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1-CHLORO-1,1-DIFLUOROETHANE
CASRN: 75-68-3
For other data, click on the Table of Contents
Human Health Effects:
Human Toxicity Excerpts:
1,1-Difluoro-1-chloroethane is relatively non toxic. Its estimated grouping
via the rating system devised by the Underwriter's Laboratories is probably
Group 5A, a category containing gases and vapors much less toxic than Group
4 but more toxic than Group 6. Group 4 includes those gases or vapors which
in concn of about 2-2.5% for durations of exposure of about 2 hr are lethal
or produce serious injury. Group 6 contains those gases or vapors which in concn
up to at least 20% by volume in air for durations of exposure of 2 hr do not
appear to produce injury. ... A threshold limit of about 500 ppm is suggested
for 1,1-difluoro-1-chloroethane (concn in air to which nearly all workers can
be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse affects).
PROPELLANT /FLUOROCARBON/ GASES WERE GENERATED ... FROM A DISTANCE OF 50 CM
FOR PERIODS OF 15 TO 60 SECONDS. AT A MEASURED CONCN OF 95,000 MG/CU M (1700
PPM), THERE WAS BIPHASIC CHANGE IN VENTILATORY CAPACITY, THE FIRST REDUCTION
OCCURRING WITHIN FEW MIN AFTER EXPOSURE, & SECOND DELAYED UNTIL 13 TO 30
MIN AFTER EXPOSURE. MOST SUBJECTS DEVELOPED BRADYCARDIA, & INVERSION OF
THE T-WAVE. /PROPELLANT GASES/
EXCESSIVE SKIN CONTACT WITH LIQ FLUOROCARBONS SHOULD BE MINIMIZED TO PREVENT
DEFATTING OF SKIN ... /FLUOROCARBONS/
... THE COMBINATION OF FLUOROCARBON WITH A SYMPATHOMIMETIC BRONCHODILATOR
IS POTENTIALLY DANGEROUS FOR THE TREATMENT OF BRONCHIAL ASTHMA. FOR THE SAME
REASON, SYMPATHOMIMETIC DRUGS ARE CONTRAINDICATED IN CARDIAC RESUSCITATION OF
PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM FLUOROCARBON POISONING. /FLUOROCARBON POISONING/
... ALL FLUOROCARBONS ARE LESS TOXIC THAN ANY OF PROCESS MATERIALS USED IN
THEIR MANUFACTURE. MAJOR HAZARDS RELATE PRIMARILY TO INADVERTENT RELEASE OF
HYDROFLUORIC ACID OR CARBON TETRACHLORIDE, RATHER THAN MANUFACTURED FLUOROCARBONS.
/FLUOROCARBONS/
FLUOROCARBON VAPORS ARE 4 TO 5 TIMES HEAVIER THAN AIR. THUS HIGH CONCN TEND
TO ACCUMULATE IN LOW-LYING AREAS, RESULTING IN HAZARD OF INHALATION OF CONCENTRATED
VAPORS, WHICH MAY BE FATAL. /FLUOROCARBONS/
EARLY ... HUMAN EXPERIENCE INDICATED THAT HIGH VAPOR CONCN (EG, 20%) MAY CAUSE
CONFUSION, PULMONARY IRRITATION, TREMORS & RARELY COMA, BUT THAT THESE EFFECTS
WERE GENERALLY TRANSIENT & WITHOUT LATE SEQUELAE. ... CAUSE OF DEATH /FROM
ABUSE OF FLUOROCARBONS/ IS IN CONSIDERABLE DOUBT. FREEZING OF AIRWAY SOFT TISSUES
CAN PROBABLY BE ELIMINATED AS A CAUSE OF DEATH EXCEPT IN CASES WHERE THE PRODUCT
WAS SPRAYED DIRECTLY INTO THE MOUTH FROM ITS CONTAINER OR FROM A BALLOON CONTAINING
SOME LIQUID. LARYNGEAL SPASM OR EDEMA, OXYGEN DISPLACEMENT, OR SENSITIZATION
OF MYOCARDIUM TO ENDOGENOUS CATECHOLAMINES WITH SUBSEQUENT VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION
APPEAR TO BE REASONABLE POSSIBILITIES. /FLUOROCARBON REFRIGERANTS & PROPELLANTS/
A SPECIAL CLASS OF CHEMICALS SUBJECT TO ABUSE BY INHALATION ARE THE FLUOROHYDROCARBONS
... THE "SNIFFING" OF SUCH AEROSOL SPRAYS IS HAZARDOUS PRACTICE. ... 110 "SUDDEN
SNIFFING DEATHS" /HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED/ ... IN EACH CASE THE VICTIM SPRAYED
THE AEROSOL INTO A PLASTIC BAG, INHALED THE CONTENTS, BECAME EXCITED, RAN 90
M OR SO, COLLAPSED, & DIED. NECROPSY FINDINGS WERE LARGELY NEGATIVE ...
