FLUORIDE ACTION NETWORK PESTICIDE PROJECT
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Zinc fluoride. TOXNET profile from Hazardous Substances Data Bank.
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ZINC FLUORIDEThis record contains information specific to the title compound. Users with
an interest in this substance are strongly encouraged also to retrieve the record
named ZINC COMPOUNDS, which has additional information relevant to the toxicity
and environmental fate of zinc ions and zinc compounds. For information on the
metal itself, refer to the ZINC, ELEMENTAL record.
Human Health Effects:
Human Toxicity Excerpts:
SYMPTOMATOLOGY: 1. Severe gastritis or gastroenteritis with abdominal pain,
retching, and prolonged vomiting, beginning 10-60 min after ingestion. Vomitus
may become bloody. Diarrhea is sometimes violent; the feces are watery and later
tarry. Dehydration becomes intense. 2. Shock, pallor, cyanosis and coldness.
Rapid, weak or imperceptible pulse, low blood pressure, rapid and shallow respirations.
3. Sometimes breathing is deep and rapid, reflecting an accompanying metabolic
acidosis. 4. Drowsiness, hyporeflexia, dilated pupils, coma. Vasomotor instability,
shock or coma and a serum iron level in great excess of the total iron-binding
capacity are poor prognostic signs. /Fluoride/
SYMPTOMATOLOGY: 5. Liver injury, consisting of hemorrhagic necrosis which
is usually reversible. 6. Death from shock, usually in 4-5 hr. Sometimes following
apparent recovery, pneumonia with fever or secondary shock may cause death 1-3
days later. 7. Among survivors pyloric stenosis and mild hepatic cirrhosis may
be encountered as persistent sequelae, but recovery is usually complete. /Fluoride/
Initial symptoms from ingestion /include/ ... salivation, nausea, abdominal
pain, vomiting, and diarrhea. ... The patient shows signs of increased irritability
of the nervous system, including paresthesias, a positive Chvostek sign, hyperactive
reflexes, and tonic and clonic convulsions. ... Hypocalcemia and hypoglycemia
are frequent lab findings. ... Pain in various muscle groups ... blood pressure
falls ... due to central vasomotor depression as well as direct toxic action
on cardiac muscle. The respiratory center is first stimulated and later depressed.
Death ... from either respiratory paralysis or cardiac failure. /Fluoride salts/
... THE MAJOR MANIFESTATIONS OF CHRONIC INGESTION OF EXCESSIVE AMT OF FLUORIDE
ARE OSTEOSCLEROSIS & MOTTLED ENAMEL. CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO EXCESS FLUORIDE
CAUSES INCR OSTEOBLASTIC ACTIVITY. ... DENSITY AND CALCIFICATION OF BONE ARE
INCR ... THOUGHT TO REPRESENT THE REPLACEMENT OF HYDROXYAPATITE BY THE DENSER
FLUOROAPATITE. /FLUORIDE SALTS/
Chronic poisoning: Intake of more than 6 mg of fluoride per day results in
fluorosis. Symptoms are weight loss, brittleness of bones, anemia, weakness,
general ill health, stiffness of joints. ... /Fluoride/
Repeated exposures to excessive concn of fluorides may increase radiographic
density of bones and eventually may be responsible for anatomical abnormalities.
/Fluorides/
FLUORIDE POISONING CAN BE INDUCED BY ANY SOL COMPOUND WHICH DISSOCIATES FLUORIDE
ION. ... /FLUORIDE/
When normal stimulated cultured human lymphocytes were pretreated with various
soluble zinc salts, there was an increase in the numbers of cells with chromosomal
fragmentation, diploidy, dicentrism, and chromatid gaps and breaks. A later
study using a similar treatment regimen indicated that zinc induced a dose-dependent
decrease in lymphocytic mitotic indices. /Soluble zinc salts/
Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:
Irritating to eyes and nose.
