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SULFURYL FLUORIDE
CASRN: 2699-79-8
Human Health Effects:Human
Toxicity Excerpts:
Accidental human exposure caused nausea, vomiting, cramps, itching.
[Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial
Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold,
1996. 3050]**PEER REVIEWED**
A case attributed to sulfuryl fluoride
involved a 30 yr old man who was exposed for about
4 hr to unknown concentrations of a 99:1 mixture of it with chloropicrin.
While still at work, he experienced nausea, vomiting, crampy abdominal
pain, and itching. When admitted to /the/ hospital soon afterward,
vital signs were normal; the only abnormalities observed were reddening
of the conjunctival, pharyngeal, and nasal mucosae; diffuse rhonchi;
and paresthesia of the lateral surface of the right leg. The serum
was positive for fluoride. The signs and symptoms resolved quickly;
the patient was discharged on the fourth hospital day. He returned
three times as an outpatient, complaining of persistent scratching
of the throat, flatulence, and difficulty in reading. Ophthalmological
examination revealed no abnormality, and the patient was discharged
with a strong suspicion that emotional factors played a significant
role in his disorder. [Hayes, W.J., Jr., E.R. Laws, Jr., (eds.). Handbook
of Pesticide Toxicology. Volume 2. Classes of Pesticides. New York,
NY: Academic Press, Inc., 1991. 564]**PEER REVIEWED**
A 25 year old man with postmortem blood alcohol level of 0.156%
was found lifeless in a residence that had been fumigated with sulfuryl
fluoride under canvas. [Hayes, W.J., Jr., E.R. Laws, Jr., (eds.). Handbook
of Pesticide Toxicology. Volume 2. Classes of Pesticides. New York,
NY: Academic Press, Inc., 1991. 564]**PEER REVIEWED**
Caution: Potential symptoms of overexposure are conjunctivitis,
rhinorrhea and pharyngitis; paresthesia. [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia
of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck
and Co., Inc., 1996. 1536]**PEER REVIEWED**
Two fatalities occurred when the owners of a home re-entered after
the dwelling had been fumigated with 250 pounds of sulfuryl
fluoride. The concentration to which the occupants
were exposed was not determined. The man died within 24 hr, and
the woman expired 6 days after exposure. Signs of intoxication included
severe dyspnea, cough, generalized seizure, cardiopulmonary arrest
(in the male), and weakness, anorexia, nausea, repeated vomiting,
and hypoxemia; ventricular fibrillation and diffuse pulmonary infiltration
were also reported in the female. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological
Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I,II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH,
1991. 1471]**PEER REVIEWED**
Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:
HIGHLY IRRITATING TO RESPIRATORY TRACT. [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia
of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co.,
Inc., 1989. 1419]**PEER REVIEWED**
Drug Warnings:
Food and Environmental Agents: Effect on Breast-Feeding: Reported
Sign or Symptom in Infant or Effect on Lactation: Fluorides: None.
/from Table 7/ [Report of the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee
on Drugs in Pediatrics 93 (1): 142 (1994)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Medical Surveillance:
Consider the points of attack /respiratory system, central nervous
system/ in preplacement and periodic physical examination. [Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals
and Carcinogens, 1985. 2nd ed. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation,
1985. 820]**PEER REVIEWED**
Probable Routes of Human Exposure:
Inhalation, eye and skin contact [Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals
and Carcinogens, 1985. 2nd ed. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation,
1985. 820]**PEER REVIEWED**
Emergency Medical Treatment:
EMT
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The following Overview, *** SULFURYL
FLUORIDE ***, is relevant for this HSDB record
chemical.
Life
Support:
o This overview assumes that basic life support measures
have been instituted.
Clinical
Effects:
SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
0.2.1.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o INHALATION - Sulfuryl fluoride is heavier than air and
prolonged breathing may result in fatal hypoxia. Nose,
throat, and respiratory tract irritation may occur.
Death has resulted from pulmonary edema and respiratory
arrest following inhalation exposure.
o TOPICAL - Contact with escaping liquified gas may cause
frostbite injury. Eye irritation may occur with direct
corneal contact.
o Paresthesias or seizures may develop. Nausea,
vomiting, abdominal pain, diffuse rhonchi, hypotension,
carpopedal spasm, dysrhythmias, and pruritus may occur.
o EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS - In experimental animals CNS
depression, tremors, seizures, pulmonary edema, and
liver and kidney injury have been reported.
CARDIOVASCULAR
0.2.5.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Cardiac dysrhythmias and hypotension may develop in
patients with patients with severe poisoning.
RESPIRATORY
0.2.6.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Dyspnea, irritation, and pulmonary edema can occur.
NEUROLOGIC
0.2.7.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Weakness, restlessness, seizures, and CNS depression
may occur. Long-term exposure may be associated with
olfactory deficits and subclinical CNS effects.
GASTROINTESTINAL
0.2.8.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Nausea, vomiting, drooling, and fecal incontinence may
occur following acute ingestion exposure.
Laboratory:
o Serum fluoride and calcium levels may be useful following
ingestion or significant inhalation exposure.
o A number of chemicals produce abnormalities of the
hematopoietic system, liver, and kidneys. Monitoring
complete blood count, urinalysis, and liver and kidney
function tests is suggested for patients with significant
exposure.
o If respiratory tract irritation or respiratory depression
is evident, monitor arterial blood gases, chest x-ray, and
pulmonary function tests.
Treatment
Overview:
SUMMARY EXPOSURE
o INHALATION - Remove victims of inhalation exposure from
the toxic environment and administer 100 percent
supplemental humidified oxygen with assisted ventilation
as required. Rescuers should not enter areas with
suspected high air concentrations without self-contained
breathing apparatus.
o TOPICAL - Rewarming and a variety of topical treatments
have been recommended for treating frostbite injuries.
INHALATION EXPOSURE
o INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for
respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing
develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation,
bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and
assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with
beta2 agonist and corticosteroid aerosols.
o Endotracheal intubation, supplemental oxygenation, and
assisted ventilation may be required. Calcium
replacement therapy may be needed.
o PULMONARY EDEMA (NONCARDIOGENIC): Maintain ventilation
and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial
blood gas or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of
PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
o SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine IV; DIAZEPAM
(ADULT: 5 to 10 mg, repeat every 10 to 15 min as
needed. CHILD: 0.2 to 0.5 mg/kg, repeat every 5 min
as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 4 to 8 mg; CHILD: 0.05
to 0.1 mg/kg).
