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Activity: Rodenticide,
Insecticide (unclassified)
Structure:
Adverse
Effects:
Body
Weight Decrease
Brain
CNS
Embryotoxic
Endocrine: Hypothalamus
Endocrine:
Testicular
Endocrine: Thymus
Heart
Environmental
ROUTES
OF EXPOSURE:
The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation,
through the skin and by ingestion.
Ref: IPSCS INCHEM. ICSC: 0484. Date
of Peer Review: April 1997. Prepared in the context of cooperation
between the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS)
and the Commission of the European Communities.
http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0484.htm
|
Immediately
Dangerous to Life and Health
(IDLH)
Revised IDLH: 2.5 mg/m3
Original (SCP) IDLH: 5 mg/m3
|
Basis
for revised IDLH:
No inhalation toxicity data are available on which to base
an IDLH for sodium fluoroacetate. Therefore, the revised
IDLH for sodium fluoroacetate is 2.5 mg/m3 based on
acute oral toxicity data in humans [Deichmann and Gerarde
1969].
|
ACUTE
TOXICITY DATA: Lethal dose data:
|
Species |
Reference |
Route |
LD50
(mg/kg) |
Adjusted
LD |
Derived
value |
Rat |
Lehman
1951 |
oral |
1.7 |
12 mg/m |
1.2 mg/m3
|
Rabbit |
McIlroy
1982 |
oral |
0.34 |
2.4 mg/m |
0.24 mg/m3
|
Rat |
Ward 1946 |
oral |
0.1 |
0.7 mg/m |
0.07 mg/m3
|
G. pig |
Ward 1946 |
oral |
0.3 |
2.1 mg/m |
0.21 mg/m3
|
Mouse
|
Yakkyoku
1977 |
oral |
0.1 |
0.7 mg/m
|
0.07 mg/m3
|
REFERENCES:
1. Deichmann WB, Gerarde HW [1969]. Sodium fluoroacetate
(1080). In: Toxicology of drugs and chemicals. New York,
NY: Academic Press, Inc., p. 542.
2. Lehman AJ [1951]. Chemicals in foods: a report to the
Association of Food and drug Officials on current developments.
Part II. Pesticides. Section I. Introduction.
Q Bulletin Assoc Food Drug Off U.S. 15(4):122-123.
3. McIlroy JC [1982]. The sensitivity of Australian animals
to 1080 poison. III. Marsupial and eutherian herbivores.
Australian Wildlife Research 9:487-503.
4. Ward JC [1946]. Rodent control with 1080, ANTU, and other
war-developed toxic agents. Am J Public Health Nations Health
36:1427-1431.
5. Yakkyoku (Pharmacy) [1977]; 28(3):329-339 (in Japanese).
|
Ref:
Sodium fluoroacetate. IDHL Documentation.
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/62748.html
|
A
little background...
Sodium
fluoroacetate (1080), (also known as sodium monofluoroacetate),
is a fluorinated carboxylic acid ester with high to very
high toxicity to birds and mammals. It is widely used in
Australia as a poison for the control of vertebrate pests.
Once ingested 1080 is metabolised to fluorocitrate. Fluorocitrate
interferes with energy production in the Krebs cycle, a
metabolic pathway that breaks down carbohydrates to provide
energy for normal cell functions. The malfunctioning Krebs
cycle results in an accumulation of citrate in the tissue
and blood, energy deprivation and death. No antidote to
1080 exists.
Development
and use of 1080 as a predacide and rodenticide occurred
in the US in the 1940s, but all registrations were cancelled
in 1972 together with those for other predator control agents
containing strychnine and sodium cyanide. Registration of
livestock protection collars was restored in 1985 and remains
the only approved use in the US. 1080 is also used in Mexico
and Israel, but the bulk of world usage occurs in New Zealand
and, to a lesser extent, Australia. 1080 has been registered
in New Zealand since 1964. It has not been assessed since
this time and all other registrations have referenced the
original data. New Zealand authorities are currently in
the process of reviewing all aspects of the registration
of 1080.
