http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11874045
Sci Total Environ. 2002 Feb 21;285(1-3):237-45.
The stability and persistence of diflubenzuron
in marine sediments studied under laboratory conditions and
the dispersion to the sediment under a fish farm following medication.
Selvik A, Hansen PK, Ervik A, Samuelsen
OB.
Institute of Marine Research, Department of Aquaculture, Bergen,
Norway.
A high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was
developed to determine the concentration of diflubenzuron,
a delousing agent used in fish farming, in marine mud and shell
sand. The recovery of diflubenzuron from mud was 100.8+/-1.1%
and 105.5+/-4.3% for shell sand. The limit of quantitation was
found to be 0.1 microg g(-1). The stability of diflubenzuron
was studied under laboratory conditions in marine sediments
at different temperatures (4 and 14 degrees C). No
degradation of diflubenzuron occurred in the organic rich mud
sediment or in the shell sand sediment during the experimental
period of 204 days. Increasing the temperature from 4
to 14 degrees C had no effect on the stability. Furthermore,
diflubenzuron showed to be persistent
in both mud and shell sand sediment since no detectable diffusion
from the sediment to the water phase occurred during the experimental
period of 204 days. Increasing the water current in the
tanks had no effect on the persistence. Under
field conditions, the concentrations of diflubenzuron found
in the organic material from sediment traps placed 2 m from
the bottom under the cage in a fish farm during medication were
high and ranged from 71 to 259 microg g(-1). The concentrations
of diflubenzuron in the sediment under the fish farm were, however,
low, with a maximum concentration of 5.4 microg g(-1). The
dispersion of diflubenzuron to the sediment was limited to less
than 20 m from the edge of the cage in every direction.
Fifteen months following the medication, only traces (< 0.1
microg g(-1)) of diflubenzuron were detected in the sediment
under the fish farm. Possible explanations for this decrease
are resuspension and redistribution of sediment and/or oxic
degradation of the drug.
PMID: 11874045 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14653311
Toxicol Ind Health. 2002 Jun;18(5):225-35.
Effects of common-use pesticides on developmental
and reproductive processes in Daphnia.
Kashian DR, Dodson SI.
Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Biology, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1474, USA. dkashian@cnr.colostate.edu
Daphnia magna were evaluated for use as a screen for pesticides
that have been demonstrated to have estrogenic (o'p'-DDT, di-n-butyl
phthalate, toxaphene), anti-androgenic (p'p-DDE, linuron), thyroid
(acetochlor, alachlor, metribuzin), insulin (amitraz) or lutenizing
hormone (2,4-D) activity in vertebrates, and to establish daphnid
sensitivity to these compounds. Pesticides with unknown effects
on vertebrate endocrine systems (chlorosulfuran, cyanazine,
diflubenzuron, metolachlor, and diquat) were also evaluated.
Compounds were assayed for six days at environmentally relevant
concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 100 mirog/L, using female
Daphnia and their offspring. Sublethal endpoints included offspring
sex (sex determination), clutch size (fecundity), and adult
size (growth rate). Toxaphene was the only compound that affected
sexual differentiation, increasing male production. Daphnia
fecundity declined with exposure to toxaphene, and daphnid growth
rates were reduced by acetochlor exposure.
Diflubenzuron, o'p'-DDT, and p'p-DDE significantly reduced Daphnia
survival. No correlation existed between affected reproductive
or developmental processes and specific endocrine systems or
subsystems. Results from this study indicate that Daphnia make
a good screen for assessing potential environmental impacts
but are not a useful indicator of pesticide hormonal activity
in vertebrates. This assay consistently
detected sublethal but ecologically relevant effects of these
pesticides on Daphnia at environmentally relevant concentrations
typically below their listed EC50 value.
PMID: 14653311 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11783663
Environ Sci Technol. 2001 Sep
15;35(18):3804-8.
Persistence of the insecticide Dimilin
45 ODC on conifer forest foliage in an Atlantic-climate ecosystem.
Rodriguez E, Barrio RJ, Goicolea A, Peche
R, Gomez de Balugera Z, Sampedro C.
Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School
of Technical Engineering, University of the Basque Country,
Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain. iaproure@vc.ehu.es
The oil formulation of diflubenzuron
(Dimilin 45 ODC) persisted for 10-12 weeks on the foliage of
a conifer forest in an Atlantic-climate ecosystem. Within
22-30 days following treatment, 55-80% of the insecticide had
been removed from the foliage. During
this period, the concentration of diflubenzuron was higher than
370 ng g(-1). Aerial application at 56.3 g of Al ha(-1) resulted
in deposition levels of the insecticide ranging from 867.5 to
1824.4 ng g(-1), depending upon forest characteristics.