1. Consider phenobarbital if seizures recur after diazepam
30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children > 5 years).
2. Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory
depression, and need for endotracheal intubation.
Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances,
hypoxia.
o Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for
the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and
administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
o TORSADE DE POINTES: Hemodynamically unstable patients
require electrical cardioversion. Treat stable
patients with magnesium, isoproterenol, and/or atrial
overdrive pacing. Correct electrolyte abnormalities
(hypomagnesemia, hypokalemia, hypocalcemia).
1. MAGNESIUM SULFATE/DOSE: ADULTS: 2 g IV over 1 to 2
min, repeat 2 g bolus and begin infusion of 3 to 20
mg/min if dysrhythmias recur. CHILDREN: 25 to 50
mg/kg diluted to 10 mg/mL; infuse IV over 5 to 15 min.
2. ISOPROTERENOL/DOSE: Correct hypovolemia first. ADULT:
2 to 10 mcg/minute (CHILD: 0.1 to 1 mcg/kg/minute) IV
infusion; titrate to heart rate and rhythm response.
Mix 1 mg isoproterenol HCl in 500 mL D5W for a 2 mcg/mL
solution.
3. OVERDRIVE PACING: Begin at 130 to 150 beats per min,
decrease as tolerated.
4. Avoid class Ia (quinidine, disopyramide, procainamide,
aprindine) and most class III antiarrhythmics
(N-acetylprocainamide, sotalol).
EYE EXPOSURE
o DECONTAMINATION: Irrigate exposed eyes with copious
amounts of tepid water for at least 15 minutes. If
irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia
persist, the patient should be seen in a health care
facility.
DERMAL EXPOSURE
o Rewarming and a variety of topical treatments have been
recommended for treating frostbite injuries (See Main
Section).
Range
of Toxicity:
o Two fatalities occurred in a couple who lived in an 80,000
cubic foot house fumigated with 250 pounds of sulfuryl
fluoride. Following fumigation, no one should enter the
area without a self-contained breathing apparatus until
measured air concentrations are below 5 ppm.
For immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination
has been carried out. If victim is not breathing, start artificial
respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask
device, or pocket mask as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately
flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce
vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left
side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway
and prevent aspiration. Keep victim quiet and maintain normal body
temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Fluorine and related compounds/
[Bronstein, A.C., P.L. Currance; Emergency Care for
Hazardous Materials Exposure. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO. Mosby Lifeline.
1994. 416]**PEER REVIEWED**
For basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary.
Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations
if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15
L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... Monitor
for shock and treat if necessary ... Anticipate seizures and treat
if necessary ... For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with
water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during
transport ... Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and
administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient
can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. ... Cover
skin burns with sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Fluorine
and related compounds/ [Bronstein, A.C., P.L. Currance; Emergency Care for
Hazardous Materials Exposure. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO. Mosby Lifeline.
1994. 416]**PEER REVIEWED**
Treatment /of acute poisoning/ includes the iv admin of glucose
in saline and gastric lavage with lime water (0.15% calcium hydroxide
soln) or other Ca+2 salts to precipitate the fluoride. Calcium gluconate
is given iv for tetany; urine volume is kept high with vigorous
fluid resuscitation. /Fluoride/ [Hardman, J.G., L.E. Limbird, P.B. Molinoff, R.W.
Ruddon, A.G. Goodman (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological
Basis of Therapeutics. 9th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1996.
1538]**PEER REVIEWED**
Animal Toxicity Studies:
Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts:
TEST ANIMALS TOLERATED 100 PPM FOR 7 HR/DAY, 5 DAYS/WK FOR 6 MO.
[Spencer, E.Y. Guide to the Chemicals Used in Crop
Protection. 6th ed. Publication 1093, Research Institute, Agriculture
Canada, Ottawa, Canada: Information Canada, 1973. 476]**PEER REVIEWED**
ORCHID PLANTS & A GRAPEFRUIT TREE SUFFERED CONSIDERABLE DAMAGE
WHEN VIKANE (SO2F2) WAS
USED TO FUMIGATE A TERMITE-RIDDEN HOUSE 15-30 FT AWAY. ORCHIDS DEVELOPED
BLACK ROT & LEAF TIP ROT AFTER 1 WK, & THE TREE LOST ITS
LEAVES & FRUIT AFTER 4 DAYS. [MORTON M, MORTON H; AM ORCHID SOC BULL 43 (10):
890 (1974)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Using quadrupole mass spectrometric analysis of sparked (electrical
discharge) sulfur hexafluoride over energy and pressure ranges of
4-94 KJ and 40-233 kPa, respectively, the by-products included SOF2,
SO2F3, SF4, SOF4, SiF4, SO2, and HF. One mixture containing 0.2%
SO2F2 and SiF4, 2% SOF2, and 4% HF was only weakly cytotoxic to
Chinese hamster lung cells, exhibiting approx 20% of the cytotoxic
activity of sparked SF6. [Griffin GD et al; Gaseous Dielectr Proc Int Symp
4th: 261-75 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Lab experiments showed that Vikane
was effective against small groups of the Formosan termite exposed
to the gas directly at 20-40 deg C. Very high or total mortality
was observed above 20 deg C at concn of 5 ml/3.8 l. At 30 deg C,
penetration was sufficient to produce high mortality with gas concn
of 4 ml/3.8 l. [LaFage JP et al; Down Earth 39 (1): 27-32 (1983)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
The inhalation toxicity of the structural fumigant sulfuryl
fluoride was evaluated in male and female New Zealand
White rabbits. Exposures during the preliminary 2-wk study were
6 hr/day, 5 day/wk, to 0, 100, 300, or 600 ppm sulfuryl
fluoride. Rabbits exposed to 600 ppm sulfuryl
fluoride were hyperactive; one animal had a few
convulsion. Exposure to 300 or 600 ppm for 2 wk resulted in vacuolation
and/or malacia in the cerebrum of all rabbits and most of these
rabbits also had moderate inflammation of nasal tissues; rabbits
at 600 ppm had inflammed tracheas or bronchi. A subsequent 13 wk
study evaluated rabbits exposed to 0, 30, 100, or 337 ppm sulfuryl
fluoride. Rabbits initially were exposed to a high
concn of 600 ppm; however, convulsions were noted in two animals
after nine exposures and the concn subsequently was reduced to 300
ppm. Vacuolation and/or malacia were observed in the cerebrum of
all rabbits at the highest concn; one rabbit exposed to 100 ppm
also had cerebral vacuolation. Rabbits at the highest concn, as
well as one rabbit exposed to 100 ppm, had inflammation of the nasal
tissues. Although repeated exposure of rabbits to 100 to 600 ppm
sulfuryl fluoride resulted
in toxicity to the brain
and respiratory system, no effects were detected in rabbits exposed
to 30 ppm for 13 wk. [Eisenbrandt DL, Nitschke KD; Fundam Appl Toxicol
12 (3): 540-57 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Groups of 35 to 36 pregnant Fischer 344 rats and 28 to 29 pregnant
New Zealand White rabbits were exposed to 0, 25, 75, or 225 ppm
of sulfuryl fluoride vapor
via inhalation for 6 hr/day on days 6 to 15 and 6 to 18 of gestation,
respectively. Among rats, maternal water consumption was increased
in the 225 ppm exposure group (p < 0.05), but there were no indications
of embryotoxicity, fetotoxicity, or teratogenicity in any of the
exposed groups. Among rabbits, maternal weight loss during the exposure
period (days 6 to 18) was observed in the 225 ppm group. Decr fetal
body wt, considered secondary to maternal weight loss, were also
observed at 225 ppm. However, no evidence of embryotoxicity or teratogenicity
was observed among rabbits in any exposure group. For both species
a low incidence of malformations were seen scattered among all exposure
groups, with no indication of any treatment related effects. In
preliminary studies, exposure of pregnant rats and rabbits to 30,
100, or 300 ppm sulfuryl fluoride produced
significantly decr maternal wt gain in both rats and rabbits exposed
to 300 ppm. Increased absolute kidney wt (rats) and decr liver wt
(rabbits) were also observed at this exposure level. No adverse
effects were observed at either 30 or 100 ppm in either species.
