Abstracts
TFM (3-Trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol)
CAS No.
88-30-2
For more abstracts search PubMed or Toxnet
 
 


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Adverse Effects

ACTIVITY: Lampricide, Piscicide

Structure:

 

Reports available from
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(NTIS)

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Order No. Title Abstract / Keywords

NTIS/02500115

Available online

2004 - Re-evaluation of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol.

Pest Management Regulatory Agency. Alternative Strategies & Regulatory Affairs Division, Ottawa (Ontario).


Proposed acceptability for continuing registration no. PACR2004-11.
Text in English and French (Bilingual). French ed. on the same fiche.
This document provides a rationale for the proposed regulatory decision for 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM), which is used to control sea lamprey larvae in waters of the Great Lakes basin and the Lake Champlain systems.

NTIS/MIC103-00647

93 pp

2002 - Lake Erie LaMP beneficial use impairment assessment: animal deformities and reproduction impairment.

Authors: Grasman KA, Bishop CA, Bowerman WW, Ludwig JP, Martin PA, Lambert L

Canadian Wildlife Service 2002, Environmental Conservation Branch, Ontario, Canada.

Note from FAN: The abstract for this report is quite long and highly disturbing. We present only limited excerpts, including the only citation on TFM.

Under the Great Lake Water Quality Agreement, Lakewide Management Plans (LaMPs) have been charged with evaluating impairments of beneficial uses of various natural resources caused by priority pollutants. This report assessed deformities and reproductive impairments in wildlife species of Lake Erie. ... The use of TFM, which is intended to control larval lamprey, is likely to kill amphibians wherever it is used in Lake Erie tributaries. Deformity rates in mudpuppies at Long Point and in the Detroit River are elevated well above the background rates reported for inland areas of the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River basin. A risk assessment using species-specific biomagnification factors was conducted to compare ambient water concentrations of PCBs to concentrations that have been shown to have no effect in laboratory and (or) field studies. For all species assessed (Bald Eagles, Herring Gulls, Double-crested Cormorants, Caspian Terns and mink), PCB concentrations in Lake Erie water were nine to 1,550 fold higher than no effect concentrations.

NTIS/PB2000-101655

Available online

1999 - Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED): 3-Trifluoro-Methyl-4-Nitro-Phenol and Niclosamide. (Includes RED Facts: TFM).

Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances.

EPA has completed its reregistration eligibility decisions for the pesticides trifluoro-4-nitro-m-cresol(TFM; Case 3082) and niclosamide (Case 2455) and determined that all lampricide uses, when labeled and used as specified in this document are eligible for reregistration. Section I is the introduction. Section II describes TFM and niclosamide, their uses, data requirements, and regulatory history. Section III discusses the human health and environmental assessment based on the data available to the Agency. The human health assessment for TFM is discussed first, followed by the human health assessment for niclosamide. Next the environmental fate and ecotoxicity assessment of TFM is followed by this assessment for niclosamide. The final topic of Section III is a combined exposure and risk characterization of the two chemicals. Section IV presents the reregistration decision for TFM and niclosamide. Section V discusses the reregistration requirements for TFM and niclosamide. Finally, Section VI c [abstract truncated]

NTIS/OTS0590114

EPA/OTS; Doc #86940001410 -

1994 - THE INTERACTION OF 35CS PDMS FLUID ON THE TOXICITY OF 3-TRIFLUOROMETHYL-4-NITROPHENOL (TFM) TO DAPHNIA MAGNA WITH COVER LETTER DATED 04/20/94

Keywords:
DOW CORNING CORP
SILOXANES AND SILICONES, DI-ME (63148-62-9)
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
ACUTE TOXICITY
INVERTEBRATES

CAS Registry Numbers:
88-30-2
63148-62-9

NTIS/PB92-185321

21p

1992 - Effects of the Lampricide 3-Trifluoromethyl-4-Nitrophenol on the Pink Heelsplitter. Methods for Detoxifying the Lampricide 3-Trifluoromethyl-4-Nitrophenol in Streams.

Authors: Bills TD, Rach JJ, Marking LL, Howe GE, Gilderhus PA

Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC.

The lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) is used to selectively kill sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) in the tributaries of the Great Lakes. Over the years, TFM was tested most often on nontarget fishes and only occasionally on invertebrates, including freshwater mussels. The authors exposed pink heelsplitters (Potamilus alatus) to TFM concentrations and exposure times similar to those in lampricide treatments. Tests were conducted in water similar in quality to the Poultney River, New York, a stream that contains pink heelsplitters and is scheduled for lampricide treatment in 1991. Mussels were exposed to TFM for either 12 or 24 h and observed daily in well water for 14 days. Ninety percent of the mussels exposed to 3.5 mg of TFM for 12 h survived, however, only 50% of the mussels exposed to that concentration for 24 h survived. TFM seems to narcotize or anesthetize mussels. Mortality of mussels exposed to 3.5 mg/L TFM for 12 h seemed to be 60% immediately after treatment but the a [asbstract truncated]

NTIS/PB91-138115

12p

1990 - Investigations in Fish Control. (100, 101, and 102).

Authors: Gilderhus PA, Allen JL, Bills TD, Howe GE

National Fisheries Research Center, La Crosse, WI.

Results of three tests are provided, which involve the use of various pest and fungus control chemical agents on aquatic plants and certain aquatic animals. Testing is performed to determine (1) the effects of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenyl (TFM) in irrigation water on plants; (2) the effect of malachite green on muscles, eggs and fry of treated Atlantic and Chinook salmon; and (3) the effect of changes in water temperature, hardness, and pH on the toxicity of benzocaine to specific freshwater fishes.

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 1998, Vol. 17, No. 5, pp. 941–950

IDENTIFICATION OF CHLORO-NITRO-TRIFLUOROMETHYL-SUBSTITUTED DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS IN LAMPRICIDE FORMULATIONS OF 3-TRIFLUOROMETHYL-4-NITROPHENOL: ASSESSMENT TO INDUCE MIXED FUNCTION OXIDASE ACTIVITY

L. MARK HEWITT,*† JOHN H. CAREY,‡ KELLY R. MUNKITTRICK,§ JOANNE L. PARROTT,§ KEITH R. SOLOMON,† and MARK R. SERVOS‡

†Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario NAG 2W1, Canada
‡National Water Research Institute
§Aquatic Ecosystem Conservation Branch, \Aquatic Ecosystem Protection Branch, National Water Research Institute, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada

Abstract—The contamination of field formulations of the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) by a dibenzo-p-dioxin containing -chloro, -nitro, and -trifluoromethyl substituents was suspected from chemical fractionations of a TFM formulation that were directed by mixed function oxidase (MFO) induction in rainbow trout. Three dioxin isomers containing these substituents in field formulations were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Short-term waterborne exposures to a mixture of two isomers, 2-trifluoromethyl-3-nitro-7- (and 8)-chloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin, elevated MFO activity in trout, with a threshold between 0.148 and 0.745 nM (4.1–20.5 ng/L). Synthetic preparations of other dioxins related to formulation impurities enabled characterizations of this previously unknown family of dioxin congeners by GC-MS. The elution order of the isomers followed those established for halogenated dioxins except where there was a lone -nitro substitution on one ring. The average concentration of these compounds in TFM formulations spanning more than a decade was 288 6 47 mg/L, which translates into an annual loading of approximately 40 g to the Great Lakes Basin. Using mammalian (H4IIE) and fish (PLHC-1) in vitro assays, a 2,3,7-substituted chloro-nitro-trifluoromethyl isomer was a four to five times more potent inducer of MFO activity than 2,3,7-trichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Characterizations of the synthetic isomers indicate that the isomers present in the formulation are not substituted in the 2,3,7- positions and are relatively weak inducers of MFO activity.


Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 1996 Vol. 15, No. 6, pp. 894–905

USE OF AN MFO-DIRECTED TOXICITY IDENTIFICATION EVALUATION TO ISOLATE AND CHARACTERIZE BIOACTIVE IMPURITIES FROM A LAMPRICIDE FORMULATION

L. MARK HEWITT,*†‡ KELLY R. MUNKITTRICK,‡ IAN M. SCOTT,‡ JOHN H. CAREY,§
KEITH R. SOLOMON† and MARK R. SERVOS‡

†Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario NAG 2W1, Canada
‡Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada
§Aquatic Ecosystem Conservation Branch, National Water Research Laboratory, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada

Abstract—Recently, a field formulation of the lampricide containing 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) was identified as a potent inducer of mixed-function oxygenase (MFO) detoxification enzymes in fish. It was further shown that induction was not associated with primary formulation ingredients. Using a toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) approach based on rainbow trout hepatic MFO activity, the TFM field formulation was investigated to isolate the compound(s) responsible for induction. Solid phase extraction and reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) isolated activity in two distinct fractions, which were profiled by gas chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry. The major constituents in both fractions were confirmed by synthesis as nitro-, trifluoromethyl-, and/or chloro-substituted diphenyl ethers. However, fish exposures to the pure compounds failed to cause MFO induction. After further fractionations by HPLC, induction was determined in three new subfractions. Confident identification of a chloro-nitro-trifluoromethyl-substituted dibenzo-p-dioxin has been made in two of these fractions. Although the specific chemicals responsible for induction have not been confirmed, a suite of impurities including chloro-, and/or nitro-, and/or trifluoromethyl-substituted phenols, diphenyl ethers, and dibenzo-p-dioxins have been identified in the formulation. It is likely that these materials originate during industrial synthesis of TFM. These findings suggest that additional structurally related impurities are also present in this formulation.


Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 1998 Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 425–432

IDENTIFICATION OF THE LAMPRICIDE 3-TRIFLUOROMETHYL-4-NITROPHENOL AS AN AGONIST FOR THE RAINBOW TROUT ESTROGEN RECEPTOR

L. MARK HEWITT,†‡ LOUIS TREMBLAY,§ GLEN J. VAN DER KRAAK,§ KEITH R. SOLOMON,† and MARK R. SERVOS*‡

†Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
‡Aquatic Ecosystem Protection Branch, National Water Research Institute, Burlington Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada
§Department of Zoology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada

Abstract—Lampricide formulations containing 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) have been associated with induction of hepatic mixed function oxygenase (MFO) activity and altered levels of circulating steroids in fish. Bioassay-directed chemical fractionations have shown MFO induction to be associated with impurities in TFM field formulations. Asimilar toxicity identification/ evaluation approach coupled to competitive binding to rainbow trout estrogen receptors (ER) was used to identify compounds associated with estrogenic responses in fish. In contrast to MFO induction, nearly all binding to the ER was associated with fractions containing TFM, TFM isomers, and p-chlorophenol. p-Chlorophenol did not show any affinity for the receptor when tested separately. Diphenyl ether impurities identified in the fractions causing MFO induction as well as analogues to dibenzo-p-dioxins suspected in these fractions also showed no affinity for the receptor when tested individually. Relative to estradiol, TFM demonstrated an affinity of 5.03 3 10 25 , compared to 2.47 3 10 24 for p-nonylphenol, a reported estradiol agonist. Vitellogenin induction in primary cultures of rainbow trout hepatocytes indicated that TFM acts as an estradiol agonist.


Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1998 55: 2078–2086

Hepatic mixed function oxygenase activity and vitellogenin induction in fish following a treatment of the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4- nitrophenol (TFM)

L.M. Hewitt, K.R. Munkittrick, G.J. Van Der Kraak, I.M. Scott, L.P. Schleen,
and M.R. Servos

Abstract: Recent laboratory studies with nontarget fish species have shown that the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4- nitrophenol (TFM) exhibits estrogenic activity through binding to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatic estrogen receptors and induction of vitellogenin in hepatocyte cultures. In addition, mixed function oxygenase (MFO) activity associated with exposure to field formulations has been attributed in part to the presence of chloro-nitro-trifluoromethyl- dibenzo-p-dioxin impurities. To investigate the environmental effects associated with these findings, the temporal and spatial patterns of MFO activity and vitellogenin induction were monitored in three nontarget fish species following a TFM field treatment. Elevated MFO activity was detected as early as 1 day in caged rainbow trout and activity in trout, wild white sucker (Catostomus commersoni), and longnose dace (Rhinichthys cataractae) peaked 2 or 3 days after treatment. Highest activities were observed in fish exposed closest to lampricide application points and declined with increasing distance downstream. After 18 days, MFO activity was reduced but remained almost sevenfold reference values at several sites. Plasma vitellogenin was not detected in caged trout sampled 6 and 18 days post-treatment, and dioxin impurities were not detected in sediments after treatment. It was concluded that laboratory testing underestimated the duration of MFO activity under field conditions and that an assessment of formulation exposure during sensitive life stages represents an area for further study.


Excerpts from Technical Report 7. April 2000. Animal Deformities or Reproduction Problems. Prepared for the Lake Erie LaMP Preliminary Beneficial Use Impairment Assessment. Keith A. Grasman, Lead Author. Co-Authors: Christine A. Bishop, William W. Bowerman, James P. Ludwig, Pamela A. Martin. http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/lakeerie/buia/lamp7.pdf

(page 13): The sensitivity of mudpuppies, frog tadpoles and adult frogs to TFM use in the Great Lakes has been noted (Gilderhus and Johnson, 1980). TFM is intended to control larval sea lamprey and has been used historically in 19 (8 in U.S./11 in Canada) of the 842 tributaries to Lake Erie for sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) control. Since 1995, TFM has been applied in Conneaut Creek and the Grand River in Ohio and Big Creek and Big Otter Creek in Ontario. Only four Lake Erie tributaries (Big Creek Ontario, and 3 U.S. tributaries) are currently scheduled for future regular treatments every 4 to 6 years.

When TFM is used, amphibians have regularly been found dead in creeks immediately after treatment in Lake Erie watersheds and elsewhere in the Great Lakes (Gilderhus and Johnson, 1980; Matson, 1990). Laboratory tests have confirmed that species native to the Great Lakes basin such as gray tree frog, leopard frog, and bullfrog are sensitive to field applied rates of TFM (Chandler and Marking, 1975). In the Grand River, Ohio, Matson (1990) found that in the year following TFM application (1997), mudpuppy population size decreased by a minimum of 29% in the segment treated. In 1999, the Grand River was treated with TFM and dead mudpuppies were found downstream of the application zone within twenty-fours hours.

Because TFM is not bioaccumulative and is only applied periodically in closely controlled and monitored conditions, the associated mudpuppy mortality is often perceived to be insignificant. However, mudpuppies do not become sexually mature until 4 to 6 years of age. Given the past and projected future schedule for TFM applications, there is the potential for the TFM applications to match periods when large numbers of mudpuppy are reaching an age when they can reproduce. In addition, TFM is generally applied in the spring when stream flows are higher. Therefore, TFM has the potential to kill a portion of the existing females before they lay their eggs in May and June. For these reasons, future study is needed to determine the significance of the mortality and the life stages most affected (see section 7.5).

(page 16) • There are conflicting opinions about the significance of non-target species sensitivity, particularly mudpuppy, to TFM (when used for sea lamprey eradication), and its implications for potential impairment. Therefore, the impact of TFM on amphibian populations needs to be assessed by monitoring populations of mudpuppies and other amphibians pre- and postapplication. From a reproductive standpoint, it is particularly important to determine if TFM has greater impacts on certain age classes and/or egg-bearing females.

 

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12405776&dopt=Abstract

J Agric Food Chem 2002 Nov 6;50(23):6786-9

Relatively rapid loss of lampricide residues from fillet tissue of fish after routine treatment.

Vue C, Bernardy JA, Hubert TD, Gingerich WH, Stehly GR.

U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, 2630 Fanta Reed Road, La Crosse, Wisconsin 54603, USA. M.Schirra@imfpp.ss.cnr.it

The selective sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) larvicide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) is currently used to control parasitic sea lampreys in tributaries to the Great Lakes basin. The concentration and persistence of TFM and its major metabolite, TFM glucuronide (TFM-glu), was determined in fillet tissue of fish after a typical stream application. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) were exposed to a nominal concentration of 12.6 nmol/mL TFM for about 12 h during a sea lamprey control treatment of the Ford River in Michigan. Concentrations of TFM and TFM-glu were greatest in the fillet tissues during the exposure period, with greater residues in channel catfish (wet wt; mean, 6.95 nmol/g TFM; mean, 2.40 nmol/g TFM-glu) than in rainbow trout (wet wt; mean, 1.45 nmol/g TFM; mean, 0.93 nmol/g TFM-glu). After the exposure period, residues in both species decreased by 90-99% within 6-12 h and were less than the quantitation limit (<0.03 nmol/g) within 36 h.


PMID: 12405776 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12405775&dopt=Abstract

J Agric Food Chem 2002 Nov 6;50(23):6780-5

Rapid loss of lampricide from catfish and rainbow trout following routine treatment.

Dawson VK, Schreier TM, Boogaard MA, Spanjers NJ, Gingerich WH.

Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, Biological Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2630 Fanta Reed Road, La Crosse, Wisconsin 54603, USA. vcdawson@aol.com


Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) were exposed to 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) and Bayluscide (niclosamide) during a sea lamprey control treatment of the Ford River, located in the upper peninsula of Michigan. Caged fish were exposed to a nominal concentration of 0.02 mg/L of niclosamide for a period of approximately 12 h. Samples of fillet tissue were collected from each fish species before treatment and at 6, 12, 18, 24, 48, 96, and 192 h following the arrival of the block of chemical at the exposure site. The fish were dissected, homogenized, extracted, and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The major residues found in the fillet tissues were TFM and niclosamide. Niclosamide concentrations were highest 12 h after arrival of the chemical block for rainbow trout (0.0395 +/- 0.0251 microg/g) and 18 h after arrival of the chemical block for channel catfish (0.0465 +/- 0.0212 microg/g). Residues decreased rapidly after the block of lampricide had passed and were below the detection limits in fillets of rainbow trout within 24 h and channel catfish within 96 h after the arrival of the lampricide.

