http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15888664&query_hl=1
Toxicol Sci. 2005 May 11; [Epub
ahead of print]
RAPID UPTAKE, METABOLISM AND ELIMINATION
OF INHALED SULFURYL FLUORIDE FUMIGANT BY RATS.
Mendrala AL, Markham DA, Eisenbrandt
DL.
Toxicology & Environmental Research and Consulting, 1803
Building, The Dow Chemical Company,
Midland, Michigan 48674.
Sulfuryl fluoride (SO2F2) is a structural fumigant gas to control
drywood termites and wood-boring beetles. The pharmacokinetics
and metabolism of inhaled SO2F2 were evaluated in male Fischer
344 rats exposed to 30 or 300 ppm (35)S-labeled SO2F2 for 4
h. Blood, urine and feces were collected during and after the
exposures and analyzed for radioactivity, (35)S-labeled fluorosulfate
and sulfate, and fluoride (urine and feces only). Selected tissues
were collected 7 days post-exposure and analyzed for radioactivity.
During and after unlabeled SO2F2 exposures, blood, brain and
kidney were collected and analyzed for fluoride ion. SO2F2 was
rapidly absorbed, achieving maximum concentrations of radioactivity
in both plasma and red blood cells (RBC)
near the end of the 4 h exposure period. Radioactivity was rapidly
excreted, mostly via the urine. Seven days post-exposure, small
amounts of radioactivity were distributed among several tissues,
with the highest concentration detected in respiratory
tissues. Radioactivity associated with the RBC
remained elevated 7 days post-exposure and highly perfused tissues
had higher levels of radioactivity than other non-respiratory
tissues. Radioactivity cleared from plasma and RBC with
initial half-lives of 2.5 h after 30 ppm and 1-2.5 h after 300
ppm exposures. The terminal half-life
of radioactivity was 2.5-fold longer in RBC than plasma.
Based on the radiochemical profiles, there was no evidence of
parent (35)SO2F2 in blood. Identification of fluorosulfate and
sulfate in blood and urine suggests that
SO2F2 is hydrolyzed to fluorosulfate, with release of fluoride,
followed by further hydrolysis to sulfate and release of the
remaining fluoride.
PMID: 15888664 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11729078&dopt=Abstract
Annu Rev Entomol
2002;47:331-59
Alternatives
to methyl bromide treatments for stored-product and quarantine
insects.
Fields PG, White ND.
Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg,
Manitoba, R3T 2M9; Canada. pfields@em.agr.ca
Methyl bromide is used to control insects as a space fumigant
in flour and feed mills and ship holds, as a product fumigant
for some fruit and cereals, and for general quarantine purposes.
Methyl bromide acts rapidly, controlling insects in less than
48 h in space fumigations, and it has a wide spectrum of activity,
controlling not only insects but also nematodes and plant-pathogenic
microbes. This chemical will be banned in 2005 in developed
countries, except for exceptional quarantine purposes, because
it depletes ozone in the atmosphere. Many alternatives have
been tested as replacements for methyl bromide, from physical
control methods such as heat, cold, and sanitation to fumigant
replacements such as phosphine, sulfuryl
fluoride, and carbonyl sulfide, among others. Individual
situations will require their own type of pest control techniques,
but the most promising include integrated pest management tactics
and combinations of treatments such as phosphine, carbon dioxide,
and heat.
Publication Types:
PMID: 11729078
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-PEST/2002/March/Day-27/p7226.htm
March 27,
2002. Federal Register. (Volume 67, Number 59)] [Notices]
[Page 14713-14714]
US EPA
Issues 3-Year Experimental Use Permit for "ProFume Gas Fumigant"
on walnuts and raisins.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/aaa.sulfuryl.fluoride.alert.htm
February 19, 2002.
Fluoride Action Network Pesticide Project.
ACTION
ALERT and UPDATE on Sulfuryl fluoride.
EPA's latest effort
to set tolerances for inorganic Fluoride residues "in and on"
a large number of raw and processed food products.
http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-PEST/2002/February/Day-15/p3661.htm
February 15, 2002.
Federal Register (Volume 67, Number 32)] [Notices] [Page 7156-7159]
DowAgroSciences
pesticide petition to establish Fluoride and Sulfuryl fluoride
tolerances for a large number of raw and processed foods.
