Adverse Effects
Sodium Fluoroacetate (also known as 1080)
CAS No.
62-74-8
 
 

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Activity: Rodenticide, Insecticide (unclassified)
Structure:


Adverse Effects:
Body Weight Decrease
Brain
CNS
Embryotoxic
Endocrine: Hypothalamus
Endocrine:
Testicular
Endocrine: Thymus

Heart
Environmental

ROUTES OF EXPOSURE:
The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.
Ref: IPSCS INCHEM. ICSC: 0484. Date of Peer Review: April 1997. Prepared in the context of cooperation between the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) and the Commission of the European Communities.

http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0484.htm


Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH)
Revised IDLH: 2.5 mg/m3
Original (SCP) IDLH: 5 mg/m3

Basis for revised IDLH:
No inhalation toxicity data are available on which to base an IDLH for sodium fluoroacetate. Therefore, the revised IDLH for sodium fluoroacetate is 2.5 mg/m3 based on acute oral toxicity data in humans [Deichmann and Gerarde 1969].

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA: Lethal dose data:

Species Reference Route LD50
(mg/kg)
Adjusted LD Derived value
Rat Lehman 1951 oral 1.7 12 mg/m 1.2 mg/m3
Rabbit McIlroy 1982 oral 0.34 2.4 mg/m 0.24 mg/m3
Rat Ward 1946 oral 0.1 0.7 mg/m 0.07 mg/m3
G. pig Ward 1946 oral 0.3 2.1 mg/m 0.21 mg/m3
Mouse
Yakkyoku 1977 oral 0.1 0.7 mg/m 0.07 mg/m3

REFERENCES:

1. Deichmann WB, Gerarde HW [1969]. Sodium fluoroacetate (1080). In: Toxicology of drugs and chemicals. New York, NY: Academic Press, Inc., p. 542.
2. Lehman AJ [1951]. Chemicals in foods: a report to the Association of Food and drug Officials on current developments. Part II. Pesticides. Section I. Introduction. Q Bulletin Assoc Food Drug Off U.S. 15(4):122-123.
3. McIlroy JC [1982]. The sensitivity of Australian animals to 1080 poison. III. Marsupial and eutherian herbivores. Australian Wildlife Research 9:487-503.
4. Ward JC [1946]. Rodent control with 1080, ANTU, and other war-developed toxic agents. Am J Public Health Nations Health 36:1427-1431.
5. Yakkyoku (Pharmacy) [1977]; 28(3):329-339 (in Japanese).

Ref: Sodium fluoroacetate. IDHL Documentation.
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/62748.html


A little background...

Sodium fluoroacetate (1080), (also known as sodium monofluoroacetate), is a fluorinated carboxylic acid ester with high to very high toxicity to birds and mammals. It is widely used in Australia as a poison for the control of vertebrate pests. Once ingested 1080 is metabolised to fluorocitrate. Fluorocitrate interferes with energy production in the Krebs cycle, a metabolic pathway that breaks down carbohydrates to provide energy for normal cell functions. The malfunctioning Krebs cycle results in an accumulation of citrate in the tissue and blood, energy deprivation and death. No antidote to 1080 exists.

Development and use of 1080 as a predacide and rodenticide occurred in the US in the 1940s, but all registrations were cancelled in 1972 together with those for other predator control agents containing strychnine and sodium cyanide. Registration of livestock protection collars was restored in 1985 and remains the only approved use in the US. 1080 is also used in Mexico and Israel, but the bulk of world usage occurs in New Zealand and, to a lesser extent, Australia. 1080 has been registered in New Zealand since 1964. It has not been assessed since this time and all other registrations have referenced the original data. New Zealand authorities are currently in the process of reviewing all aspects of the registration of 1080.