ALTHOUGH AMOUNT OF PROPELLANT ABSORBED INTO BLOOD FROM USE OF HAIRSPRAY, COSMETIC,
HOUSEHOLD, & MEDICATED AEROSOLS MUST VARY WITH CIRCUMSTANCES, PHYSICIAN
IS ADVISED TO COUNSEL ... PATIENT ON POTENTIAL DANGERS, PARTICULARLY FROM THEIR
USE IN POORLY VENTILATED CONFINED AREAS. IT IS POSSIBLE THAT PATIENTS WITH CARDIAC
OR RESPIRATORY DISORDERS MAY PROVE ESPECIALLY SUSCEPTIBLE. /FLUOROHYDROCARBONS/
In a cross-sectional study the neurological effects of fluorocarbons were
evaluated in 27 refrigeration repair workers. Fourteen age matched reference
subjects were selected from a local union of plumbers, pipe fitters, and insulation
workers. A case of peripheral neuropathy in a commercial refrigeration repairman
prompted the investigation. Personal air samples from 2 worker participants
over the course of a typical workshift showed 1.4 ppm chlorodifluoromethane
and 2.2 ppm chloropentafluoroethane. There were no cases of peripheral neuropathy
in the study subjects. There was no significant difference in mean nerve conduction
velocities (ulnar, median, peroneal, sural, tibial) between study and reference
subjects. Lightheadedness and palpitations were reported significantly more
often by refrigeration repair workers (p<0.05). /Fluorocarbons/
Freons are toxic to humans by several mechanisms. Inhaled fluorocarbons sensitize
the myocardium to catecholamines, frequently resulting in lethal ventricular
arrhythmias. Because they are gases heavier than air, fluorocarbons can displace
atmospheric oxygen, thus resulting in asphyxiation. These compounds also have
a central nervous system anesthetic effect analogous to a structurally similar
general anesthetic, halothane. Pressurized refrigerant or liquid fluorocarbons
with a low boiling point have a cryogenic effect on exposed tissues, causing
frostbite, laryngeal or pulmonary edema, and gastrointestinal perforation. /Freons/
Fluorocarbons were initially believed to be compounds low in toxicity. In
the late 1960s there were early reports of deaths caused by intentional inhalation
abuse of various aerosols. Victims frequently discharged the aerosol contents
into a plastic bag and then inhaled the gaseous contents. Suffocation was initially
considered to be the cause of death. In 1970, 110 cases of "sudden sniffing
death" /were reviewed/ without finding evidence of suffocation. The majority
of those deaths (59) involved fluorocarbon propellants. He noted that in several
cases sudden death followed a burst of emotional stress or exercise. No significant
findings were noted at autopsy. /Fluorocarbons/
Fluorocarbon propellants are anesthetic and cardiotoxic. ... Aerosol propellants
produce hallucinogenic effects, and, rarely, contact dermatitis. /Fluorocarbon
propellants/
Fluorocarbon propellants, benzene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, gasoline, toluene,
and hydrocarbons have been implicated in 110 sudden deaths after inhalant abuse
in which no obvious cardiac or pulmonary pathology existed. Heavy exercise or
stress was associated with 18 of those deaths, /it was/ proposed that these
inhalants act to sensitize the myocardium to endogenous catecholamines. Hypoxia,
hypercarbia, and acidosis may exacerbate these effects. /Fluorocarbon propellants/
THERE ARE ISOLATED REPORTS OF POISONING FROM EXPOSURE TO FLUOROCARBON PROPELLANTS
& SOME STUDIES SHOWING A HIGHER INCIDENCE OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE AMONG
HOSPITAL PERSONNEL & REFRIGERANT MECHANICS EXPOSED TO FLUOROCARBONS. ADDITIONAL
INVESTIGATION IS REQUIRED TO ESTABLISH CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FLUOROCARBONS
& CARDIOVASCULAR & BRONCHOPULMONARY DISEASES AMONG EXPOSED WORKERS.
THE HIGH INCIDENCE OF CANCER AMONG HOSPITAL PERSONNEL REPEATEDLY EXPOSED TO
FLUORINE-CONTAINING GENERAL ANESTHETICS RAISES A FUNDAMENTAL NEED TO EXAMINE
OTHER FLUOROCARBON-EXPOSED WORKERS FOR SIMILAR EFFECTS. /FLUOROCARBONS/
CLINICAL PATHOLOGISTS EXPOSED TO FLUOROCARBONS IN THE PREPN OF FROZEN TISSUE
SECTIONS HAVE BEEN SEEN TO DEVELOP CORONARY HEART DISEASE. /FLUOROCARBONS/
Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:
EARLY ... HUMAN EXPERIENCE INDICATED THAT HIGH VAPOR CONCN (EG, 20%) MAY CAUSE
CONFUSION, PULMONARY IRRITATION ... /FLUOROCARBON REFRIGERANTS & PROPELLANTS/
Populations at Special Risk:
THERE ARE ISOLATED REPORTS OF POISONING FROM EXPOSURE TO FLUOROCARBON PROPELLANTS
& SOME STUDIES SHOWING A HIGHER INCIDENCE OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE AMONG
HOSPITAL PERSONNEL & REFRIGERANT MECHANICS EXPOSED TO FLUOROCARBONS. ADDITIONAL
INVESTIGATION IS REQUIRED TO ESTABLISH CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FLUOROCARBONS
& CARDIOVASCULAR & BRONCHOPULMONARY DISEASES AMONG EXPOSED WORKERS.
THE HIGH INCIDENCE OF CANCER AMONG HOSPITAL PERSONNEL REPEATEDLY EXPOSED TO
FLUORINE-CONTAINING GENERAL ANESTHETICS RAISES A FUNDAMENTAL NEED TO EXAMINE
OTHER FLUOROCARBON-EXPOSED WORKERS FOR SIMILAR EFFECTS. /FLUOROCARBONS/
Probable Routes of Human Exposure:
Occupational exposure to 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane may occur through inhalation
and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane
is produced or used. The general population will be exposed to 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane
via ambient air. (SRC)
Emergency Medical Treatment:
Emergency Medical Treatment:
| EMT Copyright Disclaimer: |
| Portions of the POISINDEX(R) database are provided here for
general reference. THE COMPLETE POISINDEX(R) DATABASE, AVAILABLE FROM MICROMEDEX,
SHOULD BE CONSULTED FOR ASSISTANCE IN THE DIAGNOSIS OR TREATMENT OF SPECIFIC
CASES. Copyright 1974-1998 Micromedex, Inc. Denver, Colorado. All Rights
Reserved. Any duplication, replication or redistribution of all or part
of the POISINDEX(R) database is a violation of Micromedex' copyrights and
is strictly prohibited.
