http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11874045
Sci Total Environ. 2002 Feb 21;285(1-3):237-45.
The stability and persistence of diflubenzuron
in marine sediments studied under laboratory conditions and
the dispersion to the sediment under a fish farm following medication.
Selvik A, Hansen PK, Ervik A, Samuelsen
OB.
Institute of Marine Research, Department of Aquaculture, Bergen,
Norway.
A high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was
developed to determine the concentration of diflubenzuron,
a delousing agent used in fish farming, in marine mud and shell
sand. The recovery of diflubenzuron from mud was 100.8+/-1.1%
and 105.5+/-4.3% for shell sand. The limit of quantitation was
found to be 0.1 microg g(-1). The stability of diflubenzuron
was studied under laboratory conditions in marine sediments
at different temperatures (4 and 14 degrees C). No
degradation of diflubenzuron occurred in the organic rich mud
sediment or in the shell sand sediment during the experimental
period of 204 days. Increasing the temperature from 4
to 14 degrees C had no effect on the stability. Furthermore,
diflubenzuron showed to be persistent
in both mud and shell sand sediment since no detectable diffusion
from the sediment to the water phase occurred during the experimental
period of 204 days. Increasing the water current in the
tanks had no effect on the persistence. Under
field conditions, the concentrations of diflubenzuron found
in the organic material from sediment traps placed 2 m from
the bottom under the cage in a fish farm during medication were
high and ranged from 71 to 259 microg g(-1). The concentrations
of diflubenzuron in the sediment under the fish farm were, however,
low, with a maximum concentration of 5.4 microg g(-1). The
dispersion of diflubenzuron to the sediment was limited to less
than 20 m from the edge of the cage in every direction.
Fifteen months following the medication, only traces (< 0.1
microg g(-1)) of diflubenzuron were detected in the sediment
under the fish farm. Possible explanations for this decrease
are resuspension and redistribution of sediment and/or oxic
degradation of the drug.
PMID: 11874045 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14653311
Toxicol Ind Health. 2002 Jun;18(5):225-35.
Effects of common-use pesticides on developmental
and reproductive processes in Daphnia.
Kashian DR, Dodson SI.
Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Biology, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1474, USA. dkashian@cnr.colostate.edu
Daphnia magna were evaluated for use as a screen for pesticides
that have been demonstrated to have estrogenic (o'p'-DDT, di-n-butyl
phthalate, toxaphene), anti-androgenic (p'p-DDE, linuron), thyroid
(acetochlor, alachlor, metribuzin), insulin (amitraz) or lutenizing
hormone (2,4-D) activity in vertebrates, and to establish daphnid
sensitivity to these compounds. Pesticides with unknown effects
on vertebrate endocrine systems (chlorosulfuran, cyanazine,
diflubenzuron, metolachlor, and diquat) were also evaluated.
Compounds were assayed for six days at environmentally relevant
concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 100 mirog/L, using female
Daphnia and their offspring. Sublethal endpoints included offspring
sex (sex determination), clutch size (fecundity), and adult
size (growth rate). Toxaphene was the only compound that affected
sexual differentiation, increasing male production. Daphnia
fecundity declined with exposure to toxaphene, and daphnid growth
rates were reduced by acetochlor exposure.
Diflubenzuron, o'p'-DDT, and p'p-DDE significantly reduced Daphnia
survival. No correlation existed between affected reproductive
or developmental processes and specific endocrine systems or
subsystems. Results from this study indicate that Daphnia make
a good screen for assessing potential environmental impacts
but are not a useful indicator of pesticide hormonal activity
in vertebrates. This assay consistently
detected sublethal but ecologically relevant effects of these
pesticides on Daphnia at environmentally relevant concentrations
typically below their listed EC50 value.
PMID: 14653311 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11783663
Environ Sci Technol. 2001 Sep
15;35(18):3804-8.
Persistence of the insecticide Dimilin
45 ODC on conifer forest foliage in an Atlantic-climate ecosystem.
Rodriguez E, Barrio RJ, Goicolea A, Peche
R, Gomez de Balugera Z, Sampedro C.
Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School
of Technical Engineering, University of the Basque Country,
Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain. iaproure@vc.ehu.es
The oil formulation of diflubenzuron
(Dimilin 45 ODC) persisted for 10-12 weeks on the foliage of
a conifer forest in an Atlantic-climate ecosystem. Within
22-30 days following treatment, 55-80% of the insecticide had
been removed from the foliage. During
this period, the concentration of diflubenzuron was higher than
370 ng g(-1). Aerial application at 56.3 g of Al ha(-1) resulted
in deposition levels of the insecticide ranging from 867.5 to
1824.4 ng g(-1), depending upon forest characteristics.
The results showed that aerial application is only a suitable
technique for the treatment of forest areas with dense foliage
and/or high tree density and no more than 15% of tree-free area.
The only metabolite detected was 2,6-difluorobenzamide,
and this persisted on foliage until the first rainfalls occurred.
An empirical mathematical correlation was found to express the
influence of meteorological variables--rainfall, solar radiation
and temperature--on the persistence of the insecticide. These
results suggested that degradation of diflubenzuron on foliage
could be due to photodegradation. Some recommendations were
made to optimize the deposition of the insecticide on foliage
and to minimize its persistence and the off-site spray drift.
PMID: 11783663 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11417653
J AOAC Int. 2001 May-Jun;84(3):901-9.
Determination of five pesticide residues
in oranges by matrix solid-phase dispersion and liquid chromatography
to estimate daily intake of consumers.
Valenzuela AI, Pico Y, Font G.
Universitat de Valencia, Laboratori, de Toxicologia, Facultat
de Farmacia, Burjassot, Spain.
Residues of benzoylphenylurea insecticides (diflubenzuron,
hexaflumuron, and flufenuxuron), carboxamide acaricides (hexythiazox),
and carbamate insecticides (benfuracarb) were determined in
150 orange fruit samples from September 1998 to June 1999, to
estimate exposure of the Valencian population to oranges contaminated
with these newly developed pesticides. The method for monitoring
these residues is based on matrix solid-phase dispersion and
liquid chromatography with UV or atmospheric pressure chemical
ionization/mass spectrometry (APCI/MS) detection. Orange samples
representing 11 varieties were collected from an agricultural
cooperative and examined for the 5 pesticides. In 74.6% of all
analyzed samples, the pesticide residues were below detection
limits, which ranged from 0.002 to 0.05 mg/kg. Residues were
detected in 25.4% of the samples, with higher incidences of
diflubenzuron, flufenuxuron, hexythiazox, and benfuracarb; hexaflumuron
residues were detected only occasionally. Two different pesticides
exceeded maximum residue limits (MRLs) in 4 (2.7%) of the orange
samples. Diflubenzuron surpassed 1 mg/kg
MRL in 3 samples and flufenuxuron exceeded the 0.3 mg/kg MRL
in 3 samples. The estimated daily intake of the 5 pesticide
residues during the period was 0.077 microg/kg body weight per
day. This value is much lower than the total admissible daily
intake proposed by the Food and Agricultural Organization and
the World Health Organization.
PMID: 11417653 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9763833
Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1998 Jul
4;142(27):1567-9.
Comment in:
•
Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1998 Nov 7;142(45):2488.
[A severe anaphylactic shock caused
by spraying the oak processionary caterpillar (Thaumetopoea
processionea) in North Brabant]
[Article in Dutch]
Bosma AH, Jans HW.
St. Joseph Ziekenhuis, afd. Cardiologie, Veldhoven.
The processionary caterpillar, Thaumetopoea processionea, caused
much inconvenience in the Netherlands in 1996-1997; from the
medical point of view, mostly itching and skin rash.
After contact with stinging bristles of the caterpillar and
with the pesticide Dimilin SC-48, of which diflubenzurone is
the active agent, a 72-year-old man had to be resuscitated because
of ventricular fibrillation caused by hypotension related to
relative underfilling and low systemic vascular resistance.
He made a good recovery. Such life-threatening situations can
be prevented by publicly announcing plague control measures
and closing of the affected areas to the population, with ample
margins.