PMID: 12405775 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11324603&dopt=Abstract

J AOAC Int 2001 Mar-Apr;84(2):392-8

Determination of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol and 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol glucuronide in edible fillet tissue of rainbow trout and channel catfish by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography.

Hubert TD, Vue C, Bernardy JA, Van Horsen DL, Rossulek MI.

US Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, La Crosse, WI 54603, USA.

3-Trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) is a pesticide used for the selective control of sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) in stream and river tributaries of the Great Lakes. To determine concentrations of TFM and TFM glucuronide in the edible fillet tissue of fish during sea lamprey control treatments, an analytical method was developed to determine the concentrations of these residues in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss; RBT) and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatis; CCF). Homogenized fillets were extracted with methanol-water (80 + 20). TFM and TFM glucuronide were isolated from coextractives by C18 solid-phase extraction. TFM glucuronide was hydrolyzed to TFM by the addition of beta-glucuronidase to the TFM glucuronide extract. The extracts were analyzed separately by liquid chromatography with UV-visible detection. Recoveries from TFM-fortified CCF and RBT tissues were 84.1 and 96.1%, respectively. The method detection limits (MDLs) are 2.4 ng/g for TFM-fortified tissues of CCF and 3 ng/g for those of RBT. Recoveries were 78.8 and 77% from TFM glucuronide-fortified CCF and RBT tissues, respectively. The MDLs for TFM glucuronide-fortified tissues are 3.5 and 6.9 ng/g for CCF and RBT, respectively.

PMID: 11324603 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10888524&dopt=Abstract

J Agric Food Chem 2000 Jun;48(6):2212-5

Determination of niclosamide residues in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fillet tissue by high-performance liquid chromatography.

Schreier TM, Dawson VK, Choi Y, Spanjers NJ, Boogaard MA.

Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, U.S. Geological Survey, La Crosse, WI 54603, USA. Theresa_Schreier@usgs.gov

Bayluscide [the ethanolamine salt of niclosamide (NIC)] is a registered piscicide used in combination with 3-(trifluoromethyl)-4-nitrophenol (TFM) to control sea lamprey populations in streams tributary to the Great Lakes. A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for the determination of NIC residues in muscle fillet tissues of fish exposed to NIC and TFM during sea lamprey control treatments. NIC was extracted from fortified channel catfish and rainbow trout fillet tissue with a series of acetone extractions and cleaned up on C(18) solid-phase extraction cartridges. NIC concentrations were determined by HPLC with detection at 360 and 335 nm for rainbow trout and catfish, respectively. Recovery of NIC from rainbow trout (n = 7) fortified at 0.04 microg/g was 77 +/- 6.5% and from channel catfish (n = 7) fortified at 0.02 microg/g was 113 +/- 11%. NIC detection limit was 0.0107 microg/g for rainbow trout and 0.0063 microg/g for catfish. Percent recovery of incurred radioactive residues by this method from catfish exposed to [(14)C]NIC was 89.3 +/- 4.1%. Percent recoveries of NIC from fortified storage stability tissue samples for rainbow trout (n = 3) analyzed at 5 and 7.5 month periods were 78 +/- 5.1 and 68 +/- 2.4%, respectively. Percent recoveries of NIC from fortified storage stability tissue samples for channel catfish (n = 3) analyzed at 5 and 7.5 month periods were 88 +/- 13 and 76 +/- 21%, respectively.

PMID: 10888524 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


From Toxline at Toxnet

ECOTOXICOLOGY; 7 (2). 1998. 113-121.

Acute toxicity and accumulation of the piscicide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) in freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionidae).

WALLER DL, RACH JJ , LUOMA JA

Upper Miss. Sci. Cent., U.S. Geol. Survey, Biol. Resources Div., PO Box 818, La Crosse, WI 54602-0818, USA.
Source:

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. We compared the acute toxicity and initial accumulation of the piscicide TFM (3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol) in the freshwater unionacean mussels, Obliquaria reflexa and Fusconaia flava. Acute 48h toxicity tests were conducted to determine the LC50 values for each species. The initial uptake clearances of TFM were measured by exposing the mussels to (14C)-TFM and counting the radioactivity in four organ tissues (foot, gill, mantle and viscera) over 48 h. TFM was about 2-fold more toxic to O. reflexa (LC50 1.80 Mg l-1) than to E. flava (LC50 3.81 mg L-1) and the difference was not explained by accumulation patterns. The initial uptake clearance rates (0-6 h) for the whole body were similar between the species (11.2 ml g-1 h-2 in O. reflexa and 9.5 ml g-l h-1 in flava). The accumulation of TFM residues among the organ tissues was also similar between species. The uptake clearance rates (ml g-1 h-1) of TFM equivalents were generally highest in the gill, but not signific [abstract truncated]


From Toxline at Toxnet

PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST; 58 (1). 1996. 23-28.

Use of the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) to control tadpoles in warmwater ornamental fish ponds.

GABBADON PW, CHAPMAN FA

Inst. Marine Affairs, PO Box 3260, Carenage, Trinidad, West Indies.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Laboratory-based static acute toxicity tests were performed to determine the relative toxicity of TFM to selected species of tadpoles and ornamental fish in soft (mean, 45 mg as CaCO3) and hard (mean, 177 mg/L) freshwater. Sensitivity was measured as the 96-h LC50, the concentration lethal to half the test animals in 96 h. The sensitivity of larval bullfrogs Rana catesbeiana to TFM was 1.50 mg/L in soft water and 4.20 mg/L in hard water. The 96-h LC50 of TFM for larval southern toads Bufo terrestris was 0.51 mg/L in soft water and 0.70 mg/L in hard water. Toxicity of TFM (96-h LC50) to the fish tested ranged from 1.02 to 7.73 mg/L in soft water and 1.83 to 18.05 mg/L in hard water. Probit analysis indicated that the amount of TFM required to kill 99% of bullfrog larvae was 3.35 mg/L. A 96-h exposure to 3.35 mg/L TFM would also kill 99% of suckermouth catfish Hypostomus plecostomus, 92% of black neon tetras Hyphessobrycon herbertaxelrodi, 90% of tiger barbs Puntius tetr [abstract truncated]


From Toxline at Toxnet

NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT; 16 (3). 1996. 600-607.

Evaluation of piscicides for control of ruffe.

BOOGAARD MA, BILLS TD, SELGEBY JH, JOHNSON DA

Natl. Biol. Serv., Upper Mississippi Sci. Cent., 2630 Fanta Reed Rd., LaCrosse, WI 54603, USA.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Ruffe Gymnocephalus cernuus, a Eurasian species, was introduced into Duluth Harbor, Minnesota, in the 1980s, probably in releases of ballast water from seagoing freighters. Ruffe is now the most abundant species in the fish community native species, such as the yellow perch Perca flavescens, trout-perch Percopsis omiscomaycus, black bullhead Ameiurus melas, and most endemic minnows, have declined. Toxicity tests of antimycin and rotenone (registered piscicides) and the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) were conducted with ruffe and other fish species in water from several tributaries to Lake Superior. Ruffe and brown trout Salmo trutta were similar in their sensitivity to antimycin and rotenone; they were about five times more sensitive to antimycin and two times more sensitive to rotenone than yellow perch. However, ruffe were about three to six times more sensitive to TFM than either brown trout or yellow perch. The effects of control treatments for se [abstract truncated]


From Toxline at Toxnet

GREAT LAKES FISHERY COMMISSION TECHNICAL REPORT; 0 (61). 1995. 9-31.

Comparison of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) toxicities to sea lampreys, rainbow trout, and mayfly nymphs in continuous and interrupted 9-H exposures.

SCHOLEFIELD RJ, SEELYE JG, SLAGHT KS

Natl. Biological Service, Lake Huron Biological Station, 11188 Ray Road, Millersburg, MI 49759, USA.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Flow-through tests with 12êC Lake Huron water were used to examine the toxicity of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) to larval sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus), fry of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss), and nymphs of burrowing mayfly (Hexagenia limbata). The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of a single, continuous 9-h exposure to TFM with two exposures (totaling 9 h) of TFM that were interrupted by 12 h or 22 h of no exposure. Two exposures to TFM interrupted for 12 h were as effective at killing sea lampreys as a single, continuous 9-h exposure, but the toxicity of TFM to sea lampreys sometimes declined when the interruption period was increased to 22 h. The toxicity of TFM to rainbow trout did not differ significantly among the continuous 9-h exposure and two tests where exposures were interrupted for either 12 h or 22 h. The toxicity of TFM to mayflies was significantly greater in the continuous 9-h exposure than in either o [abstract truncated]


From Toxline at Toxnet

JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH; 20 (2). 1994. 355-365.

Identification of lampricide formulations as a potent inducer of MFO activity in fish.