| In
or On Raw Commodity: |
Fluoride
tolerances |
Sulfuryl
fluoride tolerances |
| Almond |
10
|
0.2 |
| Barley,
grain |
10 |
0.01 |
| Beechnut |
30
|
6 |
| Brazil
(nut) |
30 |
6 |
| Butternut |
30
|
6 |
| Cashew |
30
|
6 |
| Chestnut |
30
|
6 |
| Chinquapin |
30
|
6 |
| Corn,
field, grain |
7 |
0.04 |
| Corn,
pop, grain |
7 |
0.04 |
| Date |
5
|
0.03 |
| Fig |
5
|
0.05 |
| Filbert |
30 |
6 |
| Fruit,
dried |
5
|
0.05 |
| Grape,
raisin |
5
|
0.01 |
| Hickory
(nut) |
30
|
6 |
| Macadamia
(nut) |
30 |
6 |
| Millet,
grain |
25 |
0.05 |
| Oat,
grain |
17 |
0.01 |
| Pecan |
23
|
6 |
|
Pistachio |
18
|
0.5 |
| Plum,
prune |
5
|
0.01 |
| Rice,
grain |
10 |
0.04 |
| Rice,
wild, grain |
25 |
0.05 |
| Sorghum,
grain |
25 |
0.05 |
| Triticale,
grain |
25 |
0.05 |
| Walnut |
30
|
6 |
| Wheat,
grain |
25 |
0.04 |
| Tolerances:
On the processed products |
| Corn,
field, flour |
26 |
0.01
|
| Corn,
field, grits |
10 |
0.01 |
| Corn,
field, meal |
28 |
0.01 |
| Corn,
field, oil * |
3 |
* |
| Corn,
field, refined oil |
3 |
9 |
|
Rice, bran |
31 |
0.01 |
| Rice,
brown |
14 |
0.01 |
| Rice,
hulls |
35 |
0.08 |
| Rice,
polished rice |
18 |
0.01 |
| Wheat,
bran |
40 |
0.01 |
|
Wheat, flour |
10 |
0.03 |
| Wheat,
germ |
98 |
0.01 |
| Wheat
milled by products |
35 |
0.01 |
| Wheat,
shorts |
38 |
0.01 |
| *
This is most likely an error, as levels are given for Corn,
field, refined oil |
http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-PEST/2001/September/Day-05/p22283.htm
September 5, 2001.
Federal Register. (Volume 66, Number 172)] [Proposed Rules]
[Page 46415-46425]
Dow AgroSciences
proposed pesticide temporary tolerances for residues of Sulfuryl
fluoride resulting from the post harvest treatment with sulfuryl
fluoride:
| Proposed
first time use of the fumigant Sulfuryl fluoride on food: |
| FLUORIDE
residues |
in
or on raisins at 30 ppm |
Expiration
date: April 1, 2006 |
| FLUORIDE
residues |
in
or on walnuts at 12 ppm |
Expiration
date: April 1, 2006 |
| SULFURYL
FLUORIDE residues |
in
or on raisins at 0.004 ppm |
Expiration
date: April 1, 2006 |
| SULFURYL
FLUORIDE residues |
in
or on walnuts at 2.0 ppm |
Expiration
date: April 1, 2006 |
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/sulfuryl_fluoride.usda.2001.htm
2001.
TEKTRAN, United
States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service
Toxicity
of Sulfuryl fluoride (Vikane) to fruit flies in laboratory tests.
Interpretive
Summary: Exotic quarantine pests like fruit flies represent
one of the greatest threats to California agriculture if populations
of these pests were to become established in the state. Quarantine
security against these pests in a variety of agricultural commodities
is presently ensured by 2 to 4 hr fumigation treatments using
methyl bromide. Because methyl bromide production is being phased
out, we tested the effectiveness of sulfuryl fluoride as an
alternative treatment against the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis
capitata Wiedemann, the Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis,
and the Melon fly, B. cucurbitae. Results of our laboratory
tests showed that sulfuryl fluoride was very toxic to larval
stages of each of the 3 species of fruit fly in 4 hr fumigations.
Conversely, eggs of these fruit flies were relatively tolerant
to sulfuryl fluoride in the short, 4-hr exposure periods. Effective
control of the eggs would require exposures to sulfuryl fluoride
of 24 to 48 hrs. These results indicate
that sulfuryl fluoride is not an effective replacement of methyl
bromide as a quarantine fumigant for these fruit flies because
of the relative tolerance of the egg stage in short exposure
periods.
2001.
Dow AgroSciences
Update
on the development of sulfuryl fluoride as an alternative to
methyl bromide
Hindes,
Welker, Schneider, and Drinkall.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/sulfuryl.fluoride.usda.2000.htm
November
2000
Sulfuryl
Fluoride: The Postharvest Fumigant of the Future?
U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9842373&dopt=Abstract
Am J Public Health
1998 Dec;88(12):1774-80
Health
effects associated with sulfuryl fluoride and methyl bromide
exposure among structural fumigation workers.
Calvert
GM, Mueller CA, Fajen JM, Chrislip DW, Russo J, Briggle T, Fleming
LE, Suruda AJ, Steenland K
Division of Surveillance,
Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies, Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. jac6@cdc.gov
OBJECTIVES: This
study assessed the health effects associated with occupational
exposure to methyl bromide and sulfuryl fluoride among structural
fumigation workers.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 123 structural fumigation
workers and 120 referents in south Florida was conducted. Nerve
conduction, vibration, neurobehavioral, visual, olfactory, and
renal function testing was included.