Ref:
Australia. National Registration Authority for Agricultural
and Veterinary Chemicals. Reconsideration of products containing
Sodium fluoroacete (1080) and their labels. Background to
the Review and Scope Document.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/1080.australia.july.2002.pdf
|
Abstract:
HAPAB Twenty-four Hereford calves (steers and heifers) and
ten Hereford cows were given 0.078, 0.156, 0.312 or 0.624
mg sodium monofluoroacetate/kg body weight to determine
the toxicity of the rodenticide to cattle. The sodium monofluoroacetate
was encapsulated with granulated sugar in gelatin capsules
and placed at the back of the animals' throats. The LD50s
were calculated by the methods of Thompson (1947) and Weil
(1952). There was a marked absence of detectable gross symptoms
of poisoning until just before death. However, the symptoms
shown by the animals were extremely consistent. The time
between dosing and death varied inversely with the size
of the dose. Terminal symptoms (urination followed by staggering,
falling down, slight spasms, in turn followed by ,in-place
running' and death) lasted from 3 to 20 min. The
LD50s (95% confidence limits) were 0.393 and 0.221 mg/kg
for cows and calves, respectively. Chenowith (1949) found
that sheep, horse, swine and chicken (LD50 of 2.0, 1.0,
less than 1.0 and 5.0 mg/kg, respectively) were less susceptible
to sodium monofluoroacetate. It was concluded that sodium
monofluoroacetate is extremely toxic to cattle and
that when it is used in grain or in other forms of bait
that cattle might ingest, precautions must be taken so that
it is not available to them. 1970
Ref: Robison WH (1970). Acute toxicity
of sodium monofluoroacetate to cattle. J. Wildlife Management;
34(3): 647-8.
|
Abstract:
Sodium fluoroacetate, a restricted-use
rodenticide, was improperly applied to kill rats in a South
American steel mill. As a result of this application,
several workers were seriously injured. Clean-up levels were
developed to prevent significant exposure of workers who could
inhale contaminated dust, contact dust, or soil dust in outdoor
areas or on plant floors and who could contact contaminated
surfaces. On the basis of a health risk analysis, the following
clean-up levels for sodium fluoroacetate were developed: air
clean-up levels, 0.05mg/m|3|; soil/dust clean-up levels, 100mg/kg;
and wipe sample clean-up levels, 0.2mg/100cm|2|. These risk-based
clean-up levels were ultimately used to assist the regulatory
agencies in reaching a decision to reopen the plant.
Ref: LaGoy PK et al. (1992). The
development of cleanup criteria for an acutely toxic pesticide
at a contaminated industrial facility. American Industrial
Hygiene Association Journal May 1992, Vol.53, No.5, p.298-302.
|
Body
Weight Decrease (click
on for all fluorinated pesticides)
Abstract: 1080 has
been used in New Zealand to control vertebrate pests since 1954,
and although a large historical database exists, little is known
about the developmental toxicity of this pesticide. This investigation
was intended to evaluate the developmental toxicity and teratogenic
potential of 1080 in Sprague-Dawley rats following oral intubation.
A pilot study was performed to help select doses for the subsequent
study and consisted of groups of 5 time-mated females. Animals
received 1080 at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 mg/kg/day
from Days 6 to 17 of gestation. A 60% mortality rate and reductions
in maternal body weight and body weight gain as well as decreased
litter size and increased resorptions were observed at
1.0 mg/kg/day. Consequently, the doses selected for the main study
were 0.1, 0.33 and 0.75 mg/kg/day. Groups of 26 time-mated females
received 1080 from Days 6 to 17 of gestation. On Day 20 of gestation,
litters were delivered via laparohysterectomy. The results of
this study have not been fully evaluated, but visceral and skeletal
evaluation results will be presented. Significant
reductions in maternal body weight, body weight gain and
food consumption were noted at 0.75 mg/kg/day. No changes in litter
size or resorptions were observed, but fetal
body weight was significantly reduced at 0.75 mg/kg/day.
