From
Science Direct
The
Science of The Total Environment; Volume 248, Issues
2-3 , 5 April 2000, Pages
123-133
Occurrence
of sulfonylurea, sulfonamide, imidazolinone, and other
herbicides in rivers, reservoirs and ground water in
the Midwestern United States, 1998
W.
A. Battaglin (a), E. T. Furlong (b), M. R. Burkhardt
(b) and C. J. Peter (c)
a
U.S. Geological Survey, Office of the Regional Hydrologist,
Box 25046 MS 406, D.F.C., Denver, CO 80225, USA
b U.S. Geological Survey, Methods Research and Development,
Box 25046 MS 407, D.F.C., Denver, CO 80225, USA
c DuPont Agricultural Products,
Barley Mill Plaza, P.O. Box 80015, Wilmington, DE 19880-0015,
USA
Sulfonylurea (SU), sulfonamide (SA), and imidazolinone
(IMI) herbicides are relatively new classes of chemical
compounds that function by inhibiting the action of
a plant enzyme, stopping plant growth, and eventually
killing the plant. These compounds generally have low
mammalian toxicity, but plants demonstrate a wide range
in sensitivity to SUs, SAs, and IMIs with over a 10 000-fold
difference in observed toxicity levels for some compounds.
SUs, SAs, and IMIs are applied either pre- or post-emergence
to crops commonly at 1/50th or less of the rate of other
herbicides. Little is known about
their occurrence, fate, or transport in surface water
or ground water in the USA. To obtain information on
the occurrence of SU, SA, and IMI herbicides in
the Midwestern United States,
212 water samples were collected from 75 surface-water
and 25 ground-water sites in 1998. These samples
were analyzed for 16 SU, SA and IMI herbicides by USGS
Methods Research and Development Program staff using
high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.
Samples were also analyzed for 47 pesticides or pesticide
degradation products. At least one of the 16 SUs, SAs
or IMIs was detected above the method reporting limit
(MRL) of 0.01 g/l in 83% of 130 stream samples.
Imazethapyr was detected most frequently (71% of samples)
followed by flumetsulam (63% of samples) and
nicosulfuron (52% of samples). The sum of SU, SA and
IMI concentrations exceeded 0.5 g/l in less than 10%
of stream samples. Acetochlor, alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine
and metolachlor were all detected in 90% or more of
129 stream samples. The sum of the concentration of
these five herbicides exceeded 50 g/l in approximately
10% of stream samples. At least one SU, SA, or IMI herbicide
was detected above the MRL in 24% of 25 ground-water
samples and 86% of seven reservoir samples.
|
September
24, 2004, Federal Register:
Tolerance
Reassessment Decision (TRED)
for Low Risk Pesticide; Notice of Availability.
The following is from the HED
Risk Assessment for the Tolerance Reassessment Eligibility
Document (TRED).
-- Flumetsulam is in the triazolopyrimidine chemical
class and has a mode of action similar to the sulfonylurea
herbicides that are acetolactate synthase inhibitors
(regulate plant growth).
-- The kidney appears to be the
primary target organ of rats and dogs following
subchronic to chronic exposures.
-- A neurotoxicity study was not
conducted, however, flumetsulam showed no indication
of being a neurotoxicant in the reviewed studies.
-- A 90-day inhalation study and
a subchronic dog study were not conducted, but
it is doubtful these would provide any additional useful
information.
-- A developmental neurotoxicity
study is not required since there was no evidence
of neurotoxicity or neuropathy from the available studies.
-- Due to the lack of repeated
dose inhalation toxicity study, oral studies
were selected for the appropriate duration of exposure.
Absorption via inhalation is assumed to be equivalent
to oral absorption.
|
Date |
Title
|
Some
details |
Federal
Register Docket Identification Number |
Sept
9, 2004 |
Report
of the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) Tolerance Reassessment
Progress and Risk Management Decision (TRED) for Flumetsulam
5
pages |
Signed
by:
Debra
Edwards,
Director, Special Review and Reregistration Div.
Mika
J. Hunter -
contact for questions regarding this decision. |
EPA
OPPT (7508C) |
Aug
31, 2004 |
Flumetsulam:
HED Risk Assessment for the Tolerance Reassessment Eligibility
Document (TRED).
23
pages |
Memorandum
From:
Elissa
Reaves,
Toxicologist Reregistration Branch II, Health Effects
Div. (7509C) |
EPA
OPPT (7509C) |
Aug
30, 2004 |
Flumetsulam.
Chronic Dietary Exposure Assessment for the TRED document.
8
pages |
Memorandum
From:
Samuel
Ary,
Chemist, Reregistration Branch II, Health Effects Div.
(7509C) |
EPA
OPPT (7509C)
DP
Barcode: D306279
PC
Code: 129016 |
Aug
31, 2004 |
Flumetsulam.
Summary of Analytical Chemistry and Residue Data for the
Tolerance Reassessment Eligibility Decision (TRED) Document.
