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Adverse Effects Part 1
Adverse Effects Part 2
ACTIVITY: Fluorine
fumigant (Inorganic)
Structure:
1993:
Rationale for US EPA to add Sulfuryl Fluoride to the Toxic
Release Inventory
The
primary effects of sulfuryl fluoride in humans are respiratory
irritation and central nervous system depression, followed
by excitation and possibly convulsions. Rabbits exposed
via inhalation (6 hours/day, 5 days/week, for 2 weeks) to
sulfuryl fluoride showed hyperactivity, convulsions and
vacuolation of the cerebrum at 600 ppm (2.5 mg/L). Renal
lesions were present in all rats exposed by inhalation (6
hours/day, 5 days/week, for 2 weeks) to 600 ppm (2.5 mg/
L) sulfuryl fluoride. Minimal renal changes were noted in
rats exposed to 300 ppm (1252 mg/L), whereas no effects
occurred at 100 ppm (4.2 mg/ L). Convulsions at near lethal
concentrations were reported in rabbits, mice, and rats.
In a 30-day inhalation study, loss of control, tremors of
the hind quarters, and histopathological changes in the
lung, liver, and kidney were reported in rabbits exposed
to 400 ppm (1.6 mg/L) for 7 hours/day, 5 days/week for 5
weeks. The NOEL was 200 ppm (0.83 mg/L). Cerebral vacuolation
and/or malacia and inflammation of nasal tissues were observed
in rabbits exposed by inhalation to 100 or 300 ppm (0.4
or 1.25 mg/L) for 13 weeks. The NOEL was 30 ppm (0.125 mg/L).
Rats exposed by inhalation to 100 to 600 ppm (0.4 to 0.25
mg/L) sulfuryl fluoride for 13 weeks developed mottled teeth
(indicative of fluoride toxicity), renal and respiratory
effects, and cerebral vacuolation. EPA believes that there
is sufficient evidence for listing sulfuryl fluoride on
EPCRA section 313 pursuant to EPCRA section 313(d)(2)(B)
based on the available neurological, renal, and respiratory
toxicity data for this chemical.
Ref:
USEPA/OPP. Support Document for the Addition of Chemicals
from Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)
Active Ingredients to EPCRA Section 313. U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, DC (1993).
As cited by US EPA in: Federal
Register: January 12, 1994. Part IV. 40 CFR Part 372.
Addition of Certain Chemicals; Toxic Chemical Release Reporting;
Community Right-to-Know; Proposed Rule.
|
Reports
available from
The National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
Order from NTIS by: phone at 1-800-553-NTIS (U.S. customers);
(703)605-6000 (other countries); fax at (703)605-6900; and email
at orders@ntis.gov. NTIS is located at 5285 Port Royal Road,
Springfield, VA, 22161, USA. |
| Order
No. |
Title |
Abstract |
NTIS/PB94-140134
111p
•
Available
free online |
1993
- RED Facts: Sulfuryl Fluoride.
Environmental
Protection Agency, Arlington, VA. Special Review and Reregistration
Div. |
This
decision document presents the Agency's decision regarding
the reregistration eligibility of the registered uses of sulfuryl
fluoride. The document consists of six sections. Section I
is the introduction. Section II describes sulfuryl fluoride,
its uses, data requirements and regulatory history. Section
III discusses the human health and environmental assessment
based on the data available to the Agency. Section IV presents
the reregistration decision for sulfuryl fluoride. Section
V discusses the reregistration requirements for sulfuryl fluoride.
Finally, Section VI is the Appendices which support this Reregistration
Eligibility Document. Fact sheet. See also PB86-173937 and
PB94-140027. |
NTIS/PB94-140027
5p
•
Available
free online |
1993
- RED Facts: Sulfuryl Fluoride.
Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Pesticide Programs. |
Sulfuryl
fluoride is an insecticide used to fumigate closed structures
and their contents such as domestic dwellings, garages, barns,
storage buildings, commercial warehouses, ships in port, and
railroad cars. It controls numerous insect pests including
termites, powder post beetles, old house borers, bedbugs,
carpet beetles, clothes moths and cockroaches, as well as
rats and mice. The end-use product is marketed as a liquid
gas in pressurized steel containers. Fact sheet. See also
PB87-124392. |
NTIS/PB87-124392
6p |
1985
- Pesticide Fact Sheet Number 51: Sulfuryl Fluoride.
Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Pesticide Programs. |
The
document contains up-to-date chemical information, including
a summary of the Agency's regulatory position and rationale,
on a specific pesticide or group of pesticides. A Fact Sheet
is issued after one of the following actions has occurred.