RESULTS: The median lifetime duration of methyl bromide and
sulfuryl fluoride exposure among workers was 1.20 years and
2.85 years, respectively. Sulfuryl fluoride exposure over the
year preceding examination was associated with significantly
reduced performance on the Pattern Memory Test and on olfactory
testing. In addition, fumigation workers had significantly reduced
performance on the Santa Ana Dexterity Test of the dominant
hand and a nonsignificantly higher prevalence of carpal tunnel
syndrome than did the referents.
CONCLUSIONS: Occupational sulfuryl fluoride exposures may be
associated with subclinical effects on the central nervous system,
including effects on olfactory and some cognitive functions.
However, no widespread pattern of cognitive deficits was observed.
The peripheral nerve effects were likely caused by ergonomic
stresses experienced by the fumigation workers.
PMID: 9842373,
UI: 99058513
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/sulfuryl.fluoride.tox.data.pdf
November 17, 1998
(revised)
Summary
of Toxicology Data for Sulfuryl fluoride
California
Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Pesticide Regulation,
Medical Toxicology Branch
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9258390&dopt=Abstract
Am J Ind Med 1997
Oct;32(4):364-8
Agreement
between company-recorded and self-reported estimates of duration
and frequency of occupational fumigant exposure.
Calvert
GM, Mueller CA, O'Neill VL, Fajen JM, Briggle T, Fleming LE
Division of Surveillance,
Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies,
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, OH 45226,
USA. jac6@cdc.gov
Investigators must
often rely on self-reported work history information collected
with questionnaires. However, little is known about the agreement
between self-reported estimates of exposure and records kept
by companies. As part of a cross-sectional medical study of
structural fumigation workers, self-reported work history information
was collected on both duration and frequency of exposure using
an interviewer-administered questionnaire. All company records
available on these workers were also collected. Only 15 of 81
structural fumigation companies identified by study participants
as current or past structural fumigation employers had records
suitable for comparison. These 15 companies employed 32 of the
workers who participated in the cross-sectional medical study.
The exposure information provided by the 32 workers was compared
to information obtained from company records. By examining the
agreement between these two data sources, potential limitations
were identified in both the self-reported and company-recorded
exposure data. By recognizing these limitations in the exposure
data, we identified the most appropriate exposure measures to
be used in subsequent data analyses. This exercise also demonstrated
the difficulties in undertaking these exposure comparisons in
an industry consisting of many small, independent companies.
Similar difficulties with assessing exposures may be experienced
by investigators studying other service industries consisting
of many small, independent companies (e.g., dry cleaning, auto
repair).
PMID: 9258390,
UI: 97403012
SULFURYL
FLUORIDE
by Caroline Cox
Abstract from Journal of Pesticide Reform 17
(2) 17-20 1997
(see
full
article)
The fumigant sulfuryl fluoride is widely
used to kill termites and other unwanted insects in
buildings, ships, railroad cars, and wood products.
Sulfuryl fluoride is "an extremely hazardous gas".
Typical symptoms of exposure include nose, eye, and
throat irritation, weakness, nausea, difficult or painful
breathing, seizures, and kidney injury. With repeated
exposure or higher concentrations, breathing failure
occurs. There is no known antidote for sulfuryl fluoride
poisoning. Sulfuryl fluoride is also toxic to the nervous
system. Neurological symptoms include muscle aching
and fatigue, co-ordination problems, depression, slurred
speech, dizziness, and stumbling, weaving, and staggering
when walking. Sulfuryl fluoride has adversely affected
reproduction in laboratory animals. When rats inhale
sulfuryl fluoride for a period spanning two generations,
the weight of the offspring was reduced in both the
first and second generation. Sulfuryl fluoride was not
tested for its ability to cause cancer as part of the
registration process. All tests for effects on nontarget
animals and plants, as well as all environmental fate
tests were waived during the registration process. It
is, however, clearly toxic to nontarget animals and
plants. Regulatory agencies and the courts have found
repeated violations of fumigation safety have occurred
during sulfuryl fluoride treatments. According to one
judge, the practices of a major extermination company
was "nothing short of scary".
Reprints from: Northwest
Coalition for Alternatives to Pesticides, PO Box 1393,
Eugene, Oregon 97440, USA.
|
http://www.epa.gov/docs/fedrgstr/EPA-TRI/1994/November/Day-30/pr-4.html
November 30, 1994.
Federal Register.
Sulfuryl
fluoride added to the list of toxic chemicals subject to reporting
under section 313 of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know
Act of 1986 (EPCRA) and Section 6607 of the Pollution Prevention
Act of 1990 (PPA). Final Rule.
From
TOXNET
Noticias de Seguridad
Mar. 1994, Vol.56, No.3. 3p. Insert.
Sulfuryl
fluoride
Abstract: Chemical
safety sheet published by the Consejo Interamericano de Seguridad,
33 Park Place, Englewood, NJ 07631, USA. Health hazards: irritation
of the eyes and respiratory tract;
neurotoxic effects (central nervous system).
