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2004 Fluoride Abstracts. Part 2.
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October 2004.
USDA National Fluoride Database of Selected Beverages and Foods.
Prepared by
• Nutrient Data Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture,
in collaboration with
• University of Minnesota, Nutrition Coordinating Center (NCC);
• University of Iowa, College of Dentistry;
• Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Food Analysis, Laboratory Control Center;
• National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), CSREES, USDA; and
• Food Composition Laboratory (FCL), Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.Introduction - Assessment of fluoride intake is paramount in understanding the mechanisms of fluoride metabolism specifically the prevention of dental caries, dental fluorosis, and skeletal fluorosis. The Institute of Medicine (IOM, 1997) specified Adequate Intakes (AI) of 0.01 mg/day for infants through 6 months, 0.05 mg/kg/day beyond 6 months of age, and 3 mg/day and 4 mg/day for adult women and men (respectively), to prevent dental caries. Upper limits (UL) of 0.10 mg/kg/day in children less than 8 years and 10 mg/day for those older than 8 years are recommended for prevention of dental fluorosis. Similar levels have been endorsed by the American Dental Association (ADA, 1994) and the American Dietetic Association (ADA, 2000). Fluoride works primarily via topical mechanisms to inhibit demineralization, to enhance remineralization, and to inhibit bacteria associated with tooth decay (Featherstone, 2000). Fluoride has an affinity for calcified tissues. Studies of exposure and bone mineral density, fractures and osteoporosis would benefit from a national fluoride database coupled with an intake assessment tool (Phipps, 1995; Phipps et al., 2000). Therefore, a database for fluoride is needed for epidemiologists and health researchers to estimate the intakes and to investigate the relationships between intakes and human health.
The Nutrient Data Laboratory (NDL), Agriculture Research Service, US Department of Agriculture (USDA) coordinated the development of this USDA National Fluoride Database of Selected Beverages and Foods subsequently described as the National Fluoride Database--a critical element of the comprehensive multi-center National Fluoride Database and Intake Study (NFDIAS). The National Fluoride Database will be incorporated into a computer-based fluoride assessment tool being developed by the University of Minnesota, Nutrition Coordinating Center (NCC), as a module of the Nutrition Data System for Research (NDS-R) software.
The National Fluoride Database is a comprehensive, nationally representative database of the fluoride concentration in foods and beverages consumed in the United States. It contains fluoride values for beverages, water, and foods that are major fluoride contributors. Water and water-based beverages are the chief source of dietary fluoride intake (Singer and Ophaug, 1984). Conventional estimates are that about 75% of dietary fluoride comes from water and water-based beverages. According to the 1992 Fluoridation Census (CDC, 1993), about 63% of the population on U.S. public water systems are receiving water that is fluoridated naturally or by adding fluoride. Drinking water fluoride distributions may vary widely over geographical and geo-political boundaries (CDC, 1993). Variations occur with soil composition and with local political decisions to fluoridate water. The use of wells of varying depths, commercial water products, home water purifiers, and filtration systems also increase variability of fluoride in drinking water and complicate estimates of intake (Brown and Aaron, 1991; Robinson et al.1991; Van Winkle et al., 1995). These variations in fluoride in commercial foods and beverages have been addressed in this National Fluoride Database.
Caries Res. 2004 Sep-Oct;38(5):421-9.
A Probabilistic Estimation of Fluoride Intake by Infants up to the Age of 4 Months from Infant Formula Reconstituted with Tap Water in the Fluoridated Regions of Ireland.Anderson WA, Pratt I, Ryan MR, Flynn A.
Food Safety Authority of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
Two probabilistic models were developed to estimate the acute and chronic exposure to fluoride of exclusively formula-fed infants aged 0-4 months as a result of the consumption of infant formula reconstituted with fluoridated tap water in Ireland. The estimates were based on calculated infant formula consumption and accepted body weight standards, together with reported concentrations of fluoride in infant formula powder and measured values for the fluoride content of water in Ireland. The mean acute exposure of infants to fluoride on any single day in areas served by 387 fluoridated water supplies was estimated to be between 0.11 and 0.14 mg/kg body weight depending on age group (95th percentiles 0.2 and 0.26 mg/kg b.w., respectively). These predicted intakes were well below the intake of fluoride associated with acute toxic effects, which is considered to be 5 mg fluoride (F(-))/kg body weight. The mean chronic exposure of infants to fluoride was estimated to be between 0.106 and 0.170 mg/kg b.w./day depending on body weight (95th percentiles 0.108 and 0.172 mg/kg b.w./day, respectively). This estimate described the average daily fluoride intake of infants during the first 4 months of life residing in the areas served by 226 water supplies that achieved an average yearly fluoride concentration below 1.03 mg/l. Dental fluorosis may be considered to be the only risk at these low doses and from our work it is estimated that there is a very low risk of moderate dental fluorosis of the permanent dentition in infants exposed to fluoride at these levels. Copyright 2004 S. Karger AG, Basel
PMID: 15316185 [PubMed - in process]
Note from EC:
The age at which the infant is weaned from human milk is variable. It would have been helpful if the authors calcuated the risks to an infant weaned at six months or longer. For example, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends the following:• Breast-feed babies for at least a year and as long after as mother and child desire. Introduce iron-enriched solid foods at 6 months of age to complement the breast milk.
• Give babies weaned from the breast or the bottle before 12 months of age iron-fortified formula, not cow's or goat's milk.Ref: American Academy of Pediatrics (1997). Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Pediatrics, 100(6): 1035–1039.
World J Orthod. 2004 Fall;5(3):268-9.
No Abstract available
Abundance of fluoride and class III malocclusions in Guadalajara, Mexico.
Evans CA.
PMID: 15612348 [PubMed - in process]
Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao. 2004 Nov;15(11):2087-90.
[Changes of light energy distribution in reaction centers of Citrus unshiu leaf photosystem under different light intensities][Article in Chinese]
Guo Y, Song L, Xu K, Zhang L.
State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth Development and Biotechnology, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China. guoyping@mail.hz.zj.cn
In order to further understand the light energy distribution in photochemical reaction centers of fruit trees, this paper employed modulated fluorescence technique to study the state transition of photosystem in Citrus unshiu leaves under high and low light intensities. The results indicated that under low light intensity of 100 micromol x m(-2) s(-1), the PQ pool was in reduction state due to Q(A) reduction, which made the light energy distribution in photosystem changed from PS II to PS I; while under high light intensity of 1000 micromol x m(-2) s(-1), the PQ pool could not get electron and was in oxidation state, making light energy distribution changed from state 2 to state 1. When the leaves were treated by a phosphatase inhibitor NaF, the state 2 to state 1 transition of photosystem was inhibited under high light intensity, and the excessive light energy distribution from PS I to PS II caused damage to PS II. These findings would be helpful to understand the mechanisms of the photoinhibition of photosynthesis and the photodamage of photosynthetic apparatus of fruit trees.
PMID: 15707318 [PubMed - in process]
Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2004 Dec 27;44(2):214-31.
Modern synthetic methods for fluorine-substituted target molecules.Shimizu M, Hiyama T.
Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
Fluorine has come to be recognized as a key element in materials science: in heat-transfer agents, liquid crystals, dyes, surfactants, plastics, elastomers, membranes, and other materials. Furthermore, many fluorine-containing biologically active agents are finding applications as pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. Progress in synthetic fluorine chemistry has been critical to the development of these fields and has led to the invention of many novel fluorinated molecules as future drugs and materials. As a result of the electronic effects of fluorine substituents, fluorinated substrates and reagents often exhibit unusual and unique chemical properties, which often make them incompatible with established synthetic methods. Thus, the problem of how to control the unusual properties of compounds with fluorine substituents deserves much attention, so as to promote the design of facile, efficient, and environmentally benign methods for the synthesis of valuable organofluorine targets.