(1) Issuance or reissuance of a registration standard, (2)
Issuance of each special review document, (3) Registration
of a significantly changed use pattern, (4) Registration of
a new chemical, or (5) An immediate need for information to
resolve controversial issues relating to a specific chemical
or use pattern. |
NTIS/PB82-114695
18p |
1979
- Collection in Gas Sampling Bag, GC with Flame Photometric
Detection (Analytical Method S245)
National
Inst. for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH. |
The
NIOSH analytical method S245 for determining sulfuryl-fluoride
(2699798) in air is described. Samples are collected in a
gas sampling bag and are analyzed by gas chromatography with
a flame photometric detector. The working range of the method
is 2.54 to 10.29 parts per million, the coefficient of variance
is 0.025, and the detection limit is 0.1 part per million.
Analytical apparatus, reagents and procedures are described,
and calculations are provided for determining sample concentrations.
Data on recovery and stability rates is included.
Keywords:
Sampling
Industrial medicine
Gas analysis
Sulfuryl fluoride
Analytical methods
Occupational safety and health
Air pollution detection
Air pollution sampling |
| Brief summary
of Dow's efforts to use Sulfuryl fluoride on food commodities |
| March
23, 2004 |
Written Objections and Request
for Hearing in the matter of: Sulfuryl fluoride; Temporary Pesticide
Tolerances, Final Rule, published in the Federal Register, Jan
23, 2004. Submitted by FAN and Beyond Pesticides. |
January
23, 2004
Federal Register |
FINAL
RULE. This
regulation establishes the highest tolerances for residues
of sulfuryl
fluoride and inorganic fluoride from postharvest fumigation
uses "in or on food" in US history.
EPA sets a precedent by allowing a dosage of fluoride for
infants that is five times higher than for adults.
Dow
requested EPA to revoke its Experimental Use Permit for raisins
and walnuts. In so doing FAN's April 2002 objections were
rendered moot and denied on that ground. EPA released on this
date 5 documents in response to FAN's objections and in
support of this Final Rule:
1.
October
31, 2003. MEMORANDUM. SUBJECT:
SULFURYL FLUORIDE - Second Report of the Hazard Identification
Assessment Review Committee. Docket
No. OPP-2003-0373-0004 -
31
pages
2. November
18, 2003. A
Preliminary Evaluation of Articles Related to Fluoride Cited
by the Fluoride Action Network (FAN) as Objections to the
Sulfuryl Fluoride Pesticide Tolerance Rule.
Docket
No. OPP-2003-0373-0003 - 55
pages
3. January
8, 2004. MEMORANDUM. SUBJECT:
Review of Five Recent
Papers on Fluoride Submitted by the Fluoride Action Network.
Docket No. OPP-2003-0373-0005-
3
pages
4.
January
16, 2004.RESPONSE
TO PUBLIC COMMENTS CONCERNING THE USE OF SULFURYL FLUORIDE
AS A POST-HARVEST FUMIGANT.
Docket No. OPP-2003-0373-0006
- 47
pages
5.
January
20, 2004. MEMORANDUM. Subject:
Human Health Risk Assessment for Sulfuryl Fluoride and Fluoride
Anion Addressing the Section 3 Registration of Sulfuryl
Fluoride Post-Harvest Fumigation of Stored Cereal Grains,
Dried Fruits and Tree Nuts and Pest Control in Grain Processing
Facilities. PP# 1F6312.
Docket No. OPP-2003-0373-0002
- 51
pages
|
| Sept
9, 2003 |
Switzerland: Dow
AgroSciences replacement for methyl bromide, received its first
ever full commercial approval. The Swiss authorities
have cleared sulfuryl fluoride for use as a space fumigant in
empty flour mills, food storage facilities and grain silos. |
| April
8, 2002 |
Written Objections and Request for Hearing
from FAN in the matter of: Sulfuryl fluoride; Temporary Pesticide
Tolerances, Final Rule, Feb 7, 2002, Federal Register. |
| March
18, 2002 |
Comments submitted to EPA from FAN on Dow's
petition published in the FR, Feb 15, 2002. |
February
15, 2002
Federal Register |
Dow
AgroSciences petitions US EPA for tolerances of residues for
over 40 food commodities. |
February
7, 2002
Federal Register |
US
EPA approves Dow's petition with the first food use for sulfuryl
fluoride in the US by issuing a 3-year
Experimental Use Permit that
allows Dow to use Sulfuryl fluoride as a fumigant on raisins
and walnuts.
