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Fluvalinate. Pesticide Information
Profile. Cornell University Extoxnet.
from: http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/dienochlor-glyphosate/fluvalinate-ext.html
E X T O X N E T
Extension Toxicology Network
A Pesticide Information Project of Cooperative Extension
Offices of Cornell University, Michigan State University, Oregon State University,
and University of California at Davis. Major support and funding was provided
by the USDA/Extension Service/National Agricultural Pesticide Impact Assessment
Program.
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Pesticide
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Fluvalinate
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TRADE OR OTHER NAMES
Some trade names include Klartan, Mavrik, Mavrik Aqua Flow, Spur and Yardex.
REGULATORY STATUS
Pesticides containing fluvalinate must bear the signal word "Danger"
on the product label (1). Fluvalinate is classified as a Restricted
Use Pesticide (RUP) because of its high toxicity to fish and aquatic invertebrates
(5). Restricted Use Pesticides may be purchased and used only
by certified applicators.
INTRODUCTION
Fluvalinate is a synthetic pyrethroid which is used as a broad spectrum insecticide
against moths, beetles and Hemipteran insect pests on cotton, cereal, grape, potato,
fruit tree, vegetable and plantation crops, fleas, turf and ornamental insects.
It has both stomach and contact activity in target insects and is available in
emulsifiable concentrate and flowable formulations (1).
TOXICOLOGICAL EFFECTS
ACUTE TOXICITY
Fluvalinate is a moderately toxic material (1, 5).
Fluvalinate is moderately irritating to the eye and it is a mild skin irritant
(5). Fluvalinate does not cause allergic skin reactions (5).
Some formulated products, including Mavrik 2E, can cause skin irritation and
are corrosive to the eyes (3).
Workers exposed to fluvalinate have reported coughing, sneezing, throat irritation,
itching or burning sensations on the arms or face with or without a rash, headache
and nausea (5).
The amount of a chemical that is lethal to one-half (50%) of experimental animals
fed the material is referred to as its acute oral lethal dose fifty, or LD50.
The oral LD50 for technical fluvalinate in rats is 261 to 282 mg/kg (1,
5). The oral LD50 for the product Mavrik 2E in rats is 1,050
to 1,110 mg/kg (3). The dermal LD50 for technical fluvalinate
in rats and rabbits is > 20,000 mg/kg (1, 5).
The dermal LD50 for Mavrik 2E in rabbits is > 2,100 mg/kg (3).
CHRONIC TOXICITY
A 90-day study with rats fed 3 mg/kg/day and a 6-month study with dogs fed 5 mg/kg/day
both showed no adverse effects (5).
Reproductive Effects
A reproductive study with rats showed no effects on offspring at 1 mg/kg. Toxic
effects in fetuses occurred at 12.5 and 25 mg/kg, the highest dose tested (5).
Teratogenic Effects
EPA reports that no birth defects were detected in the offspring of rats fed 50
mg/kg nor in the offspring of rabbits fed 125 mg/kg (5).
Mutagenic Effects
Fluvalinate is not mutagenic (5).
Carcinogenic Effects
No tumors were observed in mice given doses of up to 20 mg/kg/day, nor in rats
given doses as high as 2.5 mg/kg/day (5).
Organ Toxicity
Pyrethroids may cause adverse effects on the central nervous system. Long-term
feeding studies have caused increased liver and kidney weights and adverse changes
to liver tissues in test animals (4). No neurological effects
were observed in hens given doses of 20,000 mg/kg/day of fluvalinate for 21 days
(5).
Fate in Humans and Animals
No information was found.
ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Effects on Birds
Fluvalinate is slightly toxic to birds. The acute oral LD50 for fluvalinate in
bobwhite quail is > 2,510 mg/kg. The dietary LC50 for fluvalinate in mallard
ducks and bobwhite quail is > 5,620 ppm (5).
Effects on Aquatic Organisms
Fluvalinate is highly toxic to fish (1). The 96-hour LC50 for
fluvalinate in bluegill sunfish is 0.09 ug/l, and in rainbow trout is 2.9 ug/l.
Its 48-hour LC50 in Daphnia magna, a small freshwater crustacean, is 74 ug/l,
and in mysid shrimp is 2.9 ug/l (5).
Pyrethroid insecticides are extremely toxic to fish with 96-hour LC50 values
generally below 10 ug/l. Corresponding LD50 values in mammals and birds are
in the range of several hundred to several thousand mg/kg. Fish sensitivity
to the pyrethroids may be explained by their relatively slow metabolism and
elimination of these compounds. The half-lives for elimination of several pyrethroids
by trout are all greater than 48 hours, while elimination half-lives for birds
and mammals range from 6 to 12 hours (8).