The results showed that aerial application is only a suitable
technique for the treatment of forest areas with dense foliage
and/or high tree density and no more than 15% of tree-free area.
The only metabolite detected was 2,6-difluorobenzamide,
and this persisted on foliage until the first rainfalls occurred.
An empirical mathematical correlation was found to express the
influence of meteorological variables--rainfall, solar radiation
and temperature--on the persistence of the insecticide. These
results suggested that degradation of diflubenzuron on foliage
could be due to photodegradation. Some recommendations were
made to optimize the deposition of the insecticide on foliage
and to minimize its persistence and the off-site spray drift.
PMID: 11783663 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11417653
J AOAC Int. 2001 May-Jun;84(3):901-9.
Determination of five pesticide residues
in oranges by matrix solid-phase dispersion and liquid chromatography
to estimate daily intake of consumers.
Valenzuela AI, Pico Y, Font G.
Universitat de Valencia, Laboratori, de Toxicologia, Facultat
de Farmacia, Burjassot, Spain.
Residues of benzoylphenylurea insecticides (diflubenzuron,
hexaflumuron, and flufenuxuron), carboxamide acaricides (hexythiazox),
and carbamate insecticides (benfuracarb) were determined in
150 orange fruit samples from September 1998 to June 1999, to
estimate exposure of the Valencian population to oranges contaminated
with these newly developed pesticides. The method for monitoring
these residues is based on matrix solid-phase dispersion and
liquid chromatography with UV or atmospheric pressure chemical
ionization/mass spectrometry (APCI/MS) detection. Orange samples
representing 11 varieties were collected from an agricultural
cooperative and examined for the 5 pesticides. In 74.6% of all
analyzed samples, the pesticide residues were below detection
limits, which ranged from 0.002 to 0.05 mg/kg. Residues were
detected in 25.4% of the samples, with higher incidences of
diflubenzuron, flufenuxuron, hexythiazox, and benfuracarb; hexaflumuron
residues were detected only occasionally. Two different pesticides
exceeded maximum residue limits (MRLs) in 4 (2.7%) of the orange
samples. Diflubenzuron surpassed 1 mg/kg
MRL in 3 samples and flufenuxuron exceeded the 0.3 mg/kg MRL
in 3 samples. The estimated daily intake of the 5 pesticide
residues during the period was 0.077 microg/kg body weight per
day. This value is much lower than the total admissible daily
intake proposed by the Food and Agricultural Organization and
the World Health Organization.
PMID: 11417653 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9763833
Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1998 Jul
4;142(27):1567-9.
Comment in:
•
Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1998 Nov 7;142(45):2488.
[A severe anaphylactic shock caused
by spraying the oak processionary caterpillar (Thaumetopoea
processionea) in North Brabant]
[Article in Dutch]
Bosma AH, Jans HW.
St. Joseph Ziekenhuis, afd. Cardiologie, Veldhoven.
The processionary caterpillar, Thaumetopoea processionea, caused
much inconvenience in the Netherlands in 1996-1997; from the
medical point of view, mostly itching and skin rash.
After contact with stinging bristles of the caterpillar and
with the pesticide Dimilin SC-48, of which diflubenzurone is
the active agent, a 72-year-old man had to be resuscitated because
of ventricular fibrillation caused by hypotension related to
relative underfilling and low systemic vascular resistance.
He made a good recovery. Such life-threatening situations can
be prevented by publicly announcing plague control measures
and closing of the affected areas to the population, with ample
margins.
Publication Types:
• Case Reports
PMID: 9763833 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9595184
Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 1998
May;60(5):702-8.
No abstract available
Implications for the use of diflubenzuron
to reduce arthropod populations inhabiting evaporation ponds
of the San Joaquin Valley, California.
McCasland CS, Cooper RJ, Barnum DA.
Department of Biology, University of Memphis, TN 38152, USA.
PMID: 9595184 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9002437
Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 1997
Jan;32(1):69-79.
Virulence of the entomopathogenic fungus
Metarhizium flavoviride Gams and Rozsypal and toxicity of diflubenzuron,
fenitrothion-esfenvalerate and profenofos-cypermethrin to nontarget
arthropods in Mauritania.
Peveling R, Demba SA.
Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ),
Postfach 5180, 65726 Eschborn, Germany.