Inorganic fluroide levels approved:
Raisin - 30 ppm fluoride
Walnut - 12 ppm |
| January
5, 2002 |
Pittsburg, California: Dow Chemical is considering
a $40 million to $50 million upgrade to its [sulfuryl fluoride]
plant here, a move that could herald a tripling of its capacity
to produce a pesticide used against termites and pests that
attack strawberries... |
| Sept
29, 2001 |
Comments submitted to US EPA from Ellen Connett
on the Proposed Pesticide Temporary Tolerances that appeared
in the September 5, 2001, FR. |
Sept
5, 2001
Federal Register |
Dow
AgroSciences: Proposed Pesticide
Temporary Tolerances for fluoride and sulfuryl fluoride residues
on walnuts and raisins from post harvest fumigation.
As the fluoride anion is the endpoint of toxicological
concern for sulfuryl fluoride, EPA presents an updated tox
profile on fluoride. |
June
15, 2001
Federal Register
|
Dow
AgroSciences petitions US EPA to
establish a Tolerance for Fluoride and Sulfuryl fluoride on
walnuts; also petitions for an Exemption for fluoride tolerances
on raisins. |
| Sulfuryl
fluoride: Comparisons of Residue Tolerances: Final vs. Proposed
Proposed
Tolerances were petitioned for by Dow on Feb 15, 2002
- see Federal Register at
http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-PEST/2002/February/Day-15/p3661.htm
Final Rule was issued on January 23,
2004 - see Federal Register at
http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-PEST/2004/January/Day-23/p1540.htm |
Commodity |
Final
Rule
Jan 23, 2004
for
tolerances of Inorganic Fluoride |
Final
Rule
Jan 23, 2004
for
tolerances of Sulfuryl
Fluoride |
PROPOSED
TOLERANCES
Feb
15, 2002
Inorganic Fluoride |
PROPOSED
TOLERANCES
Feb
15, 2002
Sulfuryl fluoride |
FAN's Notes: Comparing Final Rule to the Proposed tolerances. |
| Barley,
bran, postharvest |
45.0 |
0.05 |
Not
listed |
Not
listed |
These
tolerances were not petitioned for |
| Barley,
flour, postharvest |
45.0 |
0.05 |
Not
listed |
Not
listed |
| Barley,
pearled, postharvest |
45.0 |
0.05 |
Not
listed |
Not
listed |
| Corn,
aspirated grain fractions, postharvest |
55.0 |
0.05 |
Not
listed |
Not
listed |
| Oat,
flour, postharvest |
75.0 |
0.05 |
Not
listed |
Not
listed |
| Oat,
rolled, postharvest |
75.0 |
0.1 |
Not
listed |
Not
listed |
| Corn,
field, grits, postharvest |
10.0 |
15.0 |
10 |
0.04 |
GREATLY
Higher for Sulfuryl fluoride |
| Wheat,
flour, postharvest |
125.0 |
0.05 |
10 |
0.03 |
GREATLY
Higher for Inorganic Fluoride |
| Wheat,
milled byproducts, postharvest |
130.0 |
0.05 |
35
|
0.01 |
GREATLY
Higher for Inorganic Fluoride |
| Barley,
grain, postharvest |
15.0 |
0.1 |
10.0 |
0.01 |
Higher
for both |
| Corn,
field, grain, postharvest |
10.0 |
0.05 |
7 |
0.04 |
Higher
for both |
| Corn
pop, grain, postharvest |
10.0 |
0.05 |
7 |
0.04 |
Higher
for both |
Grape,
raisin, postharvest |
7.0 |
[0.05] |
5 |
0.01 |
Higher
for both |
| Millet,
grain, postharvest |
40.0 |
0.1 |
25 |
0.05 |
Higher
for both |
| Oat,
grain, postharvest |
25.0 |
0.1 |
17 |
0.01 |
Higher
for both |
| Sorghum,
grain, postharvest |
40.0 |
0.1 |
25 |
0.05 |
Higher
for both |
| Triticale,
grain, postharvest |
40.0 |
0.1 |
25 |
0.05 |
Higher
for both |
| Wheat,
germ, postharvest |
130.0 |
0.02 |
98 |
0.01 |
Higher
for both |
| Wheat,
grain, postharvest |
40.04
[corrected