PMID: 15614922 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15587093J Dent Child (Chic). 2004 May-Aug;71(2):121-5.
Nails as biomarkers of fluoride in children of fluoridated communities.Levy FM, Bastos JR, Buzalaf MA.
Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru Dental School, University of Sao Paulo, Bauru-Sao Paulo, Brazil.
PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to verify the use of nails as biomarkers of chronic fluoride (F) exposure from the diets of children living in communities with negligibly or optimally fluoridated water.
METHODS: Fifteen 2- to 6-year-old children living in Bauru-Sao Paulo (fluoridated) and 15 lifelong residents of Itapolis-Sao Paulo (nonfluoridated) participated in the study. Fluoride concentrations in nails and duplicate diet were analyzed with the electrode, following hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDS)-facilitated diffusion. Data were analyzed by student's t-test and linear regression (P < .05).
RESULTS: Mean fluoride concentrations ([microg/g) in fingernails and toenails of Bauru children were 3.56 +/- 1.3 and 2.81 +/- 1.29, respectively, and for Itapolis children 2.29 +/- 1.25 and 1.58 +/- 0.59, respectively. The differences between Bauru and Itapolis children, as well as between fluoride concentrations in fingernails and toenails, were statistically significant. The estimated fluoride intake from the diet was significantly higher for Bauru children (0.55 +/- 0.61 mg) when compared to Itapolis children (0.09 +/- 0.06 mg). A significant positive correlation was found between the mean of fingernail and toenail fluoride concentrations and estimated fluoride intake from the diet (r = 0.57).
CONCLUSIONS: This study's preliminary data suggests that fingernails and toenails may be used as biomarkers of chronic fluoride exposure from the diet. Additional studies are necessary to determine the predictive values, sensitivity, and specificity of this biomarker so that nails are used to differentiate children at the age of dental fluorosis risk and who live in communities with negligibly or optimally fluoridated water.PMID: 15587093 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15587090J Dent Child (Chic). 2004 May-Aug;71(2):110-3.
Risk of fluorosis associated with infant formulas prepared with bottled water.Buzalaf MA, Damante CA, Trevizani LM, Granjeiro JM.
Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru Dental School, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil. mbuzalaf@fob.usp.br
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to estimate fluoride (F) intake from infant formulas prepared with different brands of bottled water.
METHODS: Fluoride concentrations in 4 samples of infant milk and soy-based formulas, commercially available in the United States, prepared with deionized water and 5 brands of bottled water, were determined after Hexamethyldisioxane (HMDS)-facilitated diffusion, in duplicate, using an F ion-specific electrode. Possible fluoride ingestion per killogram body mass was estimated, based on suggested volumes of formula consumption, for infants 1 and 12 months.
RESULTS: Fluoride concentrations ranged from 0.076 to 0.214 ppm and 0.092 to 1.053 ppm for formulas prepared with deionized and bottled water, respectively. When prepared with deionized water, none of the formulas provided an F intake above the suggested threshold for fluorosis (0.07 mg F/kg/day). However, when prepared with some brands of bottled water containing 0.623 and 0.839 ppm, all of them did provide it.
CONCLUSIONS: Some brands of bottled water usually marketed for infants and used to dilute infant formulas may increase fluoride concentrations beyond reccommended levels believed to lead to fluorosis.PMID: 15587090 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15575447Am J Dent. 2004 Oct;17(5):351-3.
In vivo enamel fluoride uptake after use of fluoride products.Campus G, Lallai MR, Carboni R, Spano G, Luglie P, Garcia-Godoy F.
Dental Institute, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/C, 1-07100 Sassari, Sardinia, Italy. gcampus@uniss.it
PURPOSE: To evaluate fluoride uptake in enamel after use of products containing different fluoride components of distinct oral hygiene regimen in vivo.
METHODS: 84 healthy subjects (24 females and 60 males aged 19-26 years, mean 22.2) recruited from the students attending the courses of the Medical Faculty of the University of Sassari, Italy, were randomly assigned to one of four treatments groups:
A: treated with a dentifrice containing sodium monofluorophosphate (1250 ppm F-);
B: treated with dentifrice with 1250 ppm F- from AmF;
C: treated with an AmF toothpaste (1250 ppm F-) and a mouth rinse with 250 ppm F- from AmF; or
D: treated with a NaMFP toothpaste (1250 ppm F-) plus 1250 ppm NaMFP varnish.
Acid-etched enamel microbiopsies on the vestibular surface of the first maxillary premolar were collected at baseline (to), after 20 days of test product use (t1) and after 24 hours without treatment (t2). Fluoride concentration was measured using an ion-specific electrode. All measurements were made in triplicate and analyzed statistically using two-way factorial ANOVA for independent samples standard weighted-means analysis.
RESULTS: The fluoride uptake in the enamel shows a considerable variation between the groups. Significant differences were found both within all products in terms of fluoride concentration in enamel for (P < 0.0001 for two-way ANOVA, and later Tukey HSD test). After 20 days of treatment, the group using AmF toothpaste plus AmF mouthrinse had a higher fluoride uptake than the groups using either of the other products (P < 0.05). In conclusion, all products lead to an appreciable amount of fluoride uptake in enamel; AmF products led to higher concentrations. The concentration of fluoride accumulated during treatment phase remained high after 24 hours following the cessation of use.PMID: 15575447 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15586828Adv Data. 2004 Nov 9;(349):1-7.
Prevalence of leading types of dietary supplements used in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988--94.Ervin RB, Wright JD, Reed-Gillette D.
Division of Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, Hyattsville, Maryland 20782, USA.
This report presents the prevalence of the leading types of dietary supplements taken during the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988-94. Approximately 40 percent of the U.S. population 2 months of age and older reported taking some type of dietary supplement in NHANES III, and the leading supplements taken were multivitamin/multiminerals (22 percent), multivitamins plus vitamin C (15 percent), vitamin C as a single vitamin (13 percent), other dietary supplements such as herbal and botanical supplements (7 percent), and vitamin E as a single vitamin (6 percent). To some extent, the leading types of supplements and order changed after stratifying the results by sex and age groups. Other major contributors were multivitamins with iron or fluoride taken by children, iron taken by adolescent and young adult females, and calcium taken by middle-aged and elderly females. There was also a high prevalence of use of potassium among middle-aged and elderly adults but this probably reflects its use as a medication rather than as a dietary supplement. Collecting information on dietary supplement use is an important part of monitoring the nutritional status of the U.S. population.
PMID: 15586828 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15656442Pediatr Dent. 2004;26(7):87-8.
No abstract available.
Clinical guideline on fluoride therapy.American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry.
PMID: 15656442 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15648396J Tenn Dent Assoc. 2004 Fall;84(4):23-30.
No abstract available.
Managing optimal fluoride therapy: the halo effect.Weesner BW Jr.
University of Tennessee College of Dentistry in Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
PMID: 15648396 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15575291Environ Sci Technol. 2004 Nov 1;38(21):5712-20.
Receptor modeling of toronto PM2.5 characterized by aerosol laser ablation mass spectrometry.Owega S, Khan BU, D'Souza R, Evans GJ, Fila M, Jervis RE.
Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada.
Urban Toronto fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was physically and chemically characterized by online aerosol laser ablation mass spectrometry (LAMS) between January 2002 and February 2003. The mass spectra from the analysis of individual aerosol particles were classified according to chemical composition by a neural network approach called adaptive resonance theory (ART-2a). Temporal trends of the hourly analysis rate of over 120 different particles types were constructed and subjected to positive matrix factorization (PMF). This receptor modeling technique enabled the identification of nine distinct emission sources responsible for these particle types: biogenic, mixed crustal, organic nitrate, construction dust, Toronto soil/road salt, secondary salt, wood burning, intercontinental dust, and an unknown source of aluminum fluoride dust. Episodic events occurred with the wood burning, intercontinental dust, and unknown dust sources. This is the first paper reporting the application of PMF to single-particle spectral data.
