Reports
available from
The National Technical Information Service
(NTIS)
Order from NTIS by: phone at 1-800-553-NTIS (U.S. customers);
(703)605-6000 (other countries); fax at (703)605-6900; and
email at orders@ntis.gov. NTIS is located at 5285 Port Royal
Road, Springfield, VA, 22161, USA. |
| Order
No. |
Title |
Abstract
/ Keywords |
NTIS/02500115
•
Available
online |
2004
- Re-evaluation of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol.
Pest
Management Regulatory Agency. Alternative Strategies &
Regulatory Affairs Division, Ottawa (Ontario).
|
Proposed
acceptability for continuing registration no. PACR2004-11.
Text in English and French (Bilingual). French ed. on the
same fiche.
This document provides a rationale for the proposed regulatory
decision for 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM), which
is used to control sea lamprey larvae in waters of the Great
Lakes basin and the Lake Champlain systems. |
NTIS/MIC103-00647
93
pp |
2002
- Lake Erie LaMP beneficial use impairment assessment:
animal deformities and reproduction impairment.
Authors:
Grasman KA, Bishop CA, Bowerman WW, Ludwig JP, Martin
PA, Lambert L
Canadian
Wildlife Service 2002, Environmental Conservation Branch,
Ontario, Canada. |
Note
from FAN: The
abstract for this report is quite long and highly disturbing.
We present only limited excerpts, including the only citation
on TFM.
Under
the Great Lake Water Quality Agreement, Lakewide Management
Plans (LaMPs) have been charged with evaluating impairments
of beneficial uses of various natural resources caused
by priority pollutants. This report assessed deformities
and reproductive impairments in wildlife species of Lake
Erie. ... The use of TFM, which
is intended to control larval lamprey, is likely to kill
amphibians wherever it is used in Lake Erie tributaries.
Deformity rates in mudpuppies at Long Point and
in the Detroit River are elevated well above the background
rates reported for inland areas of the Great Lakes and
St. Lawrence River basin. A risk assessment using species-specific
biomagnification factors was conducted to compare ambient
water concentrations of PCBs to concentrations that have
been shown to have no effect in laboratory and (or) field
studies. For all species assessed (Bald Eagles, Herring
Gulls, Double-crested Cormorants, Caspian Terns and mink),
PCB concentrations in Lake Erie water were nine to 1,550
fold higher than no effect concentrations. |
NTIS/PB2000-101655
•
Available
online |
1999
- Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED): 3-Trifluoro-Methyl-4-Nitro-Phenol
and Niclosamide. (Includes RED Facts: TFM).
Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Prevention,
Pesticides and Toxic Substances. |
EPA
has completed its reregistration eligibility decisions for
the pesticides trifluoro-4-nitro-m-cresol(TFM; Case 3082)
and niclosamide (Case 2455) and determined that all lampricide
uses, when labeled and used as specified in this document
are eligible for reregistration. Section I is the introduction.
Section II describes TFM and niclosamide, their uses, data
requirements, and regulatory history. Section III discusses
the human health and environmental assessment based on the
data available to the Agency. The human health assessment
for TFM is discussed first, followed by the human health
assessment for niclosamide. Next the environmental fate
and ecotoxicity assessment of TFM is followed by this assessment
for niclosamide. The final topic of Section III is a combined
exposure and risk characterization of the two chemicals.
Section IV presents the reregistration decision for TFM
and niclosamide. Section V discusses the reregistration
requirements for TFM and niclosamide. Finally, Section VI
c [abstract truncated] |
NTIS/OTS0590114
EPA/OTS;
Doc #86940001410 - |
1994
- THE INTERACTION OF 35CS PDMS FLUID ON THE TOXICITY
OF 3-TRIFLUOROMETHYL-4-NITROPHENOL (TFM) TO DAPHNIA MAGNA
WITH COVER LETTER DATED 04/20/94
|
Keywords:
DOW CORNING CORP
SILOXANES AND SILICONES, DI-ME (63148-62-9)
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
ACUTE TOXICITY
INVERTEBRATES
CAS
Registry Numbers:
88-30-2
63148-62-9 |
NTIS/PB92-185321
21p |
1992
- Effects of the Lampricide 3-Trifluoromethyl-4-Nitrophenol
on the Pink Heelsplitter. Methods for Detoxifying the
Lampricide 3-Trifluoromethyl-4-Nitrophenol in Streams.
Authors:
Bills TD, Rach JJ, Marking LL, Howe GE, Gilderhus PA
Fish
and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC.
|
The
lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) is used
to selectively kill sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) in
the tributaries of the Great Lakes. Over the years, TFM
was tested most often on nontarget fishes and only occasionally
on invertebrates, including freshwater mussels. The authors
exposed pink heelsplitters (Potamilus alatus) to TFM concentrations
and exposure times similar to those in lampricide treatments.
Tests were conducted in water similar in quality to the
Poultney River, New York, a stream that contains pink heelsplitters
and is scheduled for lampricide treatment in 1991. Mussels
were exposed to TFM for either 12 or 24 h and observed daily
in well water for 14 days. Ninety percent of the mussels
exposed to 3.5 mg of TFM for 12 h survived, however, only
50% of the mussels exposed to that concentration for 24
h survived. TFM seems to narcotize or anesthetize mussels.
Mortality of mussels exposed to 3.5 mg/L TFM for 12 h seemed
to be 60% immediately after treatment but the a [asbstract
truncated] |
NTIS/PB91-138115
12p |
1990
- Investigations in Fish Control. (100, 101, and 102).
Authors:
Gilderhus PA, Allen JL, Bills TD, Howe GE
National
Fisheries Research Center, La Crosse, WI.
|
Results
of three tests are provided, which involve the use of various
pest and fungus control chemical agents on aquatic plants
and certain aquatic animals. Testing is performed to determine
(1) the effects of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenyl (TFM)
in irrigation water on plants; (2) the effect of malachite
green on muscles, eggs and fry of treated Atlantic and Chinook
salmon; and (3) the effect of changes in water temperature,
hardness, and pH on the toxicity of benzocaine to specific
freshwater fishes. |
Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry 1998,
Vol. 17, No. 5, pp. 941–950
IDENTIFICATION
OF CHLORO-NITRO-TRIFLUOROMETHYL-SUBSTITUTED DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS
IN LAMPRICIDE FORMULATIONS OF 3-TRIFLUOROMETHYL-4-NITROPHENOL:
ASSESSMENT TO INDUCE MIXED FUNCTION OXIDASE ACTIVITY
L.
MARK HEWITT,*† JOHN H. CAREY,‡ KELLY R.
MUNKITTRICK,§ JOANNE L. PARROTT,§ KEITH R.
SOLOMON,† and MARK R. SERVOS‡
†Department of Environmental Biology, University
of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario NAG 2W1, Canada
‡National Water Research Institute
§Aquatic Ecosystem Conservation Branch, \Aquatic
Ecosystem Protection Branch, National Water Research
Institute, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7R
4A6, Canada
Abstract—The
contamination of field formulations of the lampricide
3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) by a dibenzo-p-dioxin
containing -chloro, -nitro, and -trifluoromethyl substituents
was suspected from chemical fractionations of a TFM
formulation that were directed by mixed function oxidase
(MFO) induction in rainbow trout. Three dioxin isomers
containing these substituents in field formulations
were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
(GC-MS). Short-term waterborne exposures to a mixture
of two isomers, 2-trifluoromethyl-3-nitro-7- (and 8)-chloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin,
elevated MFO activity in trout, with a threshold between
0.148 and 0.745 nM (4.1–20.5 ng/L). Synthetic
preparations of other dioxins related to formulation
impurities enabled characterizations of this previously
unknown family of dioxin congeners by GC-MS. The elution
order of the isomers followed those established for
halogenated dioxins except where there was a lone -nitro
substitution on one ring. The average concentration
of these compounds in TFM formulations spanning more
than a decade was 288 6 47 mg/L, which translates into
an annual loading of approximately 40 g to the Great
Lakes Basin. Using mammalian (H4IIE) and fish (PLHC-1)
in vitro assays, a 2,3,7-substituted chloro-nitro-trifluoromethyl
isomer was a four to five times more potent inducer
of MFO activity than 2,3,7-trichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.