to 40.0 on June 16, 2004] |
0.1 |
25 |
0.05 |
Higher
for both |
| Wheat,
shorts, postharvest |
40.0 |
0.05 |
38 |
0.01 |
Higher
for both |
| Corn,
field, flour, postharvest |
35.0 |
0.01 |
26 |
0.01 |
Higher
for F |
| Corn,
field, meal, postharvest |
30.0 |
0.01 |
28 |
0.01 |
Higher
for F |
| Rice,
grain, postharvest |
12.0 |
0.04 |
10 |
0.04 |
Higher
for F |
| Rice,
polished, postharvest |
25.0 |
0.01 |
18 |
0.01 |
Higher
for F |
| Almond |
[10.0] |
[3.0] |
10 |
0.2 |
Higher
for SF |
| Date |
[3.0] |
[0.05] |
5 |
0.03 |
Higher
for SF |
| Pistachio,
postharvest |
10.0 |
3.0 |
18 |
0.5 |
Higher
for SF |
| Plum, prune,
dried |
[3.0] |
[0.05] |
5 |
0.01 |
Higher
for SF |
| Rice,
hulls, postharvest |
35.0 |
0.1 |
35 |
0.08 |
Higher
for SF |
| Wheat,
bran, postharvest |
40.0 |
0.05 |
40 |
0.01 |
Higher
for SF |
| Fruit,
dried, postharvest |
- |
0.05 |
5 |
0.05 |
Lower
for F |
| Date |
[3.0] |
|
5 |
0.03 |
Lower
for F |
| fig |
[3.0] |
|
5 |
0.05 |
Lower
for F |
| Pistachio,
postharvest |
10.0 |
3.0 |
18 |
0.5 |
Lower
for F |
| Plum, prune,
dried |
[3.0] |
|
5 |
0.01 |
Lower
for F |
| pecan |
[10.0] |
[3.0] |
23 |
6.0 |
Lower
for both |
| walnut
|
[10.0] |
[3.0] |
30 |
6.0 |
Lower
for both |
| beechnut;
butternut; cashew; chestnut; chinquapin; filbert; nut, brazil;
nut, hickory; and nut, macadamia |
[10.0] |
[3.0] |
30 |
6.0 |
Lower
for all |
| Rice,
bran, postharvest |
31.0 |
0.01 |
31 |
0.01 |
SAME |
| Rice,
wild, grain, postharvest |
25.0 |
0.05 |
25 |
0.05 |
SAME |
| Corn,
field, oil |
Not
listed |
Not
listed |
3
|
9.0 |
Not listed
in Final Rule |
| Rice,
brown |
Not
listed |
Not
listed |
14 |
0.01 |
Not listed
in Final Rule |
Federal
Register: September 5, 2001. Sulfuryl Fluoride; Proposed
Pesticide Temporary Tolerances. Volume 66, Number 172. Proposed
Rules. Page 46415-46425.
Excerpt
from Table 1.
Summary of Toxicological Doses and Endpoints for sulfuryl
fluoride for Use in Human Risk Assessment
|
| Exposure
Scenario \1\ |
Dose
(mg/kg/day) |
Endpoint |
Study |
| Chronic
Dietary (General Population including Infants and Children) |
NOAEL
= 8.5;
UF = 300;
FQPA Factor = 3 |
Vacuolation
of white matter in the brain
of females.
Chronic RfD = 0.028 mg/ kg/day
Chronic Population- Adjusted Dose (cPAD) = 0.0093 mg/kg/day |
90-Day
inhalation- rabbits |
| Inhalation
Short-Term (Occupational) |
NOAEL
= 30;
MOE = 100;
FQPA Factor = N/A |
Malacia
(necrosis) and vacuolation in the cerebrum,
inflammation of nasal tissues and trachea. |
2-Week
inhalation- rabbits |
| Inhalation
Short-Term (Residential) |
NOAEL
= 30;
MOE = 300;
FQPA Factor = 3 |
Malacia
(necrosis) and vacuolation in the cerebrum,
inflammation of nasal tissues and trachea. |
2-Week
inhalation- rabbits |
| Inhalation
Intermediate-Term (Occupational) |
NOAEL
= 8.5;
MOE = 100;
FQPA Factor = N/A |
Vacuolation
of white matter in the brain
of females. |
90-Day
inhalation- rabbits |
| Inhalation
Intermediate-Term (Residential) |
NOAEL
= 8.5;
MOE = 300;
FQPA Factor = 3 |
Vacuolation
of white matter in the brain of
females. |
90-Day
inhalation- rabbits |
| \*\
The reference to the FQPA Safety Factor refers to any additional
safety factor retained due to concerns unique to the FQPA. |
| \1\
The only significant route of exposure for inorganic fluoride
is dietary exposure, which includes residues in drinking water.