No external fetal abnormalities were noted. Available data indicate
that 1080 is maternally toxic at 0.75 mg/kg/day and higher. Embryolethality
was noted at 1.0 mg/kg/day, but not at 0.75 mg/kg/day. At this
stage, there is no evidence of developmental toxicity. Reductions
in fetal body weight at 0.75 mg/kg/day are probably linked
to maternal toxicity rather than a direct effect on the fetus.
Ref: Turck PA et al. (1998). Assessment
of the developmental toxicity of sodium monofluoroacetate (1080)
in rats. Toxicologist 1998 Mar;42(1-S):258-9.
Brain
(click
on for all fluorinated pesticides)
PubMed abstract: The case reported developed an acute
brain syndrome, including cerebellar signs, shortly after
the ingestion of sodium monofluoroacetate. After insiduous improvement
of the clinical symptoms, the patient remained with an
"end-stage" cerebellar ataxia for 18 months following
the acute intoxication. The development of brain
atrophy, proven by computed tomography, is considered to
represent a direct influence of sodium monofluoroacetate on the
brain and to reflect the unique disturbances
in cellular metabolism of glucose.
Ref: J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1983 Mar;20(1):85-92;
Computed
tomography demonstration of brain damage due to acute sodium monofluoroacetate
poisoning; Trabes J, Rason N, Avrahami E.
A case study reported
a deliberate ingestion of an unspecified dose of sodium fluroacetate
by a healthy female. The woman experienced nausea, vomiting, and
abdominal pain 30 minutes after ingestion, with subsequent seizures
occurring 60 minutes after the initial onset of symptoms. Neurological
examination after 2 weeks revealed severe
cerebellar dysfunction. By 18 months, memory disturbances
and depressive behavior persisted... EPA believes that there is
sufficient evidence for listing sodium fluoroacetate on EPCRA
section 313 pursuant to EPCRA section 313(d)(2)(B) based on the
neurologic, reproductive, and myocardial toxicity data for this
chemical.
Ref:
USEPA/OPPT. Support Document for the Health and Ecological Toxicity
Review of TRI Expansion Chemicals. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, DC (1993). As cited by US EPA in:
Federal
Register: January 12, 1994. Part IV.
40 CFR Part 372. Addition of Certain Chemicals; Toxic Chemical
Release Reporting; Community Right-to-Know; Proposed Rule.
--
Sodium fluoroacetate and fluoroacetamide are readily absorbed
by the gut, but only to a limited extent across skin. The toxic
mechanism is distinct from that of fluoride salts. Three molecules
of fluoroacetate or fluoroacetamide are combined in the liver
to form a molecule of fluorocitrate, which poisons critical enzymes
of the tricarboxylic acid (Krebs) cycle, blocking cellular respiration.
The heart, brain, and kidneys are
the organs most prominently affected... Crimidine and sodium fluoroacetate
are no longer registered for use as pesticides.
Ref: US EPA. Rodenticides. Chapter 17.
http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/safety/healthcare/handbook/Chap17.pdf
Abstract: To clarify
the contribution of glial cells to octanoate uptake into the brain,
we determined the effects of fluoroacetate,
a selective inhibitor of glial metabolism, on in vitro
brain uptake of [1-14C]octanoate, using rat brain slices. The
[1-14C]octanoate uptake significantly decreased, depending on
the concentration of fluoroacetate (p = 0.001). The [1-14C]octanoate
uptakes at 5 mM (0.23 +/- 0.05% uptake/mg slice) and 25 mM fluoroacetate
(0.12 +/- 0.01% uptake/mg slice) were significantly lower than
that at control (0.29 +/- 0.02% uptake/mg slice, p < 0.05 and
p < 0.001, respectively). The results demonstrate the contribution
of glial cells to octanoate uptake into the brain. The potential
of [1-11C]octanoate as a PET tracer for studying glial functions
is suggested.