Drug Warnings:
Food and Environmental Agents: Effect on Breast-Feeding: Reported Sign or
Symptom in Infant or Effect on Lactation: Fluorides: None. /from Table 7/
Medical Surveillance:
Fluoride levels in urine should be checked periodically and all workers should
be subjected to periodical skeletal X-ray exam particularly of the pelvis. /Fluoride
and cmpd/
Populations at Special Risk:
Patients with kidney dysfunction may be particularly
susceptible to fluoride toxicity. /Fluoride/
Minimum Fatal Dose Level:
LETHAL DOSE FOR MAN OF SOL FLUORIDES WAS EST AT ... 2.5 G. ... INGESTION OF
AS LITTLE AS 9 MG/KG HAS CAUSED HUMAN DEATHS. /FLUORIDES/
Emergency Medical Treatment:
Emergency Medical Treatment:
| EMT Copyright Disclaimer: |
| Portions of the POISINDEX(R) database are provided here for
general reference. THE COMPLETE POISINDEX(R) DATABASE, AVAILABLE FROM MICROMEDEX,
SHOULD BE CONSULTED FOR ASSISTANCE IN THE DIAGNOSIS OR TREATMENT OF SPECIFIC
CASES. Copyright 1974-1998 Micromedex, Inc. Denver, Colorado. All Rights
Reserved. Any duplication, replication or redistribution of all or part
of the POISINDEX(R) database is a violation of Micromedex' copyrights and
is strictly prohibited.
The following Overview, *** FLUORIDE ***, is relevant for this HSDB record chemical. |
| Life Support: |
o This overview assumes that basic life support measures
have been instituted.
|
| Clinical Effects: |
SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
0.2.1.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Following ingestion, sodium fluoride probably reacts
with gastric acid to produce highly corrosive HF which
may cause the nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal
pains, and acute hemorrhagic gastroenteritis reported
following massive overdose.
o In most instances, gastrointestinal signs and symptoms
predominate. Other effects include headache, numbness,
carpopedal spasm, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and
hyperkalemia. In severe poisoning hypotension and
dysrhythmias may develop. Death usually occurs from
cardiac failure or respiratory paralysis.
o Respiratory and mucous membrane irritation may develop
after inhalation.
CARDIOVASCULAR
0.2.5.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Cardiac arrhythmias consistent with hyperkalemia may be
noted. Fatal cardiac arrest occurred in several
patients with renal failure exposed to fluoride during
hemodialysis.
RESPIRATORY
0.2.6.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Respirations are first stimulated then depressed.
Death is usually from respiratory paralysis. Following
inhalation, coughing and choking may be noted.
NEUROLOGIC
0.2.7.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Hyperactive reflexes, painful muscle spasms, weakness
and tetanic contractures may be noted due to fluoride
induced hypocalcemia.
GASTROINTESTINAL
0.2.8.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Epigastric pain, nausea, dysphagia, salivation,
hematemesis, and diarrhea may be noted. These effects
may be delayed for several hours following exposure.
GI symptoms are noted when 3 to 5 mg/kg of fluoride are
ingested.
FLUID-ELECTROLYTE
0.2.12.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Hyperkalemia may be noted. Hypocalcemia is likely.
DERMATOLOGIC
0.2.14.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Urticaria and pruritus have been reported following
exposure to fluoride.
REPRODUCTIVE HAZARDS
o Prenatal fluoride supplementation (2.2 mg NaF or 1 mg
fluoride daily) during the last two trimesters of
pregnancy has been reported to be safe.
OTHER
0.2.23.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o CHRONIC EXPOSURE - Prolonged exposure to fluorinated
water may cause fluorosis. Signs and symptoms of
fluorosis include brittle bones, calcified ligaments,
and other crippling changes.
|
| Laboratory: |
o Monitor serum calcium, potassium, and magnesium levels
regularly in symptomatic patients.
o No other specific lab work (CBC, electrolyte, urinalysis)
is needed unless otherwise indicated.
o Monitor EKG in significant intoxications.
|
| Treatment Overview: |
ORAL EXPOSURE
o ADMINISTER milk, calcium gluconate, or calcium lactate
to bind fluoride ion in the gastrointestinal tract.
o ANTACIDS (aluminum and/or magnesium based) should be
administered.
o IV calcium (gluconate or chloride) and magnesium may be
necessary to correct serum deficits of these divalent
metals in serious overdosage.
o Monitor EKG and vital signs.