Characterizations of the synthetic isomers indicate
that the isomers present in the formulation are not
substituted in the 2,3,7- positions and are relatively
weak inducers of MFO activity.
|
Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry 1996
Vol. 15, No. 6, pp. 894–905
USE OF AN MFO-DIRECTED TOXICITY IDENTIFICATION
EVALUATION TO ISOLATE AND CHARACTERIZE BIOACTIVE IMPURITIES
FROM A LAMPRICIDE FORMULATION
L. MARK HEWITT,*†‡
KELLY R. MUNKITTRICK,‡ IAN M. SCOTT,‡ JOHN
H. CAREY,§
KEITH R. SOLOMON† and MARK R. SERVOS‡
†Department of Environmental Biology, University
of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario NAG 2W1, Canada
‡Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Great Lakes
Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 867 Lakeshore
Road, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada
§Aquatic Ecosystem Conservation Branch, National
Water Research Laboratory, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington,
Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada
Abstract—Recently,
a field formulation of the lampricide containing 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol
(TFM) was identified as a potent inducer of mixed-function
oxygenase (MFO) detoxification enzymes in fish. It was
further shown that induction was not associated with
primary formulation ingredients. Using a toxicity identification
evaluation (TIE) approach based on rainbow trout hepatic
MFO activity, the TFM field formulation was investigated
to isolate the compound(s) responsible for induction.
Solid phase extraction and reverse-phase high-pressure
liquid chromatography (HPLC) isolated activity in two
distinct fractions, which were profiled by gas chromatography–high-resolution
mass spectrometry. The major constituents in both fractions
were confirmed by synthesis as nitro-, trifluoromethyl-,
and/or chloro-substituted diphenyl ethers. However,
fish exposures to the pure compounds failed to cause
MFO induction. After further fractionations by HPLC,
induction was determined in three new subfractions.
Confident identification of a chloro-nitro-trifluoromethyl-substituted
dibenzo-p-dioxin has been made in two of these fractions.
Although the specific chemicals responsible for induction
have not been confirmed, a suite of impurities including
chloro-, and/or nitro-, and/or trifluoromethyl-substituted
phenols, diphenyl ethers, and dibenzo-p-dioxins have
been identified in the formulation. It is likely that
these materials originate during industrial synthesis
of TFM. These findings suggest that additional structurally
related impurities are also present in this formulation.
|
Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry 1998
Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 425–432
IDENTIFICATION OF THE LAMPRICIDE 3-TRIFLUOROMETHYL-4-NITROPHENOL
AS AN AGONIST FOR THE RAINBOW TROUT ESTROGEN RECEPTOR
L.
MARK HEWITT,†‡ LOUIS TREMBLAY,§ GLEN
J. VAN DER KRAAK,§ KEITH R. SOLOMON,† and
MARK R. SERVOS*‡
†Department
of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph,
Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
‡Aquatic Ecosystem Protection Branch, National
Water Research Institute, Burlington Ontario L7R 4A6,
Canada
§Department of Zoology, University of Guelph, Guelph,
Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
Abstract—Lampricide formulations containing 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol
(TFM) have been associated with induction of hepatic
mixed function oxygenase (MFO) activity and altered
levels of circulating steroids in fish. Bioassay-directed
chemical fractionations have shown MFO induction to
be associated with impurities in TFM field formulations.
Asimilar toxicity identification/ evaluation approach
coupled to competitive binding to rainbow trout estrogen
receptors (ER) was used to identify compounds associated
with estrogenic responses in fish. In contrast to MFO
induction, nearly all binding to the ER was associated
with fractions containing TFM, TFM isomers, and p-chlorophenol.
p-Chlorophenol did not show any affinity for the receptor
when tested separately. Diphenyl ether impurities identified
in the fractions causing MFO induction as well as analogues
to dibenzo-p-dioxins suspected in these fractions also
showed no affinity for the receptor when tested individually.
Relative to estradiol, TFM demonstrated
an affinity of 5.03 3 10 25 , compared to 2.47 3 10
24 for p-nonylphenol, a reported estradiol agonist.
Vitellogenin induction in primary cultures of rainbow
trout hepatocytes indicated that TFM acts as an estradiol
agonist.
|
Can.
J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1998 55:
2078–2086
Hepatic
mixed function oxygenase activity and vitellogenin induction
in fish following a treatment of the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-
nitrophenol (TFM)
L.M.
Hewitt, K.R. Munkittrick, G.J. Van Der Kraak, I.M. Scott,
L.P. Schleen,
and M.R. Servos
Abstract:
Recent laboratory studies with nontarget fish species
have shown that the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-
nitrophenol (TFM) exhibits estrogenic activity through
binding to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatic
estrogen receptors and induction of vitellogenin in
hepatocyte cultures. In addition, mixed function oxygenase
(MFO) activity associated with exposure to field formulations
has been attributed in part to the presence of chloro-nitro-trifluoromethyl-
dibenzo-p-dioxin impurities. To investigate the environmental
effects associated with these findings, the temporal
and spatial patterns of MFO activity and vitellogenin
induction were monitored in three nontarget fish species
following a TFM field treatment. Elevated MFO activity
was detected as early as 1 day in caged rainbow trout
and activity in trout, wild white sucker (Catostomus
commersoni), and longnose dace (Rhinichthys cataractae)
peaked 2 or 3 days after treatment. Highest activities
were observed in fish exposed closest to lampricide
application points and declined with increasing distance
downstream. After 18 days, MFO activity was reduced
but remained almost sevenfold reference values at several
sites. Plasma vitellogenin was not detected in caged
trout sampled 6 and 18 days post-treatment, and dioxin
impurities were not detected in sediments after treatment.
It was concluded that laboratory testing underestimated
the duration of MFO activity under field conditions
and that an assessment of formulation exposure during
sensitive life stages represents an area for further
study.
|
Excerpts
from Technical
Report 7. April 2000. Animal Deformities or Reproduction
Problems. Prepared for the Lake Erie LaMP Preliminary
Beneficial Use Impairment Assessment. Keith A. Grasman,
Lead Author. Co-Authors: Christine A. Bishop, William
W. Bowerman, James P. Ludwig, Pamela A. Martin. http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/lakeerie/buia/lamp7.pdf
(page
13):
The sensitivity of mudpuppies, frog tadpoles and adult
frogs to TFM use in the Great Lakes has been noted (Gilderhus
and Johnson, 1980). TFM is intended to control larval
sea lamprey and has been used historically in 19 (8
in U.S./11 in Canada) of the 842 tributaries to Lake
Erie for sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) control. Since
1995, TFM has been applied in Conneaut Creek and the
Grand River in Ohio and Big Creek and Big Otter Creek
in Ontario. Only four Lake Erie tributaries (Big Creek
Ontario, and 3 U.S. tributaries) are currently scheduled
for future regular treatments every 4 to 6 years.