Publication Types:
• Case Reports
PMID: 9763833 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9595184
Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 1998
May;60(5):702-8.
No abstract available
Implications for the use of diflubenzuron
to reduce arthropod populations inhabiting evaporation ponds
of the San Joaquin Valley, California.
McCasland CS, Cooper RJ, Barnum DA.
Department of Biology, University of Memphis, TN 38152, USA.
PMID: 9595184 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9002437
Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 1997
Jan;32(1):69-79.
Virulence of the entomopathogenic fungus
Metarhizium flavoviride Gams and Rozsypal and toxicity of diflubenzuron,
fenitrothion-esfenvalerate and profenofos-cypermethrin to nontarget
arthropods in Mauritania.
Peveling R, Demba SA.
Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ),
Postfach 5180, 65726 Eschborn, Germany.
Within the framework of the GTZ project, Biological and Integrated
Control of Locusts and Grasshoppers, a laboratory screening
fo rMetarhizium flavoviride (strain Mfl 5) blastospore pathogenicity
to the nontarget arthropods Pharoscymnus anchorago F. (Coleoptera:Coccinellidae),
Trachyderma hispida (Forskal) (Coleoptera:Tenebrionidae), Palpares
cf. tesselatus Rambur (Neuroptera:Myrmeleontidae) and Thanatus
sp. (Araneae: Philodromidae) was conducted in Akjoujt research
station, Mauritania. Various larval stages of desert locust,
Schistocerca gregaria Forskal (Orthoptera:Acrididae), were tested
as positive controls. The insect growth regulator diflubenzuron
was used as a reference in the bioassay with P.anchorago. In
addition, two organophosphate-pyrethroid insecticide swidely
used in locust control, fenitrothion-esfenvalerate (P.anchorago,
T. hispida) and profenofos-cypermethrin (Thanatussp.) were tested
as toxic standards. M. flavoviride was not pathogenic to nontargets,
but very virulent to S. gregaria. The results provided further
evidence that the host range of M.flavoviride (Mfl5), a strain
isolated from migratory locust in Madagascar, is very narrow.
Diflubenzuron was toxic to P. anchorago
and to S. gregaria. The LD50s of both chemical insecticides
tested were considerably lower than the expected initial environmental
concentration. The beneficial P. anchorago, a natural enemy
of scale insects in date palms, was considered most at risk
in the course of chemical locust control. The use of
mycopesticides to control desert locust in date palm plantations
offers an environmentally safe and economically viable alternative
to chemical control.
PMID: 9002437 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
From
Toxline at Toxnet
ENVIRONMENTAL
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY; 31 (9). 1997.
2445-2454.
Fluorinated
organics in the biosphere.
KEY BD, HOWELL RD, CRIDDLE CS
Dep. Civil
Environ. Eng., Mich. State Univ., East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The use of organofluorine compounds
has increased throughout this century, and they are now ubiquitous
environmental contaminants. Although generally viewed as recalcitrant
because of their lack of chemical reactivity, many
fluorinated organics are biologically active. Several
questions surround their distribution, fate, and effects. Of
particular interest is the fate of perfluoroalkyl substituents,
such as the trifluoromethyl group. Most evidence to date suggest
that such groups resist defluorination, yet they can confer
significant biological activity. Certain volatile fluorinated
compounds can be oxidized in the troposphere yielding nonvolatile
compounds, such as trifluoroacetic acid. In addition, certain
nonvolatile fluorinated compounds can be transformed in the
biosphere to volatile compounds. Research is needed to assess
the fate and effects of nonvolatile fluorinated organics, the
fluorinated impurities present in commercial formulations, and
the transformation
CAS Registry
Numbers:
137938-95-5 - na
112839-33-5 - chlorazifop [C14H11Cl2NO4]
112839-32-4 - chlorazifop [ C14H11Cl2NO4]
106917-52-6 - flusulfamide [C13H7Cl2F3N2O4S]
104040-78-0 - flazasulfuron [C13H12F3N5O5S]
102130-93-8 - 4-Fluorothreonine [ C4-H8-F-N-O3
]
101463-69-8 - flufenoxuron [C21H11ClF6N2O3]
101007-06-1 - acrinathrin [C26H21F6NO5]
97886-45-8 - dithiopyr [C15H16F5NO2S2]
96525-23-4 - flurtamone [C18H14F3NO2]
90035-08-8 - flocoumafen [C33H25F3O4]
88485-37-4 - fluxofenim [C12H11ClF3NO3]
85758-71-0 - 1-Decanol, 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-heneicosafluoro-
[ C10-H-F21-O ]
83164-33-4 - diflufenican [C19H11F5N2O2]
82657-04-3 - bifenthrin [C23H22ClF3O2]
81613-59-4 - flupropadine [C20H23F6N]
80164-94-9 - Methanone, phenyl((trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-,
dichloro deriv. [ C14-H7-Cl2-F3-O
]
80020-41-3 - furyloxyfen [C17H13ClF3NO5]
79622-59-6 - fluazinam [C13H4Cl2F6N4O4]
79538-32-2 - tefluthrin [C17H14ClF7O2]
77501-63-4 - lactofen [C19H15ClF3NO7]
77501-60-1 - fluoroglycofen [C16H9ClF3NO7]
76674-21-0 - flutriafol [C16H13F2N3O]
72850-64-7 - flurazole [C12H7ClF3NO2S]
72178-02-0 - fomesafen [C15H10ClF3N2O6S]
71422-67-8 - chlorfluazuron [C20H9Cl3F5N3O3]
69806-34-4 - Haloxyfop [C15H11ClF3NO4]
69335-91-7 - fluazifop [C15H12F3NO4]
68694-11-1 - Triflumizole [ C15-H15-Cl-F3-N3-O
]
68085-85-8 - cyhalothrin [C23H19ClF3NO3]
67485-29-4 - hydramethylnon [C25H24F6N4]
66332-96-5 - flutolanil [C17H16F3NO2]
64628-44-0 - triflumuron [C15H10ClF3N2O3]
63333-35-7 - bromethalin [C14H7Br3F3N3O4]
62924-70-3 - flumetralin [C16H12ClF4N3O4]
61213-25-0 - flurochloridone [C12H10Cl2F3NO]
59756-60-4 - fluridone [C19H14F3NO]
57041-67-5 - Desflurane [ C3-H2-F6-O
]
56425-91-3 - flurprimidol [C15H15F3N2O2]
55283-68-6 - ethalfluralin [C13H14F3N3O4]
53780-34-0 - mefluidide [C11H13F3N2O3S]
50594-66-6 - acifluorfen [C14H7ClF3NO5]
42874-03-3 - oxyfluorfen [C15H11ClF3NO4]
40856-07-3 - Difluoromethanesulphonic
acid [ C-H2-F2-O3-S ]
37924-13-3 - perfluidone [C14H12F3NO4S2]
35367-38-5 - diflubenzuron
[C14H9ClF2N2O2]
33245-39-5 - fluchloralin [C12H13ClF3N3O4]
31251-03-3 - fluotrimazole [C22H16F3N3]
29091-21-2 - prodiamine [C13H17F3N4O4]
29091-05-2 - dinitramine [C11H13F3N4O4]
28606-06-6 - na
28523-86-6 - Sevoflurane [ C4-H3-F7-O
]
27314-13-2 - norflurazon [C12H9ClF3N3O]
26675-46-7 - Isoflurane [ C3-H2-Cl-F5-O
]
26399-36-0 - profluralin [C14H16F3N3O4]
25366-23-8 - thiazafluron [C6H7F3N4OS]
24751-69-7 - Nucleocidin [ C10-H13-F-N6-O6-S
]
14477-72-6 - Acetic acid, trifluoro-, ion(1-) [ C2-F3-O2
]
9002-84-0 - Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) ( (C2-F4)mult-
or (C2-F4)x-)
2837-89-0 - 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoro-2-chloroethane (Freon 124) [
C2-H-Cl-F4 ]
2164-17-2 - fluometuron [C10H11F3N2O]
1861-40-1 - benfluralin [C13H16F3N3O4]
1827-97-0 - 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanesulfonic
acid [ C2-H3-F3-O3-S ]
1763-23-1 - Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid [ C8-H-F17-O3-S