The following Overview, *** FLUORINATED HYDROCARBONS ***, is relevant for this HSDB record chemical. |
| Life Support: |
o This overview assumes that basic life support measures
have been instituted.
|
| Clinical Effects: |
SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
0.2.1.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o LOW CONCENTRATION - Inhalations such as those caused by
leaking air conditioners or refrigerators usually
result in transient eye, nose, and throat irritation.
Palpitations, light headedness, and headaches are also
seen.
o HIGH CONCENTRATION - Inhalation associated with
deliberate abuse, or spills or industrial use occurring
in poorly ventilated areas has been associated with
ventricular arrhythmias, pulmonary edema and sudden
death.
HEENT
0.2.4.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o EYES - Eye irritation occurs with ambient exposure.
Frostbite of the lids may be severe. Ocular
instillation results in corneal burns in rabbits.
o NOSE - Nasal irritation occurs with ambient exposure.
o THROAT - Irritation occurs. Frostbite of the lips,
tongue, buccal mucosa and hard palate developed in a
man after deliberate inhalation.
CARDIOVASCULAR
0.2.5.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Inhalation of high concentrations is associated with
the development of refractory ventricular arrhythmias
and sudden death, believed to be secondary, primarily,
to myocardial sensitization to endogenous
catecholamines. Some individuals may be susceptible to
arrhythmogenic effects at lower concentrations.
RESPIRATORY
0.2.6.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Pulmonary irritation, bronchial constriction, cough,
dyspnea, and chest tightness may develop after
inhalation. Chronic pulmonary hyperreactivity may
occur. Adult respiratory distress syndrome has been
reported following acute inhalational exposures.
Pulmonary edema is an autopsy finding in fatal cases.
NEUROLOGIC
0.2.7.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Headache, dizziness, and disorientation are common.
Cerebral edema may be found on autopsy. A syndrome of
impaired psychomotor speed, impaired memory and
learning, and emotional lability has been described in
workers with chronic occupational exposure to
fluorinated hydrocarbons.
GASTROINTESTINAL
0.2.8.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Nausea may develop. Ingestion of a small amount of
trichlorofluoromethane resulted in necrosis and
perforation of the stomach in one patient.
HEPATIC
0.2.9.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Jaundice and mild elevations in transaminases may
develop after inhalational exposure or ingestion.
Hepatocellular coagulative necrosis has been observed
on liver biopsy.
DERMATOLOGIC
0.2.14.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Dermal contact may result in defatting, irritation or
contact dermatitis. Severe frostbite has been reported
as an effect of freon exposure. Injection causes
transient pain, erythema and edema.
MUSCULOSKELETAL
0.2.15.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Rhabdomyolysis has been reported in a worker
susceptible to malignant hyperthermia after exposure to
fluorinated hydrocarbons and also following intentional
freon inhalation. Compartment syndrome is a rare
complication of severe exposure.
REPRODUCTIVE HAZARDS
o Dichlorodifluoromethane was not teratogenic in rats and
rabbits.
o The reproductive effects of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane
were studied in rats. No adverse effects on
reproductive performance was noted or on the
development, maturation or reproductive performance of
up to two successive generations.
GENOTOXICITY
o The hydrochlorofluorocarbons, HCFC-225ca and HCFC-225cb,
were not mutagenic in the Ames reverse mutation assay,
or clastogenic in the chromosomal aberration assay with
Chinese hamster lung cells. Neither induced unscheduled
DNA synthesis in liver cells. Both of these agents were
clastogenic in the chromosomal aberration assay with
human lymphocytes.
|
| Laboratory: |
o Fluorinated hydrocarbons plasma levels are not clinically
useful.
o No specific lab work (CBC, electrolyte, urinalysis) is
needed unless otherwise indicated.
o Obtain baseline pulse oximetry or arterial blood gas
analysis.
|
| Treatment Overview: |
SUMMARY EXPOSURE
o Monitor EKG and vital signs carefully. Cardiopulmonary
resuscitation may be necessary.
ORAL EXPOSURE
o These substances may cause frostbite to the upper airway
and gastrointestinal tract after ingestion. Administer
oxygen and manage airway as clinically indicated.
Emesis, activated charcoal, and gastric lavage are not
recommended.
INHALATION EXPOSURE
o MONITOR ECG and VITAL SIGNS carefully. Cardiopulmonary
resuscitation may be necessary. AVOID CATECHOLAMINES.
o PROVIDE A QUIET CALM ATMOSPHERE to prevent adrenaline
surge if the patient is seen before the onset of cardiac
arrhythmias. Minimize physical exertion.
o MONITOR pulse oximetry or arterial blood gases.
o Provide symptomatic and supportive care.
o These substances may cause frostbite of the upper airway
with the potential for severe edema. Administer oxygen
and manage airway early in patients with evidence of
upper airway injury.
o PULMONARY EDEMA (NONCARDIOGENIC): Maintain ventilation
and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial
blood gas or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of
PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
EYE EXPOSURE
o DECONTAMINATION: Irrigate exposed eyes with copious
amounts of tepid water for at least 15 minutes. If
irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia
persist, the patient should be seen in a health care
facility.
o Ophthamologic consultation should be obtained in any
symptomatic patients.
DERMAL EXPOSURE
o DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash
exposed area thoroughly with soap and water. A
physician may need to examine the area if irritation or
pain persists.
o If frostbite has occurred, refer to dermal treatment in
the main body of this document for rewarming.
|
| Range of Toxicity: |
o Freons are very toxic when inhaled in high concentrations
and/or for extended periods. At lower concentrations or
brief exposure, freons may cause transient eye, nose, and
throat irritation. There is significant interpatient
variation and it is difficult to predict which patient
will exhibit symptoms following exposure.
|
Antidote and Emergency Treatment:
... In persons who are intoxicated with fluorocarbons, steps can be taken
to lessen the risk of arrhythmias. ... Before evaluation at the hospital, patients
should be advised to avoid strenuous exercise. In the hospital, patients can
be placed in a quiet, nonthreatening environment and sedated if necessary. If
hypoxic, oxygen should be administered and metabolic abnormalities corrected.