INHALATION EXPOSURE
o INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for
respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing
develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation,
bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and
assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with
beta2 agonist and corticosteroid aerosols.
EYE EXPOSURE
o DECONTAMINATION: Irrigate exposed eyes with copious
amounts of tepid water for at least 15 minutes. If
irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia
persist, the patient should be seen in a health care
facility.
DERMAL EXPOSURE
o DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash
exposed area thoroughly with soap and water. A
physician may need to examine the area if irritation or
pain persists.
|
| Range of Toxicity: |
o The estimated toxic dose is 5 to 10 mg/kg of fluoride (not
sodium fluoride). GI symptoms have occurred following
ingestion of 3 to 5 mg/kg of fluoride. Accidental
ingestion of sodium fluoride by children usually does not
present serious risk if the amount of fluoride ingested is
less than 5 mg/kg. Death has been reported following
ingestion of 16 mg/kg of fluoride. Fluoride toothpaste
typically contains a maximum of 1 milligram of fluoride
per gram of toothpaste.
|
| EMT Copyright Disclaimer: |
| Portions of the POISINDEX(R) database are provided here for
general reference. THE COMPLETE POISINDEX(R) DATABASE, AVAILABLE FROM MICROMEDEX,
SHOULD BE CONSULTED FOR ASSISTANCE IN THE DIAGNOSIS OR TREATMENT OF SPECIFIC
CASES. Copyright 1974-1998 Micromedex, Inc. Denver, Colorado. All Rights
Reserved. Any duplication, replication or redistribution of all or part
of the POISINDEX(R) database is a violation of Micromedex' copyrights and
is strictly prohibited.
The following Overview, *** ZINC COMPOUNDS ***, is relevant for this HSDB record chemical. |
| Life Support: |
o This overview assumes that basic life support measures
have been instituted.
|
| Clinical Effects: |
SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
0.2.1.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o This management covers zinc salts (excluding zinc
chloride) and zinc compounds not covered in other
managements. ZINC PHOSPHIDE and released PHOSPHINE are
covered in separate managements.
1. The onset and type of signs and symptoms vary with the
route of exposure.
o INHALATION - exposures may produce the following -
1. BRONZE-POWDER - A severe necrotizing bronchitis and
bronchopneumonia can follow inhalation of
bronze-powder (70 percent copper, 30 percent zinc
stearate).
2. ZINC STEARATE - is present in commercial talcum
powders and can cause severe irritation of the
respiratory tract if aspirated by infants.
o INGESTION - may result in the following -
1. CORROSIVE SALTS - Produce gastroenteritis following
ingestion. Symptoms are characterized by intense
gastric and substernal pain, violent vomiting,
diarrhea, shock, circulatory collapse, and possible
death.
o DERMAL - exposure may result in the following -
1. Skin contact, especially with ZINC DICHROMATE, can
cause papulovesicular lesions with exfoliation. This
is likely due to the dichromate ion as dichromate
salts are highly corrosive to intact skin.
GASTROINTESTINAL
0.2.8.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o INGESTION - Zinc salts (especially zinc sulfate)
produce gastritis ranging from a burning pain in the
mouth and throat to intense gastric and substernal
pain, strictures, violent vomiting, diarrhea, shock,
and possible death.
o DERMAL - Zinc, when used to treat acne, has produced
hemorrhagic gastritis resulting in anemia.
GENITOURINARY
0.2.10.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Nephritis and oliguria have been reported.