]
1717-00-6 - 1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane [ C2-H3-Cl2-F
]
1582-09-8 - trifluralin [C13H16F3N3O4]
1493-13-6 - Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid
[ C-H-F3-O3-S ]
811-97-2 - 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (Norflurane) [ C2-H2-F4
]
754-91-6 - Perfluorooctanesulfonamide [ C8-H2-F17-N-O2-S
]
640-19-7 - fluoroacetamide [C2H4FNO]
513-62-2 - Fluoroacetate [ C2-H2-F-O2
]
453-13-4 - 1,3-Difluoro-2-propanol [ C3-H6-F2-O
]
420-46-2 - 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane [ C2-H3-F3
]
406-90-6 - Fluroxene (Ethene, (2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-) [ C4-H5-F3-O
]
370-50-3 - flucofuron [C15H8Cl2F6N2O]
335-76-2 - Perfluorodecanoic acid [ C10-H-F19-O2
]
335-67-1 - Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) [ C8-H-F15-O2
]
311-89-7 - Perfluorotributylamine [ C12-F27-N
]
306-83-2 - 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane [Freon 123) [
C2-H-Cl2-F3 ]
151-67-7 - 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HALOTHANE)
[ C2-H-Br-Cl-F3 ]
144-49-0 - Fluoroacetic acid [ C2-H3-F-O2
]
116-14-3 - Tetrafluoroethylene [ C2-F4
]
98-56-6 - 1-Chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene [ C7-H4-Cl-F3
]
88-30-2 - TFM (3-Trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol)[ C7-H4-F3-N-O3
]
79-38-9 - Chlorotrifluoroethylene [ C2-Cl-F3
]
76-38-0 - Methoxyflurane [ C3-H4-Cl2-F2-O
]
76-15-3 - Chloropentafluoroethane (Freon 115 )[C2-Cl-F5
]
76-14-2 - Dichlorotetrafluoroethane (Freon 114 )[ C2-Cl2-F4
]
76-13-1 - 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane (Freon 113 )
[C2-Cl3-F3 ]
76-05-1 - Trifluoroacetic acid [ C2-H-F3-O2]
75-71-8 - Dichlorodifluoromethane (Freon 12) [ C-Cl2-F2]
75-69-4 - Trichloromonofluoromethane (
Freon 11, 11A, 11B) [C-Cl3-F]
75-68-3 - 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (Freon 142, Freon 142b)
[ C2-H3-Cl-F2]
75-45-6 - Chlorodifluoromethane (Freon 21) [ C-H-Cl-F2]
75-43-4 - Dichlorofluoromethane (Freon
21) [C-H-Cl2-F]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8661519
Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 1996
May;30(4):444-51.
Effects of Diflubenzuron on Benthic Macroinvertebrates
in Littoral Enclosures
O'Halloran SL, Liber K, Schmude KL, Corry
TD.
Lake Superior Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Superior,
Superior, Wisconsin 54880, USA
Two applications of the insect growth regulator diflubenzuron
were made to replicate littoral enclosures at nominal concentrations
of 0.7, 2.5, 7.0, and 30 &mgr;g/L. Assessment of the effects
of this insecticide on benthic macroinvertebrate community structure
was accomplished by measuring changes in abundance and taxonomic
richness. Chironomidae and Ephemeroptera were the most sensitive
groups sampled, with no observed effect concentrations of 2.5
and 0.7 &mgr;g/L, respectively. No adverse effects were
observed on Mollusca or Oligochaeta at any of the test concentrations.
Taxonomic richness was noticably reduced
at 7.0 and 30 &mgr;g/L on all post-application sampling
dates, producing changes in community structure that persisted
for >/=57 days.
PMID: 8661519 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
From
Toxline at Toxnet
HRC JOURNAL OF HIGH RESOLUTION CHROMATOGRAPHY; 19 (2). 1996.
105-110.
HPLC-UV DETERMINATION OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES
AT 0.01 PPM IN APPLE AND PEAR PULP USED FOR BABY FOOD
BICCHI C, BALBO C, BINELLO A, D'AMATO
A
Abstract: BIOL ABS. RRM RESEARCH ARTICLE FOOD TOXICITY DIFLUBENZURON
ETHIOFENCARB TEFLUBENZURON TRIFLUMURON TRIFORINE HIGH PERFORMANCE
LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY ANALYTICAL METHOD
CAS Registry Numbers:
• 99039-56-2 - N-(((3,5-Dichloro-2,4-difluorophenyl)amino)carbonyl)-2,6-difluorobenzamide
• 64628-44-0 - Triflumuron
• 35367-38-5
- Diflubenzuron
29973-13-5 - Ethiofencarb (Croneton)
26644-46-2 - Triforine
• = fluorinated
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=7647497
Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 1995
Jun;54(6):833-6.
No abstract available
Preliminary study of synergism of acid
rain and diflubenzuron.
Martin PJ, Clark JM, Edman JD.
Department of Entomology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
01003, USA.
PMID: 7647497 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
From
Toxline at Toxnet
KAOHSIUNG JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES; 10 (SUPPL.). 1994.
S102-S108.
DENGUE VECTOR CONTROL PRESENT STATUS
AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
YAP HH, CHONG NL, FOO A ES, LEE CY
Abstract: BIOL ABS. RRM JOURNAL ARTICLE AEDES-AEGYPTI AEDES-ALBOPICTUS
BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS BACTERIAL LARVICIDE INSECTICIDES CHEMICAL
CONTROL
CAS Registry Numbers:
95737-68-1 - Pyriproxyfen
• 64628-44-0
- Triflumuron
52645-53-1 - Permethrin
40596-69-8 - Methoprene
• 35367-38-5
- Diflubenzuron
3383-96-8 - Temefos
134-62-3 - Diethyltoluamide (Deet)
121-75-5 - Malathion
• = fluorinated
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8440876
J Appl Toxicol. 1993 Jan-Feb;13(1):67-8.
Comparative study on the effects of five
benzoylphenylurea insecticides on haematological parameters
in rats.
Tasheva M, Hristeva V.
National Centre of Hygiene and Medical Ecology, Sofia, Bulgaria.
Five benzoylphenylurea insecticides were administered to male
Wistar rats for 28 days at oral doses of 100 mg kg-1 each.
Elevation of methaemoglobin was found only in the diflubenzuron-
and triflumuron treated groups. The number of reticulocytes
was increased in all of the treated groups.
PMID: 8440876 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8419158&dopt=Abstract
Environ
Mol Mutagen. 1993;21(1):81-6.
In
vitro cytotoxic and cell transforming activities
exerted by the pesticides cyanazine, dithianon, diflubenzuron,
procymidone, and vinclozolin on BALB/c 3T3 cells.
Perocco
P, Colacci A, Grilli S.
Istituto
di Cancerologia, Universita di Bologna, Italy.
Cytotoxic
and cell transforming activities of the pesticides cyanazine,
diflubenzuron, dithianon, procymidone,
and vinclozolin were investigated in vitro by utilizing the
BALB/c 3T3 cell transformation test performed in the presence
or in the absence of S-9 mix as an exogenous bioactivation system
for the chemicals. All the assayed pesticides
were cytotoxic in the absence of S-9 mix, whereas only
dithianon exerted cytotoxic effects in the presence of metabolic
activation. All the chemicals tested did
induce BALB/c 3T3 cell transformation, to a various extent,
in the absence of S-9 mix. Cell transforming ability
of cyanazine and diflubenzuron was not detectable in the presence
of S-9.
PMID: 8419158
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8157470
Invest New Drugs. 1993 Nov;11(4):279-89.
Effects of diflubenzuron and clanfenur
on mouse bone marrow cells.
Jenkins VK, Juneja HS, Ives K, Lee S, Perry RR.