[Hanley TR, et al; Fundam Appl Toxicol 13 (1): 79-86
(1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Animal exposures of 1000 ppm for 3 hr or of 15,000 ppm for 6 min
were fatal to fewer than 5% of animals tested. /Species not specified/
[Zenz, C. Occupational Medicine-Principles and Practical
Applications. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Yearbook, Inc, 1988.
684]**PEER REVIEWED**
Both sexes of rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits and female rhesus
monkeys tolerated air concentrations of 100 ppm (417 mg/cu m) without
apparent adverse effect when exposed 7 hr a day, 5 days a wk, for
6 mo. Observations included survival, general appearance, behavior,
and the appearance of internal organs of animals killed at the end
of the experiment ... Later it was reported that a concentration
of 20 ppm produced detectable effects in rats, mice, and guinea
pigs exposed 7 hr a day for 6 mo, but the injury present after 12
mo was reversible when exposure was discontinued. Some evidence
of fluorosis was observed in the incisors of mice but not in those
of rats or guinea pigs. ... Although the long term effects of sulfuryl
fluoride are those of excess fluoride, it seems
possible that some or all of the acute effects are those of the
intact molecule. [Hayes, W.J., Jr., E.R. Laws, Jr., (eds.). Handbook
of Pesticide Toxicology. Volume 2. Classes of Pesticides. New York,
NY: Academic Press, Inc., 1991. 564]**PEER REVIEWED**
A review of unpublished reports of animal experiments apparently
... /indicated/ that dosages sufficient to produce illness from
a single exposure produce respiratory irritation, CNS depression,
and possible liver and kidney injury. [Hayes, W.J., Jr., E.R. Laws, Jr., (eds.). Handbook
of Pesticide Toxicology. Volume 2. Classes of Pesticides. New York,
NY: Academic Press, Inc., 1991. 564]**PEER REVIEWED**
... PHYTOTOXIC BUT WITH LITTLE EFFECT ON THE GERMINATION OF WEED
& CROP SEEDS. [Tomlin, C.D.S. (ed.). The Pesticide Manual - World
Compendium. 10th ed. Surrey, UK: The British Crop Protection Council,
1994. 935]**PEER REVIEWED**
Pregnant Fischer 344 rats and New Zealand White rabbits were exposed
to 0, 25, 75, or 225 ppm of sulfuryl fluoride
vapor via inhalation for 6 hr/day on days 6-15 and
6-18 of gestation, respectively. Among rats, maternal water consumption
was increased in the 225 ppm exposure group, but there were no indications
of embryotoxicity, fetotoxicity, or teratogenicity in any of the
exposed groups. Among rabbits, maternal wt loss during the exposure
period (days 6-18) was observed in the 225 ppm group. Decreased
fetal body wt, considered secondary to maternal wt loss, were also
observed at 225 ppm. However, no evidence of embryotoxicity or teratogenicity
was observed among rabbits in any exposure group. Thus, inhalation
exposure to sulfuryl fluoride was
not teratogenic in either rats or rabbits exposed to levels of up
to 225 ppm, and fetotoxic effects (reduced body wt) were observed
among fetal rabbits only at an exposure level that produced maternal
wt loss. [Hanley TR Jr et al; Fundam Appl Toxicol 13 (1):
79-86 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Male rats that inhaled 4000 ppm sulfuryl
fluoride survived about 2.5 hours; tonic convulsions
were observed just prior to death. With exposure to concentrations
up to 40,000 ppm, the time to death decreased in a concentration-dependent
manner. Pulmonary edema, cyanosis, respiratory arrest, and convulsions
preceded death at the higher concentrations. Because circulating
fluoride was elevated in the animals that died, the authors considered
that the toxicity of sulfuryl fluoride was
due, at least in part, to fluoride. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological
Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I,II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH,
1991. 1470]**PEER REVIEWED**
Sulfuryl fluoride has
been shown to induce renal and pulmonary injury on repeated exposure
to high concentrations. Repeated inhalation of sulfuryl
fluoride by rats, guinea pigs, and mice at 20 ppm,
7 hours/day caused no significant effects in 6 months; however,
after 12 months, there was slight injury which was reversed after
exposure was terminated. Some evidence of fluorosis was observed
in the incisors of mice; none was observed in the teeth of rats
or guinea pigs. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological
Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I,II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH,
1991. 1470]**PEER REVIEWED**
Rats and rabbits were exposed at 100, 300, or 600 ppm sulfuryl
fluoride vapor 6 hours/day, 5 days/week for 2 weeks
or to 30,100, or 300 ppm for 13 weeks. In the 2-week study, 9 of
10 rats died when exposed at 600 ppm; necropsy revealed extensive
renal necrosis. The surviving rat had inflamed respiratory and nasal
tissue, but only moderate kidney lesions. Minimal renal damage was
seen in the rats exposed at 300 ppm. Rabbits exposed at 300 or 600
ppm demonstrated hyperactivity and developed convulsions, moderate
inflammation of nasal tissues, and some inflammation of the trachea
or bronchi. In the 13-week study, rats that inhaled 100 or 300 ppm
had mottled incisors. Rats that inhaled 300 ppm developed minimal
cerebral vacuolation, minimal signs of renal involvement, pulmonary
histiocytosis, inflammation of nasal tissues, and slight, elevation
in serum fluoride concentrations. Rabbits exposed at 100 ppm or
300 ppm had varying degrees of nasal tissue inflammation and significant
elevation of serum fluoride concentrations. Serum fluoride was also
elevated in the rabbits exposed at 30 ppm; however, exposure to
this concentration did not induce toxicity in rats or rabbits. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological
Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I,II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH,
1991. 1470]**PEER REVIEWED**
When female rhesus monkeys inhaled 100 ppm (417 mg/cu m) sulfuryl
fluoride, 7 hours/day, 5 days/week for 6 months,
their survival, general appearance, and behavior were reportedly
unaffected. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological
Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I,II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH,
1991. 1470]**PEER REVIEWED**
Mice are more sensitive than rats to the acute effects of inhaled
sulfuryl fluoride, whereas
rabbits were considered somewhat less sensitive; tonic convulsions
were recorded after exposure and aveolar hemorrhage/pulmonary congestion
was seen in those that inhaled greater than or equal to 6000 ppm.