Within the framework of the GTZ project, Biological and Integrated
Control of Locusts and Grasshoppers, a laboratory screening
fo rMetarhizium flavoviride (strain Mfl 5) blastospore pathogenicity
to the nontarget arthropods Pharoscymnus anchorago F. (Coleoptera:Coccinellidae),
Trachyderma hispida (Forskal) (Coleoptera:Tenebrionidae), Palpares
cf. tesselatus Rambur (Neuroptera:Myrmeleontidae) and Thanatus
sp. (Araneae: Philodromidae) was conducted in Akjoujt research
station, Mauritania. Various larval stages of desert locust,
Schistocerca gregaria Forskal (Orthoptera:Acrididae), were tested
as positive controls. The insect growth regulator diflubenzuron
was used as a reference in the bioassay with P.anchorago. In
addition, two organophosphate-pyrethroid insecticide swidely
used in locust control, fenitrothion-esfenvalerate (P.anchorago,
T. hispida) and profenofos-cypermethrin (Thanatussp.) were tested
as toxic standards. M. flavoviride was not pathogenic to nontargets,
but very virulent to S. gregaria. The results provided further
evidence that the host range of M.flavoviride (Mfl5), a strain
isolated from migratory locust in Madagascar, is very narrow.
Diflubenzuron was toxic to P. anchorago
and to S. gregaria. The LD50s of both chemical insecticides
tested were considerably lower than the expected initial environmental
concentration. The beneficial P. anchorago, a natural enemy
of scale insects in date palms, was considered most at risk
in the course of chemical locust control. The use of
mycopesticides to control desert locust in date palm plantations
offers an environmentally safe and economically viable alternative
to chemical control.
PMID: 9002437 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
From
Toxline at Toxnet
ENVIRONMENTAL
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY; 31 (9). 1997.
2445-2454.
Fluorinated
organics in the biosphere.
KEY BD, HOWELL RD, CRIDDLE CS
Dep. Civil
Environ. Eng., Mich. State Univ., East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The use of organofluorine compounds
has increased throughout this century, and they are now ubiquitous
environmental contaminants. Although generally viewed as recalcitrant
because of their lack of chemical reactivity, many
fluorinated organics are biologically active. Several
questions surround their distribution, fate, and effects. Of
particular interest is the fate of perfluoroalkyl substituents,
such as the trifluoromethyl group. Most evidence to date suggest
that such groups resist defluorination, yet they can confer
significant biological activity. Certain volatile fluorinated
compounds can be oxidized in the troposphere yielding nonvolatile
compounds, such as trifluoroacetic acid. In addition, certain
nonvolatile fluorinated compounds can be transformed in the
biosphere to volatile compounds. Research is needed to assess
the fate and effects of nonvolatile fluorinated organics, the
fluorinated impurities present in commercial formulations, and
the transformation
CAS Registry
Numbers:
137938-95-5 - na
112839-33-5 - chlorazifop [C14H11Cl2NO4]
112839-32-4 - chlorazifop [ C14H11Cl2NO4]
106917-52-6 - flusulfamide [C13H7Cl2F3N2O4S]
104040-78-0 - flazasulfuron [C13H12F3N5O5S]
102130-93-8 - 4-Fluorothreonine [ C4-H8-F-N-O3
]
101463-69-8 - flufenoxuron [C21H11ClF6N2O3]
101007-06-1 - acrinathrin [C26H21F6NO5]
97886-45-8 - dithiopyr [C15H16F5NO2S2]
96525-23-4 - flurtamone [C18H14F3NO2]
90035-08-8 - flocoumafen [C33H25F3O4]
88485-37-4 - fluxofenim [C12H11ClF3NO3]
85758-71-0 - 1-Decanol, 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-heneicosafluoro-
[ C10-H-F21-O ]
83164-33-4 - diflufenican [C19H11F5N2O2]
82657-04-3 - bifenthrin [C23H22ClF3O2]
81613-59-4 - flupropadine [C20H23F6N]
80164-94-9 - Methanone, phenyl((trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-,
dichloro deriv. [ C14-H7-Cl2-F3-O
]
80020-41-3 - furyloxyfen [C17H13ClF3NO5]
79622-59-6 - fluazinam [C13H4Cl2F6N4O4]
79538-32-2 - tefluthrin [C17H14ClF7O2]
77501-63-4 - lactofen [C19H15ClF3NO7]
77501-60-1 - fluoroglycofen [C16H9ClF3NO7]
76674-21-0 - flutriafol [C16H13F2N3O]