Ref: Kuge Y et al. (2002). In
vitro uptake of [1-14C]Octanoate in brain slices of rats: basic
studies for assessing [1-11C]Octanoate as a PET tracer of glial
functions. Nucl Med Biol 2002 Apr;29(3):303-6.
Abstract:
The effect of sodium-fluoroacetate (62-74-8) on electrical activity
in the brain was investigated in rats. Electrical activity was
recorded in the reticular nucleus of the thalamus and in the caudate
nucleus of male albino-rats using bipolar electrodes.
Twenty four hours after electrode implantation, animals
were dosed intraperitoneally with sodium-fluoroacetate at 5 milligrams
per kilogram. At various times thereafter, the complete electrical
activity was recorded in selected brain structures using a loop
oscillograph. The electrical activity was summed with an integrator
enabling relative changes in complete electrical activity to be
detected. Readings were taken for 5 minutes, every 15 minutes.
Control animals showed characteristic slow waves, 4 to 6 per second,
mainly in the reticular nucleus of the thalamus throughout the
6 hour experiment. Upon sodium-fluoroacetate treatment, slow waves
were recorded and later faster waves, 12 to 15 per second, superceded
the slow waves. At the end of the first hour and thereafter waves
of slow frequency disappeared and those of faster frequency prevailed.
Later, the frequency and amplitude of waves increased,
particularly pronounced in the period of paroxysms in the reticular
nucleus of the thalamus. After 3 hours, the fast waves
were depressed and the complete electrical activity was not reversible.
The authors conclude that the increase in complete electrical
activity after the initial stage reflects participation of the
central nervous system in compensatory processes evoked by deepening
hypothermia and anoxia caused by sodium-fluoroacetate poisoning.
(Russian)
Ref: Combined Electrical Activity
Of Some Subcortical Structures In The Brain Of Albino Rats At
Various Stages Of Sodium Fluoroacetate Poisoning; by Artyushkova
VA, Kirzon MV, Timeiko VN. Byulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii
i Meditsiny, Vol. 67, No. 4, pages 69-73, 9 references, 1969.
[From Toxline at Toxnet]
CNS
(click
on for all fluorinated pesticides)
Effects of Short-Term Exposure: The substance
may cause effects on the cardiovascular
system and central
nervous system, resulting in cardiac disorders
and respiratory failure. Exposure may result in death.
Ref: IPSCS INCHEM. ICSC: 0484. Date of Peer
Review: April 1997. Prepared in the context of cooperation between
the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) and the
Commission of the European Communities.
http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0484.htm
Abstract: A TLV-TWA
of 0.05 mg/m3 is recommended for occupational exposure to highly
toxic sodium fluoroacetate. This value is intended to minimize
the potential for progressive central nervous
system and cardiovascular system effects.
These may include nausea, womiting, apprehension, nystagmus,
facial twitching, and convulsions that are usually followed or
accompanied by tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, and death
due to cardiac failure or respiratory arrest. Rapid absorption
through intact and abraded or cut skin warrants a Skin notation.
Sublethal sodium fluoroacetate is reported to cause changes in
testicular morphology in exposed rodents. Sufficient data were
not available to recommend SEN or carcinogenicity notations or
a TLV-STEL.
Ref: Anon (2001). Sodium Fluoroacetate.
TA:ACGIH. Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological
exposure indices PG:4 p YR:2001 IP: VI:7th Ed
A case is described
of poisoning in a boy who ingested wheat previously impregnated
with 1080 (sodium fluoroacetate) to poison rabbits. The product
causes vomiting, convulsions, coma, respiratory depression and
cardiac irregularities. The boy was treated for convulsions with
I.V. thiopentone sodium and diazepam. He was resuscitated from
cardiac arrest but was left with severe
neurological impairment. 1080 is a widely used agricultural
poison with cardiotoxic and neurotoxic effects and stingent precautions
exist to control its use.
Ref: McTaggart DR (1970). Poisoning due
to sodium fluoroacetate (1080). Med. J. Aust.; VOL 2 ISS Oct 3
1970, P641-642.
