Fluoride Exposure: Various Other Sources. Fluoride Action Network Pesticide Project.

FLUORIDE ACTION NETWORK PESTICIDE PROJECT

Return to Fluoride Exposure Tables:
1. FETAL AND INFANT EXPOSURE: 0–6 MONTHS
2. FOOD Exposure
2.1. Food Exposure via Pesticide: CRYOLITE
2.2. Food Exposure via Pesticidal Fumigant: SULFURYL FLUORIDE
2.3. Food Exposure via ANTIMICROBIAL FORMULATIONS - FOOD CONTACT SURFACE SANITIZING SOLUTIONS
2.4. Food Exposure via Pesticides: EPA "INERTS"
2.5. Food Exposure via Pesticides: NEW PROPOSAL FOR TOLERANCE EXEMPTIONS
3. Exposure via Dental and Pharmaceuticals
4. Exposure from INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY
4.1. U.S. Manufacturers of Hydrogen Fluoride, Fluorine, Sodium Fluoride, Fluosilicic Acid, and Sodium Silicofluoride

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TABLE 5.
Fluoride Exposure: Various Other Sources

Source of Exposure Molecular Formula CAS No. Reference

1-Chloro-1,1-Difluoroethane

(Freon 142)
"Sniffing" or deliberate inhalation 75-68-3 5

Chlorodifluoromethane

(Freon 22)
"Sniffing" or deliberate inhalation 75-45-6 5

Dichlorodifluoromethane

(Freon 12)
"Sniffing" or deliberate inhalation 75-71-8 1, 1-A

Dichlorofluoromethane

(Freon 21)
"Sniffing" or deliberate inhalation 75-43-4 2

Dichlorotetrafluoroethane

(Freon 114)
"Sniffing" or deliberate inhalation 76-14-2 3

1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane

(HFC-134a)
"Sniffing" or deliberate inhalation 811-97-2 4

Trichlorofluoromethane

(Freon 11)
"Sniffing" or deliberate inhalation 75-69-4 1, 5

Reference 1. Deliberate inhalation ("sniffing") may cause death without warning (Dupont, 1996A; Dupont, 1996F; OSHA, 1998).
As cited in Technical Support Document: September 24, 2003. Toxicology Clandestine Drug Labs/ Methamphetamine. Volume 1, Number 11. California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment.

Reference 1-A. Effects on Humans: In high concentrations, dichlorodifluoromethane can cause narcosis, unconsciousness, cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, and asphyxiation, either as a result of dichlorodifluoromethane's narcotic effects or as a consequence of its displacement of oxygen in the atmosphere. Many nonoccupational deaths have been reported from the sniffing of fluorochlorinated hydrocarbon aerosols, including dichlorodifluoromethane; the mechanism of action in these cases is believed to be cardiac arrhythmias caused by sensitization of the myocardium to epinephrine [Hathaway et al. 1991].
As cited in OSHA Guideline for Dichlorodifluoromethane

Reference 2. In the United States when sudden unexplained deaths of aerosol "sniffers" were reported they were considered to be possibly due to cardiac arrhythmias induced by the CFC propellants. /CFCs/
[Rom, W.N. (ed.). Environmental and Occupational Medicine. 2nd ed. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company, 1992. 1299]
As cited in Hazardous Substances Data Base for Dichlorofluoromethane

Reference 3. Effects on Humans: Dichlorotetrafluoroethane is an asphyxiant at extremely high concentrations and also produces narcotic symptoms at these levels. The cardiac sensitization potential of dichlorotetrafluoroethane is considered moderate; sniffing aerosols of other fluorochlorinated hydrocarbons has caused cardiac arrest, although dichlorotetrafluoroethane has not specifically been implicated in such deaths [Hathaway et al. 1991].
As cited in OSHA Guideline for Dichlorotetrafluoroethane

Reference 4. Fluorocarbons were initially believed to be compounds low in toxicity. In the late 1960s there were early reports of deaths caused by intentional inhalation abuse of various aerosols. Victims frequently discharged the aerosol contents into a plastic bag and then inhaled the gaseous contents. Suffocation was initially considered to be the cause of death. In 1970, 110 cases of "sudden sniffing death" /were reviewed/ without finding evidence of suffocation. The majority of those deaths (59) involved fluorocarbon propellants. He noted that in several cases sudden death followed a burst of emotional stress or exercise. No significant findings were noted at autopsy. /Fluorocarbons/
[Haddad, L.M., Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. 1281]
As cited in Hazardous Substances Data Base for 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane

Reference 5. A SPECIAL CLASS OF CHEMICALS SUBJECT TO ABUSE BY INHALATION ARE THE FLUOROHYDROCARBONS, SUCH AS ... TRICHLOROFLUOROMETHANE ... THE "SNIFFING" OF SUCH AEROSOL SPRAYS IS HAZARDOUS PRACTICE. ... 110 "SUDDEN SNIFFING DEATHS" /HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED/ ... IN EACH CASE THE VICTIM SPRAYED THE AEROSOL INTO A PLASTIC BAG, INHALED THE CONTENTS, BECAME EXCITED, RAN 90 M OR SO, COLLAPSED, & DIED. NECROPSY FINDINGS WERE LARGELY NEGATIVE.
[Goodman, L.S., and A. Gilman. (eds.) The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 5th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1975. 910]
As cited in Hazardous Substances Data Base for Trichlorofluoromethane, 1-Chloro-1,1-Difluoroethane, Chlorodifluoromethane

TABLE 5. Fluoride Exposure: Various Other Sources
	Source of Exposure	Molecular Formula	CAS No.	Reference
1-Chloro-1,1-Difluoroethane (Freon 142)	"Sniffing" or deliberate inhalation		75-68-3	5
Chlorodifluoromethane (Freon 22)	"Sniffing" or deliberate inhalation		75-45-6	5
Dichlorodifluoromethane (Freon 12)	"Sniffing" or deliberate inhalation		75-71-8	1, 1-A
Dichlorofluoromethane (Freon 21)	"Sniffing" or deliberate inhalation		75-43-4	2
Dichlorotetrafluoroethane (Freon 114)	"Sniffing" or deliberate inhalation		76-14-2	3
1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a)	"Sniffing" or deliberate inhalation		811-97-2	4
Trichlorofluoromethane (Freon 11)	"Sniffing" or deliberate inhalation		75-69-4	1, 5


Reference 1. Deliberate inhalation ("sniffing") may cause death without warning (Dupont, 1996A; Dupont, 1996F; OSHA, 1998). As cited in Technical Support Document: September 24, 2003. Toxicology Clandestine Drug Labs/ Methamphetamine. Volume 1, Number 11. California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Reference 1-A. Effects on Humans: In high concentrations, dichlorodifluoromethane can cause narcosis, unconsciousness, cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, and asphyxiation, either as a result of dichlorodifluoromethane's narcotic effects or as a consequence of its displacement of oxygen in the atmosphere. Many nonoccupational deaths have been reported from the sniffing of fluorochlorinated hydrocarbon aerosols, including dichlorodifluoromethane; the mechanism of action in these cases is believed to be cardiac arrhythmias caused by sensitization of the myocardium to epinephrine [Hathaway et al. 1991]. As cited in OSHA Guideline for Dichlorodifluoromethane Reference 2. In the United States when sudden unexplained deaths of aerosol "sniffers" were reported they were considered to be possibly due to cardiac arrhythmias induced by the CFC propellants. /CFCs/ [Rom, W.N. (ed.). Environmental and Occupational Medicine. 2nd ed. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company, 1992. 1299] As cited in Hazardous Substances Data Base for Dichlorofluoromethane Reference 3. Effects on Humans: Dichlorotetrafluoroethane is an asphyxiant at extremely high concentrations and also produces narcotic symptoms at these levels. The cardiac sensitization potential of dichlorotetrafluoroethane is considered moderate; sniffing aerosols of other fluorochlorinated hydrocarbons has caused cardiac arrest, although dichlorotetrafluoroethane has not specifically been implicated in such deaths [Hathaway et al. 1991]. As cited in OSHA Guideline for Dichlorotetrafluoroethane Reference 4. Fluorocarbons were initially believed to be compounds low in toxicity. In the late 1960s there were early reports of deaths caused by intentional inhalation abuse of various aerosols. Victims frequently discharged the aerosol contents into a plastic bag and then inhaled the gaseous contents. Suffocation was initially considered to be the cause of death. In 1970, 110 cases of "sudden sniffing death" /were reviewed/ without finding evidence of suffocation. The majority of those deaths (59) involved fluorocarbon propellants. He noted that in several cases sudden death followed a burst of emotional stress or exercise. No significant findings were noted at autopsy. /Fluorocarbons/ [Haddad, L.M., Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. 1281] As cited in Hazardous Substances Data Base for 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane Reference 5. A SPECIAL CLASS OF CHEMICALS SUBJECT TO ABUSE BY INHALATION ARE THE FLUOROHYDROCARBONS, SUCH AS ... TRICHLOROFLUOROMETHANE ... THE "SNIFFING" OF SUCH AEROSOL SPRAYS IS HAZARDOUS PRACTICE. ... 110 "SUDDEN SNIFFING DEATHS" /HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED/ ... IN EACH CASE THE VICTIM SPRAYED THE AEROSOL INTO A PLASTIC BAG, INHALED THE CONTENTS, BECAME EXCITED, RAN 90 M OR SO, COLLAPSED, & DIED. NECROPSY FINDINGS WERE LARGELY NEGATIVE. [Goodman, L.S., and A. Gilman. (eds.) The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 5th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1975. 910] As cited in Hazardous Substances Data Base for Trichlorofluoromethane, 1-Chloro-1,1-Difluoroethane, Chlorodifluoromethane