HEMATOLOGIC
0.2.13.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Zinc used for treating acne has produced hemorrhagic
gastritis resulting in anemia.
|
| Laboratory: |
o Tests are available to qualitatively and quantitatively
evaluate zinc, but these are of little clinical value.
|
| Treatment Overview: |
ORAL EXPOSURE
o CORROSIVE SALTS -
1. Some zinc salts are highly corrosive and induced emesis
or gastric lavage should be avoided.
2. With corrosive zinc salts, dilute rapidly with water or
milk.
o Activated charcoal may be beneficial in patients exposed
to salts of zinc that are NOT highly corrosive or
following substantial ingestions of zinc tablet or
capsule preparations. However, most lighter metals
(including zinc) are not significantly adsorbed to
activated charcoal.
o ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as slurry (240
mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in
adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12
years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
o SUPPORTIVE CARE - Maintain hydration and observe for
metabolic acidosis, hypocalcemic tetany, anuria, liver
damage, gastric perforation, and pyloric stenosis.
o CHELATION - Calcium disodium edetate and BAL have been
used following zinc overdose with mixed results.
INHALATION EXPOSURE
o Aspirated zinc stearate may cause severe respiratory
irritation.
XB C. PULMONARY EDEMA (NONCARDIOGENIC): Maintain ventilation
and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial
blood gas or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of
PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
EYE EXPOSURE
o Zinc salts will precipitate protein in the eye and cause
corneal and lens changes.
o DECONTAMINATION: Irrigate exposed eyes with copious
amounts of tepid water for at least 15 minutes. If
irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia
persist, the patient should be seen in a health care
facility.
o Rinsing with a 0.05 M neutral sodium edetate solution
may help prevent or reverse a portion of the protein
precipitation.
o An ophthalmologic examination is indicated in cases of
direct eye exposure to all caustic zinc salts.
DERMAL EXPOSURE
o Irritation caused by zinc salts is extremely variable.
Zinc dichromate may cause papulovesicular lesions with
exfoliation.
o DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash
exposed area thoroughly with soap and water. A
physician may need to examine the area if irritation or
pain persists.
|
| Range of Toxicity: |
o ORAL - Variable depending on specific zinc compound; 10 to
30 g of zinc sulfate have been lethal in adults.
|
Antidote and Emergency Treatment:
Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for
signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer
oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema
and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... .
Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush
eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline
during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer
5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patent can swallow, has a
strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile
dressings after decontamination ... . /Fluorine and related compounds/
Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway
control in the patient who is unconscious or in respiratory arrest. Positive-pressure
ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Monitor
cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W
TKO /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's to support
vital signs if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload.
Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . For hypotension with signs of
hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors for hypotension
with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures
with diazepam (Valium) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation
... . /Fluorine and related compounds/
Animal Toxicity Studies:
Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts:
/Acute poisoning/ if sufficient fluoride is absorbed ... fluoride ion increases
capillary permeability and also produces a coagulation defect. These actions
lead to hemorrhagic gastroenteritis and hemorrhages, congestion, and edema in
various organs including the brain.
Clinical manifestations ... include excitability, muscle tremors, weakness,
urination, defecation, salivation, emesis, sudden collapse, clonic convulsions,
coma, and death due to respiratory and cardiac failure. Cyanosis and early rigor
mortis. ... /Fluoride/
Signs of acute systemic fluoride intoxication are increased salivation, lacrimation,
vomiting, diarrhea, muscular fibrillation, and respiratory, cardiac, and general
depression. ... /Fluorides/
Chronic manifestations of excess fluoride in cattle are ... dental fluorosis
and osteofluorosis. Animals with moderate to severe osteofluorosis sometimes
exhibit an intermittent, non-specific, a typical lameness or stiffness that
may be associated with calcification of periarticular structures and tendon
insertions. This lameness or stiffness is often transitory in nature; and limits
feeding or grazing time, thereby impairing animal performance. Other general
non-specific signs or symptoms sometimes associated with chronic fluoride toxicosis
include thickened, dry unpliable skin and poor performance. /Fluoride/
Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics:
Absorption, Distribution & Excretion:
FLUORIDES ARE ABSORBED FROM GI TRACT, LUNG, & SKIN. GI TRACT IS MAJOR
SITE OF ABSORPTION. DEGREE OF ABSORPTION ... IS BEST CORRELATED WITH ITS SOLUBILITY.