When
TFM is used, amphibians have regularly been found dead
in creeks immediately after treatment in Lake Erie watersheds
and elsewhere in the Great Lakes
(Gilderhus and Johnson, 1980; Matson, 1990).
Laboratory tests have confirmed that species native
to the Great Lakes basin such as gray tree frog, leopard
frog, and bullfrog are sensitive to field applied rates
of TFM (Chandler and Marking, 1975). In the Grand
River, Ohio, Matson (1990) found that in the year following
TFM application (1997), mudpuppy
population size decreased by a minimum of 29% in the
segment treated. In 1999,
the Grand River was treated with TFM and dead mudpuppies
were found downstream of the application zone within
twenty-fours hours.
Because
TFM is not bioaccumulative and is only applied periodically
in closely controlled and monitored conditions, the
associated mudpuppy mortality is often perceived to
be insignificant. However, mudpuppies
do not become sexually mature until 4 to 6 years of
age. Given the past and projected future schedule
for TFM applications, there is the potential for the
TFM applications to match periods when large numbers
of mudpuppy are reaching an age when they can reproduce.
In addition, TFM is generally applied in the spring
when stream flows are higher. Therefore, TFM
has the potential to kill a portion of the existing
females before they lay their eggs in May and June.
For these reasons, future study is needed to determine
the significance of the mortality and the life stages
most affected (see section 7.5).
(page
16)
• There are conflicting opinions about the significance
of non-target species sensitivity, particularly mudpuppy,
to TFM (when used for sea lamprey eradication), and
its implications for potential impairment. Therefore,
the impact of TFM on amphibian populations needs to
be assessed by monitoring populations of mudpuppies
and other amphibians pre- and postapplication.
From a reproductive standpoint, it is particularly important
to determine if TFM has greater impacts on certain age
classes and/or egg-bearing females.
|
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12405776&dopt=Abstract
J Agric
Food Chem 2002 Nov 6;50(23):6786-9
Relatively
rapid loss of lampricide residues from fillet tissue of fish
after routine treatment.
Vue C, Bernardy JA, Hubert TD,
Gingerich WH, Stehly GR.
U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources
Division, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, 2630
Fanta Reed Road, La Crosse, Wisconsin 54603, USA. M.Schirra@imfpp.ss.cnr.it
The selective sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) larvicide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol
(TFM) is currently used to control parasitic sea lampreys in
tributaries to the Great Lakes basin. The concentration and
persistence of TFM and its major metabolite, TFM glucuronide
(TFM-glu), was determined in fillet tissue of fish after a typical
stream application. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and
channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) were exposed to a nominal
concentration of 12.6 nmol/mL TFM for about 12 h during a sea
lamprey control treatment of the Ford River in Michigan. Concentrations
of TFM and TFM-glu were greatest in the fillet tissues during
the exposure period, with greater residues in channel catfish
(wet wt; mean, 6.95 nmol/g TFM; mean, 2.40 nmol/g TFM-glu) than
in rainbow trout (wet wt; mean, 1.45 nmol/g TFM; mean, 0.93
nmol/g TFM-glu). After the exposure period, residues in both
species decreased by 90-99% within 6-12 h and were less than
the quantitation limit (<0.03 nmol/g) within 36 h.
PMID: 12405776 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12405775&dopt=Abstract
J Agric
Food Chem 2002 Nov 6;50(23):6780-5
Rapid
loss of lampricide from catfish and rainbow trout following
routine treatment.
Dawson VK, Schreier TM, Boogaard
MA, Spanjers NJ, Gingerich WH.
Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, Biological Resources
Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2630 Fanta Reed Road, La Crosse,
Wisconsin 54603, USA. vcdawson@aol.com
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and channel
catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) were exposed to 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol
(TFM) and Bayluscide (niclosamide) during a sea lamprey control
treatment of the Ford River, located in the upper peninsula
of Michigan. Caged fish were exposed to a nominal concentration
of 0.02 mg/L of niclosamide for a period of approximately 12
h. Samples of fillet tissue were collected from each fish species
before treatment and at 6, 12, 18, 24, 48, 96, and 192 h following
the arrival of the block of chemical at the exposure site. The
fish were dissected, homogenized, extracted, and analyzed by
high-performance liquid chromatography. The major residues found
in the fillet tissues were TFM and niclosamide. Niclosamide
concentrations were highest 12 h after arrival of the chemical
block for rainbow trout (0.0395 +/- 0.0251 microg/g) and 18
h after arrival of the chemical block for channel catfish (0.0465
+/- 0.0212 microg/g). Residues decreased rapidly after the block
of lampricide had passed and were below the detection limits
in fillets of rainbow trout within 24 h and channel catfish
within 96 h after the arrival of the lampricide.
PMID: 12405775 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11324603&dopt=Abstract
J AOAC Int
2001 Mar-Apr;84(2):392-8
Determination
of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol and 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol
glucuronide in edible fillet tissue of rainbow trout and channel
catfish by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography.
Hubert TD, Vue C, Bernardy JA,
Van Horsen DL, Rossulek MI.
US Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division,
Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, La Crosse, WI 54603,
USA.
3-Trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) is a pesticide
used for the selective control of sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus)
in stream and river tributaries of the Great Lakes. To determine
concentrations of TFM and TFM glucuronide in the edible fillet
tissue of fish during sea lamprey control treatments, an analytical
method was developed to determine the concentrations of these
residues in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss; RBT) and channel
catfish (Ictalurus punctatis; CCF). Homogenized fillets were
extracted with methanol-water (80 + 20). TFM and TFM glucuronide
were isolated from coextractives by C18 solid-phase extraction.
TFM glucuronide was hydrolyzed to TFM by the addition of beta-glucuronidase
to the TFM glucuronide extract. The extracts were analyzed separately
by liquid chromatography with UV-visible detection. Recoveries
from TFM-fortified CCF and RBT tissues were 84.1 and 96.1%,
respectively. The method detection limits (MDLs) are 2.4 ng/g
for TFM-fortified tissues of CCF and 3 ng/g for those of RBT.
Recoveries were 78.8 and 77% from TFM glucuronide-fortified
CCF and RBT tissues, respectively. The MDLs for TFM glucuronide-fortified
tissues are 3.5 and 6.9 ng/g for CCF and RBT, respectively.
PMID: 11324603 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10888524&dopt=Abstract
J Agric
Food Chem 2000 Jun;48(6):2212-5
Determination
of niclosamide residues in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fillet tissue by high-performance
liquid chromatography.
Schreier TM, Dawson VK, Choi
Y, Spanjers NJ,
Boogaard MA.
Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center,
U.S. Geological Survey, La Crosse, WI 54603, USA. Theresa_Schreier@usgs.gov
Bayluscide [the ethanolamine salt of niclosamide
(NIC)] is a registered piscicide used in combination with 3-(trifluoromethyl)-4-nitrophenol
(TFM) to control sea lamprey populations in streams tributary
to the Great Lakes. A high-performance liquid chromatography
(HPLC) method was developed for the determination of NIC residues
in muscle fillet tissues of fish exposed to NIC and TFM during
sea lamprey control treatments. NIC was extracted from fortified
channel catfish and rainbow trout fillet tissue with a series
of acetone extractions and cleaned up on C(18) solid-phase extraction
cartridges. NIC concentrations were determined by HPLC with
detection at 360 and 335 nm for rainbow trout and catfish, respectively.