72850-64-7 - flurazole [C12H7ClF3NO2S]
72178-02-0 - fomesafen [C15H10ClF3N2O6S]
71422-67-8 - chlorfluazuron [C20H9Cl3F5N3O3]
69806-34-4 - Haloxyfop [C15H11ClF3NO4]
69335-91-7 - fluazifop [C15H12F3NO4]
68694-11-1 - Triflumizole [ C15-H15-Cl-F3-N3-O
]
68085-85-8 - cyhalothrin [C23H19ClF3NO3]
67485-29-4 - hydramethylnon [C25H24F6N4]
66332-96-5 - flutolanil [C17H16F3NO2]
64628-44-0 - triflumuron [C15H10ClF3N2O3]
63333-35-7 - bromethalin [C14H7Br3F3N3O4]
62924-70-3 - flumetralin [C16H12ClF4N3O4]
61213-25-0 - flurochloridone [C12H10Cl2F3NO]
59756-60-4 - fluridone [C19H14F3NO]
57041-67-5 - Desflurane [ C3-H2-F6-O
]
56425-91-3 - flurprimidol [C15H15F3N2O2]
55283-68-6 - ethalfluralin [C13H14F3N3O4]
53780-34-0 - mefluidide [C11H13F3N2O3S]
50594-66-6 - acifluorfen [C14H7ClF3NO5]
42874-03-3 - oxyfluorfen [C15H11ClF3NO4]
40856-07-3 - Difluoromethanesulphonic
acid [ C-H2-F2-O3-S ]
37924-13-3 - perfluidone [C14H12F3NO4S2]
35367-38-5 - diflubenzuron
[C14H9ClF2N2O2]
33245-39-5 - fluchloralin [C12H13ClF3N3O4]
31251-03-3 - fluotrimazole [C22H16F3N3]
29091-21-2 - prodiamine [C13H17F3N4O4]
29091-05-2 - dinitramine [C11H13F3N4O4]
28606-06-6 - na
28523-86-6 - Sevoflurane [ C4-H3-F7-O
]
27314-13-2 - norflurazon [C12H9ClF3N3O]
26675-46-7 - Isoflurane [ C3-H2-Cl-F5-O
]
26399-36-0 - profluralin [C14H16F3N3O4]
25366-23-8 - thiazafluron [C6H7F3N4OS]
24751-69-7 - Nucleocidin [ C10-H13-F-N6-O6-S
]
14477-72-6 - Acetic acid, trifluoro-, ion(1-) [ C2-F3-O2
]
9002-84-0 - Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) ( (C2-F4)mult-
or (C2-F4)x-)
2837-89-0 - 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoro-2-chloroethane (Freon 124) [
C2-H-Cl-F4 ]
2164-17-2 - fluometuron [C10H11F3N2O]
1861-40-1 - benfluralin [C13H16F3N3O4]
1827-97-0 - 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanesulfonic
acid [ C2-H3-F3-O3-S ]
1763-23-1 - Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid [ C8-H-F17-O3-S
]
1717-00-6 - 1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane [ C2-H3-Cl2-F
]
1582-09-8 - trifluralin [C13H16F3N3O4]
1493-13-6 - Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid
[ C-H-F3-O3-S ]
811-97-2 - 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (Norflurane) [ C2-H2-F4
]
754-91-6 - Perfluorooctanesulfonamide [ C8-H2-F17-N-O2-S
]
640-19-7 - fluoroacetamide [C2H4FNO]
513-62-2 - Fluoroacetate [ C2-H2-F-O2
]
453-13-4 - 1,3-Difluoro-2-propanol [ C3-H6-F2-O
]
420-46-2 - 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane [ C2-H3-F3
]
406-90-6 - Fluroxene (Ethene, (2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-) [ C4-H5-F3-O
]
370-50-3 - flucofuron [C15H8Cl2F6N2O]
335-76-2 - Perfluorodecanoic acid [ C10-H-F19-O2
]
335-67-1 - Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) [ C8-H-F15-O2
]
311-89-7 - Perfluorotributylamine [ C12-F27-N
]
306-83-2 - 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane [Freon 123) [
C2-H-Cl2-F3 ]
151-67-7 - 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HALOTHANE)
[ C2-H-Br-Cl-F3 ]
144-49-0 - Fluoroacetic acid [ C2-H3-F-O2
]
116-14-3 - Tetrafluoroethylene [ C2-F4
]
98-56-6 - 1-Chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene [ C7-H4-Cl-F3
]
88-30-2 - TFM (3-Trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol)[ C7-H4-F3-N-O3
]
79-38-9 - Chlorotrifluoroethylene [ C2-Cl-F3
]
76-38-0 - Methoxyflurane [ C3-H4-Cl2-F2-O
]
76-15-3 - Chloropentafluoroethane (Freon 115 )[C2-Cl-F5
]
76-14-2 - Dichlorotetrafluoroethane (Freon 114 )[ C2-Cl2-F4
]
76-13-1 - 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane (Freon 113 )
[C2-Cl3-F3 ]
76-05-1 - Trifluoroacetic acid [ C2-H-F3-O2]
75-71-8 - Dichlorodifluoromethane (Freon 12) [ C-Cl2-F2]
75-69-4 - Trichloromonofluoromethane (
Freon 11, 11A, 11B) [C-Cl3-F]
75-68-3 - 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (Freon 142, Freon 142b)
[ C2-H3-Cl-F2]
75-45-6 - Chlorodifluoromethane (Freon 21) [ C-H-Cl-F2]
75-43-4 - Dichlorofluoromethane (Freon
21) [C-H-Cl2-F]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8661519
Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 1996
May;30(4):444-51.