Ref: Australia. National Registration Authority for Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals. Reconsideration of products containing Sodium fluoroacete (1080) and their labels. Background to the Review and Scope Document.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/1080.australia.july.2002.pdf

Abstract: HAPAB Twenty-four Hereford calves (steers and heifers) and ten Hereford cows were given 0.078, 0.156, 0.312 or 0.624 mg sodium monofluoroacetate/kg body weight to determine the toxicity of the rodenticide to cattle. The sodium monofluoroacetate was encapsulated with granulated sugar in gelatin capsules and placed at the back of the animals' throats. The LD50s were calculated by the methods of Thompson (1947) and Weil (1952). There was a marked absence of detectable gross symptoms of poisoning until just before death. However, the symptoms shown by the animals were extremely consistent. The time between dosing and death varied inversely with the size of the dose. Terminal symptoms (urination followed by staggering, falling down, slight spasms, in turn followed by ,in-place running' and death) lasted from 3 to 20 min. The LD50s (95% confidence limits) were 0.393 and 0.221 mg/kg for cows and calves, respectively. Chenowith (1949) found that sheep, horse, swine and chicken (LD50 of 2.0, 1.0, less than 1.0 and 5.0 mg/kg, respectively) were less susceptible to sodium monofluoroacetate. It was concluded that sodium monofluoroacetate is extremely toxic to cattle and that when it is used in grain or in other forms of bait that cattle might ingest, precautions must be taken so that it is not available to them. 1970
Ref: Robison WH (1970). Acute toxicity of sodium monofluoroacetate to cattle. J. Wildlife Management; 34(3): 647-8.

Abstract: Sodium fluoroacetate, a restricted-use rodenticide, was improperly applied to kill rats in a South American steel mill. As a result of this application, several workers were seriously injured. Clean-up levels were developed to prevent significant exposure of workers who could inhale contaminated dust, contact dust, or soil dust in outdoor areas or on plant floors and who could contact contaminated surfaces. On the basis of a health risk analysis, the following clean-up levels for sodium fluoroacetate were developed: air clean-up levels, 0.05mg/m|3|; soil/dust clean-up levels, 100mg/kg; and wipe sample clean-up levels, 0.2mg/100cm|2|. These risk-based clean-up levels were ultimately used to assist the regulatory agencies in reaching a decision to reopen the plant.
Ref: LaGoy PK et al. (1992). The development of cleanup criteria for an acutely toxic pesticide at a contaminated industrial facility. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal May 1992, Vol.53, No.5, p.298-302.


Body Weight Decrease (click on for all fluorinated pesticides)

Abstract: 1080 has been used in New Zealand to control vertebrate pests since 1954, and although a large historical database exists, little is known about the developmental toxicity of this pesticide. This investigation was intended to evaluate the developmental toxicity and teratogenic potential of 1080 in Sprague-Dawley rats following oral intubation. A pilot study was performed to help select doses for the subsequent study and consisted of groups of 5 time-mated females. Animals received 1080 at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 mg/kg/day from Days 6 to 17 of gestation. A 60% mortality rate and reductions in maternal body weight and body weight gain as well as decreased litter size and increased resorptions were observed at 1.0 mg/kg/day. Consequently, the doses selected for the main study were 0.1, 0.33 and 0.75 mg/kg/day. Groups of 26 time-mated females received 1080 from Days 6 to 17 of gestation. On Day 20 of gestation, litters were delivered via laparohysterectomy. The results of this study have not been fully evaluated, but visceral and skeletal evaluation results will be presented. Significant reductions in maternal body weight, body weight gain and food consumption were noted at 0.75 mg/kg/day. No changes in litter size or resorptions were observed, but fetal body weight was significantly reduced at 0.75 mg/kg/day. No external fetal abnormalities were noted. Available data indicate that 1080 is maternally toxic at 0.75 mg/kg/day and higher. Embryolethality was noted at 1.0 mg/kg/day, but not at 0.75 mg/kg/day. At this stage, there is no evidence of developmental toxicity. Reductions in fetal body weight at 0.75 mg/kg/day are probably linked to maternal toxicity rather than a direct effect on the fetus.
Ref: Turck PA et al. (1998). Assessment of the developmental toxicity of sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) in rats. Toxicologist 1998 Mar;42(1-S):258-9.