This risk assessment uses the maximum concentration limit goal
(MCLG) of 4.0 ppm for fluoride as the basis for a maximum allowable
exposure to inorganic fluoride (see the Cryolite Reregistration
Eligibility Decision, 8/96, EPA- 738-R-96-016). Using the Agency
default values of body weight (70 kg) and water consumption
(2 liters/day), the MCLG converts to an exposure limit of 0.114
mg/kg/day. This exposure is used as the cPAD for inorganic fluoride
in this risk assessment. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15888664&query_hl=1
Toxicol Sci. 2005 May 11; [Epub
ahead of print]
RAPID UPTAKE, METABOLISM AND ELIMINATION
OF INHALED SULFURYL FLUORIDE FUMIGANT BY RATS.
Mendrala AL, Markham DA, Eisenbrandt
DL.
Toxicology & Environmental Research and Consulting, 1803
Building, The Dow Chemical Company,
Midland, Michigan 48674.
Sulfuryl fluoride (SO2F2) is a structural fumigant gas to control
drywood termites and wood-boring beetles. The pharmacokinetics
and metabolism of inhaled SO2F2 were evaluated in male Fischer
344 rats exposed to 30 or 300 ppm (35)S-labeled SO2F2 for 4
h. Blood, urine and feces were collected during and after the
exposures and analyzed for radioactivity, (35)S-labeled fluorosulfate
and sulfate, and fluoride (urine and feces only). Selected tissues
were collected 7 days post-exposure and analyzed for radioactivity.
During and after unlabeled SO2F2 exposures, blood, brain and
kidney were collected and analyzed for fluoride ion. SO2F2 was
rapidly absorbed, achieving maximum concentrations of radioactivity
in both plasma and red blood cells (RBC)
near the end of the 4 h exposure period. Radioactivity was rapidly
excreted, mostly via the urine. Seven days post-exposure, small
amounts of radioactivity were distributed among several tissues,
with the highest concentration detected in respiratory
tissues. Radioactivity associated with the RBC
remained elevated 7 days post-exposure and highly perfused tissues
had higher levels of radioactivity than other non-respiratory
tissues. Radioactivity cleared from plasma and RBC with
initial half-lives of 2.5 h after 30 ppm and 1-2.5 h after 300
ppm exposures. The terminal half-life
of radioactivity was 2.5-fold longer in RBC than plasma.
Based on the radiochemical profiles, there was no evidence of
parent (35)SO2F2 in blood. Identification of fluorosulfate and
sulfate in blood and urine suggests that
SO2F2 is hydrolyzed to fluorosulfate, with release of fluoride,
followed by further hydrolysis to sulfate and release of the
remaining fluoride.
PMID: 15888664 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11729078&dopt=Abstract
Annu Rev Entomol
2002;47:331-59
Alternatives
to methyl bromide treatments for stored-product and quarantine
insects.
Fields PG, White ND.
Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg,
Manitoba, R3T 2M9; Canada. pfields@em.agr.ca
Methyl bromide is used to control insects as a space fumigant
in flour and feed mills and ship holds, as a product fumigant
for some fruit and cereals, and for general quarantine purposes.
Methyl bromide acts rapidly, controlling insects in less than
48 h in space fumigations, and it has a wide spectrum of activity,
controlling not only insects but also nematodes and plant-pathogenic
microbes. This chemical will be banned in 2005 in developed
countries, except for exceptional quarantine purposes, because
it depletes ozone in the atmosphere. Many alternatives have
been tested as replacements for methyl bromide, from physical
control methods such as heat, cold, and sanitation to fumigant
replacements such as phosphine, sulfuryl
fluoride, and carbonyl sulfide, among others. Individual
situations will require their own type of pest control techniques,
but the most promising include integrated pest management tactics
and combinations of treatments such as phosphine, carbon dioxide,
and heat.
Publication Types:
PMID: 11729078
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-PEST/2002/March/Day-27/p7226.htm
March 27,
2002. Federal Register. (Volume 67, Number 59)] [Notices]
[Page 14713-14714]
US EPA
Issues 3-Year Experimental Use Permit for "ProFume Gas Fumigant"
on walnuts and raisins.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/aaa.sulfuryl.fluoride.alert.htm
February 19, 2002.
Fluoride Action Network Pesticide Project.
ACTION
ALERT and UPDATE on Sulfuryl fluoride.
EPA's latest effort
to set tolerances for inorganic Fluoride residues "in and on"
a large number of raw and processed food products.
http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-PEST/2002/February/Day-15/p3661.htm
February 15, 2002.