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas
Medical Branch, Galveston.
Diflubenzuron (DFB) and Clanfenur (CFN)
belong to a group of compounds called Benzoylphenyl Ureas (BPUs).
Several BPUs regulate cell growth in insects and/or inhibit
growth of B-16 murine melanomas. In view of potential clinical
use for these compounds, DFB and CFN were selected as examples
of BPUs and tested for effects on hematopoiesis in C57Bl/6 mice
housed in a conventional environment. DFB and CFN exhibit anti-tumor
activity in mice, cause little or no morbidity and mortality
and rather than causing bone marrow suppression, which is usual
for anti-cancer drugs, these agents stimulate hematopoiesis
in vivo and in vitro. Stimulation in vivo was evidenced by increased
(up to 112%) peripheral blood granulocytes 6 days after a single
injection and enhanced granulopoiesis (approximately 25%) in
bone marrow up to 18 days after treatment.
That effects of DFB and CFN were on hematopoietic stem cells
were indicated by 47% and 48%, respectively, increases in numbers
of CFUs and 97% and 95%, respectively, increases in CFUgm. Further,
bone marrow cells treated in vitro contained about twice the
number of CFUs and CFUgm as control bone marrow cells. Almost
all of the increase in number of spleen colonies, whether derived
from donors treated in vivo or bone marrow cells treated in
vitro, was accounted for by a corresponding increase in number
of undifferentiated colonies. These data indicate that DFB and
CFN treatment enhance numbers of pluripotential stem cells both
in vivo and in vitro. The mechanism of
enhancement, direct or indirect, remains to be determined.
PMID: 8157470 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8257816
Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 1993
Dec;51(6):881-8.
No abstract available
Degradational behavior of the pesticides
glyphosate and diflubenzuron in water.
Anton FA, Cuadra LM, Gutierrez P, Laborda
E, Laborda P.
Environmental Sciences Center, Spanish Council for Scientific
Research, Madrid.
PMID: 8257816 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1865887&dopt=Abstract
Nahrung.
1991;35(1):27-31.
Accumulation
of diflubenzuron in bolti fish Orechromis niloticus.
Ahmed
MT, Eid AH.
Plant Protection
Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia,
Egypt.
Orechromis
niloticus fingerlings were exposed to the insect growth inhibitor
diflubenzuron 1-(2,6-Difluorobenzoyl)3-(4-chlorophenyl)urea
for 21 days. Diflubenzuron was introduced to the aquariums where
fish were maintained at the beginning of the experiment, then
its level in water, gills and liver was detected after 1, 7,
14 and 21 days. The fish accumulated diflubenzuron
76 and 99 times greater than the water content when kept in
an ambient concentration of 2.5 and 5 mg/l, respectively,
indicating a low bioaccumulation potential. Some degradation
products of diflubenzuron were found mainly in liver and water.
PMID: 1865887
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
PAN
International Website Book reviews
Diflubenzuron.
Environmental Health Criteria, No. 184, WHO, 1211 Geneva 27,
Switzerland, 1996, 164pp.
Diflubenzuron
The World Health Organisation (WHO) has evaluated the risks
to human health and the environment posed by exposure to the
insecticide diflubenzuron. The report found diflubenzuron has
a low toxicity and is unlikely to present an acute hazard in
normal use. A review of studies of long-term dietary administration
supports the conclusion that diflubenzuron is not carcinogenic
or mutagenic. However, WHO concludes that
the main metabolite, 4-chloroaniline (PCA), is carcinogenic
in both mice and rats. In humans, and in several animal
species, PCA can cause the formation of methaemoglobin (produced
from haemoglobinÑresulting in the compound no-longer functioning
reversibly as an oxygen carrier). PCA has been reported to cause
methaemoglobinaemia. This condition
occurs when methaemoglobin levels build up in the blood causing
cyanosis, headache, dizziness, fatigue, vomiting, nausea and
coma in exposed workers and inadvertently exposed newly born
infants. Despite this no data on the direct effects of diflubenzuron
on human health were available for evaluation. According to
WHO the toxicology studies in animals nevertheless support the
theory that exposure to 0.02 mg/kg body weight will probably
not cause adverse effects in humans. Diflubenzuron.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2463298&dopt=Abstract
J Environ
Sci Health B. 1988 Oct;23(5):439-51.
In vitro
effect of profenofos, fenvalerate and dimilin
on protein and RNA biosynthesis by rabbit liver and muscle
tissues.
el-Sebae
AH, Salem MH, el-Assar MR, Enan EE.
Faculty
of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Egypt.
The present
study was carried out to investigate the effect of Curacron
(profenofos), Sumicidin (fenvalerate) and Dimilin
(difluobenzuron) on the in vitro rate of protein and
RNA synthesis by rabbit liver and muscle tissues. The synthesis
of protein and RNA were significantly stimulated in the liver
and inhibited in the muscle by graded doses of these insecticides.
Profenofos showed maximum effect on protein synthesis in both
tissues at a dose of 0.2 microgram/mL, while the maximum effect
on RNA synthesis occurred at 0.2 microgram/mL, while the maximum
effect on RNA synthesis occurred at 0.2 microgram mL in the
liver and at 2 micrograms/mL in the muscle. Fenvalerate caused
maximum stimulation in both liver protein and RNA synthesis
at a dose of 2 micrograms/mL, and maximum inhibition in the
muscle at 10 and 0.2 micrograms/mL for protein and RNA synthesis
respectively. The maximum effect of Dimilin
on both tissues was reached at 5 micrograms/mL for protein synthesis
and at 0.2 microgram/mL for RNA synthesis. The effect of Dimilin
on RNA synthesis was more pronounced in both tissues than its
effect on protein synthesis, but this trend was reversed
in the case of profenofos and fenvalerate. Present data also
showed antagonism between these insecticides on the rate of
protein and RNA synthesis.
PMID: 2463298
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3095414&dopt=Abstract
J Appl Toxicol.
1986 Oct;6(5):343-8.
Effects
of diflubenzuron on the mouse liver.
Young
MF, Trombetta LD, Carson S.
Diflubenzuron
(DFB), a potent inhibitor of insect chitin synthesis, was administered
to Swiss Webster mice in a 30-day oral intubation study. Animal
groups received either no treatment, vehicle control (Polyethylene
glycol 400), or DFB suspensions at doses of 125, 500, and 2,000
mg/kg body weight. Hepatic glutathione S-transferase activity
as well as morphological characteristics were studied. DFB
was shown to elicit hepatocellular changes at all dose levels.
The activities of three glutathione S-transferases
(S-aryl, S-aralkyl, and S-epoxide) were all altered after DFB
administration. Light microscopy revealed radial arrays
of hepatocellular vacuolization
between the portal and central vein areas. Electron-microscopic
examination, verified by morphometric analysis, revealed degenerative
changes as well as an increased volume density of the endoplasmic
reticulum.
PMID: 3095414
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2979938&dopt=Abstract
J Egypt
Public Health Assoc. 1988;63(3-4):181-98.
No
Abstract available
Hepatotoxicity
of some
antimoulting compounds in white male mice.
Berberian
IG, Enan EE, el-Sabaawi EA, el-Sheweni S.
PMID: 2979938
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9763833&dopt=Abstract
Ned Tijdschr
Geneeskd. 1998 Jul 4;142(27):1567-9.
- Comment
in: Ned
Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1998 Nov 7;142(45):2488.
- [A
severe anaphylactic shock caused by
spraying the oak processionary caterpillar (Thaumetopoea processionea)
in North Brabant]
[Article
in Dutch]
Bosma
AH, Jans HW.
St. Joseph
Ziekenhuis, afd. Cardiologie, Veldhoven.
The processionary
caterpillar, Thaumetopoea processionea, caused much inconvenience
in the Netherlands in 1996-1997; from the medical point of view,
mostly itching and skin rash. After contact with stinging bristles
of the caterpillar and with the pesticide Dimilin
SC-48, of which diflubenzurone is the active agent, a
72-year-old man had to be resuscitated because of ventricular
fibrillation
caused by hypotension related
to relative underfilling and low systemic vascular resistance.