Embryotoxic
(click
on for all fluorinated pesticides)
Abstract: 1080 has
been used in New Zealand to control vertebrate pests since 1954,
and although a large historical database exists, little is known
about the developmental toxicity of this pesticide. This investigation
was intended to evaluate the developmental toxicity and teratogenic
potential of 1080 in Sprague-Dawley rats following oral intubation.
A pilot study was performed to help select doses for the subsequent
study and consisted of groups of 5 time-mated females. Animals
received 1080 at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 mg/kg/day
from Days 6 to 17 of gestation. A 60% mortality rate and
reductions in maternal body weight and body weight gain as well
as decreased litter size and increased resorptions were observed
at 1.0 mg/kg/day. Consequently, the doses selected for the main
study were 0.1, 0.33 and 0.75 mg/kg/day. Groups of 26 time-mated
females received 1080 from Days 6 to 17 of gestation. On Day 20
of gestation, litters were delivered via laparohysterectomy. The
results of this study have not been fully evaluated, but visceral
and skeletal evaluation results will be presented. Significant
reductions in maternal body weight, body weight gain and food
consumption were noted at 0.75 mg/kg/day. No changes in litter
size or resorptions were observed, but fetal body weight was significantly
reduced at 0.75 mg/kg/day. No external fetal abnormalities were
noted. Available data indicate that 1080 is maternally toxic at
0.75 mg/kg/day and higher. Embryolethality
was noted at 1.0 mg/kg/day, but not at 0.75 mg/kg/day.
At this stage, there is no evidence of developmental toxicity.
Reductions in fetal body weight at 0.75 mg/kg/day are probably
linked to maternal toxicity rather than a direct effect on the
fetus.
Ref: Turck PA et al. (1998). Assessment
of the
developmental toxicity of sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) in rats.
Toxicologist 1998 Mar;42(1-S):258-9.
Endocrine:
Hypothalamus (click
on for all fluorinated pesticides)
Fluoroacetate,
a selective inhibitor of the glia tricarboxylic acid cycle, attenuated
the release of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone from the
hypothalamus of ovariectomized rats.
Ref: Ann N Y Acad Sci 1991;633:626-7
Wu TJ, McArthur NH, Harms PG.
Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College
Station 77843.
Endocrine:
Testicular
(click on for all fluorinated pesticides)
Abstract: Groups
of Sprague-Dawley rats received sodium monofluoroacetate (Compound
1080) at 0.025, 0.075, and 0.25 mg/kg by oral gavage once daily
for 90 days and were then euthanized. The control and 0.25 mg/kg/day
groups included additional rats of each sex that were treated
for 90 days, then maintained without treatment for a further 56-day
recovery period. Microscopic changes were
restricted to the testes and the heart, and were seen only in
males dosed with 1080 at 0.25 mg/kg/day and included severe hypospermia
in the epididymides, severe degeneration of the seminiferous tubules
of the testes, and cardiomyopathy. Sperm evaluation indicated
severe decreases in all three sperm parameters evaluated (concentration,
% motile, and % abnormal) at 0.25 mg/kg/day. There were
no microscopic changes or 1080-related effects on sperm parameters
at 0.025 and 0.075 mg/kg/day. The no observable effects level
(NOEL) for rats administered 1080 via oral gavage for 90 days
was 0.075 mg/kg/day. The lowest observable effects level (LOEL)
dose was 0.25 mg/kg/day. After dosing with the LOEL dose of 0.25
mg/kg/day, mean concentrations of 1080 in rat plasma were 0.26
micro g/ml at 1 h and 0.076 microg/ml at 12 h. Rat urine collected
from the same animals contained 0.059 microg/ml.