MUNKITTRICK KR, SERVOS MR, PARROTT JL, MARTIN V, CAREY JH, FLETT PA, VAN DER KRAAK GJ

Great Lakes Lab. Fisheries Aquatic Sci., Dep. Fisheries Oceans, 867 Lakeshore Rd., Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, CAN.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. White sucker caged in a Lake Superior tributary during a lampricide application showed marked induction of hepatic mixed function oxygenase (MFO) enzymes. Laboratory trials (0.5-5.8 mg L-1, 24 h exposure) with rainbow trout confirmed that field formulations of lampricides induce MFO activity. When the two primary components of the lampricide formulation were tested separately, MFO induction was associated with the 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) formulation, and not the 2',5-dichloro-4'-nitrosalicylanilide (Bayer 73) component of the field application. Bioassays confirmed that reverse phase HPLC successfully separated the inducing component(s) of the TFM formulation. Induction was not associated with the HPLC fraction of the formulation containing TFM, which was corroborated by subsequent exposures offish to purified TFM. These biochemical effects of lampricide exposure appear to be related to the presence of an unidentified contaminant in the field formulation.


From Toxline at Toxnet

NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT; 14 (1). 1994. 162-169.

Effects of lampricide treatments, relative to environmental conditions, on abundance and sizes of salmonids in a small stream.

DUBOIS RB, BLUST WH

Wis. Dep. Natural Resources, Post Office Box 125, Brule, WI 54820, USA.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. We examined a 10-year set (spanning 1979-1991) of salmonid density, biomass, and length-at-age data from a first-order, soft-water, Lake Superior tributary that received three treatments of the tampricide TFM (3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol) over the period studied. After a TFM treatment done during the first half of the 1986 growing season, reduced densities of three age-groups of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis, and significantly reduced total biomass of brook trout, were observed. Mean lengths at age of most salmonid age-classes near the end of the 1986 growing season were small relative to those in other years, but for most groups this tendency was not statistically significant. Drought conditions during three of the study years were similarly associated with reduced growth of salmonids. There were no discernable, long-term effects of two TFM treatments in 1986 on salmonid abundances or mean lengths at age the following year. Similarly, a treatment near the end o [abstract truncated]


From Toxline at Toxnet

WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES TECHNICAL BULLETIN; 0 (185). 1993. 1-35.

Aquatic insects of the Bois Brule River System, Wisconsin.

DUBOIS RB

Technical Bulletin No. 185, Dep. Natural Resources, P.O. Box 7921, Madison, WI 53707, USA.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Noticeable kills of some species of aquatic insects have accompanied periodic lampricide treatments (3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol; TFM) within the Bois Brule River (Brule River) drainage since 1959. These kills prompted concern among trout anglers and Department of Natural Resources fisheries personnel about the long-term effects of TFM on the aquatic insect community. This concern was heightened during the early 1980s by declines in several of the river's trout populations that use aquatic insects as a food resource. Hence, benthos collections throughout the drainage basin, and drift-net samples from 3 tributaries, were made between November 1983 and July 1988 to document and assess the status of the aquatic insect fauna of this relatively undisturbed, predominantly spring-fed river system. Relative abundance and distribution of aquatic insects, and physical and chemical data, are provided for 15 biotic areas, which include 6 mainstem reaches and 9 tributaries. One [abstract truncated]


From Toxline at Toxnet

Order Number: NTIS/PB92-185321 - 1992

Effects of the Lampricide 3-Trifluoromethyl-4-Nitrophenol on the Pink Heelsplitter. Methods for Detoxifying the Lampricide 3-Trifluoromethyl-4-Nitrophenol in Streams.

Bills TD, Rach JJ, Marking LL, Howe GE, Gilderhus PA

Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC.

TD3: The lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) is used to selectively kill sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) in the tributaries of the Great Lakes. Over the years, TFM was tested most often on nontarget fishes and only occasionally on invertebrates, including freshwater mussels. The authors exposed pink heelsplitters (Potamilus alatus) to TFM concentrations and exposure times similar to those in lampricide treatments. Tests were conducted in water similar in quality to the Poultney River, New York, a stream that contains pink heelsplitters and is scheduled for lampricide treatment in 1991. Mussels were exposed to TFM for either 12 or 24 h and observed daily in well water for 14 days. Ninety percent of the mussels exposed to 3.5 mg of TFM for 12 h survived, however, only 50% of the mussels exposed to that concentration for 24 h survived. TFM seems to narcotize or anesthetize mussels. Mortality of mussels exposed to 3.5 mg/L TFM for 12 h seemed to be 60% immediately after treatment but the a [abstract truncated]


From Toxline at Toxnet

GT LAKES FISH COMM TECH REP; 0 (57). 1992. 21-33.

Effects of the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol on dissolved oxygen in aquatic systems.

DAWSON VK, JOHNSON DA, SULLIVAN JF

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Serv., Natl. Fisheries Res. Cent.-La Crosse, P.O. Box 818, La Crosse, Wis. 54602.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The effects of the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) on dissolved oxygen and other water-quality characteristics were evaluated in a series of test chambers under selected combinations of water, sediment, TFM, and exposure to sunlight. Concentrations of TFM, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, and total alkalinity, plus pH and sunlight exposure, were monitored throughout the 48-h tests. Concentrations of TFM gradually decreased over time, especially in the presence of sediment and sunlight. The lampricide did not directly cause a reduction in dissolved oxygen concentration, but appeared to inhibit photosynthetic production of oxygen during daylight. Dissovled oxygen concentrations were significantly reduced by the presence of TFM in chambers exposed to sunlight. Concentrations of total ammonia were significantly higher in chambers with sediment than in those without sediment. In chambers that contained river water and were exposed to sunlight, ammonia concentration [abstract truncated]


From Toxline at Toxnet

GT LAKES FISH COMM TECH REP; 0 (57). 1992. 7-19.

Effect of pH on the toxicity of TFM to sea lamprey larvae and nontarget species during a stream treatment.

BILLS TD, JOHNSON DA

U.S. Fish Wildlife Serv., Natl. Fisheries Research Cent.-La Crosse, P.O. Box 818, La Crosse, Wis. 54602.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Treatment of tributaries to the Great Lakes with the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) occasionally results in incomplete kills of sea lamprey larvae (Petromyzon marinus) or excessive mortality of nontarget fish. Laboratory studies indicate that changes in pH can significantly affect the toxicity of TFM. In continuous-flow toxicity tests conducted on the Millecoquins River, Michigan, TFM remained selective for sea lamprey at the ambient stream pH and at an increased pH (raised approximately 1 unit by the addition of sodium hydroxide). At all but one concentration, TFM killed all sea lampreys and none of the target fish. Selectivity decreased when the pH was lowered by approximately 1 unit (by the addition of hydrochloric acid). TFM at the lowest tested concentration (2.3 mg) killed 100% of the sea lampreys, 50% of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and 40% of the fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). When the Millecoquins River was treated at a co [abstract truncated]


From Toxline at Toxnet

GT LAKES FISH COMM TECH REP; 0 (55). 1990. 1-26.

Effects of the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol on macroinvertebrate populations in a small stream.

LIEFFERS HJ

U.S. Fish Wildlife Service, Ludington Biol. Station, Ludington, Mich. 49431, USA.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Following two seasons of benthic sampling, Watson Creek, a small tributary of the Pentwater River, Michigan, was treated with the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) to determine its effect on the stream macroinvertebrates. Sampling was continued for nearly six months after the treatment. Numbers of organisms decreased in 88% of the taxa immediately following the treatment. All affected populations recovered within five months and specifes richness and composition were not notably changed by treatment.


From Toxline at Toxnet

GT LAKES FISH COMM TECH REP; 0 (56). 1990. 1-5.

Resistance to 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) in sea lamprey.

SCHOLEFIELD RJ, SEELYE JG

National Fishery Res. Center, Hammond Bay Biol. Station, Millersburg, Michigan 49759.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) has been used in the United States and Canada for more than 30 years to control populations of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in the Great Lakes. There is concern that sea lamprey might become resistant to TFM. Lampricide toxicity tests have been conducted at the Hammond Bay Biological Station, Millersburg, Michigan, since the 1950s, and examination of TFM toxicity data for larval lamprey from 1963 to 1987 indicated that sea lamprey have not developed increased resistance to TFM. Maintenance of current control practices are unlikely to cause the development of TFM-resistant sea lamprey strains in the foreseeable future.


From Toxline at Toxnet

NTIS/PB91-138115 - 1990

Investigations in Fish Control. (100, 101, and 102).

Gilderhus PA, Allen JL, Bills TD, Howe GE

National Fisheries Research Center, La Crosse, WI.

TD3: Results of three tests are provided, which involve the use of various pest and fungus control chemical agents on aquatic plants and certain aquatic animals. Testing is performed to determine (1) the effects of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenyl (TFM) in irrigation water on plants; (2) the effect of malachite green on muscles, eggs and fry of treated Atlantic and Chinook salmon; and (3) the effect of changes in water temperature, hardness, and pH on the toxicity of benzocaine to specific freshwater fishes.


From Toxline at Toxnet

GT LAKES FISH COMM TECH REP; 0 (56). 1990. 6-13.