RELATIVELY SOL CMPD ... ARE ALMOST COMPLETELY ABSORBED ... SECOND MOST COMMON
ROUTE OF ABSORPTION IS BY ... LUNG. ... THIRD, & RELATIVELY RARE, ROUTE
... IS THROUGH THE SKIN. FLUORIDE HAS BEEN DETECTED IN ALL ORGANS & TISSUES
EXAM AND IT IS CONCN IN EXCEPT BONE, THYROID,
AORTA, & PERHAPS KIDNEY. ... /IT/ IS PREPONDERANTLY DEPOSITED IN SKELETON
& TEETH, & THE SKELETAL BURDEN IS RELATED TO INTAKE & AGE. ... MAJOR
ROUTE OF FLUORIDE EXCRETION IS BY ... KIDNEYS; HOWEVER SMALL AMOUNTS OF FLUORIDE
APPEAR IN SWEAT, MILK AND INTESTINAL SECRETIONS... ABOUT 90% OF FLUORIDE FILTERED
BY GLOMERULUS IS REABSORBED BY RENAL TUBULES. /FLUORIDES/
Upon intravenous injection zinc is distributed to erythrocytes, plasma, and
leukocytes; about 80% of the zinc present in the blood is found in the erythrocytes,
12-20% in the plasma, and about 3% in the leukocytes. ... There is a dynamic
exchange of zinc between plasma and erythrocytes. Inhalation of dusts of zinc
salts results in a transient accumulation in the lung before its absorption
into the blood. There is little absorption of zinc or its salts through the
skin. ... About 80% of parenterally administered zinc is excreted in the feces,
suggesting an enterohepatic circulation for zinc. In humans, about 10% of the
absorbed zinc is excreted in the urine, and in tropical climates about 2-3 mg
zinc/day may be lost in sweat. /Soluble zinc compounds/
Mechanism of Action:
... Fluoride interacts with bones and teeth by replacing hydroxyl or bicarbonate
ions in hydroxyapatite to form fluorohydroxyapatite. ... The presence of fluorohydroxyapatite
increases the crystalline structure of the bone and reduces its solubility.
... Dental fluorosis results from toxic effects of
fluoride on the epithelial enamel organ. /Fluoride/
In acute poisoning, fluoride kills by blocking normal cellular metabolism.
Fluoride inhibits enzymes, in particular metalloenzymes involved in essential
processes, causing vital functions such as the initiation and transmission of
nerve impulses, to cease. ... /Fluoride/
Pharmacology:
Drug Warnings:
Food and Environmental Agents: Effect on Breast-Feeding: Reported Sign or
Symptom in Infant or Effect on Lactation: Fluorides: None. /from Table 7/
Minimum Fatal Dose Level:
LETHAL DOSE FOR MAN OF SOL FLUORIDES WAS EST AT ... 2.5 G. ... INGESTION OF
AS LITTLE AS 9 MG/KG HAS CAUSED HUMAN DEATHS. /FLUORIDES/
Environmental Fate & Exposure:
Environmental Standards & Regulations:
CERCLA Reportable Quantities:
Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National
Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated
hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity
of 1000 lb or 454 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802; In
the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining
when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).
Clean Water Act Requirements:
Designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments
of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance.
Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Clean Water
Act and is subject to effluent limitations. /Zinc and compounds/
The secondary contaminant level of zinc for public water systems is 5 mg/l.
These regulations control contaminants in drinking water that primarily affect
the aesthetic qualities relating to the public acceptance of drinking water.