Effects of Diflubenzuron on Benthic Macroinvertebrates
in Littoral Enclosures
O'Halloran SL, Liber K, Schmude KL, Corry
TD.
Lake Superior Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Superior,
Superior, Wisconsin 54880, USA
Two applications of the insect growth regulator diflubenzuron
were made to replicate littoral enclosures at nominal concentrations
of 0.7, 2.5, 7.0, and 30 &mgr;g/L. Assessment of the effects
of this insecticide on benthic macroinvertebrate community structure
was accomplished by measuring changes in abundance and taxonomic
richness. Chironomidae and Ephemeroptera were the most sensitive
groups sampled, with no observed effect concentrations of 2.5
and 0.7 &mgr;g/L, respectively. No adverse effects were
observed on Mollusca or Oligochaeta at any of the test concentrations.
Taxonomic richness was noticably reduced
at 7.0 and 30 &mgr;g/L on all post-application sampling
dates, producing changes in community structure that persisted
for >/=57 days.
PMID: 8661519 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
From
Toxline at Toxnet
HRC JOURNAL OF HIGH RESOLUTION CHROMATOGRAPHY; 19 (2). 1996.
105-110.
HPLC-UV DETERMINATION OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES
AT 0.01 PPM IN APPLE AND PEAR PULP USED FOR BABY FOOD
BICCHI C, BALBO C, BINELLO A, D'AMATO
A
Abstract: BIOL ABS. RRM RESEARCH ARTICLE FOOD TOXICITY DIFLUBENZURON
ETHIOFENCARB TEFLUBENZURON TRIFLUMURON TRIFORINE HIGH PERFORMANCE
LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY ANALYTICAL METHOD
CAS Registry Numbers:
• 99039-56-2 - N-(((3,5-Dichloro-2,4-difluorophenyl)amino)carbonyl)-2,6-difluorobenzamide
• 64628-44-0 - Triflumuron
• 35367-38-5
- Diflubenzuron
29973-13-5 - Ethiofencarb (Croneton)
26644-46-2 - Triforine
• = fluorinated
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=7647497
Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 1995
Jun;54(6):833-6.
No abstract available
Preliminary study of synergism of acid
rain and diflubenzuron.
Martin PJ, Clark JM, Edman JD.
Department of Entomology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
01003, USA.
PMID: 7647497 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
From
Toxline at Toxnet
KAOHSIUNG JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES; 10 (SUPPL.). 1994.
S102-S108.
DENGUE VECTOR CONTROL PRESENT STATUS
AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
YAP HH, CHONG NL, FOO A ES, LEE CY
Abstract: BIOL ABS. RRM JOURNAL ARTICLE AEDES-AEGYPTI AEDES-ALBOPICTUS
BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS BACTERIAL LARVICIDE INSECTICIDES CHEMICAL
CONTROL
CAS Registry Numbers:
95737-68-1 - Pyriproxyfen
• 64628-44-0
- Triflumuron
52645-53-1 - Permethrin
40596-69-8 - Methoprene
• 35367-38-5
- Diflubenzuron
3383-96-8 - Temefos
134-62-3 - Diethyltoluamide (Deet)
121-75-5 - Malathion
• = fluorinated
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8440876
J Appl Toxicol. 1993 Jan-Feb;13(1):67-8.
Comparative study on the effects of five
benzoylphenylurea insecticides on haematological parameters
in rats.
Tasheva M, Hristeva V.
National Centre of Hygiene and Medical Ecology, Sofia, Bulgaria.
Five benzoylphenylurea insecticides were administered to male
Wistar rats for 28 days at oral doses of 100 mg kg-1 each.
Elevation of methaemoglobin was found only in the diflubenzuron-
and triflumuron treated groups. The number of reticulocytes
was increased in all of the treated groups.
PMID: 8440876 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8419158&dopt=Abstract
Environ
Mol Mutagen. 1993;21(1):81-6.
In
vitro cytotoxic and cell transforming activities
exerted by the pesticides cyanazine, dithianon, diflubenzuron,
procymidone, and vinclozolin on BALB/c 3T3 cells.
Perocco
P, Colacci A, Grilli S.
Istituto
di Cancerologia, Universita di Bologna, Italy.
Cytotoxic
and cell transforming activities of the pesticides cyanazine,
diflubenzuron, dithianon, procymidone,
and vinclozolin were investigated in vitro by utilizing the
BALB/c 3T3 cell transformation test performed in the presence
or in the absence of S-9 mix as an exogenous bioactivation system
for the chemicals. All the assayed pesticides
were cytotoxic in the absence of S-9 mix, whereas only
dithianon exerted cytotoxic effects in the presence of metabolic
activation. All the chemicals tested did
induce BALB/c 3T3 cell transformation, to a various extent,
in the absence of S-9 mix. Cell transforming ability
of cyanazine and diflubenzuron was not detectable in the presence
of S-9.