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological
Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I,II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH,
1991. 1470]**PEER REVIEWED**
Non-Human Toxicity Values:
LD50 Rat oral 100 mg/kg [Zenz, C. Occupational Medicine-Principles and Practical
Applications. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Yearbook, Inc, 1988.
684]**PEER REVIEWED**
LD50 Guinea pig oral 100 mg/kg [Zenz, C. Occupational Medicine-Principles and Practical
Applications. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Yearbook, Inc, 1988.
684]**PEER REVIEWED**
NOEL Rat and Rabbit 30 ppm, 6 hr/day, 5 day/wk [Tomlin, C.D.S. (ed.). The Pesticide Manual - World
Compendium. 10th ed. Surrey, UK: The British Crop Protection Council,
1994. 935]**PEER REVIEWED**
LC50 Rat inhalation approx 1000 ppm/4 hr [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological
Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I,II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH,
1991. 1470]**PEER REVIEWED**
Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics
Metabolism/Metabolites:
In the absence of studies on mammals, it is necessary to refer
to an excellent study on termites. First it was shown that termites
fumigated with a nonlethal concentration of [35S]sulfuryl
fluoride excreted inorganic sulfate, indicating
that fluoride had been released. Then, using the labeled metabolic
pool technique ... separate studies of termites prefed on sodium
[14C]acetate or on [32P]phosphate showed that fumigated termites
exhibited aspectrum of metabolic changes characteristic of fluoride
toxicity. [Hayes, W.J., Jr., E.R. Laws, Jr., (eds.). Handbook
of Pesticide Toxicology. Volume 2. Classes of Pesticides. New York,
NY: Academic Press, Inc., 1991. 564]**PEER REVIEWED**
... It was shown that termites fumigated with a nonlethal concentration
of (35)S sulfuryl fluoride excreted
inorganic sulfate, indicating that fluoride had been released. Then,
using the labeled metabolic pool technique, separate studies of
termites prefed sodium (14)C acetate or on (32)P phosphate showed
that fumigated termites exhibited a spectrum of metabolic changes
characteristic of fluoride toxicity. [Hayes, W.J., Jr., E.R. Laws, Jr., (eds.). Handbook
of Pesticide Toxicology. Volume 2. Classes of Pesticides. New York,
NY: Academic Press, Inc., 1991. 564]**PEER REVIEWED** Absorption, Distribution & Excretion:
FLUORIDES ARE ABSORBED FROM GI TRACT, LUNG, & SKIN. GI TRACT
IS MAJOR SITE OF ABSORPTION. THE RELATIVELY SOL CMPD, SUCH AS SODIUM
FLUORIDE, ARE ALMOST COMPLETELY ABSORBED. ... FLUORIDE HAS BEEN
DETECTED IN ALL ORGANS & TISSUES, AND IT IS CONCENTRATED IN
BONE, THYROID, AORTA, & PERHAPS KIDNEY. FLUORIDE IS PRIMARILY
DEPOSITED IN BONE & TEETH, & THE DEGREE OF SKELETAL STORAGE
IS RELATED TO INTAKE AND AGE. ... MAJOR ROUTE OF ... EXCRETION IS
VIA THE KIDNEYS; ... /ALSO EXCRETED IN SMALL AMT/ IN SWEAT, MILK,
AND INTESTINAL SECRETIONS. ... ABOUT 90% OF FLUORIDE ION FILTERED
BY GLOMERULUS IS REABSORBED BY RENAL TUBULES. /FLUORIDE/ [Hardman, J.G., L.E. Limbird, P.B. Molinoff, R.W.
Ruddon, A.G. Goodman (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological
Basis of Therapeutics. 9th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1996.
1538]**PEER REVIEWED**
Solutions of fluoride salts are rapidly and almost completely
absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, probably by simple diffusion
... Less than 10% of the ingested fluoride is excreted in the feces,
but the proportion varies with circumstances ... The simultaneous
presence of strongly fluoride-binding ions, especially calcium ions,
will reduce the absorption of fluoride ... In patients ingesting
aluminum-containing antacids, fluoride absorption decr to about
40%, and the retention decr to nil. /Fluorides/ [WHO; Environ Health Criteria 36: Fluorine and Fluorides
p.37 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**
In the industrial environment, the respiratory tract is the major
route of absorption of both gaseous and particulate fluoride. Hydrogen
fluoride being highly soluble in water is rapidly taken up in the
upper respiratory tract ... Depending on their aerodynamic characteristics,
fluoride-containing particles will be deposited in the nasopharynx,
the tracheo-bronchial tree and the alveoli ... Dermal absorption
of fluoride has only been reported in the case of burns resulting
from exposure to hydrofluoric acid ... . /Fluorides/ [WHO; Environ Health Criteria 36: Fluorine and Fluorides
p.37 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**
About 75% of the blood fluoride is present in the plasma; the
rest is mainly in or on the red blood cells ... Fluoride in human
serum exists in both ionic and nonionic forms. ... For the general
population under steady-state conditions of exposure, the concn
of fluoride ions in plasma is directly related to the fluoride content
of the drinking water. /Fluorides/ [WHO; Environ Health Criteria 36: Fluorine and Fluorides
p.38 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Fluoride ions are taken up rapidly by bone by replacing hydroxyl
ions in bone apatite. /Fluorides/ [WHO; Environ Health Criteria 36: Fluorine and Fluorides
p.40 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**
In adult teeth, the fluoride content of the surface layer of enamel
(thickness 10 um) is reported to be 900-1,000 mg/kg in areas with
low fluoride levels in the water, about 1,500 mg/kg in fluoridated
areas, and about 2,700 mg/kg in areas with fluoride concn in the
drinking water of 3 mg/L ... The average concn of fluoride in dentine
is 2-3 times that in enamel and is affected by growth and mineralization.