Sympathomimetic drugs should be avoided. Ventricular arrhythmias are best treated
with beta-blocking agents. /Fluorocarbons/
Treatment /of acute poisoning/ includes the iv admin of glucose in saline
and gastric lavage with lime water (0.15% calcium hydroxide soln) or other Ca+2
salts to precipitate the fluoride. Calcium gluconate is give iv for tetany;
urine volume is kept high with vigorous fluid resuscitation. /Fluoride/
For immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried
out. If victim is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with
a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask as trained.
Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing
water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place
on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and
prevent aspiration. Keep victim quiet and maintain normal body temperature.
Obtain medical attention. /Chlorinated fluorocarbons/
For basis treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch
for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations as needed. Administer
oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Minimize physical activity and
provide a quiet atmosphere. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary
... Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... For eye contamination, flush
eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline
during transport ... Do not use emetics. Rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg
up to 200 ml of water or dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag
reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... Treat frostbite
with rapid rewarming techniques ... . /Chlorinated fluorocarbons/
Animal Toxicity Studies:
Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts:
MONOCHLORODIFLUOROETHANE IS CONSIDERED A LOW PRESSURED PROPELLANT OF INTERMEDIATE
TOXICITY BASED ON EXPERIMENTS WITH RATS, MICE, DOGS & MONKEYS.
Two short-term in vitro tests for mutagenicity (Salmonella reverse mutation
and BHK21 cell transformation) were conducted on a series of fluorocarbons.
FC142b was tested and was considered to be positive in both tests.
As a low pressure fluorocarbon, FC 142b has a level of toxicity lower than
FC 11 & FC 114, but higher than FC C-318. The known range of effect of FC
142b is less than that of FC 114. The following characteristics of FC 114 are
not observed when FC 142b is administered; cardiac arrhythmia & tachycardia
in the monkey, epinephrine-induced arrhythmia in the mouse, decreased pulmonary
compliance in the dog, & bronchoconstriction & early respiratory depression
in the monkey. On the contrary, FC 142b is a respiratory stimulant in the monkey
& the dog, & this fluorocarbon is the only one known to exert a nondepressant
CNS effect in two animal species. /Fluorocarbons/
Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics:
Absorption, Distribution & Excretion:
... MAIN FACTOR AFFECTING FATE OF FLUOROCARBONS IS BODY FAT, WHERE THEY ARE
CONCENTRATED & SLOWLY RELEASED INTO BLOOD @ CONCN THAT SHOULD NOT CAUSE
ANY RISK OF CARDIAC SENSITIZATION. /FLUOROCARBONS/
THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT ACCUMULATION OF FLUOROCARBONS IN BRAIN,
LIVER & LUNG COMPARED TO BLOOD LEVELS, SIGNIFYING A TISSUE DISTRIBUTION
OF FLUOROCARBONS SIMILAR TO THAT OF CHLOROFORM. /FLUOROCARBONS/
Abosrption of fluorocarbons is much lower after oral ingestion (35-48 times)
than after inhalation. ... The lung generally have the highest fluorocarbon
concentrations on autopsy. /Fluorocarbons/
Although fluorocarbons cause cardiac sensitization in certain animal species,
rapid elimination prevents the development of cardiotoxic concentrations from
aerosol bronchodilator use except at exceedingly high doses (12 to 24 doses
in 2 minutes). /Fluorocarbons/
FLUOROCARBON COMPOUNDS ARE LIPID-SOLUBLE AND THUS ARE GENERALLY WELL ABSORBED
THROUGH LUNG. ABSORPTION AFTER INGESTION IS 35 TO 48 TIMES LOWER THAN AFTER
INHALATION. ... FLUOROCARBONS ARE ELIMINATED BY WAY OF LUNG. /FLUOROCARBON COMPOUNDS/
Pharmacology:
Environmental Fate & Exposure:
Environmental Fate/Exposure Summary:
1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane's production and use as a blowing agent and refrigerant
may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams.
However, 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane will partition predominantly to the atmosphere
on release to the environment, provided it does not enter a confined ecosystem
such as groundwater. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 2540 mm Hg at 25
deg C indicates 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane will exist solely as a vapor in
the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane will be degraded
in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals
with an estimated half-life of 12.7 years. In the stratosphere, 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane
may slowly photolyze, producing chlorine atoms which in turn would participate
in the catalytic removal of stratospheric ozone, or it may slowly react with
singlet oxygen. If released to soil, 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane is expected
to have high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 81. Volatilization from
moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a
Henry's Law constant of 0.059 atm-cu m/mole. The potential for volatilization
of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane from dry soil surfaces may exist based upon its
vapor pressure. If released into water, 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane is not expected
to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water based on the estimated Koc.
Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process
based on its Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a
model river and model lake are 2.9 hours and 3.9 days, respectively. An estimated
BCF of 10 suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane
showed no alkaline reaction and a half-life of 16,000 years in neutral reactions;
therefore, hydrolysis is not expected to be an important fate process. Biodegradation
data for 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane is not readily available; however, highly
fluorinated compounds such as 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane are not expected to
biodegrade rapidly. Occupational exposure to 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane may
occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces
where 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane is produced or used. The general population
will be exposed to 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane via ambient air. (SRC)
Probable Routes of Human Exposure:
Occupational exposure to 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane may occur through inhalation
and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane
is produced or used. The general population will be exposed to 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane
via ambient air. (SRC)
Artificial Pollution Sources:
1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane's production and use as a blowing agent and refrigerant(1)
may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).