Federal Register (Volume 67, Number 32)] [Notices] [Page 7156-7159]
DowAgroSciences
pesticide petition to establish Fluoride and Sulfuryl fluoride
tolerances for a large number of raw and processed foods.
| In
or On Raw Commodity: |
Fluoride
tolerances |
Sulfuryl
fluoride tolerances |
| Almond |
10
|
0.2 |
| Barley,
grain |
10 |
0.01 |
| Beechnut |
30
|
6 |
| Brazil
(nut) |
30 |
6 |
| Butternut |
30
|
6 |
| Cashew |
30
|
6 |
| Chestnut |
30
|
6 |
| Chinquapin |
30
|
6 |
| Corn,
field, grain |
7 |
0.04 |
| Corn,
pop, grain |
7 |
0.04 |
| Date |
5
|
0.03 |
| Fig |
5
|
0.05 |
| Filbert |
30 |
6 |
| Fruit,
dried |
5
|
0.05 |
| Grape,
raisin |
5
|
0.01 |
| Hickory
(nut) |
30
|
6 |
| Macadamia
(nut) |
30 |
6 |
| Millet,
grain |
25 |
0.05 |
| Oat,
grain |
17 |
0.01 |
| Pecan |
23
|
6 |
|
Pistachio |
18
|
0.5 |
| Plum,
prune |
5
|
0.01 |
| Rice,
grain |
10 |
0.04 |
| Rice,
wild, grain |
25 |
0.05 |
| Sorghum,
grain |
25 |
0.05 |
| Triticale,
grain |
25 |
0.05 |
| Walnut |
30
|
6 |
| Wheat,
grain |
25 |
0.04 |
| Tolerances:
On the processed products |
| Corn,
field, flour |
26 |
0.01
|
| Corn,
field, grits |
10 |
0.01 |
| Corn,
field, meal |
28 |
0.01 |
| Corn,
field, oil * |
3 |
* |
| Corn,
field, refined oil |
3 |
9 |
|
Rice, bran |
31 |
0.01 |
| Rice,
brown |
14 |
0.01 |
| Rice,
hulls |
35 |
0.08 |
| Rice,
polished rice |
18 |
0.01 |
| Wheat,
bran |
40 |
0.01 |
|
Wheat, flour |
10 |
0.03 |
| Wheat,
germ |
98 |
0.01 |
| Wheat
milled by products |
35 |
0.01 |
| Wheat,
shorts |
38 |
0.01 |
| *
This is most likely an error, as levels are given for Corn,
field, refined oil |
http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-PEST/2001/September/Day-05/p22283.htm
September 5, 2001.
Federal Register. (Volume 66, Number 172)] [Proposed Rules]
[Page 46415-46425]
Dow AgroSciences
proposed pesticide temporary tolerances for residues of Sulfuryl
fluoride resulting from the post harvest treatment with sulfuryl
fluoride:
| Proposed
first time use of the fumigant Sulfuryl fluoride on food: |
| FLUORIDE
residues |
in
or on raisins at 30 ppm |
Expiration
date: April 1, 2006 |
| FLUORIDE
residues |
in
or on walnuts at 12 ppm |
Expiration
date: April 1, 2006 |
| SULFURYL
FLUORIDE residues |
in
or on raisins at 0.004 ppm |
Expiration
date: April 1, 2006 |
| SULFURYL
FLUORIDE residues |
in
or on walnuts at 2.0 ppm |
Expiration
date: April 1, 2006 |
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/sulfuryl_fluoride.usda.2001.htm
2001.
TEKTRAN, United
States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service
Toxicity
of Sulfuryl fluoride (Vikane) to fruit flies in laboratory tests.
Interpretive
Summary: Exotic quarantine pests like fruit flies represent
one of the greatest threats to California agriculture if populations
of these pests were to become established in the state. Quarantine
security against these pests in a variety of agricultural commodities
is presently ensured by 2 to 4 hr fumigation treatments using
methyl bromide. Because methyl bromide production is being phased
out, we tested the effectiveness of sulfuryl fluoride as an
alternative treatment against the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis
capitata Wiedemann, the Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis,
and the Melon fly, B. cucurbitae. Results of our laboratory
tests showed that sulfuryl fluoride was very toxic to larval
stages of each of the 3 species of fruit fly in 4 hr fumigations.