Recovery of NIC from rainbow trout (n = 7) fortified at 0.04
microg/g was 77 +/- 6.5% and from channel catfish (n = 7) fortified
at 0.02 microg/g was 113 +/- 11%. NIC detection limit was 0.0107
microg/g for rainbow trout and 0.0063 microg/g for catfish.
Percent recovery of incurred radioactive residues by this method
from catfish exposed to [(14)C]NIC was 89.3 +/- 4.1%. Percent
recoveries of NIC from fortified storage stability tissue samples
for rainbow trout (n = 3) analyzed at 5 and 7.5 month periods
were 78 +/- 5.1 and 68 +/- 2.4%, respectively. Percent recoveries
of NIC from fortified storage stability tissue samples for channel
catfish (n = 3) analyzed at 5 and 7.5 month periods were 88
+/- 13 and 76 +/- 21%, respectively.
PMID: 10888524 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
From
Toxline at Toxnet
ECOTOXICOLOGY;
7 (2). 1998. 113-121.
Acute
toxicity and accumulation of the piscicide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol
(TFM) in freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionidae).
WALLER DL, RACH JJ , LUOMA JA
Upper Miss.
Sci. Cent., U.S. Geol. Survey, Biol. Resources Div., PO Box
818, La Crosse, WI 54602-0818, USA.
Source:
BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. We compared the acute toxicity and
initial accumulation of the piscicide TFM (3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol)
in the freshwater unionacean mussels, Obliquaria reflexa and
Fusconaia flava. Acute 48h toxicity tests were conducted to
determine the LC50 values for each species. The initial uptake
clearances of TFM were measured by exposing the mussels to (14C)-TFM
and counting the radioactivity in four organ tissues (foot,
gill, mantle and viscera) over 48 h. TFM was about 2-fold more
toxic to O. reflexa (LC50 1.80 Mg l-1) than to E. flava (LC50
3.81 mg L-1) and the difference was not explained by accumulation
patterns. The initial uptake clearance rates (0-6 h) for the
whole body were similar between the species (11.2 ml g-1 h-2
in O. reflexa and 9.5 ml g-l h-1 in flava). The accumulation
of TFM residues among the organ tissues was also similar between
species. The uptake clearance rates (ml g-1 h-1) of TFM equivalents
were generally highest in the gill, but not signific [abstract
truncated]
From
Toxline at Toxnet
PROGRESSIVE
FISH-CULTURIST; 58 (1). 1996. 23-28.
Use
of the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) to control
tadpoles in warmwater ornamental fish ponds.
GABBADON PW, CHAPMAN FA
Inst. Marine
Affairs, PO Box 3260, Carenage, Trinidad, West Indies.
BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Laboratory-based static acute toxicity
tests were performed to determine the relative toxicity of TFM
to selected species of tadpoles and ornamental fish in soft
(mean, 45 mg as CaCO3) and hard (mean, 177 mg/L) freshwater.
Sensitivity was measured as the 96-h LC50, the concentration
lethal to half the test animals in 96 h. The sensitivity of
larval bullfrogs Rana catesbeiana to TFM was 1.50 mg/L in soft
water and 4.20 mg/L in hard water. The 96-h LC50 of TFM for
larval southern toads Bufo terrestris was 0.51 mg/L in soft
water and 0.70 mg/L in hard water. Toxicity of TFM (96-h LC50)
to the fish tested ranged from 1.02 to 7.73 mg/L in soft water
and 1.83 to 18.05 mg/L in hard water. Probit analysis indicated
that the amount of TFM required to kill 99% of bullfrog larvae
was 3.35 mg/L. A 96-h exposure to 3.35 mg/L TFM would also kill
99% of suckermouth catfish Hypostomus plecostomus, 92% of black
neon tetras Hyphessobrycon herbertaxelrodi, 90% of tiger barbs
Puntius tetr [abstract truncated]
From
Toxline at Toxnet
NORTH AMERICAN
JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT; 16 (3). 1996.
600-607.
Evaluation
of piscicides for control of ruffe.
BOOGAARD MA, BILLS TD, SELGEBY JH, JOHNSON
DA
Natl. Biol.
Serv., Upper Mississippi Sci. Cent., 2630 Fanta Reed Rd., LaCrosse,
WI 54603, USA.
BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Ruffe Gymnocephalus cernuus, a Eurasian
species, was introduced into Duluth Harbor, Minnesota, in the
1980s, probably in releases of ballast water from seagoing freighters.
Ruffe is now the most abundant species in the fish community
native species, such as the yellow perch Perca flavescens, trout-perch
Percopsis omiscomaycus, black bullhead Ameiurus melas, and most
endemic minnows, have declined. Toxicity tests of antimycin
and rotenone (registered piscicides) and the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol
(TFM) were conducted with ruffe and other fish species in water
from several tributaries to Lake Superior. Ruffe and brown trout
Salmo trutta were similar in their sensitivity to antimycin
and rotenone; they were about five times more sensitive to antimycin
and two times more sensitive to rotenone than yellow perch.
However, ruffe were about three to six
times more sensitive to TFM than either brown trout or yellow
perch. The effects of control treatments for se [abstract
truncated]
From
Toxline at Toxnet
GREAT LAKES
FISHERY COMMISSION TECHNICAL REPORT; 0 (61). 1995.
9-31.
Comparison
of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) toxicities to sea lampreys,
rainbow trout, and mayfly nymphs in continuous and interrupted
9-H exposures.
SCHOLEFIELD RJ, SEELYE JG, SLAGHT KS
Natl. Biological
Service, Lake Huron Biological Station, 11188 Ray Road, Millersburg,
MI 49759, USA.
BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Flow-through tests with 12êC
Lake Huron water were used to examine the toxicity of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol
(TFM) to larval sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus), fry of rainbow
trout Oncorhynchus mykiss), and nymphs of burrowing mayfly (Hexagenia
limbata). The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare
the effectiveness of a single, continuous 9-h exposure to TFM
with two exposures (totaling 9 h) of TFM that were interrupted
by 12 h or 22 h of no exposure. Two exposures to TFM interrupted
for 12 h were as effective at killing sea lampreys as a single,
continuous 9-h exposure, but the toxicity of TFM to sea lampreys
sometimes declined when the interruption period was increased
to 22 h. The toxicity of TFM to rainbow trout did not differ
significantly among the continuous 9-h exposure and two tests
where exposures were interrupted for either 12 h or 22 h. The
toxicity of TFM to mayflies was significantly greater in the
continuous 9-h exposure than in either o [abstract truncated]
From
Toxline at Toxnet
JOURNAL
OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH; 20 (2). 1994.
355-365.
Identification
of lampricide formulations as a potent inducer of MFO activity
in fish.
MUNKITTRICK KR, SERVOS MR, PARROTT JL,
MARTIN V, CAREY JH, FLETT PA, VAN DER KRAAK GJ
Great Lakes
Lab. Fisheries Aquatic Sci., Dep. Fisheries Oceans, 867 Lakeshore
Rd., Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, CAN.
BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. White sucker
caged in a Lake Superior tributary during a lampricide application
showed marked induction of hepatic mixed function oxygenase
(MFO) enzymes. Laboratory trials (0.5-5.8 mg L-1, 24
h exposure) with rainbow trout confirmed that field formulations
of lampricides induce MFO activity. When the two primary components
of the lampricide formulation were tested separately, MFO induction
was associated with the 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM)
formulation, and not the 2',5-dichloro-4'-nitrosalicylanilide
(Bayer 73) component of the field application. Bioassays confirmed
that reverse phase HPLC successfully separated the inducing
component(s) of the TFM formulation. Induction was not associated
with the HPLC fraction of the formulation containing TFM, which
was corroborated by subsequent exposures offish to purified
TFM. These biochemical effects of lampricide exposure appear
to be related to the presence of an unidentified contaminant
in the field formulation.