From
TOXNET
Toxicologist 1993
Mar;13(1):368
Sulfuryl
fluoride: two generation reproduction study in Sprague-Dawley
rats.
Breslin
WJ, Liberacki AB, Kirk HD, Bradley GJ, Crissman JW
Dow
Chemical Company,
Midland, MI.
Sulfuryl fluoride
(SF) is a gas fumigant used to control structural pests such
as drywood termites. This study was conducted to assess the
potential reproductive and neonatal toxicity of SF following
inhalation exposure in rats. Groups of 30 male and 30 female
Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 0,
5, 20 or 150 ppm SF via inhalation, for 6 hours/day, for two
generations. Parental effects at 150 ppm SF included decreased
body weight, dental fluorosis, an increased incidence of aggregates
of alveolar macrophages in the lungs and an increased incidence
of very slight to slight, bilaterally symmetrical, vacuolation
of the caudate putamen myelinated fiber tracts in the brain.
At 20 ppm SF, parental effects were limited
to an increased incidence of aggregates of alveolar macrophages.
No treatment-related effects on the reproductive or fertility
indices, gross or histopathology of the reproductive organs,
or pup survival were observed at any exposure level. The maternal
toxicity observed at 150 ppm SF was, however, accompanied by
decreased pup weights in both the F1 and
F2 litters. The effect on pup weight in the high exposure
group was less severe in the F2 litters and may have been secondary
to decreased maternal growth. In conclusion,
the parental no-observed-effect level (NOEL) was 5 ppm for males
and females, the NOEL for neonatal growth was 20 ppm, and
the NOEL for reproductive toxicity and fertility was 150 ppm,
the highest exposure level tested.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/sulfuryl.f.extoxnet.1993.htm
September
1993.
Sulfuryl
fluoride. Pesticide Information Profile from EXTOXNET.
From Dart Special at Toxnet
Chemically Induced Birth Defects 1993;2:675-721
Pesticides.
Schardein JL
International Research and Development Corporation, Mattawan,
MI.
Medical Subject Headings (MeSH):
Pregnancy
Animal
Human
Female
Pesticides/*TOXICITY
*Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid/TOXICITY
Insecticides/TOXICITY
Substance (CAS Registry Number): [Too
many to list]
Sodium fluoroacetate (62-74-8)
[Note: the following organofluorines
were included]
Diflubenzuron
(35367-38-5)
Ethalfluralin
(55283-68-6)
Flusilazole
(85509-19-9)
Gliftor (8065-71-2) - [Synonym: 1-Chloro-3-fluoro-2-propanol
mixt. with 1,3-difluoro-2-propanol]
N-Methyl-N- 1-naphthyl fluoroacetamide [Nissol] (5903-13-9)
Sarin [Synonym: (+-)-Isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate] (107-44-8)
Sodium
fluoroacetate (62-74-8)
Sodium
hexafluorosilicate [also known as Sodium fluorosilicate]
(16893-85-9)
Soman [Synonym: 1,2,2-Trimethylpropyl methylphosphonofluoridate]
(96-64-0)
Sulfuryl
fluoride (2699-79-8)
Trifluralin
(1582-09-8)
R.E.D.
FACTS SULFURYL FLUORIDE
(Reregistration
Eligibiity Decision)
US
EPA. Office of Prevention, Pesticides And Toxic Substances
EPA-738-F-93-012
1992
85 pages
|
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1568058&dopt=Abstract
Bull Environ
Contam Toxicol 1992 Jun;48(6):821-7
Residues
of methyl bromide and sulfuryl fluoride in manufacturer-packaged
household foods following fumigation.
Scheffrahn
RH, Bodalbhai L, Su NY
Ft. Lauderdale
Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Ft. Lauderdale
33314-7700.
PMID: 1568058,
UI: 92233101
1990.
Journal of Economic Entomology. in press.
Fumigant
efficacy of sulfuryl fluoride against four beetle pests of museums
(Coleoptera: Dermestidae, Anobiidae).
Su,
N.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2597795&dopt=Abstract
Bull Environ
Contam Toxicol 1989 Dec;43(6):899-903
Fluoride
residues in frozen foods fumigated with sulfuryl fluoride.
Scheffrahn
RH, Hsu RC, Su NY
Ft. Lauderdale
Research and Education Center, University of Florida.
PMID: 2597795,
UI: 90089619
From
TOXNET
J AGRIC
FOOD CHEM; 37 (1). 1989. 203-206.
Fluoride
and sulfate residues in foods fumigated with sulfuryl fluoride.
SCHEFFRAHN
RH, HSU R-C, OSBRINK W LA, SU N-Y
BEEF MILK
VEGETABLE OIL FOOD RESIDUE FOOD INDUSTRY
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2767363&dopt=Abstract
Fundam
Appl Toxicol 1989 Jul;13(1):79-86
The effects
of inhalation exposure to sulfuryl fluoride on fetal development
in rats and rabbits.