Conversely, eggs of these fruit flies were relatively tolerant
to sulfuryl fluoride in the short, 4-hr exposure periods. Effective
control of the eggs would require exposures to sulfuryl fluoride
of 24 to 48 hrs. These results indicate
that sulfuryl fluoride is not an effective replacement of methyl
bromide as a quarantine fumigant for these fruit flies because
of the relative tolerance of the egg stage in short exposure
periods.
2001.
Dow AgroSciences
Update
on the development of sulfuryl fluoride as an alternative to
methyl bromide
Hindes,
Welker, Schneider, and Drinkall.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/sulfuryl.fluoride.usda.2000.htm
November
2000
Sulfuryl
Fluoride: The Postharvest Fumigant of the Future?
U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9842373&dopt=Abstract
Am J Public Health
1998 Dec;88(12):1774-80
Health
effects associated with sulfuryl fluoride and methyl bromide
exposure among structural fumigation workers.
Calvert
GM, Mueller CA, Fajen JM, Chrislip DW, Russo J, Briggle T, Fleming
LE, Suruda AJ, Steenland K
Division of Surveillance,
Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies, Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. jac6@cdc.gov
OBJECTIVES: This
study assessed the health effects associated with occupational
exposure to methyl bromide and sulfuryl fluoride among structural
fumigation workers.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 123 structural fumigation
workers and 120 referents in south Florida was conducted. Nerve
conduction, vibration, neurobehavioral, visual, olfactory, and
renal function testing was included.
RESULTS: The median lifetime duration of methyl bromide and
sulfuryl fluoride exposure among workers was 1.20 years and
2.85 years, respectively. Sulfuryl fluoride exposure over the
year preceding examination was associated with significantly
reduced performance on the Pattern Memory Test and on olfactory
testing. In addition, fumigation workers had significantly reduced
performance on the Santa Ana Dexterity Test of the dominant
hand and a nonsignificantly higher prevalence of carpal tunnel
syndrome than did the referents.
CONCLUSIONS: Occupational sulfuryl fluoride exposures may be
associated with subclinical effects on the central nervous system,
including effects on olfactory and some cognitive functions.
However, no widespread pattern of cognitive deficits was observed.
The peripheral nerve effects were likely caused by ergonomic
stresses experienced by the fumigation workers.
PMID: 9842373,
UI: 99058513
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/sulfuryl.fluoride.tox.data.pdf
November 17, 1998
(revised)
Summary
of Toxicology Data for Sulfuryl fluoride
California
Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Pesticide Regulation,
Medical Toxicology Branch
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9258390&dopt=Abstract
Am J Ind Med 1997
Oct;32(4):364-8
Agreement
between company-recorded and self-reported estimates of duration
and frequency of occupational fumigant exposure.
Calvert
GM, Mueller CA, O'Neill VL, Fajen JM, Briggle T, Fleming LE
Division of Surveillance,
Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies,
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, OH 45226,
USA. jac6@cdc.gov
Investigators must
often rely on self-reported work history information collected
with questionnaires. However, little is known about the agreement
between self-reported estimates of exposure and records kept
by companies. As part of a cross-sectional medical study of
structural fumigation workers, self-reported work history information
was collected on both duration and frequency of exposure using
an interviewer-administered questionnaire. All company records
available on these workers were also collected. Only 15 of 81
structural fumigation companies identified by study participants
as current or past structural fumigation employers had records
suitable for comparison. These 15 companies employed 32 of the
workers who participated in the cross-sectional medical study.
The exposure information provided by the 32 workers was compared
to information obtained from company records. By examining the
agreement between these two data sources, potential limitations
were identified in both the self-reported and company-recorded
exposure data. By recognizing these limitations in the exposure
data, we identified the most appropriate exposure measures to
be used in subsequent data analyses. This exercise also demonstrated
the difficulties in undertaking these exposure comparisons in
an industry consisting of many small, independent companies.
Similar difficulties with assessing exposures may be experienced
by investigators studying other service industries consisting
of many small, independent companies (e.g., dry cleaning, auto
repair).
PMID: 9258390,
UI: 97403012
SULFURYL
FLUORIDE
by Caroline Cox
Abstract from Journal of Pesticide Reform 17
(2) 17-20 1997
(see
full
article)
The fumigant sulfuryl fluoride is widely
used to kill termites and other unwanted insects in
buildings, ships, railroad cars, and wood products.
Sulfuryl fluoride is "an extremely hazardous gas".