As with bone and enamel, dentin fluoride levels are higher in the
surface (circumpulpal) regions than in the interior ... . /Fluorides/
[WHO; Environ Health Criteria 36: Fluorine and Fluorides
p.41 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**
The principal route of fluoride excretion is via the urine. Some
excretion takes place through sweat and feces, and fluoride also
appears in saliva. Fluoride crosses the placenta; it rarely seems
to be excreted in milk to any significant extent. /Fluorides/ [WHO; Environ Health Criteria 36: Fluorine and Fluorides
p.42 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Biological Half-Life:
... Bone retains about 60% of iv-injected fluoride and that the
half-time for this uptake is only about 13 min; both blood and extracellular
fluid levels therefore decr rapidly. After ingestion of sodium fluoride,
plasma fluoride levels show a much slower change with a half-life
of about 3 hr ... . /Fluorides/ [WHO; Environ Health Criteria 36: Fluorine and Fluorides
p.38 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Mechanism of Action:
Fluoride is an inhibitor of several enzyme
systems and diminishes tissue respiration and anaerobic glycolysis.
... /it also/ binds Ca+2. It also inhibits erythrocyte glycolysis.
/Fluoride/ [Hardman, J.G., L.E. Limbird, P.B. Molinoff, R.W.
Ruddon, A.G. Goodman (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological
Basis of Therapeutics. 9th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1996.
1538]**PEER REVIEWED**
Pharmacology:
Drug Warnings:
Food and Environmental Agents: Effect on Breast-Feeding: Reported
Sign or Symptom in Infant or Effect on Lactation: Fluorides: None.
/from Table 7/ [Report of the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee
on Drugs in Pediatrics 93 (1): 142 (1994)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental Fate & Exposure:
Probable Routes of Human Exposure:
Inhalation, eye and skin contact [Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals
and Carcinogens, 1985. 2nd ed. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation,
1985. 820]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental Standards & Regulations:
FIFRA Requirements:
As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting
a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health
and environmental effects and make decisions about their future
use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health
and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered
before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible
for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new
safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Sulfuryl
fluoride is found on List A, which contains most
food use pesticides and consists of the 194 chemical cases (or 350
individual active ingredients) for which EPA issued registration
standards prior to FIFRA, as amended in 1988. Case No: 0176; Pesticide
type: antimicrobial; Registration Standard Date: 06/30/85; Case
Status: RED Approved 09/93; OPP has made a decision that some/all
uses of the pesticide are eligible for reregistration, as reflected
in a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.; Active
ingredient (AI): Sulfuryl fluoride; Data
Call-in (DCI) Date(s): 07/20/90, 11/10/92, 09/30/93; AI Status:
OPP has completed a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document
for the case/AI. [USEPA/OPP; Status of Pesticides in Registration,
Reregistration and Special Review p.150 (Spring, 1998) EPA 738-R-98-002]**QC
REVIEWED**
Chemical/Physical Properties:
Molecular Formula:
F2-O2-S [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia
of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co.,
Inc., 1989. 1419]**PEER REVIEWED**
Molecular Weight:
102.06 [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia
of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck
and Co., Inc., 1996. 1536]**PEER REVIEWED**
Color/Form:
COLORLESS GAS [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia
of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck
and Co., Inc., 1996. 1536]**PEER REVIEWED**
Colorless compressed gas [Farm Chemicals Handbook 1997. Willoughby, OH: Meister
Publishing Co., 1997.,p. C-389]**PEER REVIEWED**
Odor:
ODORLESS [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia
of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck
and Co., Inc., 1996. 1536]**PEER REVIEWED**
Odorless. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS
(NIOSH) Publication No. 94-116. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government
Printing Office, June 1994. 292]**PEER REVIEWED**
Boiling Point:
-55.38 DEG C [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia
of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck
and Co., Inc., 1996. 1536]**PEER REVIEWED**
Melting Point:
-135.82 DEG C [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia
of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck
and Co., Inc., 1996. 1536]**PEER REVIEWED**
Corrosivity:
NON-CORROSIVE [Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide
Manual - A World Compendium. 8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British
Crop Protection Council, 1987. 758]**PEER REVIEWED**
Critical Temperature & Pressure:
CRITICAL TEMP: 96 + OR - 20 DEG C [Worthing, C. R. (ed.). Pesticide Manual. 6th ed.
Worcestershire, England: British Crop Protection Council, l979.
488]**PEER REVIEWED**
4-5 ML GAS/100 ML WATER; 24-27 ML GAS/100 ML ALC; 136-138 ML GAS/100
ML CARBON TETRACHLORIDE; 210-220 ML GAS/100 ML TOLUENE [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia
of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck
and Co., Inc., 1996. 1536]**PEER REVIEWED**
SLIGHTLY SOL IN ALKALIS [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.
Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure
Indices. 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH:American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists, 1986. 546]**PEER REVIEWED**
MISCIBLE WITH METHYL BROMIDE; SPARINGLY SOL IN MOST ORG SOLVENTS
[Worthing, C. R. (ed.). Pesticide Manual. 6th ed.
Worcestershire, England: British Crop Protection Council, l979.