PMID: 15575291 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15575447Am J Dent. 2004 Oct;17(5):351-3.
In vivo enamel fluoride uptake after use of fluoride products.Campus G, Lallai MR, Carboni R, Spano G, Luglie P, Garcia-Godoy F.
Dental Institute, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/C, 1-07100 Sassari, Sardinia, Italy. gcampus@uniss.it
PURPOSE: To evaluate fluoride uptake in enamel after use of products containing different fluoride components of distinct oral hygiene regimen in vivo.
METHODS: 84 healthy subjects (24 females and 60 males aged 19-26 years, mean 22.2) recruited from the students attending the courses of the Medical Faculty of the University of Sassari, Italy, were randomly assigned to one of four treatments groups: A: treated with a dentifrice containing sodium monofluorophosphate (1250 ppm F-); B: treated with dentifrice with 1250 ppm F- from AmF; C: treated with an AmF toothpaste (1250 ppm F-) and a mouth rinse with 250 ppm F- from AmF; or D: treated with a NaMFP toothpaste (1250 ppm F-) plus 1250 ppm NaMFP varnish. Acid-etched enamel microbiopsies on the vestibular surface of the first maxillary premolar were collected at baseline (to), after 20 days of test product use (t1) and after 24 hours without treatment (t2). Fluoride concentration was measured using an ion-specific electrode. All measurements were made in triplicate and analyzed statistically using two-way factorial ANOVA for independent samples standard weighted-means analysis.
RESULTS: The fluoride uptake in the enamel shows a considerable variation between the groups. Significant differences were found both within all products in terms of fluoride concentration in enamel for (P < 0.0001 for two-way ANOVA, and later Tukey HSD test). After 20 days of treatment, the group using AmF toothpaste plus AmF mouthrinse had a higher fluoride uptake than the groups using either of the other products (P < 0.05). In conclusion, all products lead to an appreciable amount of fluoride uptake in enamel; AmF products led to higher concentrations. The concentration of fluoride accumulated during treatment phase remained high after 24 hours following the cessation of use.PMID: 15575447 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15562941J Public Health Dent. 2004 Fall;64(4):198-204.
Seasonal variation in fluoride intake: the Iowa fluoride study.
Broffitt B, Levy SM, Warren JJ, Heller KE.
Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA. barbara-broffitt@uiowa.edu
OBJECTIVES: Although patterns of fluid intake change seasonally, little is known about how fluoride intake varies by season. Since even short-term increases in fluoride intake could potentially lead to more dental fluorosis, it is valuable to assess the degree of seasonal variation to determine if it increases fluoride intake to levels that could be considered a concern in young children.
METHODS: Questionnaires were mailed periodically to participants in the Iowa Fluoride Study beginning at 6 weeks of age and continuing for a number of years. Parents recorded the date; child's weight; estimates of the amounts of water and other beverages that their child consumed per week; the type and amount of any fluoride supplements used; and the type, amount, and frequency of dentifrice used, with an estimate of the proportion of dentifrice that was swallowed. Documented water fluoride levels from municipal sources and assay of individual sources were linked to water intake amounts. Total fluoride intake per kg body weight was estimated from water, other beverages, fluoride supplements, and ingested dentifrice. Generalized linear models compared temperature-related and seasonal effects after adjusting for the child's age.
RESULTS: Separate analyses for ages 0-12 months and 12-72 months showed different results. Children younger than 12 months of age did not exhibit significant seasonal or temperature-related variation in any of the components of fluoride intake. Children aged 12-72 months had higher fluoride intake (mg F/kg bw) from beverages in summer (P<.05), and fluoride intake from beverages increased with monthly temperature (P<.001).
CONCLUSIONS: Fluoride intake from beverages for children aged 12-72 months is slightly higher in the summer and increases with mean monthly temperature. Fluoride intake from supplements and dentifrice did not change significantly with either season or temperature.PMID: 15562941 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15606059Am Fam Physician. 2004 Dec 1;70(11):2113-20.
A practical guide to infant oral health.Douglass JM, Douglass AB, Silk HJ.
University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.
Early childhood caries is the most common chronic disease in young children and may develop as soon as teeth erupt. Bacteria, predominately mutans streptococci, metabolize simple sugars to produce acid that demineralizes teeth, resulting in cavities. Physicians should examine children's teeth for defects and cavities at every well-child visit. Any child with significant risk factors for caries (e.g., inadequate home dental care and poor oral hygiene, a mother with a high number of cavities, a high sugar intake, enamel defects, premature birth, special health care needs, low socioeconomic status) should be referred to a dentist by 12 months of age. Promoting appropriate use of topical and systemic fluoride and providing early oral hygiene instruction can help reduce caries in young patients, as can regularly counseling parents to limit their child's consumption of sugar.
PMID: 15606059 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15552604J Drugs Dermatol. 2004 Sep-Oct;3(5):522-5.
The excimer lasers.
Spencer JM, Hadi SM.
The Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York 10029, USA. James.M.Spencer@msnyuhealth.org
The excimer lasers are a group of lasers that have found wide application in a variety of medical fields including dermatology, cardiology, ophthalmology, and orthopedics. The word excimer refers to excited dimer. These lasers operate in the ultraviolet range, and examples include the 193 nm argon-fluroide, 248 nm krypton-fluoride, 351 nm xenon-fluoride, and of particular interest to dermatology, the 308 nm xenon-chloride. These lasers utilize a mixture of a noble gas and a halogen as a lasing material. They were first used in medicine for their ability to produce cold tissue ablation, but more recently have been used in dermatology as a method of non-ablative phototherapy.
PMID: 15552604 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15593170Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2004 Dec 10;43(48):6653-6656.
No Abstract available
Amorphous Aluminum Bromide Fluoride (ABF).Krahl T, Kemnitz E.
Institut fur Chemie, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany, Fax: (+49) 30-2093-7277.
PMID: 15593170 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15513419Acta Odontol Scand. 2004 Aug;62(4):223-30.
Caries-preventive effect of sodium fluoride mouthrinses: a systematic review of controlled clinical trials.
Twetman S, Petersson L, Axelsson S, Dahlgren H, Holm AK, Kallestal C, Lagerlof F, Lingstrom P, Mejare I, Nordenram G, Norlund A, Soder B.
Department of Odontology, Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Umea University, SE-901 87 Umea, Sweden. svante.twetman@udont.umu.se
The Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care launched a project group in 1999 to systematically review and evaluate the existing literature on different caries-preventive methods. The aim of this article was to report the findings concerning the caries-preventive effect of fluoride mouthrinses (FMRs) in various age groups, with special reference to background fluorides. A systematic search in electronic databases for literature published between 1966 and August 2003 was conducted with the inclusion criteria of a randomized or controlled clinical trial, at least 2 years' follow-up, and caries increment in the permanent dentition (DeltaDMFS/T) as endpoint. Out of 174 articles originally identified, 62 met the inclusion criteria. These studies were assessed independently by at least two reviewers and scored A-C according to predetermined criteria for methodology and performance. The measure of effect was the prevented fraction (PF) expressed as percent. The level of evidence was based on 25 articles. The results revealed limited evidence (evidence level 3) for the caries-preventive effect (PF 29%) of daily or weekly sodium fluoride rinses compared with placebo in permanent teeth of schoolchildren and adolescents with no additional fluoride exposure and for a caries-preventive effect on root caries in older adults. Inconclusive evidence (evidence level 4) was found regarding the effect of FMRs in schoolchildren and adolescents exposed to additional fluoride sources such as daily use of fluoride toothpaste. No firm support for the use of FMRs was disclosed in a small number of studies designed for patients at caries risk. Furthermore, no association between the frequency of the rinses and prevented fraction or saved surfaces per year was found. In conclusion, this systematic review suggests that sodium fluoride mouthrinses may have an anti-caries effect in children with limited background of fluoride exposure, while its additional effect in children with daily use of fluoride toothpaste could be questioned. The need for further clinical trials to elucidate the effect of FMRs in risk patients and older adults is emphasized.