Environmental Fate:
TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(1), an estimated
Koc value of 81(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 1400 mg/l(2,SRC)
and a recommended regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane
is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane
from moist soil surfaces is expected to be important(SRC) given a Henry's Law
constant of 0.059 atm-cu m/mole(2. The potential for volatilization of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane
from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based on a vapor pressure of 2540 mm Hg(4).
Biodegradation data for 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane is not readily available;
however, highly fluorinated compounds such as 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane are
not expected to biodegrade rapidly(5).
AQUATIC FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(1), an estimated
Koc value of 81(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 1400 mg/l(2) and
a recommended regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane
is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane
is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(3,SRC) based on a Henry's
Law constant of 0.059 atm-cu m/mole(2). Estimated volatilization half-lives
for a model river and model lake are 2.9 hours and 3.9 days, respectively(3,SRC).
1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane showed no alkaline reaction and a half-life of 16,000
years in neutral reactions(4). Removal of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane in clouds
due to hydrolysis is expected to be slow(5). According to a classification scheme(6),
an estimated BCF of 10(3,SRC), from the water solubility(2), suggests that bioconcentration
in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Biodegradation data for 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane
is not readily available; however, highly fluorinated compounds such as 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane
are not expected to biodegrade rapidly(7).
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile
organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane, which has
a vapor pressure of 2540 mm Hg at 25 deg C(2,SRC), is expected to exist solely
as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane
is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl
radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be about
12.7 years(3,SRC). In the stratosphere, 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane may slowly
photolyze, producing chlorine atoms which in turn would participate in the catalytic
removal of stratospheric ozone, or it may slowly react with singlet oxygen(4).
Environmental Abiotic Degradation:
The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane
with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been experimentally determined
to be 3.58X10-15 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 deg C(1,SRC). This corresponds to
an atmospheric half-life of about 12.7 years at an atmospheric concn of 5X10+5
hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(SRC). The alkaline hydrolysis rate constant in sodium
hydroxide solutions ranging from 0.1 to 0.001 M and the neutral hydrolysis rate
constant in solutions of 0.01 M hydrochloric acid were determined for 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane;
results showed no alkaline reaction and a half-life of 16,000 years in neutral
reactions(2). This suggests that hydrolysis will not be an important fate process(SRC).
Removal of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane in clouds due to hydrolysis is expected
to be slow(3). In the stratosphere, 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane may slowly photolyze,
producing chlorine atoms which in turn would participate in the catalytic removal
of stratospheric ozone, or it may slowly react with singlet oxygen(4). By analogy
to other hydrochlorofluoro compounds, the stratospheric lifetime of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane
is expected to be on the order of a few decades(4,SRC). 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane
will partition predominantly to the atmosphere on release to the environment,
provided it does not enter a confined ecosystem such as groundwater(5).
Using a photochemical trajectory model, the photochemical ozone creation potential,
the ozone depletion potential, and the global warming potential (20 year) for
1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane has been determined to be 0.1, 0.05, and 4200, respectively(1).
Stored air samples collected at Cape Grim, Tasmania from 1978 to 1993 were analyzed
to investigate the change in tropospheric concn of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane.
Using these data, a 2-dimensional model was utilized to generate an atmospheric
lifetime for 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane of 15.5 years, a lifetime of 17.4 years
due to reaction with hydroxyl radicals (OH concn of 6.5X10+5 molc/cu-m), and
a stratospheric lifetime of 140 years(2). The ozone depletion potential for
1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane, using a 1-dimensional and a 2-dimensional model
and a methyl chloroform lifetime of 6.3 years, was determined to range from
0.047 to 0.062; the calculated model half-life of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane
was determined to range from 15.1 to 28 years(3).
Environmental Bioconcentration:
An estimated BCF of 10 was calculated for 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane(SRC),
using a water solubility of 1400 mg/l(1,SRC) and a recommended regression-derived
equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests that
bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).
Soil Adsorption/Mobility:
The Koc of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane is estimated as approximately 81(SRC),
using a water solubility of 1400 mg/l(1) and a regression-derived equation(2,SRC).
According to a recommended classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value
suggests that 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane is expected to have high mobility
in soil(SRC).
Volatilization from Water/Soil:
The Henry's Law constant for 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane has been determined
to be 0.059 atm-cu m/mole(1). This value indicates that 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane
is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(3,SRC). Based on this
Henry's Law constant, the estimated volatilization half-life from a model river
(1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec) is estimated as approximately
2.9 hours(3,SRC). The estimated volatilization half-life from a model lake (1
m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec) is estimated as approximately
3.9 days(3,SRC). 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane's Henry's Law constant(1) indicates
that rapid volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential
for volatilization of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane from dry soil surfaces may
exist(SRC) based on the vapor pressure of 2540 mm Hg(2).
Atmospheric Concentrations:
URBAN/SUBURBAN: Trace volatile organic compounds in landfill gas were examined
at seven UK waste disposal facilities; the concn of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane
ranged from <0.5 to 31 mg/cu-m(1). Stored air samples collected at Cape Grim,
Tasmania from 1978 to 1993 were analyzed to investigate the change in tropospheric
concn of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane; between April 1978 and September 1993
the concn of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane rose from 0.20 parts per trillion(volume)
to 3.0 parts per trillion(volume), with the majority of the increase occurring
from 1989 onward. By mid-1993, the rate of increase had reached 0.9 parts per
trillion(volume)/year(2).
Environmental Standards & Regulations:
TSCA Requirements:
Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model Health and Safety
Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers,
and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies
and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. 1,Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane
is included on this list.
