 16893-85-9] and
Fluorosilicic Acid [CASRN 16961-83-4]. Prepared for Scott Masten,
Ph.D. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences P.O.
Box 12233 Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709. Contract
No. N01-ES-65402. Submitted by Karen E. Haneke, M.S. (Principal
Investigator) Bonnie L. Carson, M.S. (Co-Principal Investigator)
Integrated Laboratory Systems P.O. Box 13501 Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina 27709.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Fluorosilicates.NIH.2001.pdf
•
Definition
for Erythema - abnormal redness of the skin resulting from dilation
of blood vessels (as in sunburn or inflammation)
tau-Fluvalinate
- Acaricide, Insecticide - CAS No. 102851-06-9
-- The acute dermal
toxicity of tau fluvalinate in rabbits was low (LD 50> 20 g/kg/bw)
with little percutaneous absorption...
-- In 13-week toxicity studies in rats tau fluvalinate was given
in the diet or per gavage in corn oil. Pharmacotoxic effects and
skin lesions were observed at a dose of
1 mg/kg bw/day by gavage (NOEL proposed by expert). Dietary
exposure to the same dose also produced skin
lesions... Similar findings were recorded in mice receiving
tau fluvalinate in the diet for 13 weeks (lowest dose tested:
1 mg/kg bw). The NOEL in the rat study was
0.3 mg/kg bw.
-- 6-month toxicity studies on tau fluvalinate were not submitted.
Administratin of racemic fluvalinate in gelatine capsules for
6 months to dogs resulted in skin lesions
at the lowest dose tested and emesis, depression, diarrhoea,
and dehydration at higher doses.
-- A NOEL of 1 mg/kg bw for tau fluvalinate, derived from a 13-week
gavage study in rats is not acceptable as this dose led to pharmacodynamic
effects and skin problems. Only limited
information about biological effects of tau fluvalinate in mammals,
particularly in regard to acute neurotoxicity is given.
Ref:
Revised
Summary Report. EMEA/MRL/021-REV1/95. Committee for Veterinary
Medicinal Products. The European Agency for the Evaluation of
Medicinal Products.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/tau.fluvalinate.1995.review.pdf
Transfluthrin
- Insecticide - CAS
No. 118712-89-3
3.2.2.2 Dermal. In
a repeat dose study groupsof HC:NZW New Zealand white
rabbits (5 animals/sex/group) received applications of
0, 20, 200 or 1000 mg kg transflurthrin (95% pure) in cremophor
E1 (2 ml kg) under a gauze dressing for 6 h d 5 d w for 3 w. Further
groups were treated with 0 and 1000 mg kg and then observed for
a further 14 day. ... At necropsy white,
yellow, glazing and/or cratering were noted in kidneys at the
end of both the treatment and post treatment periods. Kidney weights
were increased by ~ 35% relative in males at 20 mg kg at the end
of the treatment period but not at the end of the post-treatment
period. These were attributed to an infestation of Nosema cuniculi.
Histopathological examination revealed effects on the kidney (unspecified
nephropathy at the end of both treatment and post treatment in
all groups). Epidermal thickening
was noted in 7/10 animals at 200 mg kg and all animals at 1000
mg kg. Hyperkeratosis was observed
in 2/10 animals at 200 mg kg and 7/10 a 1000 mg kg. Apart from
1 female case of epidermal erosion, skin pathology was absent
at the end of the post-treatment period. The NOEL was 20 mg kg
based on the epidermal thickening and hyperkeratosis
seen at and above 200 mg kg in both sexes.
-- B6C3F1 mice (60/group/sex) received
0, 10, 100 or 1000 ppm mg kg transfluthrin (94.8-95%) pure in
the diet for up to 104 weeks with 10/sex/dose killed after one
yar. Two additional groups(10/sex) received 0 or 1000 ppm for
13 weeks... Serum
cholesterol levels were significantly raised from
13 weeks at 1000 ppm (20% in males and 54% in females) and from
100 ppm from week 53 (approximately 11 - 30%) and at week 103
from 10 ppm in females (approximately 50 - 70%) and at 1000 ppm
in males )~ 20%). ... Fluoride accumulation in bone and teeth
of both sexes were observed (in the 13 week study at 1000 ppm)
and at 53 and 104 weeks from 100 ppm (approximately 2 fold at
100 ppm and 4-5 fold at 1000 ppm with respect to controls). ...