PMID: 15513419 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15503849Int Dent J. 2004 Oct;54(5):256-60.
Is the fluoride level in drinking water a gold standard for the control of dental caries?
Khan AA, Whelton H, O'Mullane D.
Shaikh Zayed Federal Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore, Pakistan. ayyazk@brain.net.pk
AIM: To obtain baseline knowledge of levels of dental caries in 12-year-old children residing in areas with varying levels of fluoride in drinking water in Pakistan; and to observe a dose-response relationship between the prevalence of dental caries at different concentrations of fluoride in drinking water.
METHOD: Clinical examination of children and analysis of samples of drinking water.
RESULTS: The maximum reduction of caries in relation to fluoride levels in Pakistan was witnessed between the fluoride concentrations of 0.00-0.33ppm.
CONCLUSIONS: There are no gold standards for setting up a universal optimal level of fluoride in drinking water and each country needs to determine the concentration of fluoride in their drinking water in accordance with its socio-economic and climatic conditions, dietary and oral hygiene habits of its population, and local research to determine how much fluoride is beneficial in the control of caries.PMID: 15503849 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15503846Int Dent J. 2004 Oct;54(5):235-9.
Prevalence of dental fluorosis in rural areas of Davangere, India.
Chandrashekar J, Anuradha KP.
sekarcandra@hotmail.comOBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis and its relationship with fluoride levels in drinking water.
DESIGN: Twelve villages with similar climate, diet, socioeconomic conditions and altitudes were selected from rural areas of Davangere district, Karnataka, India. The fluoride concentration in drinking water was estimated by the Ion Selective Electrode Method. Dean's Index was used to assess the dental fluorosis. Karl-Pearson coefficient for correlation and simple regression analysis were used to evaluate the association between the water fluoride levels and the community fluorosis index (CFI).
RESULTS: The study group consisted of 1,131, 12-15-year-old school children. The fluoride levels in drinking water of selected villages were in the range of 0.22-3.41ppm. A stepwise increase in the prevalence of dental fluorosis with corresponding increase in water fluoride content, 13.2% at 0.22ppm F to 100% at 3.41 ppm F, was found. There was a significant positive linear correlation (r=0.99) between CFI and water fluoride level.
CONCLUSION: Dental fluorosis is a major dental public health problem among children in Davangere district and is related to drinking water with 0.74ppm fluoride or above.PMID: 15503846 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15504475Chemosphere. 2004 Dec;57(9):1157-1163.
Effects of experimental parameters on NF(3) decomposition fraction in an oxygen-based RF plasma environment.Wang YF, Wang LC, Shih M, Tsai CH.
Department of Bioenvironmental Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, No. 22, Pu-Jen, Pu-Chung Li, Chung-Li 320, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, No. 60, Sec. 1, Erh-Jen Rd., Tainan 717, Taiwan, ROC.
Clean procedure is one of the major emitters of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in semiconductor manufacturing. Nitrogen trifluoride (NF(3)) is increasingly the process gas of choice for eliminating PFC emissions. However, its toxic to human and similar global warming potential compared to most other PFCs made NF(3) warranted much more investigation. This study demonstrated a radio-frequency plasma system for decomposing NF(3). The effects of experimental parameters: input power, O(2)/NF(3) ratio, operational pressure and NF(3) feeding concentration on NF(3) decomposition fraction [Formula: see text] and energy efficiency [Formula: see text] were examined in detail. The analytical results demonstrated that the NF(3) was almost completely decomposed (>99%) at input power=30W, [NF(3)](in)=1.0% and [Formula: see text] increased with input power. However, adding O(2) to the system inhibited NF(3) decomposition and decreased [Formula: see text] . Moreover, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] decreased with gradually increasing operational pressure. Notably, increasing the NF(3) feeding concentration increased molecule density, reducing [Formula: see text] , but increasing [Formula: see text] . Furthermore, the products detected in the NF(3)/O(2)/Ar plasma system were NO(2), NO, N(2)O, SiF(4), N(2) and F(2). Potential reaction pathways in the oxygen-based NF(3) plasma environment were built-up and elucidated.
PMID: 15504475 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15491085J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2004 Jun;22(2):49-53.
Prevalence of DMFT and fluorosis in the students of Dayer city (Iran).
Ramezani GH, Valaei N, Eikani H.
Dental School of Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
The survey was performed using the cross-sectional method on 506 students selected using multi-stage random sampling. The fluorosis level according to Deans classification and DMFT with its standard method were surveyed. The water fluoride level was estimated in 6 town sources twice, using Alizarin chemical method. The fluorosis and DMFT prevalence in the samples was determined. A total number of 506 students (55.6% boys and 44.4% girls) aged 13 +/- 3 years were examined. The water fluoride level was 2.43 +/- 0.23 ppm and in all the samples, which was more than normal. 19.9% of the subjects being surveyed were healthy 43.6% had mild, 25% moderate and 11.5% had severe fluorosis. Severe fluorosis was found in 65.8% of girls and 34.2% of boys (p < 0.05). The mean DMFT value was 1.8 +/- 1.73 and was higher in girls in comparison with boys (p < 0.05).
PMID: 15491085 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15473086Int J Occup Environ Health. 2004 Jul-Sep;10(3):310-2.
Fluoride exposure and respiratory symptoms in welders.
Sjogren B.
Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Bengt.Sjogren@imm.ki.se
Welders inhale gases and respirable particles. To investigate the relationship between fluoride exposure and respiratory symptoms in welders using basic electrodes containing calcium fluoride, 63 railroad track welders were interviewed. Fluoride was measured in post-shift urine samples. Seventeen welders reported respiratory symptoms related to welding fume exposures. Respiratory symptoms were somewhat more common with increasing concentrations of fluoride in urine. The association between welding fume exposure and respiratory symptoms seems related more to fluorides than to other particles among welders using basic electrodes.
PMID: 15473086 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15461170Environ Sci Technol. 2004 Sep 1;38(17):4612-8.
Emissions of air pollutants from household stoves: honeycomb coal versus coal cake.
Ge S, Xu X, Chow JC, Watson J, Sheng Q, Liu W, Bai Z, Zhu T, Zhang J.
Am-As Corporation, Portland, Oregon, USA.
Domestic coal combustion can emit various air pollutants. In the present study, we measured emissions of particulate matter (PM) and gaseous pollutants from burning a specially formulated honeycomb coal (H-coal) and a coal cake (C-coal). Flue gas samples for PM2.5, PM coarse (PM2.5-10), and TSP were collected isokinetically using a cascade impactor; PM mass concentrations were determined gravimetrically. Concentrations of SO2, NOx, and ionic Cr(VI) in PM were analyzed using spectrometric methods. Fluoride concentrations were measured using a specific ion electrode method. PM elemental components were analyzed using an X-ray fluorescence technique. Total (gas and particle phase) benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) concentration was determined using an HPLC/fluorescence method. Elemental and organic carbon contents of PM were analyzed using a thermal/optical reflectance technique. The compositional and structural differences between the H-coal and C-coal resulted in different emission characteristics. In generating 1 MJ of delivered energy, the H-coal resulted in a significant reduction in emissions of SO2 (by 68%), NOx (by 47%), and TSP (by 56%) as compared to the C-coal, whereas the emissions of PM2.5 and total BaP from the H-coal combustion were 2-3-fold higher, indicating that improvements are needed to further reduce emissions of these pollutants in developing future honeycomb coals. Although the H-coal and the C-coal had similar emission factors for gas-phase fluoride, the H-coal had a particle-phase fluoride emission factor that was only half that of the C-coal. The H-coal had lower energy-based emissions of all the measured toxic elements in TSP but higher emissions of Cd and Ni in PM2.5.