488]**PEER REVIEWED**
In water 750 mg/kg @ 25 deg C, 1 atm; in ethanol 0.24 to 0.27
l/l; in toluene 2.1 to 2.2 l/l; in carbon tetrachloride 1.36 to
I.38 l/l [Tomlin, C.D.S. (ed.). The Pesticide Manual - World
Compendium. 10th ed. Surrey, UK: The British Crop Protection Council,
1994. 935]**PEER REVIEWED**
Slightly soluble in cold water and most organic solvents. [Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical
Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993
1105]**PEER REVIEWED**
Water solubility = 750 ppm at 77 deg F (25 deg C), 1 atm [Farm Chemicals Handbook 1997. Willoughby, OH: Meister
Publishing Co., 1997.,p. C-389]**PEER REVIEWED**
Vapor Density:
3.5 (Air= 1) [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge,
Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical
Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington,
DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981.]**PEER REVIEWED**
Vapor Pressure:
1.7X10+6 Pa at 21.1 deg C (12.750 mm Hg at 21.1 deg C) [Tomlin, C.D.S. (ed.). The Pesticide Manual - World
Compendium. 10th ed. Surrey, UK: The British Crop Protection Council,
1994. 935]**PEER REVIEWED**
Other Chemical/Physical Properties:
NOT HYDROLYZED BY WATER; HYDROLYZED BY SODIUM HYDROXIDE SOLN;
NOT VERY REACTIVE [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia
of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck
and Co., Inc., 1996. 1536]**PEER REVIEWED**
Stable to light; stable up to about 500 deg C when dry; rapidly
hydrolyzed by aqueous alkali, but not by water. [Tomlin, C.D.S. (ed.). The Pesticide Manual - World
Compendium. 10th ed. Surrey, UK: The British Crop Protection Council,
1994. 935]**PEER REVIEWED**
Freezing point = -136.7 deg C [Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical
Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993
1105]**PEER REVIEWED**
Density = 4.478 g/l [Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and
Physics. 76th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1995-1996.,p.
4-88]**PEER REVIEWED**
Vapor pressure = 9150 mm Hg at 50 deg F (10 deg C) [Farm Chemicals Handbook 1997. Willoughby, OH: Meister
Publishing Co., 1997.,p. C-389]**PEER REVIEWED**
Chemical Safety & Handling:
DOT Emergency Guidelines:
Health: TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled or absorbed through skin.
Vapors may be irritating. Contact with gas or liquefied gas may
cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite. Fire will produce irritating,
corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control may cause
pollution. [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American
Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During
the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident.
U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special
Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives
and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-123]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Fire or explosion: Some may burn, but none ignite readily. Vapors
from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along
ground. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured cylinders may
rocket. [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American
Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During
the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident.
U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special
Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives
and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-123]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Public safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number. ... Isolate
spill or leak area immediately for at least 100 to 200 meters (330
to 660 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind. Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along
ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements,
tanks). Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American
Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During
the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident.
U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special
Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives
and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-123]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Protective clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing
apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing which is specifically
recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal
protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing is recommended
for fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations.
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American
Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During
the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident.
U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special
Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives
and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-123]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Evacuation: ... Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved
in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions;
also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all
directions. [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American
Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During
the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident.
U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special
Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives
and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-123]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Fire: Small Fires: Dry chemical or CO2. Large Fires: Water spray,
fog or regular foam. Do not get water inside containers. Move containers
from fire area if you can do it without risk. Damaged cylinders
should be handled only by specialists. Fire involving tanks: Fight
fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor
nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until
well after fire is out. Do not direct water at source of leak or
safety devices; icing may occur. Withdraw immediately in case of
rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
Always stay away from the ends of tanks. [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American
Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During
the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident.
U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special
Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives
and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-123]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Spill or leak: Fully encapsulating, vapor protective clothing
should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire. Do not touch or
walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without
risk. If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather
than liquid. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or
confined areas. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor
cloud drift. Do not direct water at spill or source of leak. Isolate
area until gas has dispersed. [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American
Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During
the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident.
U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special
Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives
and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-123]**PEER
REVIEWED**
First aid: Move victim to fresh air. Call emergency medical care.
Apply artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not
use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance;
induce artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped
with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate
contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with liquefied
gas, thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water. In case of contact
with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water
for at least 20 minutes. Keep victim warm and quiet. Keep victim
under observation. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved,
and take precautions to protect themselves. [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American
Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During
the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident.
U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special
Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives
and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-123]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances: Small Spills
(from a small package or small leak from a large package): First,
ISOLATE in all Directions 30 meters (100 feet); then, PROTECT persons
Downwind during DAY 0.2 kilometers (0.1 miles) and NIGHT 0.3 kilometers
(0.2 miles). LARGE SPILLS (from a large package or from many small
packages): First, ISOLATE in all Directions 95 meters (300 feet);
then, PROTECT persons Downwind during DAY 0.3 kilometers (0.2 miles)
and NIGHT 0.8 kilometers (0.5 miles). [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American
Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During
the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident.
U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special
Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives
and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. TABLE]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:
HIGHLY IRRITATING TO RESPIRATORY TRACT. [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia
of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co.,
Inc., 1989. 1419]**PEER REVIEWED**
Fire Fighting Procedures:
If material involved in fire: extinguish fire using agent suitable
for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or
burns with difficulty.) Cool all affected containers with flooding
quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible.
[Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling
of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC:
Association of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994. 1024]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Explosive Limits & Potential:
Non-combustible [Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical
Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993
1105]**PEER REVIEWED**
Hazardous Reactivities & Incompatibilities:
CAN REACT WITH WATER, STEAM. [Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial
Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold,
1996. 3050]**PEER REVIEWED**
Hazardous Decomposition:
WHEN HEATED TO DECOMPOSITION IT EMITS VERY TOXIC FUMES OF ...