PMID: 8419158
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8157470
Invest New Drugs. 1993 Nov;11(4):279-89.
Effects of diflubenzuron and clanfenur
on mouse bone marrow cells.
Jenkins VK, Juneja HS, Ives K, Lee S, Perry RR.
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas
Medical Branch, Galveston.
Diflubenzuron (DFB) and Clanfenur (CFN)
belong to a group of compounds called Benzoylphenyl Ureas (BPUs).
Several BPUs regulate cell growth in insects and/or inhibit
growth of B-16 murine melanomas. In view of potential clinical
use for these compounds, DFB and CFN were selected as examples
of BPUs and tested for effects on hematopoiesis in C57Bl/6 mice
housed in a conventional environment. DFB and CFN exhibit anti-tumor
activity in mice, cause little or no morbidity and mortality
and rather than causing bone marrow suppression, which is usual
for anti-cancer drugs, these agents stimulate hematopoiesis
in vivo and in vitro. Stimulation in vivo was evidenced by increased
(up to 112%) peripheral blood granulocytes 6 days after a single
injection and enhanced granulopoiesis (approximately 25%) in
bone marrow up to 18 days after treatment.
That effects of DFB and CFN were on hematopoietic stem cells
were indicated by 47% and 48%, respectively, increases in numbers
of CFUs and 97% and 95%, respectively, increases in CFUgm. Further,
bone marrow cells treated in vitro contained about twice the
number of CFUs and CFUgm as control bone marrow cells. Almost
all of the increase in number of spleen colonies, whether derived
from donors treated in vivo or bone marrow cells treated in
vitro, was accounted for by a corresponding increase in number
of undifferentiated colonies. These data indicate that DFB and
CFN treatment enhance numbers of pluripotential stem cells both
in vivo and in vitro. The mechanism of
enhancement, direct or indirect, remains to be determined.
PMID: 8157470 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8257816
Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 1993
Dec;51(6):881-8.
No abstract available
Degradational behavior of the pesticides
glyphosate and diflubenzuron in water.
Anton FA, Cuadra LM, Gutierrez P, Laborda
E, Laborda P.
Environmental Sciences Center, Spanish Council for Scientific
Research, Madrid.
PMID: 8257816 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1865887&dopt=Abstract
Nahrung.
1991;35(1):27-31.
Accumulation
of diflubenzuron in bolti fish Orechromis niloticus.
Ahmed
MT, Eid AH.
Plant Protection
Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia,
Egypt.
Orechromis
niloticus fingerlings were exposed to the insect growth inhibitor
diflubenzuron 1-(2,6-Difluorobenzoyl)3-(4-chlorophenyl)urea
for 21 days. Diflubenzuron was introduced to the aquariums where
fish were maintained at the beginning of the experiment, then
its level in water, gills and liver was detected after 1, 7,
14 and 21 days. The fish accumulated diflubenzuron
76 and 99 times greater than the water content when kept in
an ambient concentration of 2.5 and 5 mg/l, respectively,
indicating a low bioaccumulation potential. Some degradation
products of diflubenzuron were found mainly in liver and water.
PMID: 1865887
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
PAN
International Website Book reviews
Diflubenzuron.
Environmental Health Criteria, No. 184, WHO, 1211 Geneva 27,
Switzerland, 1996, 164pp.
Diflubenzuron
The World Health Organisation (WHO) has evaluated the risks
to human health and the environment posed by exposure to the
insecticide diflubenzuron. The report found diflubenzuron has
a low toxicity and is unlikely to present an acute hazard in
normal use. A review of studies of long-term dietary administration
supports the conclusion that diflubenzuron is not carcinogenic
or mutagenic. However, WHO concludes that
the main metabolite, 4-chloroaniline (PCA), is carcinogenic
in both mice and rats. In humans, and in several animal
species, PCA can cause the formation of methaemoglobin (produced
from haemoglobinÑresulting in the compound no-longer functioning
reversibly as an oxygen carrier). PCA has been reported to cause
methaemoglobinaemia. This condition
occurs when methaemoglobin levels build up in the blood causing
cyanosis, headache, dizziness, fatigue, vomiting, nausea and
coma in exposed workers and inadvertently exposed newly born
infants. Despite this no data on the direct effects of diflubenzuron
on human health were available for evaluation. According to
WHO the toxicology studies in animals nevertheless support the
theory that exposure to 0.02 mg/kg body weight will probably
not cause adverse effects in humans. Diflubenzuron.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2463298&dopt=Abstract
J Environ
Sci Health B. 1988 Oct;23(5):439-51.