Effects of changes in dissolved oxygen on the toxicity of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) to sea lamprey and rainbow trout.

SEELYE JG, SCHOLEFIELD RJ

National Fishery Res. Center, Hammond Bay Biol. Station, Millersburg, Mich. 49759.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The toxicity of TFM to larval sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) and other aquatic organisms is influenced by chemical factors such as pH, alkalinity, conductivity, and hardness. Oxygen levels as low as 30% saturation did not affect the toxicity of TFM to larval sea lamprey, but its toxicity to rainbow trout fingerlings (Oncorhynchus mykiss) increased as the oxygen concentration decreased at 13ê C but not at 20ê C. To help insure safe, effective chemical control of sea lamprey, treatment teams should monitor dissolved oxygen as well as other pertinent water chemistry variables in streams just prior to treatment.


From Toxline at Toxnet

PROG FISH-CULT; 51 (4). 1989. 207-213.

Use of TFM (3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol) to selectively control frog larvae in fish production ponds.

KANE AS, JOHNSON DL

Aquatic Toxicol. Lab., Univ. Md. Sch. Med., Dep. Pathol., 10 South Pine St., Baltimore, Md. 21201, USA.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The efficacy of TFM (3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol) for the selective control of frog larvae in fish culture ponds was examined. Mortalities of frog larvae and fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) in exposure cages as well as end-of-season standing crops were used to quantify the selective effects of TFM in three treatment ponds, A, B, and C. The chemical was completely effective in controlling frog larvae in treated ponds A and B; no tadpoles were recovered after treatment. These ponds were filled just before the study. The standing crop of tadpoles in the untreated control pond, which was also filled just before the study, was 219.7 kg/hectare. Treatment of pond C, which was filled throughout the year and had an established population of older, larger tadpoles before TFM application, was not effective, leaving 243.3 kg frog larvae per hectare. Exposure-cage mortalities of frog larvae ranged from 22.0 to 95.0%. Failure to kill all frog larvae was most likely due to i [abstract truncated]


From Toxline at Toxnet

GR LAKES FISH COMM TECH REP; 0 (52). 1988. 1-23.

GUIDE FOR DETERMINING APPLICATION RATES OF LAMPRICIDES FOR CONTROL OF SEA LAMPREY AMMOCOETES

SEELYE JG, JOHNSON DA, WEISE JG, KING E L JR

No Abstract available


From Toxline at Toxnet

J GREAT LAKES RES; 14 (3). 1988. 338-346.

PHOTODEGRADATION OF THE LAMPRICIDE 3 TRIFLUOROMETHYL-4-NITROPHENOL TFM 2. FIELD CONFIRMATION OF DIRECT PHOTOLYSIS AND PERSISTENCE OF FORMULATION IMPURITIES IN A STREAM DURING TREATMENT

CAREY JH, FOX ME, SCHLEEN LP

No Abstract available


From Toxline at Toxnet

GT LAKES FISH COMM TECH REP; 0 (53). 1988. 9-17.

RELATION OF PH TO TOXICITY OF LAMPRICIDE TFM IN THE LABORATORY

BILLS TD, MARKING LL, HOWE GE, RACH JJ

No Abstract available


From Toxline at Toxnet

GR LAKES FISH COMM TECH REP; 0 (50). 1987. 1-8.

A COMPARISON OF TWO METHODS FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF TFM AND BAYER 73 CONCENTRATIONS

SCHOLEFIELD RJ

No Abstract available


From Toxline at Toxnet

CAN J BOT; 65 (5). 1987. 893-898.

EFFECTS OF THE LAMPRICIDE 3 TRIFLUOROMETHYL-4-NITROPHENOL ON DIATOMS IN TWO SOUTHERN ONTARIO STREAMS CANADA

BEAMISH F WH, JEFFREY KA, KOLTON RJ, MACMAHON PD, KOWALCHUK KA

No Abstract available


From Toxline at Toxnet

HYDROBIOLOGIA; 148 (1). 1987. 25-34

EFFECTS OF THE LAMPRICIDE 3 TRIFLUOROMETHYL-4-NITROPHENOL TFM ON THE MACROINVERTEBRATES OF WILMOT CREEK CANADA

MACMAHON PD, JEFFREY KA, BEAMISH F WH, FERGUSON SC, KOLTON RJ

No Abstract available


From Toxline at Toxnet

HYDROBIOLOGIA; 139 (3). 1986. 251-268.

EFFECTS OF THE LAMPRICIDE 3 TRIFLUOROMETHYL-4-NITROPHENOL ON THE MACROINVERTEBRATES OF A HARDWATER RIVER

KOLTON RJ, MACMAHON PD, JEFFREY KA, BEAMISH F WH

No Abstract available


From Toxline at Toxnet

HYDROBIOLOGIA; 134 (1). 1986. 43-52.

EFFECTS OF THE LAMPRICIDE 3 TRIFLUOROMETHYL-4-NITROPHENOL ON THE MACROINVERTEBRATES WITHIN THE HYPORHEIC REGION OF A SMALL STREAM

JEFFREY KA, BEAMISH F WH, FERGUSON SC, KOLTON RJ, MACMAHON PD

No Abstract available


From Toxline at Toxnet

CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI; 43 (8). 1986. 1515-1520.

LOSS OF LAMPRICIDES BY ADSORPTION ON BOTTOM SEDIMENTS

DAWSON VK, JOHNSON DA,
ALLEN JL

No Abstract available


From Toxline at Toxnet

J GREAT LAKES RES; 11 (2). 1985. 171-178.

EFFECTS OF CONTAMINANTS ON TOXICITY OF THE LAMPRICIDES 3 TRIFLUOROMETHYL-4-NITROPHENOL AND BAYER 73 TO 3 SPECIES OF FISH

MARKING LL, BILLS TD

No Abstract available


From Toxline at Toxnet

PROG FISH-CULT; 47 (4). 1985. 231-238.

3 TRIFLUOROMETHYL-4-NITROPHENOL CONTROL OF TADPOLES IN CULTURE PONDS

KANE AS, STOCKDALE TM, JOHNSON DL

No Abstract available


From Toxline at Toxnet

1985 - NATL RES COUNC CAN ASSOC COMM SCI CRITER ENVIRON QUAL PUBL; 0 (22488).

TFM 3 TRIFLUOROMETHYL-4-NITROPHENOL AND BAYER 73 CLONITRALIDE LAMPRICIDES IN THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT

No Abstract available


From Toxline at Toxnet

GREAT LAKES FISH COMM TECH REP; 0 (47). 1985. 6-12.

SOLID BARS OF 3 TRIFLUOROMETHYL-4-NITROPHENOL A SIMPLIFIED METHOD OF APPLYING LAMPRICIDE TO SMALL STREAMS

GILDERHUS PA

No Abstract available


From Toxline at Toxnet

GREAT LAKES FISH COMM TECH REP; 0 (47). 1985. 1-5.

COMPARATIVE TOXICITY OF THE LAMPRICIDE 3 TRIFLUOROMETHYL-4-NITROPHENOL TO AMMOCOETES OF THREE SPECIES OF LAMPREYS

KING E L JR, GABEL JA

No Abstract available


From Toxline at Toxnet

GREAT LAKES FISH COMM TECH REP; 0 (47). 1985. 13-23.

TOXICITY OF THE LAMPRICIDES 3 TRIFLUOROMETHYL-4-NITROPHENOL AND 2' 5 DICHLORO-4'-NITROSALICYLANILIDE BAYER 73 TO EGGS AND NYMPHS OF THE MAYFLY HEXAGENIA-SP

BILLS TD, MARKING LL, RACH JJ

No Abstract available


From Toxline at Toxnet

CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI; 41 (11). 1984. 1695-1701.

Changes in populations and drift of stream invertebrates following lampricide treatment.

DERMOTT RM, SPENCE HJ

Dep. Fisheries Oceans, Great Lakes Fisheries Res. Branch, Canada Cent. Inland Waters, Burlington, Ont. L7R 4A6.

HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The effects of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) treatment on invertebrate abundance, recolonization and drift rates were examined in 3 Great Lakes tributaries, having a wide range of water hardness. In the softwater streams only philopotamid caddisflies and lumbriculid worms were significantly reduced after the TFM treatment; their abundance in the untreated stream sections was unchanged. Treatment of the hardwater stream resulted in a dramatic mortality of leeches. Abundance of soft-bodied oligochaetes and Turbellaria were significantly reduced, while numbers of Simuliidae, Hydropsyche and Baetis increased 4 days after treatment. Daytime drift rates of the Annelida, Turbellaria, Amphipoda, Glossosomatidae and Tipulidae increased significantly during the lampricide treatment. Increased drift rates rather than mortality appears to be the major impact of the lampricide on invertebrate communities.


From Toxline at Toxnet

ARCH HYDROBIOL; 101 (4). 1984. 601-607.