/HYDROGEN FLUORIDE AND SULFUR OXIDES/. [Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial
Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold,
1996. 3051]**PEER REVIEWED**
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health:
200 ppm [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS
(NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1997. 292]**QC REVIEWED**
Protective Equipment & Clothing:
A self-contained breathing apparatus or full face gas mask with
acid gas/organicvapor canister, approved by NIOSH ... . [Farm Chemicals Handbook 1984. Willoughby, Ohio:
Meister Publishing Co., 1984.,p. C-241]**PEER REVIEWED**
Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 50
ppm: Respirator Classes: Any supplied-air respirator. May require
eye protection. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS
(NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1997. 293]**QC REVIEWED**
Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 125
ppm Respirator Class: Any supplied-air respirator operated in a
continuous flow mode. May require eye protection. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS
(NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1997. 293]**QC REVIEWED**
Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 200
ppm Respirator Classes: Any self-contained breathing apparatus with
a full facepiece. Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS
(NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1997. 293]**QC REVIEWED**
Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: Emergency
or planned entry into unknown concn or IDLH conditions: Respirator
Classes: Any self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full
facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive
pressure mode. Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece
and operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode
in combination with an auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus
operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS
(NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1997. 293]**QC REVIEWED**
Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: Escape from
suddenly occurring respiratory hazards: Respirator Classes: Any
air purifying, full facepiece respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style,
front- or back-mounted canister providing protection against the
compound of concern. Any appropriate escape type, self contained
breathing apparatus. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS
(NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1997. 293]**QC REVIEWED**
Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent the skin
from becoming frozen from contact with the liquid or from contact
with vessels containing the liquid. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS
(NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1997. 293]**QC REVIEWED**
SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in
such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel
who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to
ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be
implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned
for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken
home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work
for cleaning. **PEER REVIEWED**
Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact with the
liquid that could result in burns or tissue damage from frostbite.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS
(NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1997. 293]**QC REVIEWED**
Quick drench facilities and/or eyewash fountains should be provided
within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is
any possibility of exposure to liquids that are extremely cold or
rapidly evaporating. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS
(NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1997. 293]**QC REVIEWED**
Preventive Measures:
SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in
industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing
contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors
including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration
of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and
the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances
whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing
of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific
cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual
eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses
are in place. **PEER REVIEWED**
If material not involved in fire: Attempt to stop leak if without
undue personnel hazard. [Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling
of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC:
Association of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994. 1024]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. ...
Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal
protective equipment. [Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling
of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC:
Association of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994. 1024]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Stability/Shelf Life:
STABLE TO 400 DEG C [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia
of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck
and Co., Inc., 1996. 1536]**PEER REVIEWED**
Stable to light. Stable up to approx 500 deg C when dry. Rapidly
hydrolyzed by aqueous alkali, but not by water. [Tomlin, C.D.S. (ed.). The Pesticide Manual - World
Compendium. 10th ed. Surrey, UK: The British Crop Protection Council,
1994. 935]**PEER REVIEWED**
Shipment Methods and Regulations:
No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material
for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered
in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed,
described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment
as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations
(49 CFR 171-177)./ [49 CFR 171.2 (7/1/96)]**PEER REVIEWED**
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods
Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant
to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry
carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when
transporting hazardous materials. [IATA. Dangerous Goods Regulations. 38th ed. Montreal,
Canada and Geneva, Switzerland: International Air Transport Association,
Dangerous Goods Board, January, 1997. 217]**PEER REVIEWED**
The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic
principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations
for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good
practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances.
A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This
index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate
procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. [IMDG; International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code;
International Maritime Organization p.2114-2 (1988)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Storage Conditions:
MAY BE STORED IN COMPRESSED FORM IN STEEL CYLINDERS OR IN GASOMETER
OVER SULFURIC ACID. [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia
of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck
and Co., Inc., 1996. 1536]**PEER REVIEWED**
Store cylinders upright, away from heat in a secured, well ventilated
area away from dwellings and work areas. Do not contaminate or store
near food, feed, or drugs. When not in use, all full and partially
used or empty cylinders must have the valve closed and the valve
cover hood securely in place. [Farm Chemicals Handbook 1984. Willoughby, Ohio:
Meister Publishing Co., 1984.,p. C-241]**PEER REVIEWED**
Disposal Methods:
SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial
(sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant
revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including
waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for
guidance on acceptable disposal practices. **PEER REVIEWED**
The following disposal method has been suggested ... allow gas
to flow into a mixed solution of caustic soda and slaked lime. [Sittig, M. (ed.) Pesticide Manufacturing and Toxic
Materials Control Encyclopedia. park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation.
1980. 693]**PEER REVIEWED**
Occupational Exposure Standards:
OSHA Standards:
Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg:
5 ppm (20 mg/cu m). [29 CFR 1910.1000 (7/1/98)]**QC REVIEWED**
Vacated 1989 OSHA PEL TWA 5 ppm (20 mg/cu m); STEL 10 ppm (40
mg/cu m) is still enforced in some states. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS
(NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1997. 372]**QC REVIEWED**
Threshold Limit Values:
8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA) 5 ppm; 15 min Short Term Exposure
Limit (STEL) 10 ppm [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.
Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical
Agents Biological Exposure Indices for 1998. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH,
1998. 64]**QC REVIEWED**
NIOSH Recommendations:
Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 Hr Time-Weighted Avg: 5 ppm (20
mg/cu m). [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS
(NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1997. 292]**QC REVIEWED**
Recommended Exposure Limit: 15 Min Short-Term Exposure Limit:
10 ppm (40 mg/cu m). [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS
(NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1997. 292]**QC REVIEWED**
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health:
200 ppm [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS
(NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1997. 292]**QC REVIEWED**
Manufacturing/Use Information:
Major Uses:
INSECTICIDE & FUMIGANT [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.
Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure
Indices. 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH:American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists, 1986. 546]**PEER REVIEWED**
SULFURYL FLUORIDE IS AN
INSECTICIDE USED FOR FUMIGATING STRUCTURES, VEHICLES & WOOD
PRODUCTS TO CONTROL DRYWOOD TERMITES & WOOD-INFESTING BEETLES...
. [Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide
Manual - A World Compendium. 8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British
Crop Protection Council, 1987. 758]**PEER REVIEWED**
... Used in organic synthesis of drugs and dyes. [Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals
and Carcinogens, 1985. 2nd ed. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation,
1985. 820]**PEER REVIEWED**
Used as a fumigant for control Blattodea, Coleoptra, Isoptera,
Lepidoptera, and rodents [Tomlin, C.D.S. (ed.). The Pesticide Manual - World
Compendium. 10th ed. Surrey, UK: The British Crop Protection Council,
1994. 935]**PEER REVIEWED**
Manufacturers:
DowElanco Inc, Hq, 9330 Zionsville Rd, Indianapolis, IN 46268,
(317) 337-3000; Production site: Pittsburg, CA 94565 [SRI. 1997 Directory of Chemical Producers - United
States of America. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International 1997. 798]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Methods of Manufacturing:
MADE BY THERMAL DECOMP OF BARIUM DI(FLUOROSULFATE) ... . [Worthing, C. R. (ed.). Pesticide Manual. 6th ed.
Worcestershire, England: British Crop Protection Council, l979.
488]**PEER REVIEWED**
Prepared by heating barium difluorosulfite; alternate preparation
from silver fluoride and sulfur dioxide. [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia
of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck
and Co., Inc., 1996. 1536]**PEER REVIEWED**
Sulfuryl fluoride may
be made by: burning fluorine in sulfur dioxide; heating barium fluorosulfonate.