In vitro
effect of profenofos, fenvalerate and dimilin
on protein and RNA biosynthesis by rabbit liver and muscle
tissues.
el-Sebae
AH, Salem MH, el-Assar MR, Enan EE.
Faculty
of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Egypt.
The present
study was carried out to investigate the effect of Curacron
(profenofos), Sumicidin (fenvalerate) and Dimilin
(difluobenzuron) on the in vitro rate of protein and
RNA synthesis by rabbit liver and muscle tissues. The synthesis
of protein and RNA were significantly stimulated in the liver
and inhibited in the muscle by graded doses of these insecticides.
Profenofos showed maximum effect on protein synthesis in both
tissues at a dose of 0.2 microgram/mL, while the maximum effect
on RNA synthesis occurred at 0.2 microgram/mL, while the maximum
effect on RNA synthesis occurred at 0.2 microgram mL in the
liver and at 2 micrograms/mL in the muscle. Fenvalerate caused
maximum stimulation in both liver protein and RNA synthesis
at a dose of 2 micrograms/mL, and maximum inhibition in the
muscle at 10 and 0.2 micrograms/mL for protein and RNA synthesis
respectively. The maximum effect of Dimilin
on both tissues was reached at 5 micrograms/mL for protein synthesis
and at 0.2 microgram/mL for RNA synthesis. The effect of Dimilin
on RNA synthesis was more pronounced in both tissues than its
effect on protein synthesis, but this trend was reversed
in the case of profenofos and fenvalerate. Present data also
showed antagonism between these insecticides on the rate of
protein and RNA synthesis.
PMID: 2463298
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3095414&dopt=Abstract
J Appl Toxicol.
1986 Oct;6(5):343-8.
Effects
of diflubenzuron on the mouse liver.
Young
MF, Trombetta LD, Carson S.
Diflubenzuron
(DFB), a potent inhibitor of insect chitin synthesis, was administered
to Swiss Webster mice in a 30-day oral intubation study. Animal
groups received either no treatment, vehicle control (Polyethylene
glycol 400), or DFB suspensions at doses of 125, 500, and 2,000
mg/kg body weight. Hepatic glutathione S-transferase activity
as well as morphological characteristics were studied. DFB
was shown to elicit hepatocellular changes at all dose levels.
The activities of three glutathione S-transferases
(S-aryl, S-aralkyl, and S-epoxide) were all altered after DFB
administration. Light microscopy revealed radial arrays
of hepatocellular vacuolization
between the portal and central vein areas. Electron-microscopic
examination, verified by morphometric analysis, revealed degenerative
changes as well as an increased volume density of the endoplasmic
reticulum.
PMID: 3095414
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2979938&dopt=Abstract
J Egypt
Public Health Assoc. 1988;63(3-4):181-98.
No
Abstract available
Hepatotoxicity
of some
antimoulting compounds in white male mice.
Berberian
IG, Enan EE, el-Sabaawi EA, el-Sheweni S.
PMID: 2979938
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9763833&dopt=Abstract
Ned Tijdschr
Geneeskd. 1998 Jul 4;142(27):1567-9.
- Comment
in: Ned
Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1998 Nov 7;142(45):2488.
- [A
severe anaphylactic shock caused by
spraying the oak processionary caterpillar (Thaumetopoea processionea)
in North Brabant]
[Article
in Dutch]
Bosma
AH, Jans HW.
St. Joseph
Ziekenhuis, afd. Cardiologie, Veldhoven.
The processionary
caterpillar, Thaumetopoea processionea, caused much inconvenience
in the Netherlands in 1996-1997; from the medical point of view,
mostly itching and skin rash. After contact with stinging bristles
of the caterpillar and with the pesticide Dimilin
SC-48, of which diflubenzurone is the active agent, a
72-year-old man had to be resuscitated because of ventricular
fibrillation
caused by hypotension related
to relative underfilling and low systemic vascular resistance.
He made a good recovery. Such life-threatening situations can
be prevented by publicly announcing plague control measures
and closing of the affected areas to the population, with ample
margins.
PMID: 9763833
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11874045&dopt=Abstract
Sci Total
Environ. 2002
Feb 21;285(1-3):237-45.
The stability
and persistence of diflubenzuron in marine sediments
studied under laboratory conditions and the dispersion to the
sediment under a fish farm following medication.
Selvik
A, Hansen PK, Ervik A, Samuelsen OB.
Institute
of Marine Research, Department of Aquaculture, Bergen, Norway.