He made a good recovery. Such life-threatening situations can
be prevented by publicly announcing plague control measures
and closing of the affected areas to the population, with ample
margins.
PMID: 9763833
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11874045&dopt=Abstract
Sci Total
Environ. 2002
Feb 21;285(1-3):237-45.
The stability
and persistence of diflubenzuron in marine sediments
studied under laboratory conditions and the dispersion to the
sediment under a fish farm following medication.
Selvik
A, Hansen PK, Ervik A, Samuelsen OB.
Institute
of Marine Research, Department of Aquaculture, Bergen, Norway.
A high performance
liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed to determine
the concentration of diflubenzuron, a delousing agent used in
fish farming, in marine mud and shell sand. The recovery of
diflubenzuron from mud was 100.8+/-1.1% and 105.5+/-4.3% for
shell sand. The limit of quantitation was found to be 0.1 microg
g(-1). The stability of diflubenzuron was studied under laboratory
conditions in marine sediments at different temperatures (4
and 14 degrees C). No degradation of diflubenzuron occurred
in the organic rich mud sediment or in the shell sand sediment
during the experimental period of 204 days. Increasing the temperature
from 4 to 14 degrees C had no effect on the stability. Furthermore,
diflubenzuron showed to be persistent in both mud and shell
sand sediment since no detectable diffusion from the sediment
to the water phase occurred during the experimental period of
204 days. Increasing the water current in the tanks had no effect
on the persistence. Under field conditions, the concentrations
of diflubenzuron found in the organic material from sediment
traps placed 2 m from the bottom under the cage in a fish farm
during medication were high and ranged from 71 to 259 microg
g(-1). The concentrations of diflubenzuron in the sediment under
the fish farm were, however, low, with a maximum concentration
of 5.4 microg g(-1). The dispersion of diflubenzuron to the
sediment was limited to less than 20 m from the edge of the
cage in every direction. Fifteen months following the medication,
only traces (< 0.1 microg g(-1)) of diflubenzuron were detected
in the sediment under the fish farm. Possible explanations for
this decrease are resuspension and redistribution of sediment
and/or oxic degradation of the drug.
PMID: 11874045
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11783663&dopt=Abstract
Environ
Sci Technol. 2001 Sep 15;35(18):3804-8.
Persistence
of the insecticide Dimilin
45 ODC on conifer forest foliage in an Atlantic-climate
ecosystem.
Rodriguez
E, Barrio RJ, Goicolea A, Peche R, Gomez de Balugera Z, Sampedro
C.
Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Technical
Engineering, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria-Gasteiz,
Spain. iaproure@vc.ehu.es
The oil
formulation of diflubenzuron (Dimilin
45 ODC) persisted for 10-12 weeks on the foliage of a
conifer forest in an Atlantic-climate ecosystem. Within 22-30
days following treatment, 55-80% of the insecticide had been
removed from the foliage. During this period, the concentration
of diflubenzuron was higher than 370 ng g(-1). Aerial application
at 56.3 g of Al ha(-1) resulted in deposition levels of the
insecticide ranging from 867.5 to 1824.4 ng g(-1), depending
upon forest characteristics. The results showed that aerial
application is only a suitable technique for the treatment of
forest areas with dense foliage and/or high tree density and
no more than 15% of tree-free area. The only metabolite detected
was 2,6-difluorobenzamide, and this persisted on foliage until
the first rainfalls occurred. An empirical mathematical correlation
was found to express the influence of meteorological variables--rainfall,
solar radiation and temperature--on the persistence of the insecticide.
These results suggested that degradation of diflubenzuron on
foliage could be due to photodegradation. Some recommendations
were made to optimize the deposition of the insecticide on foliage
and to minimize its persistence and the off-site spray drift.
PMID: 11783663
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11681690&dopt=Abstract
J Econ Entomol.
2001 Oct;94(5):1243-8.
Inheritance
of diflubenzuron resistance and monooxygenase activities
in a laboratory-selected strain of Lucilia cuprina (Diptera:
Calliphoridae).
Kotze
AC, Sales N.
New South
Wales Agriculture, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute,
Camden, Australia.
Inheritance
of the high-level diflubenzuron resistance shown by a laboratory-selected
strain of Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) was examined in matings
with a susceptible reference strain. Progeny of reciprocal crosses
between resistant females and susceptible males showed higher
LC50 values than the alternate reciprocal cross, indicating
some maternal influence on inheritance of resistance. Resistance
was inherited in a codominant (S male x R female) or incompletely
recessive (R male x S female) manner. Monooxygenase activities
(aldrin epoxidation) of the F1 generations were also intermediate
between the levels shown by the parental lines, however, inheritance
of enzyme activities showed greater degrees of dominance than
for resistance levels. There was also some maternal influence
on inheritance of monooxygenase activities. Backcrosses of F1
generations to both susceptible and resistant parents did not
fit the expected patterns for a major sex-linked resistance
locus, indicating that the maternal influence on resistance
inheritance was not associated with sex-linkage of a major resistance
gene. The backcross data also failed to fit the model for a
single major autosomal gene, suggesting that the resistance
in the diflubenzuron-selected strain is polygenic, involving
mechanisms additional to monooxygenases.
PMID: 11681690
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11432004&dopt=Abstract
Aust Vet
J. 2001 May;79(5):358-62.
Surveys
to assess the amount of pesticide in wool and the use of pesticides
by woolgrowers in Queensland.
Ward
MP, Armstrong RT.
Queensland
Department of Primary Industries, Animal Research Institute,
Locked Mail Bag 4, Moorooka, Queensland 4105.
OBJECTIVE:
To measure the amounts of pesticide residue in wool grown in
Queensland between 1997 and 1999, and to describe the use of
pesticides for the control of lice infestations and blowfly
strike in Queensland sheep flocks. DESIGN: Pesticide residues
were measured in a random sample of wool from Queensland clips
offered for sale during 1998 and 1999. Information on pesticide
use was obtained from a trace-back postal survey.
PROCEDURE: Samples taken from wool lots were tested for the
presence and amount of organophosphorus (OP), synthetic pyrethroid
(SP) and insect growth regulator pesticides. A questionnaire
seeking information on flock characteristics and pesticide use
was sent to the manager of each flock from which a wool sample
was tested.
RESULTS: The mean amount of OP and SP residue was 2.0 and 0.8
mg/kg, respectively. Ninety-five and 98% of wool samples contained
< 9 mg/kg and 7 mg/kg of OP and SP residues, respectively. The
mean amount of cyromazine, diflubenzuron
and triflumuron was 12.7, 5.8
and 13.0 mg/kg, respectively. The amounts of OP, cyromazine
and triflumuron residues were greater in wool from flocks located
in southern Queensland.
CONCLUSION: Most (95%; 95% CI, 92-97%) Queensland wool clips
grown between 1997 and 1999 meet the suggested Australian maximum
acceptable residue amounts for OP and SP pesticides.
PMID:
11432004 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11417653&dopt=Abstract
J AOAC Int.
2001 May-Jun;84(3):901-9.
Determination
of five pesticide residues in oranges
by matrix solid-phase dispersion and liquid chromatography
to estimate daily intake of consumers.
Valenzuela
AI, Pico Y, Font G.
Universitat
de Valencia, Laboratori, de Toxicologia, Facultat de Farmacia,
Burjassot, Spain.