Ref: A 90-day toxicological evaluation of
Compound 1080 (sodium monofluoroacetate) in Sprague-Dawley rats;
by Eason CT, Turck P.Toxicol Sci. 2002 Oct;69(2):439-47.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12377993
Subchronic Toxicity:
-- Technical sodium fluoroacetate was administered by gavage for
13 weeks to Crl:CD(SD)Br rats. The doses were 0, 0.05, 0.20, or
0.50 mg/kg/day. The NOEL was 0.05 mg/kg/day. The LOEL was 0.20
mg/kg/day, based on dose-related findings in histopathology (hypospermatogenesis,
fusion bodies, and immature or abnormal
sperm) and decreased size and weight of
testes and epididymides in males.
Females had dose-related increases in absolute and relative heart
weights at the mid and high doses (Wolfe, 1988).
-- In a study with male Sprague Dawley rats, the animals were
dosed with 0, 0.07, 0.19, or 0.71 mg/kg/day of sodium fluoroacetate
in their drinking water for seven days. This was followed by 21
days without the test compound. A group of rats from each dose
level was killed each day of treatment and on days 3, 7, 14, and
21 after dosing. The testes, kidneys and liver were examined.
Testicular atrophy and nonreversible tubular
degeneration were found at the mid and high dose. Testicular
atrophy with reversible tubular degeneration was found
at the low dose. No effects on liver or kidney were seen. The
lowest dose was the LOEL (MRID 40016990).
Ref: US EPA Reregistration Eligibility Decision
(RED) for Sodium fluoroacetate. September 1995.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/sodium_fluoroacetate.red.95.pdf
-- In a 13-week oral
study in rats, gavage administration of sodium fluoroacetate (0.02
mg/kg/day) resulted in decreased testis
weight and altered spermatogenesis in males (the NOAEL
was 0.05 mg/kg/day). In addition, increased heart weight was noted
in females and males administered 0.20 mg/kg/day of sodium fluoroacetate.
The increase in heart weight, however, was only accompanied by
subacute, minimal inflammation (not dose-related). Also, fluorocitrate
levels were significantly increased after 4 weeks in males administered
0.50 mg/kg/day and after 13 weeks in both male and female rats
administered 0.20 or 0.50 mg/kg/day. The testicular
and cardiac effects were reported to be consistent with those
noted in the literature... EPA believes that there is sufficient
evidence for listing sodium fluoroacetate on EPCRA section 313
pursuant to EPCRA section 313(d)(2)(B) based on the neurologic,
reproductive, and myocardial toxicity data for this chemical.
Ref:
USEPA/OPPT. Support Document for the Health and Ecological Toxicity
Review of TRI Expansion Chemicals. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, DC (1993). As cited by US EPA in: Federal
Register: January 12, 1994. Part IV. 40 CFR Part 372. Addition
of Certain Chemicals; Toxic Chemical Release Reporting; Community
Right-to-Know; Proposed Rule.
-- PubMed Abstract: Rats recieving 20, 6.6 or 2.2 p.p.m. sodium
fluoroacetate in the drinking water were killed daily during the
7 days of treatment and at more widely spaced intervals in the
succeeding 21 days. Testicular weight and
ATP concentrations decreased in rats receiving 20 or 6 p.p.m.
fluoroacetate, while citrate concentrations were elevated and
morphological damage was seen in the testes
of all the treated rats. Initial cellular changes common
to the three treatment groups included altered
appearance and decreased numbers of spermatids, and formation
of spermatid and spermatocyte giant cells. At the two higher
concentrations damage progressed to marked seminiferous
tubule atrophy. Regeneration of the seminiferous tubules
was complete by 7 days after treatment, in the rats given
2 p.p.m. but regeneration was not complete by Day 21 after treatment
in those receiving the higher doses. Spermatogenesis
was abnormal in some instances during the regneration period in
these groups. The findings are consistent
with impaired energy production via blockage of the Krebs cycle,
and subsequent impairment of carbohydrate metabolism through the
Embden-Meyerhof pathway.
Ref: J Reprod Fertil 1979 May;56(1):201-7;
Effects
of fluoroacetate on the testis of the rat; Sullivan JL, Smith
FA, Garman RH.