Typical symptoms of exposure include nose, eye, and
throat irritation, weakness, nausea, difficult or painful
breathing, seizures, and kidney injury. With repeated
exposure or higher concentrations, breathing failure
occurs. There is no known antidote for sulfuryl fluoride
poisoning. Sulfuryl fluoride is also toxic to the nervous
system. Neurological symptoms include muscle aching
and fatigue, co-ordination problems, depression, slurred
speech, dizziness, and stumbling, weaving, and staggering
when walking. Sulfuryl fluoride has adversely affected
reproduction in laboratory animals. When rats inhale
sulfuryl fluoride for a period spanning two generations,
the weight of the offspring was reduced in both the
first and second generation. Sulfuryl fluoride was not
tested for its ability to cause cancer as part of the
registration process. All tests for effects on nontarget
animals and plants, as well as all environmental fate
tests were waived during the registration process. It
is, however, clearly toxic to nontarget animals and
plants. Regulatory agencies and the courts have found
repeated violations of fumigation safety have occurred
during sulfuryl fluoride treatments. According to one
judge, the practices of a major extermination company
was "nothing short of scary".
Reprints from: Northwest
Coalition for Alternatives to Pesticides, PO Box 1393,
Eugene, Oregon 97440, USA.
|
http://www.epa.gov/docs/fedrgstr/EPA-TRI/1994/November/Day-30/pr-4.html
November 30, 1994.
Federal Register.
Sulfuryl
fluoride added to the list of toxic chemicals subject to reporting
under section 313 of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know
Act of 1986 (EPCRA) and Section 6607 of the Pollution Prevention
Act of 1990 (PPA). Final Rule.
From
TOXNET
Noticias de Seguridad
Mar. 1994, Vol.56, No.3. 3p. Insert.
Sulfuryl
fluoride
Abstract: Chemical
safety sheet published by the Consejo Interamericano de Seguridad,
33 Park Place, Englewood, NJ 07631, USA. Health hazards: irritation
of the eyes and respiratory tract;
neurotoxic effects (central nervous system).
From
TOXNET
Toxicologist 1993
Mar;13(1):368
Sulfuryl
fluoride: two generation reproduction study in Sprague-Dawley
rats.
Breslin
WJ, Liberacki AB, Kirk HD, Bradley GJ, Crissman JW
Dow
Chemical Company,
Midland, MI.
Sulfuryl fluoride
(SF) is a gas fumigant used to control structural pests such
as drywood termites. This study was conducted to assess the
potential reproductive and neonatal toxicity of SF following
inhalation exposure in rats. Groups of 30 male and 30 female
Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 0,
5, 20 or 150 ppm SF via inhalation, for 6 hours/day, for two
generations. Parental effects at 150 ppm SF included decreased
body weight, dental fluorosis, an increased incidence of aggregates
of alveolar macrophages in the lungs and an increased incidence
of very slight to slight, bilaterally symmetrical, vacuolation
of the caudate putamen myelinated fiber tracts in the brain.
At 20 ppm SF, parental effects were limited
to an increased incidence of aggregates of alveolar macrophages.
No treatment-related effects on the reproductive or fertility
indices, gross or histopathology of the reproductive organs,
or pup survival were observed at any exposure level. The maternal
toxicity observed at 150 ppm SF was, however, accompanied by
decreased pup weights in both the F1 and
F2 litters. The effect on pup weight in the high exposure
group was less severe in the F2 litters and may have been secondary
to decreased maternal growth. In conclusion,
the parental no-observed-effect level (NOEL) was 5 ppm for males
and females, the NOEL for neonatal growth was 20 ppm, and
the NOEL for reproductive toxicity and fertility was 150 ppm,
the highest exposure level tested.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/sulfuryl.f.extoxnet.1993.htm
September
1993.
Sulfuryl
fluoride. Pesticide Information Profile from EXTOXNET.
From Dart Special at Toxnet
Chemically Induced Birth Defects 1993;2:675-721
Pesticides.
Schardein JL
International Research and Development Corporation, Mattawan,
MI.
Medical Subject Headings (MeSH):
Pregnancy
Animal
Human
Female
Pesticides/*TOXICITY
*Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid/TOXICITY
Insecticides/TOXICITY
Substance (CAS Registry Number): [Too
many to list]
Sodium fluoroacetate (62-74-8)
[Note: the following organofluorines
were included]
Diflubenzuron
(35367-38-5)
Ethalfluralin
(55283-68-6)
Flusilazole
(85509-19-9)
Gliftor (8065-71-2) - [Synonym: 1-Chloro-3-fluoro-2-propanol
mixt. with 1,3-difluoro-2-propanol]
N-Methyl-N- 1-naphthyl fluoroacetamide [Nissol] (5903-13-9)
|