Hanley
TR Jr, Calhoun LL, Kociba RJ, Greene JA
Mammalian
and Environmental Toxicology Research Laboratory, Dow
Chemical Company,
Midland, Michigan 48674.
Sulfuryl
fluoride is a fumigant insecticide used for soils and permanent
structures. Pregnant Fischer 344 rats and New Zealand White
rabbits were exposed to 0, 25, 75, or 225 ppm of sulfuryl fluoride
vapor via inhalation for 6 hr/day on Days 6-15 and 6-18 of gestation,
respectively. Among rats, maternal water consumption was increased
in the 225 ppm exposure group, but there were no indications
of embryotoxicity, fetotoxicity, or teratogenicity in any of
the exposed groups. Among rabbits, maternal weight loss during
the exposure period (Days 6-18) was observed in the 225 ppm
group. Decreased fetal body weights, considered secondary to
maternal weight loss, were also observed at 225 ppm. However,
no evidence of embryotoxicity or teratogenicity was observed
among rabbits in any exposure group. Thus, inhalation exposure
to sulfuryl fluoride was not teratogenic in either rats or rabbits
exposed to levels of up to 225 ppm, and fetotoxic effects (reduced
body weights) were observed among fetal rabbits only at an exposure
level that produced maternal weight loss.
PMID: 2767363,
UI: 89357331
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2731668&dopt=Abstract
Fundam
Appl Toxicol 1989 Apr;12(3):540-57
Inhalation
toxicity of sulfuryl fluoride in rats and rabbits.
Eisenbrandt
DL, Nitschke KD
Mammalian
and Environmental Toxicology Research Laboratory, Dow
Chemical Company
48674.
The inhalation
toxicity of the structural fumigant sulfuryl fluoride (SO2F2)
was evaluated in rats and rabbits. Exposures for a preliminary
2-week study were 6 hr/day, 5 days/week, to 0, 100, 300, or
600 ppm SO2F2. Nine of ten rats at 600 ppm died or were moribund
between the second and sixth exposures. Extensive
kidney lesions were present in all rats exposed to 600 ppm,
whereas only minimal renal changes were noted in rats at 300
ppm. Upper and lower respiratory tissues were inflamed
in the single rat that survived the 2-week exposure to 600 ppm.
Rabbits exposed to 600 ppm SO2F2 were hyperactive and one animal
had a convulsion. Exposure to 300 or 600 ppm for 2 weeks resulted
in vacuolation and/or malacia in the cerebrum
of all rabbits and most of these rabbits also had moderate
inflammation of nasal tissues; a few rabbits at 600 ppm had
inflammation of the trachea or bronchi. A subsequent 13-week
study evaluated rats and rabbits exposed to 0, 30, 100, or 300
ppm SO2F2 (337 ppm TWA for rabbits). Rabbits initially were
exposed to a high concentration of 600 ppm; however, convulsions
were noted in two animals after nine exposures and the concentration
subsequently was reduced to 300 ppm. Vacuolation
and/or malacia were observed in the cerebrum of all rabbits
at the highest concentration; one rabbit exposed to 100 ppm
also had cerebral vacuolation. Rabbits at the highest
concentration, as well as one rabbit exposed to 100 ppm, had
inflammation of the nasal tissues. Rats exposed to 300 ppm SO2F2
for 13 weeks had mottled incisor teeth, minimal renal effects,
pulmonary histiocytosis, inflammation of nasal tissues, and
cerebral vacuolation. Also, rats
exposed to 100 ppm SO2F2 for 13 weeks had mottled teeth. Fluoride
toxicity was suggested by mottled teeth in rats as well as elevation
of serum fluoride levels in rats and rabbits exposed to SO2F2
for 13 weeks. Although repeated exposure
of rats and rabbits to 100-600 ppm SO2F2 resulted in toxicity
of the kidneys (rats only), brain, and respiratory system,
no effects were detected in animals exposed to 30 ppm for 13
weeks.
PMID: 2731668,
UI: 89276755
From
TOXNET
PEST CONTROL;
57 (2). 1989. 78.
A REALLY
BIG FUMIGATION
TERMITE
CONTROL WAREHOUSE INSECTICIDE VIKANE
1989.
Unpublished manuscript.
Insect
control by inert gases for museum archives and libraries.
Valentin,
N., and F.Preusser.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3398820&dopt=Abstract
Neurotoxicol
Teratol 1988 Mar-Apr;10(2):127-33
Subchronic
neurotoxicity in rats of the structural fumigant, sulfuryl fluoride.
Mattsson
JL, Albee RR, Eisenbrandt DL, Chang LW
Health
and Environmental Sciences, Dow
Chemical Co.,
Midland, MI 48674.