Residues
of benzoylphenylurea insecticides (diflubenzuron, hexaflumuron,
and flufenuxuron), carboxamide acaricides (hexythiazox), and
carbamate insecticides (benfuracarb) were determined in 150
orange fruit samples from September 1998 to June 1999, to estimate
exposure of the Valencian population to oranges contaminated
with these newly developed pesticides. The method for monitoring
these residues is based on matrix solid-phase dispersion and
liquid chromatography with UV or atmospheric pressure chemical
ionization/mass spectrometry (APCI/MS) detection. Orange samples
representing 11 varieties were collected from an agricultural
cooperative and examined for the 5 pesticides. In 74.6% of all
analyzed samples, the pesticide residues were below detection
limits, which ranged from 0.002 to 0.05 mg/kg. Residues
were detected in 25.4% of the samples, with higher incidences
of diflubenzuron, flufenuxuron, hexythiazox, and benfuracarb;
hexaflumuron residues were detected only occasionally. Two different
pesticides exceeded maximum residue limits (MRLs) in 4 (2.7%)
of the orange samples. Diflubenzuron surpassed
1 mg/kg MRL in 3 samples and flufenuxuron exceeded the
0.3 mg/kg MRL in 3 samples. The estimated daily intake of the
5 pesticide residues during the period was 0.077 microg/kg body
weight per day. This value is much lower than the total admissible
daily intake proposed by the Food and Agricultural Organization
and the World Health Organization.
PMID:
11417653 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10799337&dopt=Abstract
Toxicol
Appl Pharmacol. 2000 May 1;164(3):273-9.
Diflubenzuron,
a benzoyl-urea insecticide, is a potent
inhibitor of TCDD-induced CYP1A1 expression in HepG2
cells.
Ledirac
N, Delescluse C, Lesca P, Piechocki MP, Hines RN, de Sousa G,
Pralavorio M, Rahmani R.
Laboratoire
de Pharmaco-Toxicologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire, INRA, Antibes,
06606, France.
Diflubenzuron
(DFB) belongs to a group of compounds
called benzoyphenyl ureas acting as chitin synthesis inhibitors,
which also inhibit growth of B16 murine melanomas. The present
study was designed to investigate the effect of this insecticide,
on CYP1A1 expression and induction in human hepatoma cells HepG2.
Treatment of HepG2 cells over 72 h with noncytotoxic concentrations
of DFB resulted in a strong dose-dependent decrease in constitutive
ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity. Moreover, DFB
significantly decreased CYP1A1 induction by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
(TCDD) after 24 h exposure, as demonstrated by ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase
(EROD) activity and Northern blot analysis. Additional studies
were performed both on parental HepG2 cells and HepG2-241c.1,
which were stably transfected with the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase
(CAT) reporter gene, cloned under the control of the human CYP1A1
promoter (-1140 to +59). Ribonuclease protection assays (RPA)
analysis clearly demonstrated an inhibition of CYP1A1 transcription
in both cell lines. Surprisingly, in corresponding experiments
using 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) as a CYP1A1 inducer, DFB was
less effective. Finally, in competitive binding studies using
a 9S-enriched fraction of HepG2 cytosol, DFB
was capable of displacing [(3)H]-2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
(TCDD) from its Ah receptor binding site. Taken together,
these results support the involvement of a transcriptional mechanism
in the inhibition of CYP1A1 expression in HepG2 cells by DFB,
possibly via an Ah receptor antagonism. Copyright 2000 Academic
Press.
PMID: 10799337
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9830572&dopt=Abstract
Aust Vet
J. 1998 Oct;76(10):698-9.
Residues
of insect growth regulators on Queensland wool.
Ward
MP, Armstrong RT.
Queensland
Department of Primary Industries, Animal Research Institute,
Moorooka, Queensland.
PMID: 9830572
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9595184&dopt=Abstract
Bull Environ
Contam Toxicol. 1998 May;60(5):702-8.
Implications
for the use of diflubenzuron to reduce arthropod populations
inhabiting evaporation ponds of the San Joaquin Valley, California.
McCasland
CS, Cooper RJ, Barnum DA.
Department
of Biology, University of Memphis, TN 38152, USA.
PMID: 9595184
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12232876&dopt=Abstract
Arch Insect
Biochem Physiol. 2002 Oct;51(2):91-101.
Significance
of penetration, excretion, and transovarial uptake to toxicity
of three insect
growth regulators in predatory lacewing adults.
Medina
P, Smagghe G, Budia F, Del Estal P, Tirry L, Vinuela E.
Proteccion
de Cultivos, Escuela Tecnica Superior de Ingenieros Agronomos,
Madrid, Spain.
Topical
treatment of the predatory lacewing adults, Chrysoperla carnea
(Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) before and after the onset
of oviposition with diflubenzuron (DFB)
at doses based on the maximum field recommended concentration
resulted in a total inhibition of egg hatch due to death of
the embryo. In contrast, pyriproxyfen (PYR) and tebufenozide
(TEB) did not affect fecundity and egg fertility. To explain
these differences in toxicity, the patterns of penetration through
the cuticle, distribution inside the insect body, and excretion
were studied using [(14)C]-labeled isotopes of each insect growth
regulator (IGR). Penetration of DFB and
TEB reached about 16 and 26% in 7 days, whereas 88% of PYR had
penetrated in 24 h. However, the rate of excretion for PYR was
very high, compared to that of DFB
and TEB. Low amounts of absorbed radioactivity were recovered
from the female body with the exception of DFB,
the ovaries and the eggs deposited during a week. DFB
and PYR concentration reached a peak in the eggs deposited at
the fourth and second day after treatment, respectively. The
current data indicate the importance of penetration through
the insect cuticle. However, other mechanisms are likely to
be involved in the selectivity of the current IGRs towards this
beneficial insect. Copyright 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
PMID: 12232876
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
From
Dart Special at Toxnet
Environmental
Toxicology and Risk Assessment: Modeling and Risk Assessment
(ASTM STP 1317) 1997;6:533-50
Age-specific
sensitivity of grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) embryos to
sublethal concentrations of diflubenzuron.
Wilson JE
Department
of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD.
Ovigerous grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) carrying 0.5-, 1-,
3-, 6-, and 8-day-old embryos (i.e., stages 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5,
respectively) were exposed continuously for 4 days to a single
dose of diflubenzuron (DFB) at sublethal concentrations (0.3
to 5.0 ug/L) in a static system. After the 4-day exposure, the
shrimp were transferred to DFB-free seawater for the rest of
the embryonic development. When the eggs hatched, the following
toxicity-endpoints were measured: Hatchability (% hatch), larval
viability (% of larvae surviving to the postlarval stage), duration
of larval development from hatching to the postlarval stage,
and severity of morphological abnormality in the larvae after
hatching. There was no correlation between the age of the embryos
at exposure and either hatchability or duration of larval development.
Also, severity of abnormality did not
vary with age of embryos except at an exposure concentration
of 2.5 ug/L. However, within each age group of the embryos,
the severity of larval abnormality was and duration of larval
development was concentration dependent. Larval
viability was significantly (P
less than 0.05) affected by the
age of the embryos at the time of exposure to DFB. For
all the test concentrations, exposure of 0.5- and 1-day-old
embryos resulted in larval viability that was similar to the
control group (viability greater than 80%). However,
when 6- and 8-day-old embryos were exposed to DFB concentrations
greater than 0.5 ug/L, larval viability was significantly
(P less than 0.05) less than
the controls. These results indicate that older embryos (at
more advanced stages of development) of the grass shrimp are
more sensitive to sublethal DFB concentrations.
From
Dart Special at Toxnet
Environ
Toxicol Chem 1995;14(8):1345-55
Effects
of diflubenzuron on the reproductive success of the bluegill
sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus.
Tanner DK, Moffett MF
U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory,
Duluth, MN.