PMID: 15461170 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15475618Biol Trace Elem Res. 2004 Sep;100(3):195-204.
Mineral content of water and food in fluorotic villages and prevalence of dental fluorosis.Bhargavi V, Khandare AL, Venkaiah K, Sarojini G.
National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR), Hyderabad-500007, India.
The fluoride (F), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and phosphorus (P) content in potable water and food samples from endemic and nonendemic villages for fluorosis were analyzed. It was found that the F content in water was significantly higher (p<0.01) in endemic villages (4.20+/-1.6 ppm) than control villages (0.63+/-0.15 ppm), whereas the Ca, Cu, and Mg contents were found to be significantly lower (p<0.05) in endemic villages compared to control villages. However, there was no significant difference in Zn and P contents between the villages. Foods grown in endemic villages contained significantly higher (p<0.01) fluoride content as compared to control villages. There was no significant difference in Ca, Mg, P, and Zn contents in food grown in endemic and control villages. Copper content in cereals (p<0.05), pulses (p<0.01), and vegetables (p<0.01) in endemic villages was found significantly higher as compared to control villages. The overall prevalence of dental fluorosis in six endemic villages was 97.4% in boys and 96% in girls, which was significantly higher (p<0.01) than that of control villages, where it was 10.5% in boys and 8.3% in girls. The prevalence of dental fluorosis was positively correlated (r=0.125, p<0.01) to fluoride and negatively correlated to Ca and Cu content in drinking water in endemic villages.
PMID: 15475618 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15384727J Water Health. 2004 Mar;2(1):23-35.
Fluorides in groundwater, soil and infused black tea and the occurrence of dental fluorosis among school children of the Gaza strip.
Shomar B, Muller G, Yahya A, Askar S, Sansur R.
Institute of Environmental Geochemistry, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 236, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. bshomar@ugc.uni-heidelberg.de
The purpose of this study was to determine the fluoride levels in water, soil and tea, and to identify the major fluoride minerals in soil that supply water with fluoride ions. Another aim was to study the prevalence of dental fluorosis in permanent dentition of the school children of the Gaza Strip. Monitoring of fluoride levels in 73 groundwater wells and 20 topsoil samples for the last three years revealed a general trend of increasing from north to south of the Gaza Strip. A linear regression analysis found a correlation coefficient of r=0.93 between the fluoride concentrations in groundwater and soil for the same geographic areas. However, the X-ray diffraction technique (XRD) results showed that none of the four major fluoride minerals were detected in the tested soil samples; the PHREEQC model showed that fluorite (CaF2) was the main donating mineral of fluoride ions to groundwater. A high positive correlation was found between fluoride concentrations in groundwater and occurrence of dental fluorosis. Among 353 school children of the five geographic areas of the Gaza Strip the prevalence of dental fluorosis was 60%, and 40% had no signs of fluorosis in their permanent dentitions. The highest occurrence, 94%, was in Khan Yunis, followed by 82% in Rafah, 68% in the middle area, 29% in Gaza and the lowest occurrence of 9% was in the northern area. These percentages were directly proportional to the average content of fluoride in groundwater of each area: 2.6, 0.9, 1.7, 1.2, and 0.7 ppm, respectively. The exception was Rafah where people drank from new groundwater wells that have been dug in the last 10 years. The occurrence of the disease was due to intake of high amounts of fluorides in drinking water, tea and fish. Communication with population indicated a heavy intake of tea starting from a very young age; not uncommonly tea is put in nursing bottles. No significant correlation was found between prevalence figures and gender or age groups. This high prevalence indicates a need to examine other sources of F including diet.
PMID: 15384727 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15373364J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 2004 Aug;54(8):960-70.
Abatement of sulfur hexafluoride emissions from the semiconductor manufacturing process by atmospheric-pressure plasmas.Lee HM, Chang MB, Wu KY.
Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, Taiwan.
Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is an important gas for plasma etching processes in the semiconductor industry. SF6 intensely absorbs infrared radiation and, consequently, aggravates global warming. This study investigates SF6 abatement by nonthermal plasma technologies under atmospheric pressure. Two kinds of nonthermal plasma processes--dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) and combined plasma catalysis (CPC)--were employed and evaluated. Experimental results indicated that as much as 91% of SF6 was removed with DBDs at 20 kV of applied voltage and 150 Hz of discharge frequency for the gas stream containing 300 ppm SF6, 12% oxygen (O2), and 40% argon (Ar), with nitrogen (N2) as the carrier gas. Four additives, including Ar, O2, ethylene (C2H4), and H2O(g), are effective in enhancing SF6 abatement in the range of conditions studied. DBD achieves a higher SF6 removal efficiency than does CPC at the same operation condition. But CPC achieves a higher electrical energy utilization compared with DBD. However, poisoning of catalysts by sulfur (S)-containing species needs further investigation. SF6 is mainly converted to SOF2, SO2F4, sulfur dioxide (SO2), oxygen difluoride (OF2), and fluoride (F2). They do not cause global warming and can be captured by either wet scrubbing or adsorption. This study indicates that DBD and CPC are feasible control technologies for reducing SF6 emissions.
PMID: 15373364 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15371213J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2004 Oct 22-Nov 26;67(20-22):1741-53.
Environmental evaluation of fluoride in drinking water at "Los Altos de Jalisco," in the central Mexico region.Hurtado R, Gardea-Torresdey J.
Naturally occurring fluoride has been detected and quantified in drinking water in several cities of the "Los Altos de Jalisco" (LAJ) region. LAJ is located in the northeastern part of the state of Jalisco-Mexico, covering an area of 16,410 km2 with a population of 696,318 in 20 municipalities. Drinking water comes mainly from groundwater aquifers, located in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, which is a volcanic region characterized by hydrothermal activity. Results indicated that water supply from 42% of the municipalities had a fluoride concentration over the Mexican standards of 1.5 mg/L. It is important to notice that there are three cities, Lagos de Moreno (1.66-5.88 mg/L F-), Teocaltiche (3.82-18.58 mg/L F-), and Encarnacion de Diaz (2.58-4.40 mg/L F-) where all water samples resulted in fluoride concentration over the maximum contaminant level. The total population from these three cities is over 122,000 inhabitants. Another important city with high levels of fluoride in the water supply was Tepatitlan de Morelos (2 wells with 6.54 and 13.47 mg/L F-). In addition to water supply, 30 samples of brand-name bottled water were tested. Surprisingly, 8 samples (27%) demonstrated fluoride level over the standards, mainly Agua de Lagos with 5.27 mg/L. Fluoridated table salt (200-300 mg/kg F-) is another important source of fluoride. A large number of people living in the region, mainly school children, might be under adverse health risk because they are consuming contaminated drinking water. It is well known that long-term exposure to water with high levels of fluoride produces severe health problems.
PMID: 15371213 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15370637Acta Odontol Scand. 2004;62(3):163-169.
Effect of combined caries-preventive methods: a systematic review of controlled clinical trials.