Abstract
1. 1. Administration of multiple or single doses of sodium fluoroacetate
(1080) to male Tiliqua rugosa caused a decrease
in plasma testosterone concentration.
2. 2. A single dose of 100 or 250 mg 1080 kg-1 body weight decreased
plasma testosterone by 52%. However, 25 mg kg-1 had little apparent
effect on testosterone levels. When lizards were given the multiple
dose equivalent of these doses over 12 days at 3 day intervals,
the effect was much less dramatic with plasma
testosterone concentration steadily declining over 15 days for
the two higher doses.
3. 3. There was a suggestion of degeneration
of seminiferous tubules in some individuals.
Ref: The effect of sodium monofluoroacetate
on plasma testosterone concentration in Tiliqua rugosa (gray);
by L. E. Twigg, D. R. King, and A. J. Bradley. Comparative Biochemistry
and Physiology Part C: Comparative Pharmacology; Volume 91, Issue
2 , 1988, Pages 343-347.
Endocrine:
Thymus (click
on for all fluorinated pesticides)
-- An acute dermal
toxicity study with rabbits used technical sodium fluoroacetate.
The LD was 277.1 mg/kg for males and 324.2 mg/kg for 50 females.
The animals showed lethargy, diarrhea, and convulsions preceding
death, along with extensive hemorrhage of the
thymus and congestion of the lungs. This is toxicity category
II (MRID 152129).
Ref: US EPA Reregistration Eligibility Decision
(RED) for Sodium fluoroacetate. September 1995.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/sodium_fluoroacetate.red.95.pdf
Heart
(click on for all fluorinated
pesticides)
Effects of Short-Term Exposure: The substance
may cause effects on the cardiovascular system and central
nervous system, resulting in cardiac disorders
and respiratory failure. Exposure may result in death.
Ref: IPSCS INCHEM. ICSC: 0484. Date of Peer
Review: April 1997. Prepared in the context of cooperation between
the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) and the
Commission of the European Communities.
http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0484.htm
Abstract: Groups
of Sprague-Dawley rats received sodium monofluoroacetate (Compound
1080) at 0.025, 0.075, and 0.25 mg/kg by oral gavage once daily
for 90 days and were then euthanized. The control and 0.25 mg/kg/day
groups included additional rats of each sex that were treated
for 90 days, then maintained without treatment for a further 56-day
recovery period. Microscopic changes were
restricted to the testes and the heart, and
were seen only in males dosed with 1080 at 0.25 mg/kg/day and
included severe hypospermia in the epididymides, severe degeneration
of the seminiferous tubules of the testes, and cardiomyopathy.
Sperm evaluation indicated severe decreases
in all three sperm parameters evaluated (concentration, % motile,
and % abnormal) at 0.25 mg/kg/day. There
were no microscopic changes or 1080-related effects on
sperm parameters at 0.025 and 0.075 mg/kg/day. The no observable
effects level (NOEL) for rats administered 1080 via oral gavage
for 90 days was 0.075 mg/kg/day. The lowest observable effects
level (LOEL) dose was 0.25 mg/kg/day. After dosing with the LOEL
dose of 0.25 mg/kg/day, mean concentrations of 1080 in rat plasma
were 0.26 micro g/ml at 1 h and 0.076 microg/ml at 12 h. Rat urine
collected from the same animals contained 0.059 microg/ml.
Ref: A 90-day toxicological evaluation of
Compound 1080 (sodium monofluoroacetate) in Sprague-Dawley rats;
by Eason CT, Turck P.Toxicol Sci. 2002 Oct;69(2):439-47.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12377993
Abstract: A TLV-TWA
of 0.05 mg/m3 is recommended for occupational exposure to highly
toxic sodium fluoroacetate. This value is intended to minimize
the potential for progressive central nervous
system and
cardiovascular system effects.
These may include nausea, womiting, apprehension, nystagmus,
facial twitching, and convulsions that are usually followed or
accompanied by tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, and death
due to cardiac failure or respiratory arrest. Rapid absorption
through intact and abraded or cut skin warrants a Skin notation.