Exposure to diflubenzuron concentrations
of 2.5 ug/L reduced growth of young-of- the-year (Y-O-Y) bluegill
by 56 and 86% in replicate enclosures and by 88 and 97% at 30
ug/L. An adult bluegill reproduction study was conducted
in six littoral enclosures located in a 2-ha pond near Duluth,
Minnesota. Decreased growth of Y-O-Y bluegill resulted from
the reduction or elimination of preferred invertebrate prey
items by diflubenzuron that led to different and/or less Y-O-Y
food consumption. Adult bluegill behavior and spawning, embryo
hatching, larval survival until swim-up, and Y-O-Y biomass were
also studied. Before the first two diflubenzuron applications,
spawning occurred in all enclosures; following the first application,
spawning occurred in both control enclosures and one 30-ug/L
enclosure. Successful embryo hatching and larval swim-up occurred
in all enclosures prior to the first application, and in one
control and one 30-ug/L enclosure following application. The
Y-O-Y growth was the most sensitive end point, and Y-O-Y biomass
was among the least sensitive end points for bluegill reproductive
success. The Y-O-Y bluegills (and potentially other fish species)
that are exposed to diflubenzuron concentrations of greater
than or equal to 2.5 ug/L may experience
reduced growth, which can result in greater starvation, increased
predation, reductions in over-winter survival, and diminished
to poor recruitment.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7647497&dopt=Abstract
Bull Environ
Contam Toxicol. 1995 Jun;54(6):833-6.
No
Abstract available
Preliminary
study of synergism of acid rain and diflubenzuron.
Martin
PJ, Clark JM, Edman JD.
Department
of Entomology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003, USA.
PMID: 7647497
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8440876&dopt=Abstract
J Appl Toxicol.
1993
Jan-Feb;13(1):67-8.
Comparative
study on the effects of five benzoylphenylurea insecticides
on haematological parameters in rats.
Tasheva
M, Hristeva V.
National
Centre of Hygiene and Medical Ecology, Sofia, Bulgaria.
Five benzoylphenylurea
insecticides were administered to male Wistar rats for 28 days
at oral doses of 100 mg kg-1 each. Elevation
of methaemoglobin was found only in the diflubenzuron- and triflumuron
treated groups. The number of reticulocytes was increased
in all of the treated groups.
PMID: 8440876
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
From Dart Special at Toxnet
Chemically Induced Birth Defects 1993;2:675-721
Pesticides.
Schardein JL
International Research and Development Corporation, Mattawan,
MI.
Medical Subject Headings (MeSH):
Pregnancy
Animal
Human
Female
Pesticides/*TOXICITY
*Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid/TOXICITY
Insecticides/TOXICITY
Substance (CAS Registry Number): [Too
many to list]
Sodium fluoroacetate (62-74-8)
[Note: the following organofluorines
were included]
Diflubenzuron
(35367-38-5)
Ethalfluralin
(55283-68-6)
Flusilazole
(85509-19-9)
Gliftor (8065-71-2) - [Synonym: 1-Chloro-3-fluoro-2-propanol
mixt. with 1,3-difluoro-2-propanol]
N-Methyl-N- 1-naphthyl fluoroacetamide [Nissol] (5903-13-9)
Sarin [Synonym: (+-)-Isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate] (107-44-8)
Sodium
fluoroacetate (62-74-8)
Sodium
hexafluorosilicate [also known as Sodium fluorosilicate]
(16893-85-9)
Soman [Synonym: 1,2,2-Trimethylpropyl methylphosphonofluoridate]
(96-64-0)
Sulfuryl
fluoride (2699-79-8)
Trifluralin
(1582-09-8)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1593093&dopt=Abstract
J Environ
Sci Health B. 1992 Apr;27(2):113-23.
Bioavailability,
biological activity and characterization of bound residues of
diflubenzuron in wheat.
Aly
MA, Dauterman WC.
Department
of Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695.
Wheat grain
was treated with radiolabeled diflubenzuron at 100 ppm and stored
for various periods; up to 6 months. The grain was surface washed,
Soxhlet-extracted with methanol, and the residues determined.
A relative constant amount of bound residues (4%), i.e., non-extractable
radioactivity, was found 4 months after application and remained
constant. More than 97% of the extractable radioactivity in
the grain after 6 months was identified as diflubenzuron. When
the bound residues were fed to rats, 47% of the administered
dose was eliminated via the urine and the remainder via feces
within 96 h. Diflubenzuron was the major component in the urine.
Adding bound residues to housefly media resulted in a dose-dependent
mortality of housefly pupae. Bound residues were biologically
active, preventing the emergence of adult houseflies. Supercritical
fluid extraction of the bound residues extracted 92% and 96%
of the radioactivity associated with grain and feces, respectively.
Only diflubenzuron was present in these extracts. The bioavailability
and biological activity of bound residues of diflubenzuron have
been demonstrated and the identity of the radioactivity was
shown to be parent compound. Based on
these findings, bound pesticide residues can no longer be ignored
or overlooked in the evaluation of pesticide residues and their
possible toxicological implications.
PMID:
1593093 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1616600&dopt=Abstract
Crit Rev
Toxicol. 1992;22(1):45-79.
Environmental
concentrations and aquatic toxicity data on diflubenzuron (dimilin).
Fischer
SA, Hall LW Jr.
University
of Maryland System, Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station,
Queenstown 21658.
The
insecticide diflubenzuron (DFB) is commonly used in various
mid-Atlantic states for suppression of gypsy moths in hardwood
forests.
DFB is potentially toxic to nontarget
biota because it can enter aquatic systems through aerial application
or runoff after precipitation events. Based on this concern,
the objectives of this study were to:
(1) compile, review, and synthesize literature on the fate,
persistence, and environmental concentrations of DFB in both
freshwater and saltwater environments;
(2) compile, review, and synthesize acute and chronic aquatic
toxicity data on DFB effects on freshwater and saltwater organisms;
(3) assess possible risk to aquatic biota associated with the
use of this insecticide in one specific area (Maryland); and
(4) recommend future research based on the data gaps identified
from this study.
DFB has low solubility in water and exists as a technical grade
(TG) and wettable powder (WP) formulation. The toxicity of both
formulations is similar at concentrations less than 10 micrograms/l.
Organic matter is a major factor influencing the adsorption
and degradation of DFB in freshwater, saltwater, and sediment.
The half-life of this insecticide in freshwater is approximately
3 days at a pH of 10 and temperature of 36 degrees C. At lower
pH conditions of 6 and at the same temperature, DFB is more
persistent since half-life values of approximately 9 days have
been reported. The half-life of DFB in soil is less than 14
days when the particle size was approximately 2 microns. The
half-life is generally greater in cool, dry soil than in hot,
wet soil. Aquatic
vegetation acts as a sink for DFB by gradually adsorbing the
chemical and releasing it over a period of time. Freshwater
organisms demonstrated a wide range of sensitivity to DFB. Sensitivity
was dependent on body composition (i.e., exo- vs. endoskeleton),
trophic level, and life stage. During
acute exposures, aquatic invertebrates were more than 25,000
times as sensitive to DFB than fishes. The most acutely
sensitive species tested was the Amphipod, Hyallela azteca (96-h
LC50 = 1.84 micrograms/l). A mature Plecopteran, Skwala sp.,
was the most resistant invertebrate species tested in acute
tests (96-h LC50 greater than 100,000 micrograms/l). In chronic
tests, DFB concentrations of 1 microgram/l or greater were reported
to eliminate populations of various Plecopteran (stoneflies)
and Ephemeropteran (mayflies) species after 1 month of exposure.
A 30-day LC50 of 0.1 micrograms/l DFB was also reported for
the Tricopteran, Clistorinia magnifica.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
400 WORDS)
Publication
Types: Review; Review, Tutorial
PMID: 1616600
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2503072&dopt=Abstract
Bull Environ
Contam Toxicol. 1989 Jul;43(1):60-5.
No
Abstract available
Hematological
studies on white male rats exposed to some antimoulting compounds.
Berberian
IG, Enan EE.
Central
Agricultural Pesticides Laboratory, University of Alexandria,
Egypt.
PMID:
2503072 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2422789&dopt=Abstract
Toxicology.
1986 Jun;39(3):307-15.
Effects
of chitin synthesis inhibitors on incorporation of nucleosides
into DNA and RNA in a cell line from Manduca sexta (L).
Klitschka
GE, Mayer RT, Droleskey RE, Norman JO, Chen AC.