Axelsson S, Soder B, Nordenram G, Petersson L, Dahlgren H, Norlund A, Kallestal C, Mejare I, Lingstrom P, Lagerlof F, Holm AK, Twetman S.The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the caries-preventive effect of combined caries-preventive methods, defined as two or more different interventions in combination, each expected to prevent dental caries. The Medline database was searched for articles published in the period January 1966 to June 2003. Twenty-four controlled studies met the inclusion criteria, and their value as evidence was assessed according to predetermined criteria. The level of evidence for the overall conclusion regarding each method was graded according to the protocol of the Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care. The scientific evidence for the combination of treatments involving fluoride that had a preventive effect on caries in children and adolescents was graded as moderate. However, for elderly patients the scientific evidence for the caries-preventive effect of different combinations of treatments was found to be incomplete. No conclusion could be drawn regarding the evidence for combinations of treatments being effective for groups at high caries risk, as the results from the identified clinical studies were conflicting.
PMID: 15370637 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15370638Acta Odontol Scand. 2004;62(3):170-176.
Professional fluoride varnish treatment for caries control: a systematic review of clinical trials.Petersson L, Twetman S, Dahlgren H, Norlund A, Holm AK, Nordenram G, Lagerlof F, Soder B, Kallestal C, Mejare I, Axelsson S, Lingstrom P.
The aim of this paper was systematically to evaluate the caries-preventive effect of professional fluoride varnish treatments. A search of the literature for articles published between 1966 and August 2003 was carried out in electronic databases, reference lists of articles, and selected textbooks in accordance with the strategy of the Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care. Out of 302 identified papers, 24 randomized and controlled clinical trials comparing fluoride varnish with placebo, no active treatment or other fluoride preventive regimens of at least 2 years' study duration were included. The trials that met the inclusion criteria were assessed independently and systematically by at least two reviewers and scored from A to C according to predetermined criteria for methodology and performance. The main outcome measure was the preventive fraction expressed as a percentage. The results displayed limited evidence (evidence level 3) for the caries preventive effect of topical applications of fluoride varnishes in permanent teeth. The average prevented fraction was 30% (0-69%) when compared with untreated controls. Inconclusive evidence (evidence level 4) was found for fluoride varnish treatment in the primary dentition and in adults. This systematic review reinforces the need for future clinical research of high quality, incorporating modern concepts of clinical performance and evaluation to assess dental caries control using professional fluoride varnish.
PMID: 15370638 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15369321Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 2004;183:21-54.
Cyanide hazards to plants and animals from gold mining and related water issues.Eisler R, Wiemeyer SN.
US Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 11510 American Holly Drive, Laurel, Maryland 20708-4019, USA.
Cyanide extraction of gold through milling of high-grade ores and heap leaching of low-grade ores requires cycling of millions of liters of alkaline water containing high concentrations of potentially toxic sodium cyanide (NaCN), free cyanide, and metal-cyanide complexes. Some milling operations result in tailings ponds of 150 ha and larger. Heap leach operations that spray or drip cyanide onto the flattened top of the ore heap require solution processing ponds of about 1 ha in surface area. Puddles of various sizes may occur on the top of heaps, where the highest concentrations of NaCN are found. Solution recovery channels are usually constructed at the base of leach heaps, some of which may be exposed. All these cyanide-containing water bodies are hazardous to wildlife, especially migratory waterfowl and bats, if not properly managed. Accidental spills of cyanide solutions into rivers and streams have produced massive kills of fish and other aquatic biota. Freshwater fish are the most cyanide-sensitive group of aquatic organisms tested, with high mortality documented at free cyanide concentrations >20 microg/L and adverse effects on swimming and reproduction at >5 microg/L. Exclusion from cyanide solutions or reductions of cyanide concentrations to nontoxic levels are the only certain methods of protecting terrestrial vertebrate wildlife from cyanide poisoning; a variety of exclusion/cyanide reduction techniques are presented and discussed. Additional research is recommended on (1) effects of low-level, long-term, cyanide intoxication in birds and mammals by oral and inhalation routes in the vicinity of high cyanide concentrations; (2) long-term effects of low concentrations of cyanide on aquatic biota; (3) adaptive resistance to cyanide; and (4) usefulness of various biochemical indicators of cyanide poisoning. To prevent flooding in mine open pits, and to enable earth moving on a large scale, it is often necessary to withdraw groundwater and use it for irrigation, discharge it to rapid infiltration basins, or, in some cases, discharge it to surface waters. Surface waters are diverted around surface mining operations. Adverse effects of groundwater drawdown include formation of sinkholes within 5 km of groundwater drawdown; reduced stream flows with reduced quantities of wate available for irrigation, stock watering, and domestic, mining and milling, and municipal uses; reduction or loss of vegetation cover for wildlife, with reduced carrying capacity for terrestrial wildlife; loss of aquatic habitat for native fishes and their prey; and disruption of Native American cultural traditions. Surface discharge of excess mine dewatering water and other waters to main waterways may contain excess quantities of arsenic, total dissolved solids, boron, copper, fluoride, and zinc. When mining operations cease, and the water pumps are dismantled, these large open pits may slowly fill with water, forming lakes. The water quality of pit lakes may present a variety of pressing environmental problems.
PMID: 15369321 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15341615Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2004 Oct;32(5):319-21.
Effective use of fluorides for the prevention of dental caries in the 21st century: the WHO approach.
Petersen PE, Lennon MA.
Oral Health Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Despite great improvements in the oral health of populations across the world, problems still persist particularly among poor and disadvantaged groups in both developed and developing countries. According to the World Oral Health Report 2003, dental caries remains a major public health problem in most industrialized countries, affecting 60-90% of schoolchildren and the vast majority of adults. Although it appears that dental caries is less common and less severe in developing countries of Africa, it is anticipated that the incidence of caries will increase in several countries of that continent, due to changing living conditions and dietary habits, and inadequate exposure to fluorides. Research on the oral health effects of fluoride started around 100 years ago; the focus has been on the link between water and fluorides and dental caries and fluorosis, topical fluoride applications, fluoride toothpastes, and salt and milk fluoridation. Most recently, efforts have been made to summarize the extensive database through systematic reviews. Such reviews concluded that water fluoridation and use of fluoride toothpastes and mouthrinses significantly reduce the prevalence of dental caries. WHO recommends for public health that every effort must be made to develop affordable fluoridated toothpastes for use in developing countries. Water fluoridation, where technically feasible and culturally acceptable, has substantial advantages in public health; alternatively, fluoridation of salt and milk fluoridation schemes may be considered for prevention of dental caries.
PMID: 15341615 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15368398Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2004 Mar 5;43(11):1322.
V. Percec Receives ACS Award in Polymer Chemistry / G. K. S. Prakash Receives Award for Fluorine Chemistry / N. Turro Receives ACS Award in Chemical Education.[No authors listed]
No Abstract availablePMID: 15368398 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15316641Anaesthesist. 2004 Aug 17 [Epub ahead of print]
[Hydrofluoric acid burns. A rare chemical emergency situation][Article in German]
Richter H, Hollenberg S, Sachs HJ, Oeltjenbruns J, Weimann J.
Klinik fur Anaesthesiologie und operative Intensivmedizin, Charite-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin.
Burns caused by hydrofluoric acid can be life-threatening. Of special significance is the often underestimated local and sometimes delayed deep action of the highly diffusible free fluoride ions and the accompanying systemic toxicity. The specific antidote calcium gluconate can be topically applied, injected into tissue or infused intra-arterially. Because of the extreme danger of systemic toxicity even after seemingly trivial injuries, monitoring in the intensive care station, especially by measuring the calcium concentration in blood and electrocardiography, and therapy is recommended.
PMID: 15316641 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15238950Evid Based Dent. 2004;5(2):39.
Water fluoridation and Down's syndrome evidence inconclusive.
Bebermeyer RD.