Inhalation
exposure of male and female Fischer 344 rats to sulfuryl fluoride
[Vikane (Dow Chemical Company) gas fumigant] at 300 ppm for
6 hr/day, 5 days week, for 13 weeks caused diminished weight
gain, dental fluorosis, a slight decrease in grooming, decreased
flicker fusion threshold, slowing of flash, auditory and somatosensory
evoked potentials, mild nasal and pulmonary inflammation, mild
kidney effects, and mild vacuolation in
the brain. Auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) and brain
histology were evaluated two months postexposure in 2 male and
2 female rats. Both the ABRs and brain histology were within
normal limits at this time, indicating that these treatment
effects were, to at least a great extent, reversible. Exposure
to 100 ppm resulted in dental fluorosis and very minor slowing
of some evoked responses; all other measures, including brain
histology, were normal. No treatment effects were noted at 30
ppm.
PMID: 3398820,
UI: 88288145
November 18,
1988, C19. New York Times.
Pest
control company fined $500,000 in death of couple.
1988.
A guide to pest control in museums.
Washington,
D.C.: Foundation of the American Institute for Conservation
of Historic and Artistic Works and the Association of Systematics
Collections.
Zycherman,
L. and R.Schrock, eds.
From
TOXNET
J AGRIC
FOOD CHEM; 36 (4). 1988. 853-855.
SULFURYL
FLUORIDE RESIDUES OF FUMIGATED FOODS PROTECTED BY POLYETHYLENE
FILM
OSBRINK
W LA, SCHEFFRAHN RH, HSU R-C, SU N-Y
Abstract:
BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM INSECTICIDE FOOD PROCESSING
INDUSTRY FOOD RESIDUE VEGETABLE OIL
1988.
Unpublished results from tests using Vikane as a sterilant
Valentin,
N.
Getty Conservation
Institute.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3690002&dopt=Abstract
Bull Environ
Contam Toxicol 1987 Nov;39(5):769-75
Desorption
of residual sulfuryl fluoride from structural and household
commodities by headspace analysis using gas chromatography.
Scheffrahn
RH, Osbrink WL, Hsu RC, Su NY
Ft. Lauderdale
Research and Education Center, University of Florida 33314.
PMID: 3690002,
UI: 88078473
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3656613&dopt=Abstract
JAMA 1987
Oct 16;258(15):2041, 2044
Leads
from the MMWR. Fatalities resulting from sulfuryl fluoride exposure
after home fumigation--Virginia.
PMID: 3656613,
UI: 88011597
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/sulfuryl_fluoride.mmwr.1987.htm
September
18, 1987. Mortality & Morbidity
Weekly Report. 36(36);602-4,609-11.
Epidemiologic
Notes and Reports Fatalities Resulting From Sulfuryl Fluoride
Exposure After Home Fumigation -- Virginia
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3803761&dopt=Abstract
Fundam
Appl Toxicol 1986 Nov;7(4):664-70
Incapacitation
and treatment of rats exposed to a lethal dose of sulfuryl fluoride.
Nitschke
KD, Albee RR, Mattsson JL, Miller RR
Rats exposed
to 4000 ppm sulfuryl fluoride (VIKANE gas fumigant, SO2F2) were
incapacitated within 45 min and died within several hours after
exposure. Exposure to higher concentrations resulted in a shorter
time to incapacitation and death occurred within minutes. Treatment
with calcium gluconate before exposure to 4000 ppm SO2F2 for
45 min resulted in 80% survival. However, calcium gluconate
did not alleviate SO2F2-induced convulsions. Administration
of phenobarbital before or after exposure to 4000 ppm SO2F2
for 45 min effectively reduced the frequency and severity of
convulsions and resulted in survival of all animals. Exposure
of rats to 10,000 ppm SO2F2 for 15 min followed by treatment
with phenobarbital reduced the frequency of convulsions and
delayed death, but did not prevent death. Diazepam was less
effective than phenobarbital while diphenylhydantoin had no
beneficial effect and, in fact, made the convulsions more severe
and longer in duration. The results of this study indicate that
phenobarbital was effective in ameliorating the acute toxic
effects of an overexposure to SO2F2 in rats.
PMID: 3803761,
UI: 87106469
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3734735&dopt=Abstract
J Forensic
Sci 1986 Jul;31(3):1154-8
Suicide
by exposure to sulfuryl fluoride.
Scheuerman
EH
The insecticide
fumigant, sulfuryl fluoride, was used as an instrument of self
destruction in at least two of the three fatal exposures detailed
in this report. The autopsy findings, while nonspecific, have
a confirmatory value. Toxicologic analysis should include a
plasma and a urine fluoride level, since the toxic effects of
exposure are probably related to this ion. Concentrations of
fluoride in our cases were: 50.42 mg/L (Case 1) and 20 mg/L
(Case 3). However, the values must be interpreted in light of
all known information as a result of the paucity of reported
cases of fatal sulfuryl fluoride exposures. The cases described
provide a model for the investigation of tent fumigation deaths.
Proper investigation of fumigant deaths requires knowledge of
the insecticide, the fumigation procedure, and the implementation
of warning devices. Guidelines are offered along with a procedural
checklist for the investigation of tent fumigation deaths.