A high performance
liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed to determine
the concentration of diflubenzuron, a delousing agent used in
fish farming, in marine mud and shell sand. The recovery of
diflubenzuron from mud was 100.8+/-1.1% and 105.5+/-4.3% for
shell sand. The limit of quantitation was found to be 0.1 microg
g(-1). The stability of diflubenzuron was studied under laboratory
conditions in marine sediments at different temperatures (4
and 14 degrees C). No degradation of diflubenzuron occurred
in the organic rich mud sediment or in the shell sand sediment
during the experimental period of 204 days. Increasing the temperature
from 4 to 14 degrees C had no effect on the stability. Furthermore,
diflubenzuron showed to be persistent in both mud and shell
sand sediment since no detectable diffusion from the sediment
to the water phase occurred during the experimental period of
204 days. Increasing the water current in the tanks had no effect
on the persistence. Under field conditions, the concentrations
of diflubenzuron found in the organic material from sediment
traps placed 2 m from the bottom under the cage in a fish farm
during medication were high and ranged from 71 to 259 microg
g(-1). The concentrations of diflubenzuron in the sediment under
the fish farm were, however, low, with a maximum concentration
of 5.4 microg g(-1). The dispersion of diflubenzuron to the
sediment was limited to less than 20 m from the edge of the
cage in every direction. Fifteen months following the medication,
only traces (< 0.1 microg g(-1)) of diflubenzuron were detected
in the sediment under the fish farm. Possible explanations for
this decrease are resuspension and redistribution of sediment
and/or oxic degradation of the drug.
PMID: 11874045
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11783663&dopt=Abstract
Environ
Sci Technol. 2001 Sep 15;35(18):3804-8.
Persistence
of the insecticide Dimilin
45 ODC on conifer forest foliage in an Atlantic-climate
ecosystem.
Rodriguez
E, Barrio RJ, Goicolea A, Peche R, Gomez de Balugera Z, Sampedro
C.
Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Technical
Engineering, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria-Gasteiz,
Spain. iaproure@vc.ehu.es
The oil
formulation of diflubenzuron (Dimilin
45 ODC) persisted for 10-12 weeks on the foliage of a
conifer forest in an Atlantic-climate ecosystem. Within 22-30
days following treatment, 55-80% of the insecticide had been
removed from the foliage. During this period, the concentration
of diflubenzuron was higher than 370 ng g(-1). Aerial application
at 56.3 g of Al ha(-1) resulted in deposition levels of the
insecticide ranging from 867.5 to 1824.4 ng g(-1), depending
upon forest characteristics. The results showed that aerial
application is only a suitable technique for the treatment of
forest areas with dense foliage and/or high tree density and
no more than 15% of tree-free area. The only metabolite detected
was 2,6-difluorobenzamide, and this persisted on foliage until
the first rainfalls occurred. An empirical mathematical correlation
was found to express the influence of meteorological variables--rainfall,
solar radiation and temperature--on the persistence of the insecticide.
These results suggested that degradation of diflubenzuron on
foliage could be due to photodegradation. Some recommendations
were made to optimize the deposition of the insecticide on foliage
and to minimize its persistence and the off-site spray drift.
PMID: 11783663
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11681690&dopt=Abstract
J Econ Entomol.
2001 Oct;94(5):1243-8.
Inheritance
of diflubenzuron resistance and monooxygenase activities
in a laboratory-selected strain of Lucilia cuprina (Diptera:
Calliphoridae).
Kotze
AC, Sales N.
New South
Wales Agriculture, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute,
Camden, Australia.
Inheritance
of the high-level diflubenzuron resistance shown by a laboratory-selected
strain of Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) was examined in matings
with a susceptible reference strain. Progeny of reciprocal crosses
between resistant females and susceptible males showed higher
LC50 values than the alternate reciprocal cross, indicating
some maternal influence on inheritance of resistance. Resistance
was inherited in a codominant (S male x R female) or incompletely
recessive (R male x S female) manner. Monooxygenase activities
(aldrin epoxidation) of the F1 generations were also intermediate
between the levels shown by the parental lines, however, inheritance
of enzyme activities showed greater degrees of dominance than
for resistance levels. There was also some maternal influence
on inheritance of monooxygenase activities. Backcrosses of F1
generations to both susceptible and resistant parents did not
fit the expected patterns for a major sex-linked resistance
locus, indicating that the maternal influence on resistance
inheritance was not associated with sex-linkage of a major resistance
gene. The backcross data also failed to fit the model for a
single major autosomal gene, suggesting that the resistance
in the diflubenzuron-selected strain is polygenic, involving
mechanisms additional to monooxygenases.
PMID: 11681690
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11432004&dopt=Abstract
Aust Vet
J. 2001 May;79(5):358-62.
Surveys
to assess the amount of pesticide in wool and the use of pesticides
by woolgrowers in Queensland.
Ward
MP, Armstrong RT.
Queensla