From
Toxline at Toxnet
NORTH AMERICAN
JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT; 14 (1). 1994.
162-169.
Effects
of lampricide treatments, relative to environmental conditions,
on abundance and sizes of salmonids in a small stream.
DUBOIS RB, BLUST WH
Wis. Dep.
Natural Resources, Post Office Box 125, Brule, WI 54820, USA.
BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. We examined a 10-year set (spanning
1979-1991) of salmonid density, biomass, and length-at-age data
from a first-order, soft-water, Lake Superior tributary that
received three treatments of the tampricide TFM (3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol)
over the period studied. After a TFM treatment
done during the first half of the 1986 growing season, reduced
densities of three age-groups of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis,
and significantly reduced total biomass of brook trout, were
observed. Mean lengths at age of most salmonid age-classes near
the end of the 1986 growing season were small relative to those
in other years, but for most groups this tendency was
not statistically significant. Drought conditions during three
of the study years were similarly associated with reduced growth
of salmonids. There were no discernable, long-term effects of
two TFM treatments in 1986 on salmonid abundances or mean lengths
at age the following year. Similarly, a treatment near the end
o [abstract truncated]
From
Toxline at Toxnet
WISCONSIN
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES TECHNICAL BULLETIN; 0 (185).
1993. 1-35.
Aquatic
insects of the Bois Brule River System, Wisconsin.
DUBOIS RB
Technical
Bulletin No. 185, Dep. Natural Resources, P.O. Box 7921, Madison,
WI 53707, USA.
BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Noticeable
kills of some species of aquatic insects have accompanied periodic
lampricide treatments (3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol; TFM)
within the Bois Brule River (Brule River) drainage since 1959.
These kills prompted concern among trout anglers and Department
of Natural Resources fisheries personnel about the long-term
effects of TFM on the aquatic insect community. This concern
was heightened during the early 1980s by declines in several
of the river's trout populations that use aquatic insects as
a food resource. Hence, benthos collections throughout the drainage
basin, and drift-net samples from 3 tributaries, were made between
November 1983 and July 1988 to document and assess the status
of the aquatic insect fauna of this relatively undisturbed,
predominantly spring-fed river system. Relative abundance and
distribution of aquatic insects, and physical and chemical data,
are provided for 15 biotic areas, which include 6 mainstem reaches
and 9 tributaries. One [abstract truncated]
From
Toxline at Toxnet
Order Number:
NTIS/PB92-185321 - 1992
Effects
of the Lampricide 3-Trifluoromethyl-4-Nitrophenol on the Pink
Heelsplitter. Methods for Detoxifying the Lampricide 3-Trifluoromethyl-4-Nitrophenol
in Streams.
Bills
TD, Rach JJ, Marking LL, Howe GE, Gilderhus PA
Fish and
Wildlife Service, Washington, DC.
TD3: The lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) is
used to selectively kill sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) in
the tributaries of the Great Lakes. Over the years, TFM was
tested most often on nontarget fishes and only occasionally
on invertebrates, including freshwater mussels. The authors
exposed pink heelsplitters (Potamilus alatus) to TFM concentrations
and exposure times similar to those in lampricide treatments.
Tests were conducted in water similar in quality to the Poultney
River, New York, a stream that contains pink heelsplitters
and is scheduled for lampricide treatment in 1991. Mussels were
exposed to TFM for either 12 or 24 h and observed daily in well
water for 14 days. Ninety percent of the
mussels exposed to 3.5 mg of TFM for 12 h survived, however,
only 50% of the mussels exposed to that concentration for 24
h survived. TFM seems to narcotize or anesthetize mussels. Mortality
of mussels exposed to 3.5 mg/L TFM for 12 h seemed to be 60%
immediately after treatment but the a [abstract truncated]
From
Toxline at Toxnet
GT LAKES
FISH COMM TECH REP; 0 (57). 1992.
21-33.
Effects
of the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol on dissolved
oxygen in aquatic systems.
DAWSON VK, JOHNSON DA, SULLIVAN JF
U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Serv., Natl. Fisheries Res. Cent.-La Crosse, P.O.
Box 818, La Crosse, Wis. 54602.
BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The effects of the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol
(TFM) on dissolved oxygen and other water-quality characteristics
were evaluated in a series of test chambers under selected combinations
of water, sediment, TFM, and exposure to sunlight. Concentrations
of TFM, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, and total alkalinity, plus
pH and sunlight exposure, were monitored throughout the 48-h
tests. Concentrations of TFM gradually decreased over time,
especially in the presence of sediment and sunlight. The lampricide
did not directly cause a reduction in dissolved oxygen concentration,
but appeared to inhibit photosynthetic production of oxygen
during daylight. Dissovled oxygen concentrations were significantly
reduced by the presence of TFM in chambers exposed to sunlight.
Concentrations of total ammonia were significantly higher in
chambers with sediment than in those without sediment. In chambers
that contained river water and were exposed to sunlight, ammonia
concentration [abstract truncated]
From
Toxline at Toxnet
GT LAKES
FISH COMM TECH REP; 0 (57). 1992.
7-19.
Effect
of pH on the toxicity of TFM to sea lamprey larvae and nontarget
species during a stream treatment.
BILLS TD, JOHNSON DA
U.S. Fish
Wildlife Serv., Natl. Fisheries Research Cent.-La Crosse, P.O.
Box 818, La Crosse, Wis. 54602.
BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Treatment of tributaries to the
Great Lakes with the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol
(TFM) occasionally results in incomplete
kills of sea lamprey larvae (Petromyzon marinus) or excessive
mortality of nontarget fish. Laboratory studies indicate
that changes in pH can significantly affect the toxicity of
TFM. In continuous-flow toxicity tests conducted on the Millecoquins
River, Michigan, TFM remained selective for sea lamprey at the
ambient stream pH and at an increased pH (raised approximately
1 unit by the addition of sodium hydroxide). At all but one
concentration, TFM killed all sea lampreys and none of the target
fish. Selectivity decreased when the pH was lowered by approximately
1 unit (by the addition of hydrochloric acid). TFM
at the lowest tested concentration (2.3 mg) killed 100% of the
sea lampreys, 50% of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss),
and 40% of the fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas).
When the Millecoquins River was treated at a co [abstract truncated]
From
Toxline at Toxnet
GT LAKES
FISH COMM TECH REP; 0 (55). 1990.
1-26.
Effects
of the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol on macroinvertebrate
populations in a small stream.
LIEFFERS HJ
U.S. Fish
Wildlife Service, Ludington Biol. Station, Ludington, Mich.
49431, USA.
BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Following two seasons of benthic
sampling, Watson Creek, a small tributary of the Pentwater River,
Michigan, was treated with the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol
(TFM) to determine its effect on the stream macroinvertebrates.
Sampling was continued for nearly six months after the treatment.
Numbers of organisms decreased in 88%
of the taxa immediately following the treatment. All
affected populations recovered within five months and specifes
richness and composition were not notably changed by treatment.
From
Toxline at Toxnet
GT LAKES
FISH COMM TECH REP; 0 (56). 1990.