Sublethal sodium fluoroacetate is reported to cause changes in
testicular morphology in exposed rodents. Sufficient data were
not available to recommend SEN or carcinogenicity notations or
a TLV-STEL.
Ref: Anon (2001). Sodium Fluoroacetate.
TA:ACGIH. Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological
exposure indices PG:4 p YR:2001 IP: VI:7th Ed
In a 13-week oral study
in rats, gavage administration of sodium fluoroacetate (0.02 mg/kg/day)
resulted in decreased testis weight and altered spermatogenesis
in males (the NOAEL was 0.05 mg/kg/day). In addition, increased
heart weight was noted in females and males administered
0.20 mg/kg/day of sodium fluoroacetate. The increase
in heart weight, however, was only accompanied by subacute,
minimal inflammation (not dose-related). Also, fluorocitrate levels
were significantly increased after 4 weeks in males administered
0.50 mg/kg/day and after 13 weeks in both male and female rats
administered 0.20 or 0.50 mg/kg/day. The testicular and cardiac
effects were reported to be consistent with those noted
in the literature. EPA believes that there is sufficient evidence
for listing sodium fluoroacetate on EPCRA section 313 pursuant
to EPCRA section 313(d)(2)(B) based on the neurologic, reproductive,
and myocardial toxicity data for
this chemical.
Ref:
USEPA/OPPT. Support Document for the Health and Ecological Toxicity
Review of TRI Expansion Chemicals. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, DC (1993). As cited by US EPA in: Federal
Register: January 12, 1994. Part IV. 40 CFR Part 372. Addition
of Certain Chemicals; Toxic Chemical Release Reporting; Community
Right-to-Know; Proposed Rule.
Subchronic Toxicity:
... Technical sodium fluoroacetate was administered by gavage
for 13 weeks to Crl:CD(SD)Br rats. The doses were 0, 0.05, 0.20,
or 0.50 mg/kg/day. The NOEL was 0.05 mg/kg/day. The LOEL was 0.20
mg/kg/day, based on dose-related findings in histopathology
(hypospermatogenesis, fusion bodies, and immature or abnormal
sperm) and decreased size and weight of testes and epididymides
in males. Females had dose-related increases in absolute
and relative heart weights at the
mid and high doses (Wolfe, 1988).
Ref: US EPA Reregistration Eligibility Decision
(RED) for Sodium fluoroacetate. September 1995.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/sodium_fluoroacetate.red.95.pdf
Environmental
(click on for all fluorinated
pesticides)
Measured
oral LD 50 values of fluoroacetate in the house
sparrow, redwinged blackbird, starling and golden eagle
are 3.0, 4.22, 2.37, and 1.25 to 5 mg/kg, respectively.
In addition, measured acute toxicity data for mammalian
wildlife include an oral LD50 of 0.22 to 0.44 mg/kg
for mule deer, an oral LD50
of 1.41 mg/kg for male ferrets,
and an oral LD 50 of 0.5 to 1.0 mg/kg for
bears. EPA believes that there is sufficient evidence
for listing sodium fluoroacetate on EPCRA section 313 pursuant
to EPCRA section 313(d)(2)(C) based on the environmental
toxicity data for this chemical.
Ref: USEPA/OPPT. Support
Document for the Health and Ecological Toxicity Review of
TRI Expansion Chemicals. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, DC (1993). As cited by US EPA in: Federal
Register: January 12, 1994. Part IV. 40 CFR Part 372.
Addition of Certain Chemicals; Toxic Chemical Release Reporting;
Community Right-to-Know; Proposed Rule.
Sodium
fluoroacetate (1080), (also known as sodium monofluoroacetate),
is a fluorinated carboxylic acid ester with high
to very high toxicity to birds and mammals.
Ref:
Australia. National Registration Authority for Agricultural
and Veterinary Chemicals. Reconsideration of products containing
Sodium fluoroacete (1080) and their labels. Background to
the Review and Scope Document.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/1080.australia.july.2002.pdf
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