1Department of Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterials, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston - Dental Branch, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
DATA SOURCES: A qualified librarian searched 25 specialist databases, including Medline, Embase, Toxline and the Current Contents Science Citation Index, from database inception to February 2000. In addition, searches of Index Medicus (1945-1959) and Excerpta Medica (1955-1973) were undertaken by hand. Additional references were sought from individuals and organisations through a dedicated website for this review [www.york.ac.uk/inst/crd/fluoride.htm] [Note from FAN: this site not available as of July 11, 2004], and through members of a specifically designated advisory panel. Published and unpublished studies in any language were included.
STUDY SELECTION: All study designs were included that compared the incidence of Down's syndrome in populations where different levels of fluoride occurred in water supplies, either naturally or added artificially.
DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Two reviewers independently assessed each paper for inclusion, and disagreements were resolved through consensus. A qualitative analysis was conducted. RESULTS: The six studies included were all ecological in design and had poor validity scores. The estimates of the crude relative risk ranged from 0.84 to 3.0. Four studies showed no significant association between the incidence of Down's syndrome and water fluoride level whereas two studies by the same author found a significant (P<0.05) positive association (increased Down's syndrome incidence with increased water fluoride level). Only two of the studies controlled for confounding factors and only one of these presented summary outcome measures.
CONCLUSIONS: The evidence of an association between water fluoride level and Down's syndrome incidence is inconclusive. The quality of the studies included in the review was relatively low, however, and further high quality research is needed.
PMID: 15238950 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15237954J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Jul 14;52(14):4472-6.
Fluoride content in tea and its relationship with tea quality.
Lu Y, Guo WF, Yang XQ.
Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, 268 Kaixuan Road, and Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China.The tea plant is known as a fluorine accumulator. Fluoride (F) content in fresh leaves collected from 14 plantations in China was investigated. The F increased with maturity, and the F variation was remarkable in the tender shoots. Furthermore, significant negative relationships were observed between F content and the content of the quality parameters total polyphenols and amino acids. These substances are rich in young leaves and poor in mature ones. With regard to quality of tea products, the relationship with F content was studied using 12 brands of tea products in four categories: green tea, oolong tea, black tea, and jasmine tea collected from six provinces. The F level increased with the decline in quality and showed good correlation with the quality grades. The results suggest that the F content could be used as a quality indicator for tea evaluation.
PMID: 15237954 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15290267Eur J Pediatr. 2004 Jul 28 [Epub ahead of print]
Fluoride content of mineral waters on the Belgian market and a case report of fluorosis induced by mineral water use.Bottenberg P.
Dental School, Free University of Brussels (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
No Abstract available
PMID: 15290267 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Free full report available at
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-89102004000300018&tlng=en&lng=en&nrm=isoRev Saude Publica. 2004 Jun;38(3):459-65. Epub 2004 Jul 08.
[Evaluation of the fluoride concentration and consumption of mineral water]
[Article in Portuguese]
Ramires I, Grec RH, Cattan L, Moura PG, Lauris JR, Buzalaf MA.
Departamento de Odontopediatria, Ortodontia e Saude Coletiva, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brasil.OBJECTIVE: Considering that water is an importance source of fluoride intake, and that the consumption of mineral water and prevalence of dental fluorosis have been increasing, the aim of this study was to evaluate the consumption of mineral water and its fluoride concentration.
METHODS: The study was performed in residential districts of the municipality of Bauru, State of Sao Paulo, by means of stratified sampling via clusters. Each cluster corresponded to one residential block. For randomization purposes, the residential blocks were numbered within the 17 districts established by the city plan. One thousand homes were thus visited. Mineral water samples were collected using previously labeled 50 ml plastic flasks. Fluoride analysis was done using an ion-sensitive electrode (Orion 9609), after buffering using TISAB II. Information on the consumption of mineral water was obtained by means of applying a questionnaire.
RESULTS: Around 29.72% of the city's population was consuming mineral water. In the 260 samples analyzed from 29 different brands of water, the fluoride concentration ranged from 0.045 to 1.515 mg/l. For one brand, the label stated that the fluoride concentration was 0.220 mg/l, but analysis revealed a concentration of 1.515 mg/l. Moreover, some brands did not specify the fluoride concentration on the label and, for these, the analysis showed concentrations ranging from 0.049 to 0.924 mg/l.
CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrated wide variation in fluoride concentrations and reinforce the importance of the control of such waters by the sanitary surveillance agency.PMID: 15243678 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15242382Int J Paediatr Dent. 2004 Jul;14(4):260-6.
Fluoride content in bottled waters, juices and carbonated soft drinks in Mexico City, Mexico.
Jimenez-Farfan MD, Hernandez-Guerrero JC, Loyola-Rodriguez JP, Ledesma-Montes C.
Departamento de Inmunologia, Division de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigacion, Facultad de Odontologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City.
Summary.
Objective. The objective of this study was to analyse 283 samples of soft drinks available in the metropolitan market of Mexico City, Mexico: 105 juices, 101 nectars, 57 carbonated drinks and 20 bottled waters.
Materials and methods. Samples of the beverages were analysed using an Orion 720A potentiometer and an Orion 9609BN F ion-specific electrode.
Results. Fluoride concentration in the above-mentioned products ranged from 0.07 to 1.42 p.p.m. It was found that fluoride concentrations varied according to the brand, flavour and presentation of the product. The highest mean concentration of fluoride was found in the juices and cola drinks (0.67 +/- 0.38 and 0.49 +/- 0.41 p.p.m., respectively). The mean fluoride concentration for carbonated drinks was 0.43 +/- 0.36 p.p.m. Bottled waters had a fluoride concentration of 0.21 +/- 0.08 p.p.m.
Conclusions. The findings suggest that fluoride ingested through bottled drinks represents an important part of the total fluoride ingested by the population. In view of the wide variation of fluoride concentration in the tested products, it is necessary to implement regulatory guidelines for controlling its concentration in order to prevent dental fluorosis.PMID: 15242382 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15195468Food Addit Contam. 2004 Mar;21(3):210-5.
Total and acid-soluble fluoride content of infant cereals, beverages and biscuits from Brazil.
Buzalaf MA, de Almeida BS, Cardoso VE, Olympio KP, Furlani Tde A.Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru Dental School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. mbuzalaf@fob.usp.br
Total fluoride (TF) and HCl 0.01 M ('gastric juice')-soluble fluoride (SF) were analysed in infant foods, beverages and calcium-rich biscuits. Samples were divided into seven categories: children cereals (A), chocolate-flavoured milk (B), soy beverages (C), filled biscuits (D), non-filled biscuits (E), wafer biscuits (F) and corn starch biscuits (G). Mean TF concentrations +/- SD (amplitude, unit microgram F ml-1 or microgram F g-1) were: (A) 4.25 +/- 3.04 (0.20-7.84, n = 6); (B) 0.34 +/- 0.47 (0.05-1.27, n = 6); (C) 0.15 +/- 0.07 (0.09-0.29, n = 8); (D) 8.44 +/- 1.76 (7.65-10.47, n = 4); (E) 12.41 +/- 1.15 (10.69-13.68, n = 4); (F) 0.35 +/- 0 (0.34-0.36, n = 4) and (G) 7.77 +/- 1.12 (6.86-8.68, n = 2). Five samples of cereals, one sample of chocolate-flavoured milk and 10 samples of biscuits were analysed for SF. In cereals analysed for SF, all fluoride was soluble, while for the chocolate-flavoured milk, approximately 50% of TF was soluble. Regarding the biscuits analysed for SF approximately 20% of TF was soluble. It was observed that some of the cereals and beverages, and most of the biscuits analysed, might be important contributors to total daily fluoride intake. When consumed just once per day, cereals and beverages might supply up to 25% of the maximum recommended daily fluoride intake (0.07 mg F kg-1 body weight) for a 2-year-old child (12 kg). For the filled, non-filled and corn starch biscuits, when 3, 32 or 20 units of them, respectively, are consumed just once per day, they may supply up to 16% of the maximum recommended daily fluoride intake. However, only approximately 25% of fluoride absorption occurs from the stomach and 75% from the small intestine. Therefore, a higher fluoride bioavailability is possible.