The only gross pathological findings considered to be treatment
related were nodules in the livers of females at 1000 ppm (incidence
6/42, 4/39, 3/42 and 15/44). On histopathological examination,
at 1000 ppm, non neoplastic findings were periacinar hepatocyte
hypertropy was observed at 53 weeks (slight to moderate in all
males and minimal in 6/10 females) and more marked but consistent
with liver enzyme induction at 104 weeks (38/50 males, 26/50 females).
... The incidences of hepatocellular carcinoma were within the
historical control range for the laboratory (1 - 5 in females
for studies using 50 animals), whereas the adenoma incidence of
13/50 exceeded the range (1 - 9). The low incidences of
other tumours (haemangiosarcoma in the spleen,
sarcoma of the subcutis and
adenoma of the harderian gland) observed
at the top dose in females were not statistically significant.
... Based on the chronic toxicity, in males the NOEL is 10 ppm
(2 mg kg d based on increases in liver weight and hepatocyte hypertrophy,
at 1000 ppm and increased fluoride accumulation at 100 ppm). It
is not possible to set a NOEL for females as increases in serum
cholesterol, protein and albumin were reported at the lowest
dose.
Ref:
Evaluation on: Transfluthrin Use as a Public Hygiene Insecticide.
September 1997. Prepared by: the UK Health and Safety Executive,
Biocides & Pesticides Assessment Unit, Magdalen House, Stanley
Precinct, Bootle, Merseyside L20 3QZ. Available from: Department
for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Pesticides Safety Directorate,
Mallard House, Kings Pool, 3 Peasholme Green, York YO1 7PX. UK.
Also at http://www.pesticides.gov.uk/citizen/evaluations/evallist_alphabet.htm
• Note: This was transcribed
from the copy available on the web. While one can easily read
this report on the web, the report is inaccessible, or locked,
to any attempt to copy it. Any errors are mine. EC.
•
Defintion of Subcutis:
The skin has 3 layers called the epidermis, dermis, and subcutis.
The last and deepest layer of the skin is called the subcutis.
The subcutis and the lowest part of the dermis form a network
of collagen and fat cells. The subcutis conserves heat and has
a shock-absorbing effect that helps protect the body's organs
from injury. (Ref:
What is Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer? American
Cancer Society. http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_1X_What_is_skin_cancer_51.asp
Trifluralin
- Herbicide - CAS No. 1582-09-8
Absorption,
distribution, excretion and metabolism in mammals (Annex IIA,
point 5.1). Widely distributed;
highest concentration in adrenals, fat, kidneys, liver, skin
and blood (page 45)
Ref:
March 14, 2005. European
Food Safety Authority:
Conclusion regarding the peer review
of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance trifluralin.
EFSA Scientific Report (2005) 28, 1-77.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/trifluralin.eu.long.2005.pdf
Abstract: A case report
was presented of a 61 year old male laboratory supervisor in a
pesticide company with no reported history of hay fever, asthma
or childhood eczema who experienced allergic
contact dermatitis as a result of exposure to trifluralin (1582-09-8)
and benefin (1861-40-1). He had been employed in the testing
of pesticides since 1951. He presented with erythematous
and pruritic dermatitis involving the exposed areas of skin on
the face, neck, chest and arms. Although he was exposed
to multiple pesticides, he was able to temporally link his reaction
to exposure to several pesticides, including benefin and trifluralin.
The patient was patch tested with a standard series, a pesticide
series and the pesticides to which he was exposed. At 2 and 4
days, the tests elicited 2+ reactions to trifluralin and benefin.
Patch tests in 12 control subjects with trifluralin and benefin
showed no positive reactions. The authors note that although trifluralin
and benefin have previously been reported to cause skin and eye
irritation, no previous reports of allergic contact dermatitis
have been made.
Ref: Pentel MT et al. (1994). Allergic Contact
Dermatitis from the Herbicides Trifluralin and Benefin. Journal
of the American Academy of Dermatology, Vol. 31, No. 6, pages
1057-1058.
|