32
pages |
Memorandum
From:
Samuel
Ary,
Chemist
Reregistration Branch II, Health Effects Div. (7509C)
This
summary of analytical chemistry and residue data document
was originally prepared under contract by Versar,
Inc. (Springfield, VA 22151; submitted June 11,
2004). |
EPA
OPPT (7509C)
DP
Barcode: D306242
PC Code: 129016 |
May
19, 2004 |
Drinking
Water Assessment for Flumetsulam for Uses on Field Corn
and Soybeans
15
pages
|
Memorandum
From:
James
Lin,
Environmental Engineer,
Stephanie Syslo, RAPL
Environmental Risk Branch III Environmental Fate and Effects
Div. (7507C) |
EPA
OPP (7507C)
PC Code: 129016
DPBarcode: 301361 |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12428154&dopt=Abstract
Bull Environ
Contam Toxicol. 2002 Dec;69(6):785-92.
No
Abstract available
Soil
persistence and mobility in corn fields of flumetsulam applied
at low doses.
Rouchaud
J, Neus O, Eelen H, Bulcke R.
Phytopharmacy
Laboratory, Catholic University of Louvain, 3, Place Croix du
Sud, SCI. 15D, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
PMID: 12428154
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10805233&dopt=Abstract
Sci Total
Environ. 2000 Apr 5;248(2-3):123-33.
Occurrence
of sulfonylurea, sulfonamide, imidazolinone, and other herbicides
in rivers, reservoirs and ground water in the Midwestern United
States, 1998.
Battaglin
WA, Furlong ET, Burkhardt MR, Peter CJ.
U.S.
Geological Survey,
Office of the Regional Hydrologist, Denver, CO 80225, USA. wbattagl@usgs.gov
Sulfonylurea
(SU), sulfonamide (SA), and imidazolinone (IMI) herbicides are
relatively new classes of chemical compounds that function by
inhibiting the action of a plant enzyme, stopping plant growth,
and eventually killing the plant. These compounds generally
have low mammalian toxicity, but plants demonstrate a wide range
in sensitivity to SUs, SAs, and IMIs with over a 10,000-fold
difference in observed toxicity levels for some compounds. SUs,
SAs, and IMIs are applied either pre- or post-emergence to crops
commonly at 1/50th or less of the rate of other herbicides.
Little is known about their occurrence, fate, or transport in
surface water or ground water in the USA. To obtain information
on the occurrence of SU, SA, and IMI herbicides in the Midwestern
United States, 212 water samples were collected from 75 surface-water
and 25 ground-water sites in 1998. These samples were analyzed
for 16 SU, SA and IMI herbicides by USGS Methods Research and
Development Program staff using high-performance liquid chromatography/mass
spectrometry. Samples were also analyzed for 47 pesticides or
pesticide degradation products. At least one of the 16 SUs,
SAs or IMIs was detected above the method reporting limit (MRL)
of 0.01 microg/l in 83% of 130 stream samples. Imazethapyr was
detected most frequently (71% of samples) followed
by flumetsulam (63% of samples) and nicosulfuron (52%
of samples). The sum of SU, SA and IMI concentrations exceeded
0.5 microg/l in less than 10% of stream samples. Acetochlor,
alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine and metolachlor were all detected
in 90% or more of 129 stream samples. The sum of the concentration
of these five herbicides exceeded 50 microg/l in approximately
10% of stream samples. At least one SU, SA, or IMI herbicide
was detected above the MRL in 24% of 25 ground-water samples
and 86% of seven reservoir samples.
PMID: 10805233
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12809295&dopt=Abstract
J Environ
Qual. 2003 May-Jun;32(3):949-56.
Soil
sorption of acidic
pesticides: modeling pH effects.
Spadotto
CA, Hornsby AG.
Embrapa
Environment. C.P. 69, 13820-000 Jaguariuna, SP, Brazil. spadotto@cnpma.embrapa.br
A model
of acidic pesticide sorption in soils was developed from theoretical
modeling and experimental data, which initially considered a
combination of a strongly acidic pesticide and a variable-charge
soil with high clay content. Contribution of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)
acetic acid] anionic-form sorption was small when compared with
molecular sorption. Dissociation of 2,4-D was not sufficient
to explain the variation in Kd as a function of pH. Accessibility
of soil organic functional groups able to interact with the
pesticide (conformational changes) as a function of organic
matter dissociation was proposed to explain the observed differences
in sorption. Experimental 2,4-D sorption data and K(oc) values
from literature for flumetsulam
[N-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-5-methyl [1,2,4] triazolo [1,5-a] pyrimidine-2-sulfonamide]
and sulfentrazone [N-[2,4-dichloro-5-[4-(difluromethyl)-4,5-dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]
phenyl] methanesulfonamide] in several soils fit the model.
PMID: 12809295
[PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12696407&dopt=Abstract
Meded Rijksuniv
Gent Fak Landbouwkd Toegep Biol Wet. 2002;67(3):401-7.