ACUTE TOXICITY OF ANTIMYCIN A BAYER 73 AND 3 TRIFLUOROMETHYL-4-NITROPHENOL TO A FRESH-WATER TELEOST LEBISTES-RETICULATUS

GUPTA PK, RAO PS, MUJUMDAR VS, DURVE VS :

No Abstract available


From Toxline at Toxnet

62ND ANNUAL MEETING OF THE VIRGINIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, RICHMOND, VA., USA, MAY 15-18, 1984. VA J SCI; 35 (2). 1984. 116.

EFFECT OF 3 TRIFLUOROMETHYL-4-NITROPHENOL ON THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF PROTOZOAN COMMUNITIES ESTABLISHED ON ARTIFICIAL SUBSTRATES

MCCORMICK PV, PRATT JR, CAIRNS J JR

No Abstract available


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6749253&dopt=Abstract

Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1984 May;65:195-9

Procedures for use of freshwater fishes in the development of reproducible toxicological information.

Marking LL.

Toxicity testing with fish began early in this century, but standardized methods have been developed only within the last three decades. Standardized test procedures promote reproducibility of results; healthy fish properly handled and acclimated to test conditions are a given prerequisite. The principles of acute toxicity testing are important in the design of chronic tests for suspected carcinogens because certain factors influence the activity of chemicals or contaminants. The pH of test water is a critical factor in governing the uptake of chemicals by fish. Buffering is required so that uniform pH in waters of different hardnesses and different pHs in water of a given hardness are maintained. The importance of water quality control is graphically demonstrated by the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol; the toxicant is over 50 times more toxic in water at pH 6.5 than at pH 9.5. Results of laboratory tests on toxicity or carcinogenicity of single compounds in a clean environment represent an oversimplification of the real world because organisms are actually exposed to multiple chemicals or stresses. Because the environment is a complex interaction of physical, chemical, and biological factors that are extremely variable and dynamic, simulation of these systems in the laboratory is, at best, artificial; therefore, results developed must be considered to be predictive.


PMID: 6749253 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


From Toxline at Toxnet

ARCH HYDROBIOL; 97 (4). 1983. 540-550.

Acute toxicity of piscicide Antimycin A, molluscicide Bayer 73 and lampricide 3 trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol to the snail Viviparus bengalensis.

GUPTA PK, DURVE VS

Dep. Zool., K.L.D.A.V. Coll., Roorkee-247667, India.

HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. For acute toxicity tests, freshwater snail V. bengalensis was exposed to a piscicide (Antimycin A), a molluscicide (Bayer 73) and a lampricide (3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM)). Static bioassay method was adopted for the evaluation of the toxicity of these chemicals. The lethal concentrations (LC16, LC50 and 95% fiducial limits and LC84), slope functions, regression equations, heterogeneity factors, median survival periods, analysis of variance, presumable harmless concentrations and relative potencies of the 3 toxicants were worked out for 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h exposures. The rank order toxicity among the 3 toxicants was Antimycin-A > Bayer-73 > TFM.


From Toxline at Toxnet

J GREAT LAKES RES; 7 (3). 1981. 234-241.

Photodegradation of the lampricide, 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol: 1. Pathway of the direct photolysis in solution.

CAREY JH, FOX ME

Environmental Contaminants Div., Natl. Water Res. Inst., Canada Cent. for Inland Waters, Burlington, Ont., Can. L7R 4A6.

HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Solutions of TFM (3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol) in distilled and in 2 Lake Ontario (USA, Canda) tributary stream waters were exposed to spring and fall natural sunlight in Pyrex glass containers. TFM degraded in the natural stream waters with a half-life of of identified photoproduct is gentisic acid (2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid). A 2nd major photoproduct is believed to be a condensation product of TFM and gentisic acid (MW 371). Structures based on mass spectra are proposed for 4 other photoproducts. A photolysis pathway is proposed in which the primary degradation route leads to polymeric, humic acid-like material.


From Toxline at Toxnet

ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL; 15 (11). 1981. 1335-1340.

Persistence of 3-(trifluoromethyl)-4-nitrophenol in aquatic environments.

THINGVOLD DA, LEE GF

Dep. Civil Eng., Eng. Res. Cent., Colo. State Univ., Ft. Collins, Colo. 80523.

HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Since 1958, 3-(trifluoromethyl)-4-nitrophenol (TFM) has been used to control the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in the USA-Canadian Great Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron and Ontario. A study was conducted to determine the degradability of TFM under laboratory conditions in aqueous (sediment-free) systems. No evidence of microbial degradation of TFM was found up to 80 days. TFM may persist for extended periods of time in the Great Lakes. On the basis of past and present levels of usage of TFM, it was estimated that the concentration of TFM in Lake Superior water could approach, if TFM were a completely conservative chemical, 0.015 mug/l. This concentration was considerably less than the concentrations found to be acutely and chronically toxic to aquatic life. The use of TFM as a sea lamprey larvicide did not represent a hazard to fish and other nontarget aquatic life in the Great Lakes.


From Toxline at Toxnet

WATER RES; 14 (5). 1980. 515-520.

Effect of the lamprey larvicide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol on embryonic development of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).

NIBLETT PD, MCKEOWN BA

Proctor and Redfern Group, Consult. Eng. Plan., 75 Eglinton Ave. E., Toronto, Ont. M4P 1H3, Can.

HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Toxicity of the lamprey larvicide, 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenyl, to rainbow trout embryos was greatest immediately following fertilization and least after neurulation. Embryonic mortality in the early stages was delayed and not recognized by the presence of a white protein precipitate.


From Toxline at Toxnet

Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 37(11): 1895-1905 1980 (29 References)

Effects of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) control in the Great Lakes on aquatic plants, invertebrates, and amphibians.

Gilderhus PA, Johnson BGH

Natl. Fish. Res. Lab., US Fish & Wildl. Serv., La Crosse, WI 54601

PESTAB. The chemicals 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) or a combination of TFM and 2',5-dichloro-4'-nitrosalicylanilide (Bayer 73, clonitralide) have been used to control the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in the Great Lakes for about 20 yr. These chemicals cause some mortalities of Oligochaeta and Hirudinea, immature forms of Ephemeroptera (Hexagenia sp.), and certain Trichoptera, Simuliidae, and Amphibia (Necturus sp.). The combination of TFM and Bayer 73 may affect some Pelecypoda and Gastropoda, but its overall effects on invertebrates are probably less than those of TFM alone. Granular Bayer 73 is likely to induce mortalities among oligochaetes, microcrustaceans, chironomids, and pelecypods. No evidence exists that the lampricides have caused the catastrophic decline or disappearance of any species. The overall impact of chemical control of sea lampreys on aquatic communities has been minor compared with the benefits derived. (Author abstract by permission)


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7415206&dopt=Abstract

Xenobiotica 1980 Apr;10(4):257-63

Whole-body distribution an Malpighian tubule transport of 2',5-dichloro-4'-nitrosalicylanilide (Bayer 73) and 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol in larvae of the aquatic midge Chironomus tentans.

Hansen CR Jr, Gauss JD, Kawatski JA.

1. Residues of the lampricides 14C-Bayer 73 (2',5-dichloro-4'-nitrosalicylanilide) and 14C-TFM (3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol) were absorbed from aqueous sublethal concn. by aquatic larvae of the midge Chironomus tentans.
2. Toxicant residues were widely distributed during early hours of exposure, but later and during a 24-h post-exposure period, they became concentrated in the trunk and intestinal tract; the posterior movement of Bayer 73 was more rapid than that of TFM.
3. During 4-h tests, Malpighian tubules of the chironomid actively transported Bayer 73 and TFM in vitro, and on a per tubule basis, more TFM was transported than Bayer 73.
4. Potassium cyanide inhibited tubule transport; serotonin had no effect.


PMID: 7415206 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=429689&dopt=Abstract

J Agric Food Chem 1979 Mar-Apr;27(2):328-31

No Abstract available

Uptake, metabolism, and elimination of the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol by largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides).

Schultz DP, Harman PD, Luhning CW.


PMID: 429689 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


From Toxline at Toxnet

GREAT LAKES FISH COMM TECH REP; 0 (35). 1979. 1-36.

Variations in growth, age at transformation, and sex ratio of sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) reestablished in chemically treated tributaries of the upper Great Lakes (USA).

PURVIS HA

US Fish Wildl. Serv. P.O. Box 758, Marquette, Mich. 49855, USA.

HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Growth and age at metamorphosis were determined for populations of larval sea lampreys that became reestablished after chemical treatments of tributaries of Lakes Superior and Michigan (USA) with the selected lampricide, 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol. Age at metamorphosis varied from 3-7 yr. Growth of ammocetes varied considerably from stream to stream and within streams. Mean lengths of ammocetes of age group III in late summer or early fall in different streams ranged from 65-144 mm. Ammocetes of the 1st yr class established after a chemical treatment grew faster than those of succeeding year classes. Transformation at an early age usually occurred only among fast-growing larvae in large streams. A reversal of the sex ratio, from predominately male to predominately female, followed the reduction of the adult sea lamprey population. Sex ratios of larval and recently metamorphosed sea lampreys reestablished after chemical treatments rapidly shifted from an excess of males to an excess of females. The shift in sex ratio was related to decreased densities of sea lampreys resulting from treatments.