Generally, the lethality of pyrethroids to fish increases with increasing octanol/water
partition coefficients (9).
Effects on Other Animals (Nontarget species)
Fluvalinate was not toxic to honeybees exposed to residues left on cotton leaves
after application of ultralow volume (ULV) and emulsifiable concentrate (EC)
formulations (6).
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
Breakdown of Chemical in Soil and Groundwater
Fluvalinate is nearly insoluble in water and it has a strong tendency to bind
to soil particles. It is therefore unlikely to contaminate groundwater, however
metabolites of fluvalinate may leach (2, 5).
Applications of less than 0.1 pounds of active ingredient per acre will decrease
the potential for groundwater contamination (5). Its soil half-life
is 30 days (2). In sandy loam, sandy clay and clay soils, fluvalinate
degrades under aerobic conditions with half-lives of 4 to 8 days. Under anaerobic
conditions in sandy loam, its half-life is 15 days (5).
Fluvalinate is stable to hydrolysis under normal environmental temperatures
and pH (5). Photodegradation of fluvalinate does not occur
on soil (5).
Breakdown of Chemical in Surface Water
In aqueous solution, fluvalinate is subject to photodegradation with a half-life
of 0.6 to 1 days. Photodegradation yields anilino acid and 3- phenoxy benzoic
acid (5).
In pond waters and in laboratory degradation studies, pyrethroid concentrations
decrease rapidly due to sorption to sediment, suspended particles and plants.
Microbial and photodegradation also occur (7).
Breakdown of Chemical in Vegetation
No information was found.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND GUIDELINES
Fluvalinate is a viscous, yellow oil (1).
Workers should wear goggles, a face shield and gloves when opening or pouring
containers of 2E formulations of fluvalinate (1).
Exposure Guidelines:
No occupational exposure limits have been established for fluvalinate by OSHA,
NIOSH or ACGIH (4).
ADI: |
0.01 mg/kg/day based on a 2-year rat feeding study and a 100
fold safety margin (5). |
MPI: |
0.6 mg/kg/day for a 60 kg person (5). |
Physical Properties:
CAS #: |
69409-94-5 |
Chemical Class/Use: |
Synthetic pyrethroid insecticide |
Density: |
1.29 g/cm3 (5) |
H20 solubility: |
insoluble; 0.005 ug/ml (2); 2 ppb (5). |
Solubility in other solvents: |
very soluble in organic solvents and aromatic hydrocarbons;
slightly soluble in hexane (5) |
Boiling point: |
> 450 degrees C (1) |
Vapor pressure: |
< 1 x 10-7 Torr at 25 degrees C (1) |
Koc: |
1,000,000 gm/ml (2) |
BASIC MANUFACTURER
Sandoz Agro, Inc.
1300 E. Touhy Ave.
Des Plaines IL 60018
Telephone: 708-699-1616
Review by Basic Manufacturer:
Comments solicited: April, 1993
Comments received: May, 1993
REFERENCES
- Meister, R.T. (ed.). 1992. Farm Chemicals Handbook '92. Meister Publishing
Company, Willoughby, OH.
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1990 (Nov.).
SCS/ARS/CES Pesticide Properties Database: Version 2.0 (Summary). USDA - Soil
Conservation Service, Syracuse, NY.
- Maddy, K.T. et al. 1984 (Feb. 14). A study of fluvalinate dislodgeable
degradation rates on orange foliage in Tulare County in California during
May 1983. California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, CA.
- Occupational Health Services, Inc. 1993 (Nov. 17). MSDS for Resmethrin.
OHS Inc., Secaucus, NJ.
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. March 31, 1986. Pesticide Fact Sheet
Number 86: Fluvalinate. US EPA, Office of Pesticide Programs, Registration
Div., Washington, DC.
- Waller, G.D., et al. 1988. Pyrethroid residues and toxicity to honeybees
of selected pyrethroid formulations applied to cotton in Arizona. J. of Economic
Entomology 81 (4): 1022-6.
- Muir, D.C.G., et al. 1985. Bioconcentration of cypermethrin, deltamethrin,
fenvalerate and permethrin by Chironomus tentans larvae in sediment and water.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 4: 51-61.
- Bradbury, S.P. and J.R. Coats. 1989. Toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics
of pyrethroid insecticides in fish. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
8: 373-380.
- Haya, K. 1989. Toxicity of pyrethroid insecticides to fish. Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry 8: 381-391.
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