Chemical/Physical Properties:
Molecular Formula:
C2-H3-Cl-F2
Molecular Weight:
100.47
Color/Form:
Liquified gas
Boiling Point:
-9.7 DEG C
Melting Point:
-130.8 DEG C
Critical Temperature & Pressure:
Critical temperature: 137.1 deg C; Critical pressure: 4.12 mPa
Density/Specific Gravity:
1.107 g/cu m at 25 deg C
Heat of Vaporization:
217.78 kJ/Kg at 0 deg F; 205.56 kJ/Kg at 20 deg F
Solubilities:
Insoluble in water; soluble in benzene
Water solubility = 0.14 percent (1,400 mg/l) @ 25 deg C
Vapor Pressure:
2,540 mm Hg @ 25 deg C /calculated from experimentally derived coefficients/
Viscosity:
Gas = 0.0199 cP at 25 deg C; Liquid = 0.453 cP at -20.9 deg C
Other Chemical/Physical Properties:
Dipole moment 2.14 debye
Specific volume at 21.1 deg C, 101.325 kPa= 224.7 dcm m/Kg; (3.6 cu ft/lb)
Vapor pressure= 302 kPa @ 21 deg C, 771 kPa @ 54 deg C
Liquid density = 1.113 at 25 deg C
Henry's Law constant = 0.0588 atm cu-m/mole @ 25 deg C
Hydroxyl radical rate constant = 3.58X10-15 cu-cm/molc sec @ 25 deg C
... CFC 142b is a commercial propellant with an ozone depletion 1/20th that
of CFC 11.
Chemical Safety & Handling:
Hazards Summary:
The major hazards encountered in the use and handling of freon 142b stem from
its toxicologic properties and flammability. Exposure to this colorless, nearly
odorless gas may be occur to the general population through inhalation of freon
142b as a propellant in aerosol sprays, and to workers through inhalation or
dermal contact during the manufacture, use, servicing, and disposal of refrigeration
units, food processing, plastic foam blowing, and fire extinguishing, among
others. Inhalation of freon 142b may cause dizziness and suffocation, while
dermal contact may cause defatting of skin and frostbite. Sufficient exhaust
and general ventilation should be provided to keep vapor concentration below
recommended levels (a threshold limit of about 500 ppm for repeated workday
exposure was suggested). Also, wear appropriate chemical protective gloves and
goggles, and in emergency situations such as spills or fire fighting wear a
positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus and full protective clothing.
Freon 142b is extremely flammable. Atmospheres of freon in the range of 6.2%
to 17.9% in air can ignite explosively when contacted by heat, sparks, or flames.
Freon 142b may travel to a source of ignition and flash back. Also, freon vapor,
in confined spaces presents an explosion hazard. When leaking containers of
freon (including tank cars, tank trucks, and storage tanks) are on fire, let
them burn unless the flow can be stopped. From as far a distance as possible,
use water spray to knock down vapor and to cool fire-exposed containers. To
fight small freon 142b fires, use dry chemical or CO2, and for large fires use
water spray, fog, or foam. For uncontrollable fires or the pssibility of container
eruption, consider evacuation of 1/2 mile radius and the use of unmanned hose
holders. When heated to decomposition, this substance emits toxic fumes of fluoride
and chloride as well as small amounts of phosgene. Fire fighters should wear
a self-contained breathing apparatus and full protective clothing. Store and
use freon 142b cylinders in well ventilated areas away from heat, all ignition
sources, and all highly oxidizing and flammable materials. Freon 142b should
be in DOT-approved, low pressure cylinders, equipped with brass valves. Containers
may be shipped via road, and water (forbidden on passenger and aircraft or railcar),
and should be affixed with labels stating, "Flammable Gas". Before transporting
freon 142b, the regulatory requirements of the DOT should be consulted. If freon
142b spills or leaks, shut off ignition sources (eg, no flares or smoking),
stop leak if it can be done without risk (do not touch the material), and isolate
the area. Water spray may be used to reduce the vapor, but care is needed to
prevent the material from entering water sources or sewers. Consult with environmental
regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.
DOT Emergency Guidelines:
Fire or explosion: EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE. Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks
or flames. Will form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors from liquefied gas
are initially heavier than air and spread along ground. Vapors may travel to
source of ignition and flash back. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured
cylinders may rocket.
Health: Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning. Some may
be irritating if inhaled at high concentrations. Contact with gas or liquefied
gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite. Fire may produce irritating
and/or toxic gases.
Public safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number. ... Isolate spill
or leak area immediately for at least 50 to 100 meters (160 to 330 feet) in
all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Many gases are
heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined
areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Keep out of low areas.
Protective clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus
(SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited
protection. Always wear thermal protective clothing when handling refrigerated/cryogenic
liquids.
Evacuation: ... Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire,
ISOLATE for l600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation
for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions.
Fire: DO NOT EXTINGUISH A LEAKING GAS FIRE UNLESS LEAK CAN BE STOPPED. Small
fires: Dry chemical or CO2. Large fires: Water spray or fog. Move containers
from fire area if you can do it without risk. Fire involving Tanks: Fight fire
from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Cool
containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Do
not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur. Withdraw
immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration
of tank. ALWAYS stay away from the ends of tanks. For massive fire, use unmanned
hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and
let fire burn.
Spill or leak: ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks
or flames in immediate area). All equipment used when handling the product must
be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you
can do it without risk. If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes
rather than liquid. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift.
Do not direct water at spill or source of leak. Prevent spreading of vapors
through sewers, ventilation systems and confined areas. Isolate area until gas
has dispersed. CAUTION: When in contact with refrigerated/cryogenic liquids,
many materials become brittle and are likely to break without warning.
First aid: Move victim to fresh air. Call emergency medical care. Apply artificial
respiration if victim is not breathing. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. Clothing frozen to the skin
should be thawed before being removed. In case of contact with liquefied gas,
thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water. Keep victim warm and quiet. Ensure that
medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, and take precautions
to protect themselves.
Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:
EARLY ... HUMAN EXPERIENCE INDICATED THAT HIGH VAPOR CONCN (EG, 20%) MAY CAUSE
CONFUSION, PULMONARY IRRITATION ... /FLUOROCARBON REFRIGERANTS & PROPELLANTS/
Fire Potential:
FLAMMABLE GAS.
A very dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat, flame, or oxidizing materials.
NFPA Hazard Classification:
Flammability: 4. 4= Includes flammable gases, pyrophoric liquids, and Class
IA flammable liquids. The preferred method of fire attack is to stop the flow
of material or to protect exposures while allowing the fire to burn itself out.
Reactivity: 0. 0= Includes materials that are normally stable, even under
fire exposure conditions, and that do not react with water. Normal fire fighting
procedures may be used.
Flammable Limits:
Lower flammable limit: 6.2% by volume; Upper flammable limit: 17.9% by volume
Fire Fighting Procedures:
To fight fire, stop flow of gas.
If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow
can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers
with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible.
/Chlorodifluoroethanes/
Toxic Combustion Products:
ALL FLUOROCARBONS WILL UNDERGO THERMAL DECOMPOSITION WHEN EXPOSED TO FLAME
OR RED-HOT METAL. DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS OF THE CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS WILL INCLUDE
HYDROFLUORIC & HYDROCHLORIC ACID ALONG WITH SMALLER AMOUNTS OF PHOSGENE
& CARBONYL FLUORIDE. THE LAST COMPOUND IS VERY UNSTABLE TO HYDROLYSIS &
QUICKLY CHANGES TO HYDROFLUORIC ACID & CARBON DIOXIDE IN THE PRESENCE OF
MOISTURE. /FLUOROCARBONS/
IN CONTACT WITH OPEN FLAME OR VERY HOT SURFACE FLUOROCARBONS MAY DECOMP INTO
HIGHLY IRRITANT & TOXIC GASES: CHLORINE, HYDROGEN FLUORIDE OR CHLORIDE,
& EVEN PHOSGENE. /FLUOROCARBON REFRIGERANT & PROPELLANTS/
Firefighting Hazards:
Its vapor is heavier than air and a flame can travel back to the source of
leak very easily. The leak can either be a liquid or vapor leak. /Chlorodifluoroethanes/
Explosive Limits & Potential:
6.2%-18% in air
Under fire conditions the cylinders or tank cars may violently rupture or
rocket. /Chlorodifluoroethanes/
Hazardous Reactivities & Incompatibilities:
... Can react vigorously with oxidizing materials.
Reaction with the lighter divalent metals may give much more reactive materials
analogous to Grignard reagents. /Haloalkanes/
Hazardous Decomposition:
When heated to decomposition, emits toxic fumes of ... /hydrogen fluoride
and hydrogen chloride/.
UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS, FLUOROCARBON VAPORS MAY DECOMPOSE ON CONTACT WITH
FLAMES OR HOT SURFACES, CREATING POTENTIAL HAZARD OF INHALATION OF TOXIC DECOMPOSITION
PRODUCTS. /FLUOROCARBONS/
Protective Equipment & Clothing:
Personnel protection: Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves and goggles.
Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires
involving this material. /Chlorodifluoroethane/
Preventive Measures:
If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and
other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers.
Attempt to stop leak if without hazard. Use water spray to knock-down vapors.
/Chlorodifluoroethanes/
Evacuation: If fire becomes uncontrollable or container is exposed to direct
flame consider evacuation of one-half (1/2) mile radius. If material leaking
(not on fire) consider evacuation from downwind area based on amount of material
spilled, location and weather conditions. /Chlorodifluoroethanes/
SUFFICIENT EXHAUST & GENERAL VENTILATION SHOULD BE PROVIDED TO KEEP VAPOR
CONCN BELOW RECOMMENDED LEVELS. /FLUOROCARBONS/
INHALATION OF FLUOROCARBON VAPORS SHOULD BE AVOIDED. /FLUOROCARBONS/
Forced air ventilation at the level of vapor concentration together with the
use of individual breathing devices with independent air supply will minimize
the risk of inhalation. Lifelines should be worn when entering tanks or other
confined spaces. /Fluorocarbons/
Enclosure of process materials and isolation of reaction vessels and proper
design and operation of filling heads for packaging and shipping /are administrative
controls that may be instituted to limit occupational exposure to fluorocarbons
during manufacture, packaging, and use/. /Fluorocarbons/
Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. ... Do not handle
broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. /Chlorodifluoroethanes/
Shipment Methods and Regulations:
No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation
in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous
material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition
for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations
(49 CFR 171-177)./
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations
are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions
618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed
by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.
The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles
for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual
substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in
the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names
has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting
to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance
or article.
Occupational Exposure Standards:
Other Occupational Permissible Levels:
Federal Republic of Germany Maximum Concentration Value in the Workplace:
MAK = 1000 ppm (4170 mg/cu m)
Emergency Response Planning Guidelines (ERPG): ERPG(1) 10,000 ppm (no more
than mild, transient effects) for up to 1 hr exposure; ERPG(2) 15,000 ppm (without
serious, adverse effects) for up to 1 hr exposure; ERPG(3) 25,000 ppm (not life
threatening) up to 1 hr exposure.
Workplace Environmental Exposure Level (WEEL): 8-hr Time-weighted Average
(TWA) 1000 ppm.