From Toxline at Toxnet

Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 17(1): 57-65 1977 (9 References)

The influence of larval lampricide (TFM:3-trifluoromethyl -4- nitrophenol on growth and production of two species of aquatic macrophytes, Elodea canadensis (Michx.) Planchon and Myriophyllum spicatum L.

Maki AW. Johnson HE

Environ. Water Qual. Res. Dep., Proctor & Gamble Co., Ivorydale Tech. Cent., Cincinnati, OH 45217

PESTAB. The toxicity of the larval lampricide TFM (3-trifluoromethyl -4- nitrophenol) for two vascular hydrophytes, Elodea canadensis and Myriophyllus spicatum, was studied. The plants were obtained from naturally occurring stocks, and exposure to the toxicant was conducted in totally recirculating model streams. After a growth period of up to 2 wk, during which the plants were exposed to 5.0-35.0 mg/l TFM, the individual shoots were ashed and the dry weights and ash-free dry weights determined. Analytical grade TFM inhibited the growth and production of vegetative shoots of Elodea canadensis at all concentrations greater than 5.0 mg/l. A net loss in biomass occurred following exposure to 10.0-35.0 mg/l for over 24 hr or to 20.0-35.0 mg/l for over 3 hr. Primary production was also progressively inhibited as a function of exposure time. Myriophyllum spicatum was more susceptible to the toxicant. The greatest percentage reduction in biomass occurred after 1 and 4 hr of exposure to all concentrations greater than 5.0 mg/l. The toxicant appeared to affect both species of plants similarly.


From Toxline at Toxnet

J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 33(12): 2740-2746; 1976.(16 references)

Evaluation of a toxicant on the metabolism on model stream communities.

Maki AW, Johnson HE

PESTAB. The effects of a toxicant, the lampricide TFM (3-trifluoromethyl- 4-nitrophenol), on the metabolism of benthic communities were studied in a series of six indoor model streams resembling typical woodland streams. Each artificially illuminated stream consisted of a 4-m pool section and a 4-m riffle section. A specially developed in situ stream respirometer was used for measurements of net primary production and community respiration in pool and riffle communities. Pretreatment levels of gross primary production ranged during summer, fall, and early winter from 10.7 to 79.0 mg O2.m-2.h-1 and were suppressed by 25-50% during exposure to 9.0 mg/liter TFM. Community respiration ranged from 10.5 to 36.2 mg O2.m-2.h-1 during the same time period and was increased 3-50% by the 9.0 mg/liter lampricide treatment. Calculated photosynthesis to respiration (P:R) ratios proved to be sensitive indicators of the influence of the toxicant. The stream communities demonstrated a capacity to adjust to the toxicant influence as evidenced by the rapid return of metabolic rates to pretreatment levels following the exposure period. (Author abstract by permission)


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1032293&dopt=Abstract

Environ Qual Saf 1976;5:1-14

Chemical control of the sea lamprey: the addition of a chemical to the environment.

Menzie CM, Hunn JB.

Construction of the Welland Canal enabled shipping to by-pass Niagara Falls and enter the upper Great Lakes and also eliminated the barrier to the entry to the lakes by the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus Linnaeus). Within forty years the commercial fisheries of the Great Lakes was almost eliminated by this parasitic cyclostome. A search for selective chemical control of the sea lamprey was undertaken in the 1950's and culminated with the discovery of TFM (3-Trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol). At the request of the International Great Lakes Fishery Commission, the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife undertook to assess the hazard of TFM to the aquatic ecosystem, to humans as well as to fish and wildlife. Studies were undertaken in Bureau laboratories as well as by contracts with university and private laboratories. Results of these studies to-date indicate that this material is not subject to biomagnification and does not pose a hazard to man or the the environment.

PMID: 1032293 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=939751&dopt=Abstract

J Assoc Off Anal Chem 1976 Jul;59(4):862-5

Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol in natural waters.

Coburn JA, Chau AS.

A procedure for the analysis of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) in natural waters is described. The lampricide is extracted from acidified water samples on the macroreticular resin XAD-7 and eluted from the column with ethyl ether. The ether extract is dried, concentrated, and partitioned with potassium carbonate. TFM is acetylated in the aqueous alkaline solution and the acetate derivative is extracted into benzene for analysis by electron capture gas-liquid chromatography. Recoveries of TFM from natural waters exceeded 90% and as little as 0.01 mug TFM can be quantitated in a 1 L sample.

PMID: 939751 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


From Toxline at Toxnet

TRANS AM FISH SOC; 105 (2). 1976 322-326

Acute toxic effects of two lampricides to twenty-one freshwater invertebrates.

RYE R P JR,
KING E L JR

Hammond Bay Biol. Stn., U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Millersburg, Mich. 49759, USA.

HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Laboratory static bioassays were conducted to determine acute toxicity of 2 lampricides a 70% 2-aminoethanol salt of 5,2'dichloro-4'-nitrosalicylanilide (Bayer 73) and a mixture containing 98% 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) and 2% Bayer 73 (TFM-2B) to 21 freshwater invertebrates. LC50 values were determined for 24 h exposure periods at 12.8ê C. Organisms relatively sensitive to Bayer 73 were a turbellarian (Dugesia tigrina), aquatic earthworms (Tubifex tubifex and Lumbriculus inconstans), snails (Physa sp.) and (Pleurocera sp.), a clam (Eliptio dilatatus), blackflies (Simulium sp.), leeches (Erpobdellidae) and a daphnid (Daphnia pulex). The invertebrates most sensitive to TFM-2B were turbellarians, aquatic earthworms (Tubifex), snails (Physa), blackflies, leeches and burrowing mayflies (Hexagenia sp.). Bayer 73 was generally much more toxic to the test organisms than TFM-2B. At lampricidal concentrations, TFM-2B was more highly selective than Bayer 73 against larval sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus). (Other invertebrates studied were an isopod (Asellus militaris), scuds (Gammarus sp.), crayfish (Orconectes sp.), stoneflies (Paragnetina sp.), dragonflies (Ophiogomphus sp.), water boatmen (Corixidae), non-burrowing mayflies (Stenonema sp.), net-building caddisflies (Hydropsyche sp.), case-building caddisflies (Helicopsyche sp.), snipeflies (Atherix sp.) and dobsonflies (Corydalus sp.); rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were also examined.)


From Toxline at Toxnet

J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 32(8): 1455-1459; 1975.(12 references)

Comparative toxicity of larval lampricide (TFM: 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol) to selected benthic macroinvertebrates.

Maki AW, Geissel L, Johnson HE

PESTAB. The acute toxicity of larval lampricide (TFM: 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol) to 35 species of benthic macroinvertebrates was determined in 96 hr flow-through tests. The 96 hr LC50 values range from 2.1 mg/l for blackfly larvae, Simulium pugetense, to values in excess of 38.0 mg/l for species with heavy exoskeletons: crayfish (Orconectes propinquus), dobsonfly larvae (Chauloides sp.), and dragonfly naiads (Ophiogomphus sp.). Younger individuals of the clam (Ligumia sp.) and the mayfly nymph (Ephemerella cornuta) were 2 to 1.5 times more sensitive than larger individuals of the same species. Early emergence of adults and increased locomotor activity were observed among some organisms exposed to sublethal concentrations. (Author abstract by permission)


From Toxline at Toxnet

TOXICOL APPL PHARMACOL; 31 (1). 1975 150-158

Role of glucuronide formation in the selective toxicity of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-ni-trophenol (TFM) for the sea lamprey: Comparative aspects of TFM uptake and conjugation in sea lamprey and rainbow trout.

LECH JJ, STATHAM CN

HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The comparative aspects of disposition and conjugation of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM), a selective sea lamprey larvicide in sea lamprey (Petromyzom marinus) and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were studied. When exposed to identical water concentrations of TFM, sea lamprey ammocoetes exhibited a higher rate of accumulation and an increased steady-state level of TFM compared to trout. Regardless of the life stage of sea lamprey or size of trout studies, sea lamprey revealed a higher concentration of free TFM in blood and tissues. The higher concentration of free TFM in lamprey blood was demonstrated at a variety of water concentrations of TFM. In vitro glucuronyl transferase assays demonstrated that the sea lamprey had a lower rate of formation of TFM glucuronide when compared to trout. In vivo, sea lamprey exhibited a much higher ratio of free to conjugated TFM than trout. Pretreatment of sea lamprey and trout with salicylamide, an inhibitor of glucuronyl transferase, shifted the LC50 for trout from 9.7 mg/l to 3.6 mg/l and did not alter the LC50 for sea lamprey.


From Toxline at Toxnet

PROG FISH-CULT; 37 (3). 1975 143-147

Toxicity of four toxicants to green eggs of salmonids.