PMID: 15195468 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15189675J Anal Toxicol. 2004 May-Jun;28(4):249-52.
Nail and bone surface as biomarkers for acute fluoride exposure in rats.
Afonso Rabelo Buzalaf M, Escolastico Caroselli E, Cardoso De Oliveira R, Mauro Granjeiro J, Whitford GM.
Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Alameda Octavio Pinheiro Brisolla 9-75, 17012-901, Bauru, SP, Brazil.
When acute exposure to fluoride is thought to be the cause of death, confirmation often depends on the analysis of some body fluid or tissue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of nails and the periosteal surface of bone as indicators of acute exposure to fluoride. Six groups of rats were given a single oral dose of fluoride (50 mg/kg body weight), while the control group was given deionized water. The rats were killed at 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 48 h after fluoride administration. Plasma and nails (the proximal halves) were collected and analyzed for fluoride with an ion-specific electrode after hexamethyldisiloxane-facilitated diffusion. A circular area of the femur (4.52 mm(2)) was etched with 0.5M HCl for 15 s, and, after the addition of a buffer, the solution was analyzed with an ion-specific electrode. Peak plasma concentration occurred at 2 h, followed by progressively declining concentrations. Peak nail fluoride concentrations occurred at 8 h. The mean nail concentrations at 8, 16, and 24 h were significantly higher than that of the control group. Bone surface concentrations were significantly higher than that of the control group at 4 h and thereafter. Thus, the proximal portion of nails and bone surface are suitable biomarkers for acute fluoride exposure in rats.
PMID: 15189675 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15228203Community Dent Health. 2004 Jun;21(2):143-8.
Prevalence of fluorosis in children aged 6-9 years-old who participated in a milk fluoridation programme in Codegua, Chile.Marino R, Villa A, Weitz A, Guerrero S.
School of Health, University of New England, Armidale, NSVW, Australia. rmarino@metz.une.edu.auOBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and severity of enamel fluorosis in the permanent dentition of children aged 6-9 years old exposed to fluoride through a milk fluoridation programme in Codegua, Chile.
BASIC RESEARCH DESIGN: A survey was conducted in 2002 of a sample of school children living in Codegua (n = 215) and La Punta, the control community (n = 206) to compare enamel fluorosis data with those obtained in 1994. Dean's criteria were followed to assess enamel fluorosis.
RESULTS: It was found that 16.4% of the children aged 6-9 years from Codegua had questionable fluorosis in 2002, while in 1999 10.3% were classified in this category. In addition, 7.9% and 1.3% of the children in 2002 and 1994, respectively, had at least very mild fluorosis. These increments were not observed in the control community. Comparison of mean community fluorosis indices (CFI) between the children in 2002 (CFI = 0.18) and those in 1994 (CFI = 0.06) was found to be significant (p < 0.001). For La Punta, no statistically significant results were observed (CFI 0.16 vs. 0.15).
CONCLUSIONS: Present results indicate that, although there was an expected increase in the prevalence and severity of enamel fluorosis after four years of fluoride exposure, the CFI for Codegua in 2002 is well below the upper limit of the CFI range associated with a public health concern. Therefore, if the average daily fluoride ingestion was adjusted to more appropriate doses at the time of mineralisation of anterior permanent teeth, this would minimise the increase in the prevalence of enamel fluorosis without loosing the dental caries preventive effect of F.
PMID: 15228203 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15231293Leg Med (Tokyo). 2004 Jul;6(3):197-200.
Fatality due to acute fluoride poisoning in the workplace.
Takase I, Kono K, Tamura A, Nishio H, Dote T, Suzuki K.Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka 569-8686, Japan.
We report a case of a 65-year-old worker who suffered a third-degree skin burn to 5% of his total body surface area as a result of being splashed in the face with hydrofluoric acid (HF). He died shortly thereafter without having received adequate first aid. His serum fluoride concentration was markedly increased at 6.38 mg/dl with hypocalcemia and hyperkalemia. We concluded that he died of HF poisoning. In this case he might have managed to avoid death if he had not been working alone and if he had received adequate first aid on the scene as soon as possible. We re-emphasize the need for the immediate initiation of first aid on the scene and the distribution of information on the risks of HF to workers.
PMID: 15231293 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15303400Vet Hum Toxicol. 2004 Aug;46(4):216-8.
An improved method for emergent decontamination of ocular and dermal hydrofluoric acid splashes.
Soderberg K, Kuusinen P, Mathieu L, Hall AH.
Medical Service, Avesta Polarit, Torshalla, Sweden.
Accidental hydrofluoric acid (HF) splashes often occur in industrial settings. HF easily penetrates into tissues by initial acid action allowing fluoride ions to penetrate deeply, chelating calcium and magnesium. Resultant hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia can be fatal. This report describes the utilization of Hexafluorine--a hypertonic, amphoteric, chelating decontamination solution--in workplaces where water decontamination followed by calcium gluconate inunction failed to prevent HF burns and systemic toxicity. Between 1998 and 1999, 16 cases of ocular and dermal HF splashes with either 70% HF or 6% HF/15% nitric acid (HNO3) were decontaminated with Hexafluorine at the worksite. HF burns did not develop and medical treatment other than initial decontamination was not reQuired in 12/16 (75%). In 7/16 (44%) cases, lost work time corresponded to duration of hospital observation (mean < 1 d).
PMID: 15303400 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15219444J Colloid Interface Sci. 2004 Aug 1;276(1):159-66.
Interactions between variable-charge soils and acidic solutions containing fluoride: an investigation using repetitive extractions.
Zhu MX, Jiang X, Ji GL.Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China.
The reaction between two variable-charge soils and acidic solutions containing F was investigated with a repetitive extraction method. When added F concentration was 10(-4) mol/L, F did not markedly enhance solution pH in the whole prolonged extractions, in comparison with F-free acidic solution extractions. Most of the added F was adsorbed on soil surfaces and Al-F complexes were the dominant F species in solution. With increasing extractions, the fraction of Al-F slightly increased, arising from dissolution and/or desorption of Al. In comparison with F-free acidic solution extractions, F-induced Al dissolution did not significantly increase Al release, probably because of the modest reactivity of metal-F surface complexes at terminal sites at low F loading. The gradual decrease in Al release in the following extractions was due to the gradual depletion of readily reactive Al-containing mineral phases. In contrast to the low F loading, at an F concentration of 10(-3) mol/L, the pH was enhanced dramatically in the initial extraction and a high pH was maintained in the following extractions. In the initial extraction, the increase in negative surface charges and solution pH seemingly depressed proton-induced Al dissolution and enhanced readsorption of some positively charged Al-F complexes, resulting in low amounts of Al and F in solution. In the following several extractions, F-induced Al dissolution and desorption of Al-F complexes substantially enhanced the amounts of Al and F, and the fraction of Al-F complexes in solution. Several interconnected mechanisms such as ligand exchange, the release of OH(-) ions from soluble hydroxylated Al groups, desorption of Al as Al-F complexes, and F-induced breakdown of soil minerals were responsible for the alteration in pH, Al release, and the fraction of Al-F complexes in the later extractions. A molecular-level interpretation is needed in order to address the different impacts of varying F concentration levels on soil chemistry and environments.
PMID: 15219444 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15153698