[Sittig, M. (ed.) Pesticide Manufacturing and Toxic
Materials Control Encyclopedia. park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation.
1980. 693]**PEER REVIEWED**
General Manufacturing Information:
UNDER CONDITIONS OF USAGE AS A GRAIN FUMIGANT, SULFURYL
FLUORIDE REACTED WITH PROTEIN AND RELEASED INORGANIC
FLUORIDE. SOME SULFATE WAS ALSO FOUND. [Menzie, C.M. Metabolism of Pesticides. U.S. Department
of the Interior, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Publication
127. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969. 290]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Introduced in 1957 by Dow Chemical Co under trade mark 'vikane'.
[Worthing, C. R. (ed.). Pesticide Manual. 6th ed.
Worcestershire, England: British Crop Protection Council, l979.
488]**PEER REVIEWED**
Formulations/Preparations:
IT IS USED AS THE 99% M/M /PROPORTION BY MASS/ TECHNICAL PRODUCT.
[Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide
Manual - A World Compendium. 8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British
Crop Protection Council, 1987. 758]**PEER REVIEWED**
Laboratory Methods:
Clinical Laboratory Methods:
NIOSH Method 8308. Analyte: Fluoride ion. Specimen: Urine, pre-
and post-shift. Procedure: Ion selective electrode. For fluoride
ion this method has an estimated detection limit of 0.1 mg/l urine
sample. The precision/RSD is 0.04 and the recovery is 0.95. The
working range is 1 to 100 mg/l urine for a 50 ml sample. Applicability:
Any fluorine containing substances that can be metabolized to fluoride
can be monitored using this procedure. Interferences: Hydroxide,
the only positive interference, is eliminated by use of the buffer.
/Fluoride ion/ [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public
Health Service. Centers for Disease Control, National Institute
for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSHManual of Analytical Methods,
3rd ed. Volumes 1 and 2 with 1985 supplement, and revisions. Washington,
DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, February 1984.,p. 8308-1]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Analytic Laboratory Methods:
A method is described for the collection and determination of
sulfuryl fluoride in air.
The sulfuryl fluoride is
extracted with diluted sodium hydroxide, evaporated (an aliquot)
to dryness, and determined by ion chromatography. An average recovery
of 95.8% with standard deviation of 11% was obtained for a concn
range of 1.0 to 10 ppm for 4 hr sampling periods. [Bouyoucos SA et al; Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 44 (1): 57-61
(1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**
NIOSH Method 117. Analyte: Total fluoride. Matrix: Air. Procedure:
Ion specific electrode. Method Evaluation: Method was validated
over the range of 0.05 to 475 mg/cu m using a 40 liter sample. Method
detection limit: Not determined. Precision (Coefficient of Variation):
0.065. Applicability: Under the conditions of sample size (40 liter)
the useful range is 0.05 to 0.5 mg/cu m. Interferences: Hydroxide
ion and monofluorophosphate ion. /Total fluoride/ [U.S. Department of Health, Education Welfare, Public
Health Service. Center for Disease Control, National Institute for
Occupational Safety Health. NIOSH Manual ofAnalytical Methods. 2nd
ed. Volumes 1-7. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
1977-present.,p. V1 117-1]**PEER REVIEWED**
NIOSH Method S245. Analyte: Sulfuryl fluoride.
Matrix: Air. Procedure: Gas chromatography with
flame photometric detection. Method Evaluation: Method was validated
over the range of 2.54 to 10.29 ppm using a 3 liter sample. Method
detection limit: 0.1 ppm. Precision (CVT): 0.025. Applicability:
Under the conditions of sample size (3 ppm) the useful range was
1X10+4. Interferences: No specific interferences. [U.S. Department of Health, Education Welfare, Public
Health Service. Center for Disease Control, National Institute for
Occupational Safety Health. NIOSH Manual ofAnalytical Methods. 2nd
ed. Volumes 1-7. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
1977-present.,p. V6 S245-1]**PEER REVIEWED**
Analysis by GLC, IR spectrometry or by an instrument that pyrolyses
sulfuryl fluoride (measuring
the resultant sulfur dioxide); atmospheres analyzed by trapping
in aqueous alkali and titration of the fluorosulfate produced; or
a thermal conductivity meter (SG Heuser; Anal Chem 35: 1476 (1963)).
[Tomlin, C.D.S. (ed.). The Pesticide Manual - World
Compendium. 10th ed. Surrey, UK: The British Crop Protection Council,
1994. 935]**PEER REVIEWED**
NIOSH Method 6012: Sulfuryl Fluoride by
Ion Chromatography; Determination of Sulfuryl
Fluoride by Ion Chromatography with Conductivity
Detection; Ion chromatography/conductivity detection, workplace
air, detection limit of 0.70 mg/cu-m. [USEPA; EMMI. Environmental Monitoring Methods Index.
Version 2.0. NTIS PB-95-502415 (1995)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Sampling Procedures:
Worker breathing-zone or area samples are collected by pumping
air through a glass tube containing 1 g of activated charcoal. [Bouyoucos SA et al; Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 44 (1): 57-61
(1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**
NIOSH Method S245. Analyte: Sulfuryl fluoride.
Matrix: Air. Procedure: Collection in gas sampling
bag. Flow Rate: 0.05 l/min or less. Sample Size: 3 liters. [U.S. Department of Health, Education Welfare, Public
Health Service. Center for Disease Control, National Institute for
Occupational Safety Health. NIOSH Manual ofAnalytical Methods. 2nd
ed. Volumes 1-7. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
1977-present.,p. V6 S245-1]**PEER REVIEWED**
Special References:
Synonyms and Identifiers:
Synonyms:
FLUORO DE SULFURILO (ITALIAN) **PEER REVIEWED**
FLUORURE DE SULFURYLE (FRENCH) **PEER REVIEWED**
SULFONYL FLUORIDE **PEER REVIEWED**
SULFUR DIFLUORIDE DIOXIDE **PEER REVIEWED**
SULFURIC OXYFLUORIDE **PEER REVIEWED**
SULPHURYL DIFLUORIDE **PEER REVIEWED**
VIKANE **PEER REVIEWED**
VIKANE FUMIGANT **PEER REVIEWED**
Formulations/Preparations:
IT IS USED AS THE 99% M/M /PROPORTION BY MASS/ TECHNICAL PRODUCT.
[Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide
Manual - A World Compendium. 8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British
Crop Protection Council, 1987. 758]**PEER REVIEWED**