OLSON LE, MARKING LL

HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The acute toxicity was determined for 4 toxicants against green eggs of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha), brown trout (Salmo trutta), brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in waters of various hardnesses at 12 degrees C. The toxicants and the 96-h LC50's in soft water (40-44 mg/1 as CaCO3) were as follows: TFM(3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol) (lampricide), 0.570 to 3.47 mg/1 against 5 species; Bay 73(2-amino ethanol salt of 2',5-dichloro-4-nitrosalicyl-anilide) (lampricide), 0.0824 to 0.113 mg/1 against 4 species; and antimycin and Noxfish (fish toxicants), greater than 10.0 mug/1 and 3.50 mg/1, respectively, against brook trout. In waters of similar hardness, eggs were more resistant than fingerlings of the same species to Bay 73, antimycin and Noxfish, and the 2 life stages were about equally resistant to TFM.


From Toxline at Toxnet

Invest. Fish Control (59): 3-7 1975 (13 References)

Toxicity and residue dynamics of the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4- nitrophenol (TFM) in aquatic invertebrates.

Sanders HO, Walsh DF

Fish-Pestic. Res. Lab., Bur. Sport Fish. Wildl., Columbia, MO

PESTAB. Mature scud, daphnids, 14-day-old crayfish, mature aquatic sowbugs, damselfly nymphs, and mayfly nymphs were exposed to varying concentrations of the lampricide TFM in water. After a plateau concentration was reached, scud were transferred to flowing water containing no TFM, and the decline in residues was measured. Static 96 hr toxicity tests indicated an LC50 of 57 mg/l for scud and 110 mg/l for crayfish for field grade TFM (35.7% active ingredient). LC50 values from flow-through chronic toxicity tests of field grade TFM ranged from over 100 for scud and crayfish at 1 day to 14 for scud at 20 and 30 days. Ratios of TFM concentration in the organism to TFM concentration in the water ranged from practically 0 after 1 day in damselfly to 89 after 14 days in scud exposed to 0.510 mg/l TFM. TFM concentration reached a plateau after 7 days in most organisms. Scud transferred to TFM-free water after having reached a plateau concentration eliminated 50% of the TFM in 3.5 days and 98% of the TFM in 14 days. Reproduction was not affected when three generations of daphnids were exposed to 2.4, 4.9, and 10 mg/l of field grade TFM. When daphnids were exposed to 18 mg/l field grade TFM, reproduction stopped within the first generation.


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1154422&dopt=Abstract

Toxicology 1975 May;4(2):183-94

Uptake, elimination, and biotransformation of the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) by larvae of the aquatic midge Chironomus tentans.

Kawatski JA, Bittner MA.

Accumulation of [14C]3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol ([14C]TFM) by chironomid larvae from sublethal aqueous concentrations is rapid and dependent on hardness of exposure water. TFM is readily biotransformed to at least two more polar derivatives, including sulfated TFM and TFM-glucuronide or galacturonide. Some TFM is also reduced to the phenol amine. Chironomids can quickly eliminate all TFM derivatives as well as the parent [14C]TFM.


PMID: 1154422 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=4429574&dopt=Abstract

Biochem Pharmacol 1974 Sep 1;23(17):2403-10

No Abstract available

Glucuronide formation in rainbow trout--effect of salicylamide on the acute toxicity, conjugation and excretion of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol.

Lech JJ.

PMID: 4429574 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


From Toxline at Toxnet

Diss. Abstr. Int.35(6): 2873B; 1974

The effects and fate of lampricide (TFM: 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol) in model stream communities.

Maki AW

PESTAB. The effects of TFM lampricide on the structure and function of benthic communities were studied in a series of six replicated indoor model streams. A specially developed stream respirometry system was used for measurements of net primary production and community respiration in pool and riffle communities. Pretreatment levels of gross primary production were suppressed by 25-50% during exposure to 9. 0 mg/l TFM. Community respiration was increased 3-50% by TFM treatment. No effects of lampricide could be demonstrated on periphyton community structure. A statistically significant decrease in the total number of macroinvertebrates per unit area was demonstrated following treatment. Complete recovery to pretreatment densities was seen in 2-3 months, primarily through drift input. No significant difference in mean growth rates of treated and control brown trout was seen. The uptake of TFM residues was demonstrated, using (SUP)14C-TFM, to be basically an adsorption process. Uptake was rapid during the first 2 hr of the exposure. Macroinvertebrate species with soft integument accumulated significantly higher residue concentrations than species with hard chitinous or calcareous exoskeletons. TFM declines were correlated with water current and substrate associations. The mean half-life for riffle species was 17. 8 hr and for pool-dwelling species was 140 hr. (Author abstract by permission, abridged. Copies of the thesis are available from University Microfilms, Order No. 74-27,444. )


From Toxline at Toxnet

GREAT LAKES FISH COMM TECH REP; (18). 1973 1-16

Microbial degradation of the lamprey larvicide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol in sediment-water systems.

KEMPE LL

HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The selective lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM), maintained in the water at concentrations of 1-6 mug/ml for several hours, kills larval sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) in tributaries of the Great Lakes (Canada, USA). Becuase the fate of TFM in the environment is a matter of concern, the interactions of this chemical with river and lake sediments were studied in laboratory experiments. In mixtures of TFM, water, and sediment held in aquarium, the TFM decreased progressively and nearly or completely disappeared in 1-4 wk; concentrations of the fluoride ion increased; and the systems became nontoxic for sea lamprey larvae and goldfish (Carassius auratus). If the reduction in TFM ceased before all of the chemical had disappeared, the process resumed when nutrient broth was added. Loss of TFM from the systems was prevented by the addition of an antiseptic (phenol) and by heat sterilization. Enrichment cultures of microorganisms isolated from stream and lake sediments degraded TFM in nutrient broths. TFM was degraded by microorganisms that live in sediment-water systems.


From Toxline at Toxnet

J FISH RES BOARD CAN; 30 ((12 PART 1)). 1973 1841-1846

Degradation of the lampricide 3-trifluromethyl-4-nitrophenol by bottom sediments.

BOTHWELL ML, BEETON AM, LECH JJ

HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. At low O2 tensions in sediment-water aquaria systems, concentrations of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) in the range 5-10 mg/l were reduced to 3-trifluoromethyl-4-aminophenol (RTFM) in 5-20 days. This reduction resulted in loss of the characteristic yellow color of TFM as measured by the optical density at 395 nm. The reduced form was apparently stable, although inconclusive evidence suggested that some additional breakdown of RTFM may have occurred within 3 mo. under anoxic conditions, no significant degradation of TFM was observed for periods of up to 2.5 mo. Sorption of TFM by sediments was observed to some extent and appeared to vary with the sediment source.


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=4741775&dopt=Abstract

Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1973 Aug;25(4):542-52

No Abstract available

Effects of novobiocin on the acute toxicity, metabolism and biliary excretion of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol in rainbow trout.

Lech JJ, Pepple S, Anderson M.

PMID: 4741775 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=4686778&dopt=Abstract

Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1973 Jan;24(1):114-24

No Abstract available

Isolation and identification of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenyl glucuronide from bile of rainbow trout exposed to 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol.

Lech JJ.

PMID: 4686778 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


From Toxline at Toxnet

Comp. Gen. Pharmacol.; 3(10): 160-166; 1972 ; (REF:18)

In vitro and in vivo metabolism of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) in rainbow trout.

Lech JJ, Costrini NV

HAPAB Reduction of TFM to 3-trifluoromethyl-4-aminophenol (RTFM) by trout liver homogenates was approximately linear over a 2-hr period and was greatly stimulated by the addition of FAD. Omission of NADP SUP+ and FAD from liver or kidney homogenates reduced activity, but omission of glucose-6-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and niacinamide had little or no effect. Liver activity was about eight times that of kidney. RTFM was acetylated by liver and kidney extracts when acetyl-CoA was added to the mixture. In vitro formation of TFM glucuronide was demonstrated utilizing liver extracts, UDPGA, and saccharo-1,4-lactone. Glucuronidation in vitro occurred at a rate 10 times that of reduction. Exposure of trout to (SUP)14C-TFM consistently resulted in only one metabolite, TFM glucuronide.


From Toxline at Toxnet

Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Vol. 20, No. 2, pages 216-226, 7 references, 1971

Metabolism Of 3-Trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol In The Rat

Lech JJ

The biotransformation and excretion of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (54660) (TFM) were studied in Holtzman-rats. In various studies, groups of rats were injected intraperitoneally with radiolabeled TFM at 12 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) or non labeled TFM at 18mg/kg. Metabolites were extracted from pooled urine which had been collected over 24 hours. They were isolated, characterized, and identified using thin layer and gas liquid chromatography and absorption spectrophotometry. About 60 percent of the injected radioactivity was recovered in the urine. TFM and a metabolite, the reduction product of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-aminophenol (RTFM), were identified in urine extracts, along with a small amount of free unchanged TFM. Most of the excreted TFM, as well as the RTFM, were polar derivative acid labile compounds yielding to acid hydrolysis by beta-glucuronidase. The author concludes that the major metabolite of TFM is its reduction product RTFM, and that both TFM and RTFM are excreted largely as polar derivatives.


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