The States may establish higher or lower levels which may be appropriate dependent
upon local conditions such as unavailability of alternate source waters or other
compelling factors, provided that public health and welfare are not adversely
affected. /Soluble zinc salts/
For total recoverable zinc the criterion-to protect freshwater aquatic life
... is 47 ng/l as a 24 hr average ... at hardnesses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/l
as CaCO3 the concentration of total recoverable zinc should not exceed 180,
320, 570 ug/l at any time. /Soluble zinc salts/
For total recoverable zinc the criterion to protect saltwater aquatic life
... is 58 ug/l as a 24 hr average and the concentration should not exceed 170
ug/l at any time. /Soluble zinc salts/
Federal Drinking Water Standards:
EPA 4,000 ug/l /Fluoride ion/
Federal Drinking Water Guidelines:
EPA 5000 ug/l /Zinc/
EPA 2000 ug/l /Zinc, Lifetime health advisory/
EPA 2,000 ug/l /Fluoride ion/
State Drinking Water Standards:
(IL) ILLINOIS 5000 ug/l /Zinc/
(AZ) ARIZONA 4,000 ug/l /Fluoride ion/
(CA) CALIFORNIA 2,000 ug/l /Fluoride ion; varies with air temperature from
79.3-90.5 deg F, down to less than 53.7 deg F, the lower the temperature, the
higher the allowable standard/
(DE) DELAWARE 1800 ug/l /Fluoride ion/
(HI) HAWAII 1,400-2,400 ug/l /Fluoride ion/
(NC) NORTH CAROLINA 4,000 ug/l /Fluoride ion/
(PA) PENNSYLVANIA 2,000 ug/l /Fluoride ion/
State Drinking Water Guidelines:
(AZ) ARIZONA 5000 ug/l /Zinc/
(MN) MINNESOTA 2000 ug/l /Zinc/
(AZ) ARIZONA 4,000 ug/l /Fluoride ion/
(ME) MAINE 2,400 ug/l /Fluoride ion/
Chemical/Physical Properties:
Molecular Formula:
F2-Zn
Molecular Weight:
103.39
Color/Form:
COLORLESS MONOCLINIC OR TRICLINIC CRYSTALS
TETRAGONAL NEEDLES (RUTILE LATTICE) OR WHITE CRYSTALLINE MASS
Boiling Point:
1,500 deg C
Melting Point:
872 DEG C
Density/Specific Gravity:
4.9 g/cu cm
Heat of Vaporization:
958.4 Btu/lb= 532.5 cal/g= 22.3X10+5 J/kg (Est at BP 1500 deg C)
Solubilities:
INSOL IN ALCOHOL & AMMONIA; SOL IN HOT ACID
SLIGHTLY SOL IN AQ HYDROFLUORIC ACID; SOL IN AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE, HYDROCHLORIC
& NITRIC ACIDS
1.62 G/100 CC WATER AT 20 DEG C
Other Chemical/Physical Properties:
Heat of soln= -227.8 Btu/lb= -126.5 cal/g= -5.3X10+5 J/kg
COLORLESS, RHOMBOHEDRAL CRYSTALS; DENSITY: 2.255 SOL IN AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE,
ACIDS & ALKALI; 3000 DEG C IS TRANSITION POINT TO ZNO (ZINC NITRIC OXIDE)
/TETRAHYDRATE/
1.516 G SOL IN 100 ML WATER; BECOMES ANHYDR AT 100 DEG C /TETRAHYDRATE/
Chemical Safety & Handling:
DOT Emergency Guidelines:
Health: Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through
skin. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire
control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.
Fire or explosion: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may
decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Containers may
explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways.
Public safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number. ... Isolate spill
or leak area immediately for at least 25 to 50 meters (80 to 160 feet) in all
directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas.
Protective clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus
(SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing which is specifically recommended
by the manufacturer. Structural firefighters' protective clothing is recommended
for fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations.
Evacuation: ... Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire,
ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial
evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
Fire: Small fires: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray. Large fires: Water spray,
fog or regular foam. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without
risk. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
Do not use straight streams. Fire involving tanks or car/trailer loads: Fight
fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities
of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising
sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away
from the ends of tanks. For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor
nozzles; if this is impossible withdraw from area and let fire burn.