Manufacturing/Use Information:
Major Uses:
AEROSOL PROPELLANT FOR NON-FOOD USE; CHEM INT FOR VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE
Blowing agent and refrigerant
Manufacturers:
AlliedSignal Inc., Hq: 101 Columbia Road, P.O. Box 1057, Morristown, NJ 07962-1057
(201)455-2000; AlliedSignal Engineered Materials, 101 Columbia Road, P.O. Box
1087, Morristown, NJ 07962-1087 (201)455-2000; Production sites: Baton Rouge,
LA 70805; El Segundo, CA 90245
DuPont, Hq: 1007 Market Street Wilmington, DE 19898 (302)774-1000; DuPont
Specialty Chemicals, P.O. Box 2000, La Place, LA 70068 (504)536-1141; DuPont
Fluoroproducts, Belle West, VA; Production site: Louisville, KY 40201
Elf Atochem North America, Inc., 2000 Market Street, 21st Floor, Philadelphia,
PA 19103-3222 (215)419-7000; Fluorine Chemicals Division, 6040 South Ridge Road,
Wichita, KS 67215 (316)524-3246
Methods of Manufacturing:
... Synthesized from ... vinylidene chloride ... .
1,1,1-Trichloroethane + hydrogen fluoride (halogen exchange; coproduced with
1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane)
General Manufacturing Information:
Alternative to CFC-11 and CFC-114
Formulations/Preparations:
99.0% grade
Impurities:
1,1-Difluoro-1-chloroethane has a minimum purity of 98.0%.
U. S. Production:
(1972) PROBABLY GREATER THAN 9.08X10+5 GRAMS
(1975) PROBABLY GREATER THAN 4.54X10+5 GRAMS
Laboratory Methods:
Clinical Laboratory Methods:
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR DETERMINING FLUOROCARBONS IS DESCRIBED. CONCN
IN BODY FLUIDS ARE DETERMINED BY MEANS OF HEAD SPACE ANALYSIS. /FLUOROCARBONS/
HEXANE EXTRACTION PROCEDURE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF COMMON FLUOROCARBON PROPELLANTS
IN BLOOD WAS EVALUATED. AN ANALYSIS OF SAMPLE HEADSPACE WAS ALSO EVALUATED FOR
DETERMINING CHLOROPENTAFLUOROETHANE IN BLOOD. BOTH PROCEDURES INVOLVED ANALYSIS
BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY USING ELECTRON CAPTURE DETECTION. THE WIDELY USED HEXANE
EXTRACTION PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING PPM LEVELS OF VOLATILE HALOCARBONS IN TISSUE
WAS EVALUATED BY A COMBINATION OF RADIOCHEMICAL AND GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES.
THE DATA SUGGEST THAT HEXANE EXTRACTION GIVES SIGNIFICANTLY LOW RESULTS. /FLUOROCARBONS/
Analytic Laboratory Methods:
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR DETERMINING FLUOROCARBONS IN AIR IS DESCRIBED.
CONCN IN AIR ARE DETERMINED DIRECTLY. /FLUOROCARBONS/
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR MEASURING HALOCARBONS IN AMBIENT AIR SAMPLES
IS PRESENTED. /HALOCARBONS/
COULOMETRIC GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH 2 ELECTRON-CAPTURE DETECTORS IN SERIES
& SILICONE OIL DC 200 COLUMN WAS USED FOR ANALYSIS OF 8 HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS
IN URBAN AIR SAMPLES. /HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS/
FLUOROCARBONS IN AIR OF WORKING AREA & IN EXHALED AIR CAN BE ANALYZED
BY IR SPECTROMETRY. /FLUOROCARBONS/
A GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING ATMOSPHERIC LEVELS OF FLUOROCARBONS
IS DESCRIBED. COLUMN IS TEMP PROGRAMMED TO SEPARATE HALOGENATED COMPONENTS WHILE
MAINTAINING SHORT RETENTION TIMES FOR EACH COMPONENT. FREON 113 INCL. /FLUOROCARBONS/
Special References:
Special Reports:
Zakhari S, Aviado DM; Cardiovascular Toxicology of Aerosol Propellants, Refrigerants and Related Solvents; Target Organ Toxicology Series: Cardiovascular Toxicology, XII+ 388 pages; Raven Press: New York, NY 281-326 (1982). Review of the toxicology of aerosol propellants, refrigerants and related solvents on the cardiovascular system of humans.
Synonyms and Identifiers:
Synonyms:
R-142B
**PEER REVIEWED**
Chlorodifluoroethane
**PEER REVIEWED**
1,1,1-CHLORODIFLUOROETHANE
**PEER REVIEWED**
ALPHA-CHLOROETHYLIDENE FLUORIDE
**PEER REVIEWED**
Difluoro-1-chloroethane
**PEER REVIEWED**
FC 142b
**PEER REVIEWED**
fluorocarbon 142b
**PEER REVIEWED**
FREON 142
**PEER REVIEWED**
FREON 142B
**PEER REVIEWED**
GENETRON 101
**PEER REVIEWED**
GENETRON 142B
**PEER REVIEWED**
GENTRON 142B
**PEER REVIEWED**
Hydrochlorofluorocarbon 142b
**PEER REVIEWED**
Formulations/Preparations:
99.0% grade
Shipping Name/ Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO:
UN 2517; Chlorodifluoroethanes
IMO 2.1; Chlorodifluoroethanes
Standard Transportation Number:
49 057 19; Difluoromonochloroethane
RTECS Number:
NIOSH/KH7650000
Administrative Information:
Hazardous Substances Databank Number: 2881
Last Revision Date: 20010809
Last Review Date: Reviewed by SRP on 1/31/1998
Update History:
Complete Update on 08/09/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/16/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/12/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/28/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/02/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/21/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/26/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/11/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/18/1998, 55 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 06/02/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 10/26/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 07/11/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/23/1997, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/26/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/10/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/20/1995, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/26/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/17/1995, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 12/30/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/20/1994, 5 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/25/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/12/1993, 42 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 02/05/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field update on 12/27/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 12/08/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 11/26/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 11/25/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 11/23/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 01/23/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field update on 05/18/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field update on 12/29/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 12/19/1989, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/13/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/28/1988, 57 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/03/1986