PMID: 3734735,
UI: 86280305
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3822255&dopt=Abstract
1986.
Neurotoxicology, Fall;7(3):137-56
Neurobehavioral
evaluation of soil and structural fumigators using methyl bromide
and sulfuryl fluoride.
Anger
WK, Moody L, Burg J, Brightwell WS, Taylor BJ, Russo JM, Dickerson
N, Setzer JV, Johnson BL, Hicks K
Neurobehavioral
functions affected by methyl bromide exposure were evaluated
in California structural and soil fumigators using methyl bromide
and sulfuryl fluoride. Sampling data revealed that structural
fumigators are exposed for up to 1.5 hrs/day to 0-2.2 ppm methyl
bromide and/or 10-200 ppm sulfuryl fluoride, and soil fumigators
can be exposed to 2.3 ppm methyl bromide over an 8-hr day. Subjects
were grouped for statistical analysis on the basis of exposure
history: Those exposed primarily (80% or more of the work period
with exposure potential) to methyl bromide (N = 32), primarily
to sulfuryl fluoride (24), or to a combination of methyl bromide
and sulfuryl fluoride (40-60% of each) for a minimum of one
year (18), and those not exposed to high concentrations of any
chemicals (29 Referents). Fumigators using methyl bromide reported
a significantly higher prevalence of 18 symptoms consistent
with methyl bromide toxicity than did Referents. Methyl bromide
fumigators did not perform as well as Referents on 23 of 27
behavioral tests (chosen to reflect methyl bromide effects),
and were significantly lower on one test of finger sensitivity
and one of cognitive performance. These consistent differences
suggest that even the low levels of methyl bromide found in
fumigation today may produce slight neurotoxic effects. found
in fumigation today may produce slight neurotoxic effects. The
greater number of symptoms and reduced performance on all cognitive
tests in sulfuryl fluoride fumigators compared to the Reference
Group plus the absence of published research on this compound
suggest that the data base for sulfuryl fluoride is inadequate.
PMID: 3822255,
UI: 87145269
Available
at http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/sulfuryl.f.fact.sheet.1985.htm
1985.
Pesticide Fact Sheet Number 51: Sulfuryl Fluoride.
Anon
Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Pesticide Programs.
The document
contains up-to-date chemical information, including a summary
of the Agency's regulatory position and rationale, on a specific
pesticide or group of pesticides. A Fact Sheet is issued after
one of the following actions has occurred.
(1) Issuance or reissuance of a registration standard,
(2) Issuance of each special review document,
(3) Registration of a significantly changed use pattern,
(4) Registration of a new chemical, or
(5) An immediate need for information to resolve controversial
issues relating to a specific chemical or use pattern.
Order Number:
NTIS/PB87-124392, 6p
From
TOXNET
1985.
FOURTH MEETING OF THE BEHAVIORAL TOXICOLOGY SOCIETY, WILMINGTON,
DEL., USA, JUNE 6-7, 1985. NEUROBEHAV TOXICOL TERATOL; 7 (5).
528.
NEUROBEHAVIORAL
EVALUATION OF SOIL AND STRUCTURAL FUMIGATORS USING METHYL BROMIDE
AND SULFURYL FLUORIDE
ANGER
WK, MOODY L, BURG J, BRIGHTWELL WS, TAYLOR BJ, RUSSO JM, DICKERSON
N, SETZER JV, JOHNSON BL, HICKS K
1984.
Family and Community Health 7(3):76–82.
Chemical
fumigants in the grain handling industry.
Marano
D
From
TOXNET
1984.
BAUR, F. J. (ED.). INSECT MANAGEMENT FOR FOOD
STORAGE AND PROCESSING. XV+384P. AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CEREAL
CHEMISTS: ST. PAUL, MINN., USA. ILLUS. ISBN 0-913250-38-4.;
0 (0). 162-170.
FUMIGATION
OF STRUCTURES
DAVIS
R, HAREIN PK
INSECT
PHOSPHINE METHYL BROMIDE HYDROGEN CYANIDE SULFURYL
FLUORIDE INSECTICIDE SAFETY
1982.
Dow Chemical Co.
Vikane
Fumigation Manual.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7287958&dopt=Abstract
1981.
J Am Acad Dermatol, Oct;5(4):428-32
Carpet
beetle dermatitis.
Ahmed
AR, Moy R, Barr AR, Price Z
A 22-year-old
man presented with a 5-year history of recurrent urticarial
and papulovesicular lesions. Careful history suggested a close
examination of his environment. The woolen rug in his bedroom
was infested with larvae of a carpet beetle. The insect was
identified as Anthrenus verbasci. Fumigation of the house with
sulfuryl fluoride (Vikane) resulted in complete clinical recovery.
Intradermal injection of the antigenic extract from the larvae
showed a wheal and erythema on the patient's skin, and not on
normal controls. This suggests that the patient had immediate-type
hypersensitivity to some of the antigens extracted from larvae.
Electron microscopic pictures of the insect are presented.