1-5.
Resistance
to 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) in sea lamprey.
SCHOLEFIELD RJ, SEELYE JG
National
Fishery Res. Center, Hammond Bay Biol. Station, Millersburg,
Michigan 49759.
BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol
(TFM) has been used in the United States and Canada for more
than 30 years to control populations of sea lamprey (Petromyzon
marinus) in the Great Lakes. There is concern that sea lamprey
might become resistant to TFM. Lampricide toxicity tests have
been conducted at the Hammond Bay Biological Station, Millersburg,
Michigan, since the 1950s, and examination of TFM toxicity data
for larval lamprey from 1963 to 1987 indicated that sea lamprey
have not developed increased resistance to TFM. Maintenance
of current control practices are unlikely to cause the development
of TFM-resistant sea lamprey strains in the foreseeable future.
From
Toxline at Toxnet
NTIS/PB91-138115
- 1990
Investigations
in Fish Control. (100, 101, and 102).
Gilderhus PA, Allen JL, Bills TD, Howe
GE
National
Fisheries Research Center, La Crosse, WI.
TD3: Results of three tests are provided, which involve the
use of various pest and fungus control chemical agents on aquatic
plants and certain aquatic animals. Testing is performed to
determine (1) the effects of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenyl
(TFM) in irrigation water on plants; (2) the effect of
malachite green on muscles, eggs and fry of treated Atlantic
and Chinook salmon; and (3) the effect of changes in water temperature,
hardness, and pH on the toxicity of benzocaine to specific freshwater
fishes.
From
Toxline at Toxnet
GT LAKES
FISH COMM TECH REP; 0 (56). 1990.
6-13.
Effects
of changes in dissolved oxygen on the toxicity of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol
(TFM) to sea lamprey and rainbow trout.
SEELYE JG, SCHOLEFIELD RJ
National
Fishery Res. Center, Hammond Bay Biol. Station, Millersburg,
Mich. 49759.
BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The toxicity of TFM to larval sea
lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) and other aquatic organisms is
influenced by chemical factors such as
pH, alkalinity, conductivity, and hardness. Oxygen levels
as low as 30% saturation did not affect the toxicity of TFM
to larval sea lamprey, but its toxicity to rainbow trout fingerlings
(Oncorhynchus mykiss) increased as the oxygen concentration
decreased at 13ê C but not at 20ê C. To help insure
safe, effective chemical control of sea lamprey, treatment teams
should monitor dissolved oxygen as well as other pertinent water
chemistry variables in streams just prior to treatment.
From
Toxline at Toxnet
PROG FISH-CULT;
51 (4). 1989. 207-213.
Use
of TFM (3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol) to selectively control
frog larvae in fish production ponds.
KANE AS, JOHNSON DL
Aquatic
Toxicol. Lab., Univ. Md. Sch. Med., Dep. Pathol., 10 South Pine
St., Baltimore, Md. 21201, USA.
BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The efficacy of TFM (3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol)
for the selective control of frog larvae in fish culture ponds
was examined. Mortalities of frog larvae and fathead minnows
(Pimephales promelas) in exposure cages as well as end-of-season
standing crops were used to quantify the selective effects of
TFM in three treatment ponds, A, B, and C. The chemical was
completely effective in controlling frog larvae in treated ponds
A and B; no tadpoles were recovered after treatment. These ponds
were filled just before the study. The standing crop of tadpoles
in the untreated control pond, which was also filled just before
the study, was 219.7 kg/hectare. Treatment of pond C, which
was filled throughout the year and had an established population
of older, larger tadpoles before TFM application, was not effective,
leaving 243.3 kg frog larvae per hectare. Exposure-cage mortalities
of frog larvae ranged from 22.0 to 95.0%. Failure to kill all
frog larvae was most likely due to i [abstract truncated]
From
Toxline at Toxnet
GR LAKES
FISH COMM TECH REP; 0 (52). 1988.
1-23.
GUIDE
FOR DETERMINING APPLICATION RATES OF LAMPRICIDES FOR CONTROL
OF SEA LAMPREY AMMOCOETES
SEELYE JG, JOHNSON DA, WEISE JG, KING
E L JR
No
Abstract available
From
Toxline at Toxnet
J GREAT
LAKES RES; 14 (3). 1988. 338-346.
PHOTODEGRADATION
OF THE LAMPRICIDE 3 TRIFLUOROMETHYL-4-NITROPHENOL TFM 2. FIELD
CONFIRMATION OF DIRECT PHOTOLYSIS AND PERSISTENCE OF FORMULATION
IMPURITIES IN A STREAM DURING TREATMENT
CAREY JH, FOX ME, SCHLEEN LP
No
Abstract available
From
Toxline at Toxnet
GT LAKES
FISH COMM TECH REP; 0 (53). 1988.
9-17.
RELATION
OF PH TO TOXICITY OF LAMPRICIDE TFM IN THE LABORATORY
BILLS TD, MARKING LL, HOWE GE, RACH JJ
No
Abstract available
From
Toxline at Toxnet
GR LAKES
FISH COMM TECH REP; 0 (50). 1987.
1-8.
A
COMPARISON OF TWO METHODS FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION
OF TFM AND BAYER 73 CONCENTRATIONS
SCHOLEFIELD RJ
No
Abstract available
From
Toxline at Toxnet
CAN J BOT;
65 (5). 1987. 893-898.
EFFECTS
OF THE LAMPRICIDE 3 TRIFLUOROMETHYL-4-NITROPHENOL ON DIATOMS
IN TWO SOUTHERN ONTARIO STREAMS CANADA
BEAMISH F WH, JEFFREY KA, KOLTON RJ, MACMAHON
PD, KOWALCHUK KA
No
Abstract available
From
Toxline at Toxnet
HYDROBIOLOGIA;
148 (1). 1987. 25-34
EFFECTS
OF THE LAMPRICIDE 3 TRIFLUOROMETHYL-4-NITROPHENOL TFM ON THE
MACROINVERTEBRATES OF WILMOT CREEK CANADA
MACMAHON PD, JEFFREY KA, BEAMISH F WH,
FERGUSON SC, KOLTON RJ
No
Abstract available
From
Toxline at Toxnet
HYDROBIOLOGIA;
139 (3). 1986. 251-268.
EFFECTS
OF THE LAMPRICIDE 3 TRIFLUOROMETHYL-4-NITROPHENOL ON THE MACROINVERTEBRATES
OF A HARDWATER RIVER
KOLTON RJ, MACMAHON PD, JEFFREY KA, BEAMISH
F WH
No
Abstract available
From
Toxline at Toxnet
HYDROBIOLOGIA;
134 (1). 1986. 43-52.
EFFECTS
OF THE LAMPRICIDE 3 TRIFLUOROMETHYL-4-NITROPHENOL ON THE MACROINVERTEBRATES
WITHIN THE HYPORHEIC REGION OF A SMALL STREAM
JEFFREY KA, BEAMISH F WH, FERGUSON SC,
KOLTON RJ, MACMAHON PD
No
Abstract available
From
Toxline at Toxnet
CAN J FISH
AQUAT SCI; 43 (8). 1986. 1515-1520.
LOSS
OF LAMPRICIDES BY ADSORPTION ON BOTTOM SEDIMENTS
DAWSON VK, JOHNSON DA, ALLEN
JL
No
Abstract available
From
Toxline at Toxnet
J GREAT
LAKES RES; 11 (2). 1985. 171-178.