Five putative
chitin synthesis inhibitors (CSI) were tested to determine if
they inhibited nucleoside incorporation into acid precipitable
material in a cell line from Manduca sexta (L.). The results
varied. Diflubenzuron (DFB) (100 micron)
inhibited cytidine incorporation by 38%; EL-494 (100
micron) inhibited adenosine incorporation by 43%; Bay Sir 8514
(100 micron) inhibited uridine incorporation by 24%. Superdiflubenzuron
(100 micron) was the worst inhibitor overall (18-22%) for the
benzoylphenyl urea CSI. The triazine CSI, CGA 19255,
was the best inhibitor tested with 60% inhibition for cytidine
and 49% for adenosine incorporation into DNA and RNA. Examination
of cells incubated with diflubenzuron by scanning electron microscopy
revealed distinct external morphological changes. Transmission
electron microscopy showed that crystalline structures accumulated
in the cytoplasm of cells treated with DFB. The crystalline
structures were assumed to be diflubenzuron and they persisted
even after diflubenzuron was removed from the medium.
PMID: 2422789
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Environmental Pollution Series A, Ecological and Biological
Volume 41, Issue 1 , 1986, Pages 63-88
This Document
Abstract
Actions
Cited By
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Export Citationdoi:10.1016/0143-1471(86)90107-8
Copyright © 1986 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
Dynamics of diflubenzuron (dimilin®) concentrations in water
and sediment of a supratidal saltmarsh site following repetitive
aerial applications for mosquito control
P. A. Cunningham* and L. E. Myers†
* Center for Environmental Systems. Research Triangle Institute,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
† Center for Medical, Environmental, and Energy Statistics.
Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
27709, USA
Available online 24 June 2003.
Abstract
A field study was conducted to monitor changes in diflubenzuron
(DFB) and a degradation product, 4-chlorophenylurea (CPU) in
water and sediment collected from a supratidal mosquito breeding
lagoon. Three applications of a 0·4% sand granule followed
by three applications of a 25% wettable powder formulation were
made to the site. Substantial differences in the dynamics of
both DFB and CPU concentrations in water were noted among applications.
Non-linearity of the logarithm of DFB concentrations in water
as a function of time was also evident in some applications.
In such cases, the half-life parameter does not characterise
the dynamics of the process and is of questionable value.
For four of the six applications, there was strong evidence
of a decrease in DFB concentration in water. However, there
was not significant evidence of a decrease in DFB concentrations
in sediment, which appeared to be a major site for DFB adsorption.
Water concentrations for each analyte (DFB, CPU) were negatively
correlated with sediment concentrations for the same analyte,
suggesting that an exchange of both analytes occurs across the
water/sedimetn interface. Also, positive correlations were noted
between DFB and CPU in both water and sediment. These correlation
findings are counter-intuitive, if it is assumed that changes
in DFB and CPU concentrations are mainly due to degradation
of the former to the latter.
While DFB concentrations in the supratidal lagoon water tended
to remain above 0·4 g litre-1 for 7 days post application,
it seems unlikely that this toxic concentration would affect
planktonic larval crustaceans in adjacent estuaries if DFB entered
these waters via runoff or by flooding of supratidal areas.
The persistent DFB concentrations in the water and sediment
(~100 gkg-1), however, could be detrimental to detrialfeeding
populations of marsh crustaceans (e.g. Uca).
From Dart Special at Toxnet
POULT SCI 61:268-271,1982
THE INFLUENCE OF DIFLUBENZURON ON SEVERAL
REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS IN MALE AND FEMALE LAYER-BREED
CHICKENS
KUBENA LF
Taxonomic Name: GALLUS DOMESTICUS
Test Object: AVES, CHICKEN
Sex Treated: MALE; FEMALE
Experimental Conditions: PRECONCEPTION
PRECONCEPTION+
Assay Method:
REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY
GROWTH
VIABILITY, FERTILITY AND MORTALITY
SKIN AND SKIN APPENDAGES
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6803677&dopt=Abstract
Arch Environ
Contam Toxicol. 1982;11(1):1-10.
The effects
of diflubenzuron on a complex laboratory stream community.
Hansen
SR, Garton RR.
Effects
were assessed on the total biological community in complex laboratory
streams caused by continuous exposure to diflubenzuron (1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(2,6-difluorobenzoyl)
urea). The insect fauna suffered direct toxic effects at concentrations
of 1.0 microgram/L and greater. The algal and fungal floras
were mildly affected at the same concentrations; apparently
indirect effects in response to the reduced herbivore and shredder
components of the insect fauna. No effects were observed on
the bacteria, oligochaetes or gastropods, at any of the test
concentrations. Within the insect fauna, differences in sensitivities
were observed: mayflies and stoneflies were affected at 1.0
microgram/L, dipterans were affected at 10.0 microgram/L, and
coleopterans were apparently unaffected at any of the test concentrations.
Effects on caddisflies could not be determined due to their
failure to become established in the stream systems. These differences
between insect orders in sensitivity, coupled with differences
in generation time, may reduce the overall benefits of the insecticide.
For example, if diflubenzuron is used for chironomid control,
the result may be more severe and longer lasting effects on
nontarget mayfly and stonefly populations.
PMID: 6803677
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7175038&dopt=Abstract
J Agric
Food Chem. 1982 Nov-Dec;30(6):1227-33.
No
Abstract available
In vivo
and liver microsomal metabolism of diflubenzuron by two breeds
of chickens.
Opdycke
JC, Miller RW, Menzer RE.
PMID: 7175038
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6791153&dopt=Abstract
Poult Sci.
1981 Jun;60(6):1175-82.
The
influence
of diflubenzuron on several weight characteristics in growing
male broiler and layer chickens.
Kubena
LF.
Diflubenzuron
(Dimilin, TH-6040; N-[[(4-chlorophenyl)-amino] carbonyl]-2,6-difluorobenzamide)
was fed to male broiler and layer chickens at levels of 0, 2.5,
25, and 250 ppm from 1 day to 98 days of age. Characteristics
measured were body weights, grams of feed per gram of body weight,
testes weights, liver weights, comb weights, and feet weights.
There were no consistent significant differences among the control,
2.5, 25, or 250 ppm groups in any of the characteristics measured.
There was a trend for higher body weights in the chickens fed
diets containing diflubenzuron.
PMID: 6791153
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
From Dart Special at Toxnet
BULL ENVIRON CONTAM TOXICOL 25:252-256,1980
ABSENCE OF TRANSFORMATION BY DIFLUBENZURON
IN A HOST-MEDIATED TRANSPLACENTAL CARCINOGEN ASSAY
QUARLES JM, NORMAN JO, KUBENA LF
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=387118&dopt=Abstract
Bull Environ
Contam Toxicol. 1979 Nov;23(4-5):482-6.
No
Abstract available
Effects
of feeding
diflubenzuron to young male holstein cattle.
Miller
RW, Cecil HC, Carey AM, Corley C, Kiddy CA.
PMID: 387118
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=359072&dopt=Abstract
Bull Environ
Contam Toxicol. 1978 Aug;20(2):167-9.
No
Abstract available
Toxicity
of Altosid and Dimilin to juvenile rainbow trout and coho salmon.
McKague
AB, Pridmore RB.
PMID:
359072 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=359071&dopt=Abstract
Bull Environ
Contam Toxicol. 1978 Jul;20(1):66-70.
No
Abstract available
A
preliminary study of the effects of diflubenzuron and methoprene
on rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson).
Madder
DJ, Lockhart WL.
PMID: 359071
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=384922&dopt=Abstract
Arch Environ
Contam Toxicol. 1978;7(4):483-91.
No
Abstract available
Impact
of the insect growth regulator diflubenzuron on invertebrates
in a residential-recreational lake.
Ali
A, Mulla MS.
PMID: 384922
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
From Dart Special at Toxnet
MAR POLLUT FUNCT RESPONSES(PROC SYMP POLLUT PHYSIOL MAR ORG
1977) 259-270,1979
PESTICIDES: THEIR IMPACT ON THE ESTUARINE
ENVIRONMENT
NIMMO DR
PESTICIDES
ALTOSID ( 40596-69-8 )
PERMETHRIN ( 52645-53-1 )
DIMILIN ( 35367-38-5 )
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