Spill or leak: Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless
wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without
risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Cover
with plastic sheet to prevent spreading. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand
or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER
INSIDE CONTAINERS.
First aid: Move victim to fresh air. Call emergency medical care. Apply artificial
respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if
victim ingested or inhaled the substance; induce artificial respiration with
the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory
medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate
contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately
flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin
contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin. Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may
be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved,
and take precautions to protect themselves.
Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:
Irritating to eyes and nose.
Fire Potential:
Non-combustible
Fire Fighting Procedures:
If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable
for type of surrounding fire. Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.
Hazardous Reactivities & Incompatibilities:
Reacts violently with potassium.
Mixture of potassium and zinc fluoride produces a weak explosion on impact.
Hazardous Decomposition:
When heated to decomp it emits toxic fumes of /hydrogen
fluoride & zinc oxide/.
Protective Equipment & Clothing:
Workers handling dangerous substances should be supplied with eye and face
protection, respiratory protective equipment, protective clothing and foot and
leg protection. Additional protection may be provided by the use of lanolin
as a barrier cream. /Fluorine and cmpd/
Preventive Measures:
If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep material out of water
sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Keep upwind. Avoid
breathing vapors or dusts. Wash away any material which may have contacted the
body with copious amounts of water or soap and water.
SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is
conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend
not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance,
characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection
equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances
whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact
lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses
should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should
be worn even when contact lenses are in place.
... Concn of fluorine and its cmpd should not exceed the recommended max permissible
levels. Processes in which there is a potential exposure hazard should be equipped
with local exhaust ventilation and should ... be mechanized. ... Workers should
not consume food or beverages in the workplace and rigorous personal hygiene
should be observed before meals are taken. /Fluorine and cmpd/
Storage Conditions:
MAY BE STORED IN GLASS BOTTLES. /TETRAHYDRATE/
Cleanup Methods:
Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding
area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds,
lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be contained with a flexible impermeable
membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in
rain or fire fighting water.
Environmental considerations: Water spill: Neutralize with agricultural lime
(CaO), crushed limestone, or sodium bicarbonate. Add soda ash. Adjust pH to
neutral (pH 7). Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses
of pollutants and precipitates or greater concentration.
Disposal Methods:
SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary
landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing
land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental
regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.
Occupational Exposure Standards:
OSHA Standards:
Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 2.5 mg/cu m.
/Fluorides as F/
Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-2 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 2.5 mg/cu m.
/Fluoride as dust/
Threshold Limit Values:
8 Hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA) 2.5 mg/cu m (1996) /Fluorides (as F)/
Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed
three times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 min during a work day,
and under no circumstances should they exceed five times the TLV-TWA, provided
that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded. /Fluorides (as F)/
Biological Exposure Index adoption (1990-91 edition): Fluorides in urine prior
to shift is 3 mg/g creatinine. Fluorides in urine at end of shift is 10 mg/g
creatinine. The determinant is usually present in a significant amt in biological
specimens collected from subjects who have not been occupationally exposed.
Such background levels are incl in the biological exposure index value. The
determinant is nonspecific, since it is observed after exposure to some other
chemicals. These nonspecific tests are preferred because they are easy to use
and usually offer a better correlation with exposure than specific tests. In
such instances, a biological exposure index for a specific, less quantitative
biological determinant is recommended as a confirmatory test. /Fluorides (as
F)/
A4. A4= Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. (1996) /Fluorides as F/
Manufacturing/Use Information:
Major Uses:
FLUORINATION OF ORG CMPD; MFR OF PHOSPHORS FOR FLUORESCENT ELECTRIC LIGHTS;
GLAZES & ENAMELS FOR PORCELAIN; PRESERVING WOOD;
IN ELECTROPLATING BATHS
TERMITE REPELLENT
For galvanizing steel and making ceramics.