EFFECTS
OF CONTAMINANTS ON TOXICITY OF THE LAMPRICIDES 3 TRIFLUOROMETHYL-4-NITROPHENOL
AND BAYER 73 TO 3 SPECIES OF FISH
MARKING LL, BILLS TD
No
Abstract available
From
Toxline at Toxnet
PROG FISH-CULT;
47 (4). 1985. 231-238.
3
TRIFLUOROMETHYL-4-NITROPHENOL CONTROL OF TADPOLES IN CULTURE
PONDS
KANE AS, STOCKDALE TM, JOHNSON DL
No
Abstract available
From
Toxline at Toxnet
1985
-
NATL RES COUNC CAN ASSOC COMM SCI CRITER ENVIRON QUAL PUBL;
0 (22488).
TFM
3 TRIFLUOROMETHYL-4-NITROPHENOL AND BAYER 73 CLONITRALIDE LAMPRICIDES
IN THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT
No
Abstract available
From
Toxline at Toxnet
GREAT LAKES
FISH COMM TECH REP; 0 (47). 1985.
6-12.
SOLID
BARS OF 3 TRIFLUOROMETHYL-4-NITROPHENOL A SIMPLIFIED METHOD
OF APPLYING LAMPRICIDE TO SMALL STREAMS
GILDERHUS PA
No
Abstract available
From
Toxline at Toxnet
GREAT LAKES
FISH COMM TECH REP; 0 (47). 1985.
1-5.
COMPARATIVE
TOXICITY OF THE LAMPRICIDE 3 TRIFLUOROMETHYL-4-NITROPHENOL TO
AMMOCOETES OF THREE SPECIES OF LAMPREYS
KING E L JR, GABEL JA
No
Abstract available
From
Toxline at Toxnet
GREAT LAKES
FISH COMM TECH REP; 0 (47). 1985.
13-23.
TOXICITY
OF THE LAMPRICIDES 3 TRIFLUOROMETHYL-4-NITROPHENOL AND 2' 5
DICHLORO-4'-NITROSALICYLANILIDE BAYER 73 TO EGGS AND NYMPHS
OF THE MAYFLY HEXAGENIA-SP
BILLS TD, MARKING LL, RACH JJ
No
Abstract available
From
Toxline at Toxnet
CAN J FISH
AQUAT SCI; 41 (11). 1984. 1695-1701.
Changes
in populations and drift of stream invertebrates following lampricide
treatment.
DERMOTT RM, SPENCE HJ
Dep. Fisheries
Oceans, Great Lakes Fisheries Res. Branch, Canada Cent. Inland
Waters, Burlington, Ont. L7R 4A6.
HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The effects of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol
(TFM) treatment on invertebrate abundance, recolonization and
drift rates were examined in 3 Great Lakes tributaries, having
a wide range of water hardness. In the
softwater streams only philopotamid caddisflies and lumbriculid
worms were significantly reduced after the TFM treatment;
their abundance in the untreated stream sections was unchanged.
Treatment of the hardwater stream resulted in a dramatic mortality
of leeches. Abundance of soft-bodied oligochaetes and Turbellaria
were significantly reduced, while numbers of Simuliidae,
Hydropsyche and Baetis increased 4 days after treatment. Daytime
drift rates of the Annelida, Turbellaria, Amphipoda, Glossosomatidae
and Tipulidae increased significantly during the lampricide
treatment. Increased drift rates rather
than mortality appears to be the major impact of the lampricide
on invertebrate communities.
From
Toxline at Toxnet
ARCH HYDROBIOL;
101 (4). 1984. 601-607.
ACUTE
TOXICITY OF ANTIMYCIN A BAYER 73 AND 3 TRIFLUOROMETHYL-4-NITROPHENOL
TO A FRESH-WATER TELEOST LEBISTES-RETICULATUS
GUPTA PK, RAO PS, MUJUMDAR VS, DURVE VS
:
No
Abstract available
From
Toxline at Toxnet
62ND ANNUAL
MEETING OF THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, RICHMOND, VA., USA,
MAY 15-18, 1984. VA J SCI; 35 (2). 1984.
116.
EFFECT
OF 3 TRIFLUOROMETHYL-4-NITROPHENOL ON THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
OF PROTOZOAN COMMUNITIES ESTABLISHED ON ARTIFICIAL SUBSTRATES
MCCORMICK PV, PRATT JR, CAIRNS J JR
No
Abstract available
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6749253&dopt=Abstract
Natl Cancer
Inst Monogr 1984 May;65:195-9
Procedures
for use of freshwater fishes in the development of reproducible
toxicological information.
Marking LL.
Toxicity testing with fish began early in this century, but
standardized methods have been developed only within the last
three decades. Standardized test procedures promote reproducibility
of results; healthy fish properly handled and acclimated to
test conditions are a given prerequisite. The principles of
acute toxicity testing are important in the design of chronic
tests for suspected carcinogens because certain factors influence
the activity of chemicals or contaminants. The pH of test water
is a critical factor in governing the uptake of chemicals by
fish. Buffering is required so that uniform pH in waters of
different hardnesses and different pHs in water of a given hardness
are maintained. The importance of water quality control is graphically
demonstrated by the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol;
the toxicant is over 50 times more toxic
in water at pH 6.5 than at pH 9.5. Results of laboratory
tests on toxicity or carcinogenicity of single compounds in
a clean environment represent an oversimplification of the real
world because organisms are actually exposed to multiple chemicals
or stresses. Because the environment is a complex interaction
of physical, chemical, and biological factors that are extremely
variable and dynamic, simulation of these systems in the laboratory
is, at best, artificial; therefore, results developed must be
considered to be predictive.
PMID: 6749253 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
From
Toxline at Toxnet
ARCH HYDROBIOL;
97 (4). 1983. 540-550.
Acute
toxicity of piscicide Antimycin A, molluscicide Bayer 73 and
lampricide 3 trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol to the snail Viviparus
bengalensis.
GUPTA PK, DURVE VS
Dep. Zool.,
K.L.D.A.V. Coll., Roorkee-247667, India.
HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. For acute toxicity tests, freshwater
snail V. bengalensis was exposed to a piscicide (Antimycin A),
a molluscicide (Bayer 73) and a lampricide (3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol
(TFM)). Static bioassay method was adopted for the evaluation
of the toxicity of these chemicals. The lethal concentrations
(LC16, LC50 and 95% fiducial limits and LC84), slope functions,
regression equations, heterogeneity factors, median survival
periods, analysis of variance, presumable harmless concentrations
and relative potencies of the 3 toxicants were worked out for
12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h exposures. The rank order toxicity among
the 3 toxicants was Antimycin-A > Bayer-73 > TFM.
From
Toxline at Toxnet
J GREAT
LAKES RES; 7 (3). 1981. 234-241.
Photodegradation
of the lampricide, 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol: 1. Pathway
of the direct photolysis in solution.
CAREY JH, FOX ME
Environmental
Contaminants Div., Natl. Water Res. Inst., Canada Cent. for
Inland Waters, Burlington, Ont., Can. L7R 4A6.
HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Solutions of TFM (3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol)
in distilled and in 2 Lake Ontario (USA, Canda) tributary stream
waters were exposed to spring and fall natural sunlight in Pyrex
glass containers. TFM degraded in the natural stream waters
with a half-life of of identified photoproduct is gentisic acid
(2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid). A 2nd major photoproduct is believed
to be a condensation product of TFM and gentisic acid (MW 371).
Structures based on mass spectra are proposed for 4 other photoproducts.