PMID:
7287958, UI: 82031392
1981.
Industrial Vegetation and Pest Management 13(1):12–15.
Vikane
gas helps save the Taj Mahal of North America.
Moon,
BL
1978.
United States Patent No. 4,102,987, July 25, 1978.
Process
for preparing sulfuryl-fluoride and chlorofluoride products.
Cook
DM and Gustafson, DC
1977.
Scientific Papers on Japanese Antiques and Art Crafts 19–20:83–87.
Effects
of insecticidal and fungicidal agents on materials of cultural
properties.
Kenjo
T.
1974.
Inorganic Chemistry 13(4):837–41.
Hydrolysis
of sulfuryl fluoride.
Cady
GH and Sudhindra M
1973.
Journal of Economic Entomology 66(6):1283–85.
Fumigants
for quarantine control of the adult brown dog tick: laboratory
studies.
Roth,
H.
1972.
FAO Agricultural Studies UNIPUB, Inc., New York.
Manual
of fumigation for insect control.
Monro,
HAU
1972.
Journal of Economic Entomology 65(1):60–64.
Susceptibility
of the confused and red flour beetles to anoxia produced by
helium and nitrogen at various temperatures.
Ali
Niazee MT
From
TOXNET
1966.
Pest Control; 34(7): 13-18, 42-50
Toxicological
hazards and properties of commonly used space, structural and
certain other fumigants
Torkelson
TR, Hoyle HR, Rowe VK
A review
is given of acute symptoms after human exposure to these commonly
used fumigants: acrylonitrile, benzene, carbon disulfide, carbon
tetrachloride, chloroform, chloropicrin, ethyl formate, ethylene
dibromide, ethylene dichloride, ethylene oxide, hydrogen cyanide,
methyl bromide, methylene chloride, naphthalene, p-dichlorobenzene,
perchloroethylene, phosphine, propylene oxide, sulfur dioxide,
1, 1, 1- trichloroethane, sulfuryl fluoride,
and various mixtures of these compounds. Maximum tolerated levels
( in ppm ) for single and repeated exposures are included. Appropriate
safety equipment and safe handling technique when using fumigants
are discussed.
From
TOXNET
1966.
J. Occup. Med.; 8(8): 425-426
VIKANE
INHALATION.
Taxay
EP
After
inhaling a fumigating mixture of 1 percent chloropicrin and
Vikane ( sulfuryl fluoride ) for approximately 4 hours with
limited ventilation, a 30-year-old man
developed nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramping, pruritis, reddening
of the conjunctivae and pharyngeal and nasal mucosa, and pin-prick
anesthesia of the lateral border on one leg. Symptoms
responded to supportive treatment; he was discharged in 4 days.
Subsequent complants of scratchy throat,
flatulene and difficulty in reading are believed to have a psychogenic
origin. The short term oral LD50 ( rat ) for Vikane
(which is somewhat soluble in foodstuffs ) is reported to be
approximately 100 mg/kg. Experimentally fumigated diets ( 2
lb/1000 cubmic feet ) had no adverse effect on laboratory animals,
although bone fluoride levels were increased;
increased fumigation ( more than 10 lb/1000 cubic feet ) of
the rat food led to kidney and tooth damage.
Animal exposure to 1000 ppm for 3 hours or 15,000 ppm for 6
minutes resulted in less than 5 percent mortalities. The
principal effects in man are presumed in include respiratory
irritation and central nervous system depression, followed by
excitation and possibly vy convulsions. This is believed
to be the first reported case of this Vakane poisoning in man.
1966.
Pest Control 34(7):13
Toxicological
hazards and properties of commonly used space, structural and
certain fumigants.
Torkelson,
T. R., H. R.Hoyle, and V. K.Rowe.
1966.
Occupational
Health Review 18(1):16–26.
Investigations
on fumigants.
Berck
B.
1964.
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 12:464–67.
The fate
of sulfuryl fluoride in wheat flour.
Meikle,
RW
1963.
Journal
of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 11:226–30
Drywood
termite metabolism of vikane fumigant as shown by labelled pool
technique.
Meikle
RW, Stewart D, Globus OA
1962.
Journal
of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 10:393–97.
Structural
fumigants, the residue potential of sulfuryl fluoride, methyl
bromide, and methane-sulfonyl fluoride in structural fumigations.
Meikle
R W, and Stewart D
1960.
Journal of Chemical Physics 32(3):799–804.
Thermodynamic
properties of sulfuryl fluoride from 12K to its boiling point.
Entropy from molecular and spectroscopic data.
Bockhoff
FJ, Petrella RV, Pace EL
1960.
Journal of Economic Entomology 53(4): 503–10.
Fumigation
of buildings to control the drywood termite.
Bess
HA, Asher KO
1957.
Journal
of Economic Entomology 50(1):1–6.
Some
biological, chemical and physical properties of sulfuryl fluoride
as an insecticidal fumigant.
Kenaga
EE
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