Dissipation
and mobility of flumetsulam in the soil of corn crops.
Rouchaud
J, Neus O, Eelen H, Bulcke R.
Phytopharmacy
Laboratory, Catholic University of Louvain, 3 Place Croix du
Sud, SCI. 15D, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
The triazolopyrimidine
sulfonanilide herbicide flumetsulam has been applied pre- or
post-emergence at the rate of 20 g a.i. ha-1 on corn crops grown
on sandy-loam or loamy-sand soils. A procedure has been developed
for the analysis of flumetsulam in soil using gas-chromatography
and gas-chromatography combined with mass spectrometry, after
methylation of flumetsulam and purification of the soil extracts
by repeated thin-layer chromatographies. The dissipation of
flumetsulam in the 0-8 cm surface soil layer followed a first
order kinetics. The flumetsulam soil half-life was about 41
days for the crops grown on sandy-loam soil, and 30 days for
the crop grown on loamy-sand soil. At the corn harvest in September,
only 9 to 13% of the applied dose of flumetsulam remained in
soil, what is a common value for the herbicides at the crop
harvest. The heavy rains and the soft temperatures of the autumn
should dissipate these low residues within the one or two months
period after the harvest. When applied at the rate of 20 g a.i.
ha-1, the persistence of flumetsulam in field soil thus was
moderate. During the crops and until the harvest, in the 8-15
cm surface soil layer, low concentrations of flumetsulam at
the limit of the analytical sensitivity (0.3 microgram flumetsulam
kg-1 dry soil) were observed temporarily; in the 15-20 cm surface
soil layer, flumetsulam was never detected, showing that flumetsulam
was strongly adsorbed onto the soil and its organic matter.
PMID: 12696407
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
From
Toxline at Toxnet
WEED RES; 33 (2). 1993. 187-195.
Soil degradation of flumetsulam at different
temperatures in the laboratory and field.
LEHMANN RG, FONTAINE DD, OLBERDING EL
Health and Environmental Sci., Dow Corning
Corporation, Midland, MI 48686-0994, USA.
BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The degradation rate of the herbicide
flumetsulam was examined in Hoytville clay soil at five temperatures
and optimal moisture. Half-lives were
246 days at 7.5ê C, 115 days at 15.0ê C, 49 days
at 26.1ê C, 34 days at 35.9ê C, and 27 days at 44.0ê
C. Construction of an Arrhenius diagram (ln k = -Ea +
ln A) allowed the rate constant k to be calculated for any temperature
T. When k was inserted into the first order rate equation (c
= c0e-kr), the concentration of flumetsulam could be calculated
on a monthly basis for any soil. Predictions from this theoretical
model were compared with data from three US field locations
and found to accurately predict soil residues of flumetsulam
under favorable moisture conditions, but not during periods
of drought.
From
Toxline at Toxnet
Source: DUKE, S. O., J. J. MENN AND J. R. PLIMMER (ED.). ACS
SYMPOSIUM SERIES, 524. PEST CONTROL WITH ENHANCED ENVIRONMENTAL
SAFETY; 203RD NATIONAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY,
SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA, USA, APRIL 5-10, 1992.
X+357P. AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY: WASHINGTON, DC, USA. ISBN
0-8412-2638-5.; 0 (0). 1993. 48-61.
SYNERGIZING PESTICIDES TO REDUCE USE
RATES
GRESSEL J
BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM HERBICIDE WEED CONTROL METABOLIC
SYNERGIST ENZYME INHIBITION
CAS Registry Numbers:
113036-87-6
98967-40-9
82097-50-5
51338-27-3
51218-45-2
49866-87-7
40843-25-2
34123-59-6
25057-89-0
15545-48-9
From
Toxline at Toxnet
Source: SSSA SPECIAL PUBLICATION; 0 (32). 1993.
1-26.
COUPLING BIODEGRADATION OF ORGANIC CHEMICALS
TO SORPTION AND TRANSPORT IN SOILS AND AQUIFERS PARADIGMS AND
PARADOXES
RAO P SC, BELLIN CA, BRUSSEAU ML
BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM LITERATURE REVIEW SOIL CONTAMINATION
AGRICHEMICAL
CAS Registry Numbers:
98967-40-9
98967-40-9
2764-72-9
1646-88-4
1646-87-3
116-06-3
108-88-3
101-21-3
100-46-9
94-75-7
92-87-5
91-22-5
91-20-3
84-74-2
71-43-2
From
Toxline at Toxnet
Source: 203RD ACS (AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY) NATIONAL MEETING,
SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA, USA, APRIL 5-10, 1992.
ABSTR PAP AM CHEM SOC; 203 (1-3). 1992. ENVR243.
ANAEROBIC AQUATIC DEGRADATION OF FLUMETSULAM
WOLT JD, SCHWAKE JD, BATZER FR, BROWN
SM, MCKENDRY LH, MILLER JR, ROTH GA, STANGA MA, PORTWOOD D
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