A photolysis pathway is proposed in which the primary degradation
route leads to polymeric, humic acid-like material.
From
Toxline at Toxnet
ENVIRON
SCI TECHNOL; 15 (11). 1981. 1335-1340.
Persistence
of 3-(trifluoromethyl)-4-nitrophenol in aquatic environments.
THINGVOLD DA, LEE GF
Dep. Civil
Eng., Eng. Res. Cent., Colo. State Univ., Ft. Collins, Colo.
80523.
HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Since 1958, 3-(trifluoromethyl)-4-nitrophenol
(TFM) has been used to control the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus)
in the USA-Canadian Great Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron and
Ontario. A study was conducted to determine the degradability
of TFM under laboratory conditions in aqueous (sediment-free)
systems. No evidence of microbial degradation of TFM was found
up to 80 days. TFM may persist for extended periods of time
in the Great Lakes. On the basis of past and present levels
of usage of TFM, it was estimated that the concentration of
TFM in Lake Superior water could approach, if TFM were a completely
conservative chemical, 0.015 mug/l. This concentration was considerably
less than the concentrations found to be acutely and chronically
toxic to aquatic life. The use of TFM as a sea lamprey larvicide
did not represent a hazard to fish and other nontarget aquatic
life in the Great Lakes.
From
Toxline at Toxnet
WATER RES;
14 (5). 1980. 515-520.
Effect
of the lamprey larvicide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol on
embryonic development of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).
NIBLETT PD, MCKEOWN BA
Proctor
and Redfern Group, Consult. Eng. Plan., 75 Eglinton Ave. E.,
Toronto, Ont. M4P 1H3, Can.
HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Toxicity of the lamprey larvicide,
3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenyl, to rainbow trout embryos was
greatest immediately following fertilization and least after
neurulation. Embryonic mortality in the early stages was delayed
and not recognized by the presence of a white protein precipitate.
From
Toxline at Toxnet
Can. J.
Fish. Aquat. Sci. 37(11): 1895-1905 1980
(29 References)
Effects
of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) control in the Great Lakes
on aquatic plants, invertebrates, and amphibians.
Gilderhus PA, Johnson BGH
Natl. Fish.
Res. Lab., US Fish & Wildl. Serv., La Crosse, WI 54601
PESTAB. The chemicals 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM)
or a combination of TFM and 2',5-dichloro-4'-nitrosalicylanilide
(Bayer 73, clonitralide) have been used to control the sea lamprey
(Petromyzon marinus) in the Great Lakes for about 20 yr. These
chemicals cause some mortalities of Oligochaeta and Hirudinea,
immature forms of Ephemeroptera (Hexagenia sp.), and certain
Trichoptera, Simuliidae, and Amphibia (Necturus sp.). The combination
of TFM and Bayer 73 may affect some Pelecypoda and Gastropoda,
but its overall effects on invertebrates are probably less than
those of TFM alone. Granular Bayer 73 is likely to induce mortalities
among oligochaetes, microcrustaceans, chironomids, and pelecypods.
No evidence exists that the lampricides have caused the catastrophic
decline or disappearance of any species. The overall impact
of chemical control of sea lampreys on aquatic communities has
been minor compared with the benefits derived. (Author abstract
by permission)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7415206&dopt=Abstract
Xenobiotica
1980 Apr;10(4):257-63
Whole-body
distribution an Malpighian tubule transport of 2',5-dichloro-4'-nitrosalicylanilide
(Bayer 73) and 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol in larvae of
the aquatic midge Chironomus tentans.
Hansen CR Jr, Gauss JD, Kawatski
JA.
1. Residues of the lampricides 14C-Bayer 73 (2',5-dichloro-4'-nitrosalicylanilide)
and 14C-TFM (3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol) were absorbed
from aqueous sublethal concn. by aquatic larvae of the midge
Chironomus tentans.
2. Toxicant residues were widely distributed during early hours
of exposure, but later and during a 24-h post-exposure period,
they became concentrated in the trunk and intestinal tract;
the posterior movement of Bayer 73 was more rapid than that
of TFM.
3. During 4-h tests, Malpighian tubules of the chironomid actively
transported Bayer 73 and TFM in vitro, and on a per tubule basis,
more TFM was transported than Bayer 73.
4. Potassium cyanide inhibited tubule transport; serotonin had
no effect.
PMID: 7415206 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=429689&dopt=Abstract
J Agric
Food Chem 1979 Mar-Apr;27(2):328-31
No
Abstract available
Uptake,
metabolism, and elimination of the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol
by largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides).
Schultz DP, Harman PD, Luhning CW.
PMID: 429689 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
From
Toxline at Toxnet
GREAT LAKES
FISH COMM TECH REP; 0 (35). 1979.
1-36.
Variations
in growth, age at transformation, and sex
ratio of sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) reestablished
in chemically treated tributaries of the upper Great Lakes (USA).
PURVIS HA
US Fish
Wildl. Serv. P.O. Box 758, Marquette, Mich. 49855, USA.
HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Growth and age at metamorphosis were
determined for populations of larval sea lampreys that became
reestablished after chemical treatments of tributaries of Lakes
Superior and Michigan (USA) with the selected lampricide, 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol.
Age at metamorphosis varied from 3-7 yr. Growth of ammocetes
varied considerably from stream to stream and within streams.
Mean lengths of ammocetes of age group III in late summer or
early fall in different streams ranged from 65-144 mm. Ammocetes
of the 1st yr class established after a chemical treatment grew
faster than those of succeeding year classes. Transformation
at an early age usually occurred only among fast-growing larvae
in large streams. A reversal of the sex
ratio, from predominately male to predominately female, followed
the reduction of the adult sea lamprey population. Sex ratios
of larval and recently metamorphosed sea lampreys reestablished
after chemical treatments rapidly shifted from an excess of
males to an excess of females. The shift in sex ratio
was related to decreased densities of sea lampreys resulting
from treatments.
From
Toxline at Toxnet
Bull. Environ.
Contam. Toxicol. 17(1): 57-65 1977
(9 References)
The
influence of larval lampricide (TFM:3-trifluoromethyl -4- nitrophenol
on growth and production of two species of aquatic macrophytes,
Elodea canadensis (Michx.) Planchon and Myriophyllum spicatum
L.
Maki AW. Johnson HE
Environ.
Water Qual. Res. Dep., Proctor & Gamble Co., Ivorydale Tech.
Cent., Cincinnati, OH 45217
PESTAB. The toxicity of the larval lampricide TFM (3-trifluoromethyl
-4- nitrophenol) for two vascular hydrophytes, Elodea canadensis
and Myriophyllus spicatum, was studied. The plants were obtained
from naturally occurring stocks, and exposure to the toxicant
was conducted in totally recirculating model streams. After
a growth period of up to 2 wk, during which the plants were
exposed to 5.0-35.0 mg/l TFM, the individual shoots were ashed
and the dry weights and ash-free dry weights determined. Analytical
grade TFM inhibited the growth and production of vegetative
shoots of Elodea canadensis at all concentrations greater than
5.0 mg/l. A net loss in biomass occurred following exposure
to 10.0-35.0 mg/l for over 24 hr or to 20.0-35.0 mg/l for over
3 hr. Primary production was also progressively inhibited as
a function of exposure time. Myriophyllum spicatum was more
susceptible to the toxicant. The greatest percentage reduction
in biomass occurred after 1 and 4 hr of exposure to all concentrations
greater than 5.0 mg/l. The toxicant appeared to affect bo