Manufacturers:
Elf Atochem North America, 2000 Market
St., 21st Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19103-3222, (215)419-7000. Production
site: Tulsa, OK 74119
Methods of Manufacturing:
... FROM ZINC CARBONATE & HYDROGEN FLUORIDE.
A) ACTION OF HYDROFLUORIC ACID ON ZINC HYDROXIDE; B) ADDITION OF SODIUM FLUORIDE
TO A SOLN OF ZINC ACETATE
CAN BE PREPARED BY SLOWLY DRYING THE TETRAHYDRATE, ZnF2.4 H2O, IN A CURRENT
OF ANHYDROUS HYDROGEN FLUORIDE TO MINIMIZE HYDROLYSIS AND FORMATION OF THE OXIDE
General Manufacturing Information:
ZINC FLUORIDE USED FOR FLUORINATIONS SHOULD BE SLIGHTLY HYDRATED.
Dental plaque inhibition was demonstrated in rats and humans by using zinc
fluoride hexetidine combination in a mouthwash.
Formulations/Preparations:
GRADE: TECHNICAL, ABOUT 95% PURE
COMMERCIAL: (CALCULATED) 96%
4 Mesh, 99 & 99.5% purity grades
Laboratory Methods:
Special References:
Special Reports:
Saxer UP, Muehlemann HR; Synergistic Antiplaque Effects of a Zinc Fluoride/Hexetidine
Containing Mouthwash. A Review; Schweiz Monatsschr Zakjnheilkd 93 (8): 689-704
(1983)] A review with 100 references on the synergistic antiplaque effects of
zinc fluoride-hexetidine mouthwashes.
Zinc and Health. Current Bibliographies in Medicine 98-3. Public Services
Division/National Library of Medicine. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/cbm/zinc.html
as of November 2, 1998.
USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Zinc (1980) EPA 400/5-80-079
USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Zinc (1987) EPA 400/5-87-003
Arvidson, B. A Review of Axonal Transport of Metals. Toxicology 88: 1-14 (19994)
Recent findings regarding axonal transport of metals, including zinc.
Malle, K-G. Zinc in the Environment. Z Wasser- Abwasser- Forsch 25 (4): 196-204
(1992)
Domingo, JL. Metal Induced Developmental Toxicity in Mammals: A Review. J Tox Env Health 42 (2) : 123-41 (1994). Includes essential trace metals such as zinc.
Synonyms and Identifiers:
Related HSDB Records:
Synonyms:
ZINC DIFLUORIDE
**PEER REVIEWED**
ZINC FLUORIDE (ZNF2)
**PEER REVIEWED**
ZINC FLUORURE (FRENCH)
**PEER REVIEWED**
Associated Chemicals:
Zinc fluoride, tetrahydrate;13986-18-0
Formulations/Preparations:
GRADE: TECHNICAL, ABOUT 95% PURE
COMMERCIAL: (CALCULATED) 96%
4 Mesh, 99 & 99.5% purity grades
Shipping Name/ Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO:
UN 3077; Zinc fluoride, solid, NOS
Standard Transportation Number:
49 638 95; Zinc fluoride, hazardous substance, solid, not otherwise specified
49 631 95; Zinc fluoride, hazardous substance, solid, not otherwise specified
RTECS Number:
NIOSH/ZH3500000
Administrative Information:
Hazardous Substances Databank Number: 1052
Last Revision Date: 20010809
Last Review Date: Reviewed by SRP on 9/18/1998
Update History:
Complete Update on 08/09/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/12/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/28/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/08/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/02/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/18/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/27/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/21/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/26/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/24/1999, 3 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/04/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/19/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/23/1999, 53 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 01/29/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 09/11/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 06/02/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 02/26/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/20/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/13/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/20/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/07/1997, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/12/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/21/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/13/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/21/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/21/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/21/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/09/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/20/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/20/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 12/22/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/16/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/18/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/05/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/25/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/07/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/25/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field update on 12/17/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/05/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/27/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/23/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/22/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field update on 12/29/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 12/19/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/05/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/05/1989, 69 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/14/1986