Brain (click on for all fluorinated pesticides)

PubMed abstract: The case reported developed an acute brain syndrome, including cerebellar signs, shortly after the ingestion of sodium monofluoroacetate. After insiduous improvement of the clinical symptoms, the patient remained with an "end-stage" cerebellar ataxia for 18 months following the acute intoxication. The development of brain atrophy, proven by computed tomography, is considered to represent a direct influence of sodium monofluoroacetate on the brain and to reflect the unique disturbances in cellular metabolism of glucose.
Ref: J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1983 Mar;20(1):85-92; Computed tomography demonstration of brain damage due to acute sodium monofluoroacetate poisoning; Trabes J, Rason N, Avrahami E.

A case study reported a deliberate ingestion of an unspecified dose of sodium fluroacetate by a healthy female. The woman experienced nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain 30 minutes after ingestion, with subsequent seizures occurring 60 minutes after the initial onset of symptoms. Neurological examination after 2 weeks revealed severe cerebellar dysfunction. By 18 months, memory disturbances and depressive behavior persisted... EPA believes that there is sufficient evidence for listing sodium fluoroacetate on EPCRA section 313 pursuant to EPCRA section 313(d)(2)(B) based on the neurologic, reproductive, and myocardial toxicity data for this chemical.
Ref: USEPA/OPPT. Support Document for the Health and Ecological Toxicity Review of TRI Expansion Chemicals. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (1993). As cited by US EPA in: Federal Register: January 12, 1994. Part IV. 40 CFR Part 372. Addition of Certain Chemicals; Toxic Chemical Release Reporting; Community Right-to-Know; Proposed Rule.

-- Sodium fluoroacetate and fluoroacetamide are readily absorbed by the gut, but only to a limited extent across skin. The toxic mechanism is distinct from that of fluoride salts. Three molecules of fluoroacetate or fluoroacetamide are combined in the liver to form a molecule of fluorocitrate, which poisons critical enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid (Krebs) cycle, blocking cellular respiration. The heart, brain, and kidneys are the organs most prominently affected... Crimidine and sodium fluoroacetate are no longer registered for use as pesticides.
Ref: US EPA. Rodenticides. Chapter 17.

http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/safety/healthcare/handbook/Chap17.pdf

Abstract: To clarify the contribution of glial cells to octanoate uptake into the brain, we determined the effects of fluoroacetate, a selective inhibitor of glial metabolism, on in vitro brain uptake of [1-14C]octanoate, using rat brain slices. The [1-14C]octanoate uptake significantly decreased, depending on the concentration of fluoroacetate (p = 0.001). The [1-14C]octanoate uptakes at 5 mM (0.23 +/- 0.05% uptake/mg slice) and 25 mM fluoroacetate (0.12 +/- 0.01% uptake/mg slice) were significantly lower than that at control (0.29 +/- 0.02% uptake/mg slice, p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively). The results demonstrate the contribution of glial cells to octanoate uptake into the brain. The potential of [1-11C]octanoate as a PET tracer for studying glial functions is suggested.
Ref: Kuge Y et al. (2002). In vitro uptake of [1-14C]Octanoate in brain slices of rats: basic studies for assessing [1-11C]Octanoate as a PET tracer of glial functions. Nucl Med Biol 2002 Apr;29(3):303-6.

Abstract: The effect of sodium-fluoroacetate (62-74-8) on electrical activity in the brain was investigated in rats. Electrical activity was recorded in the reticular nucleus of the thalamus and in the caudate nucleus of male albino-rats using bipolar electrodes. Twenty four hours after electrode implantation, animals were dosed intraperitoneally with sodium-fluoroacetate at 5 milligrams per kilogram. At various times thereafter, the complete electrical activity was recorded in selected brain structures using a loop oscillograph. The electrical activity was summed with an integrator enabling relative changes in complete electrical activity to be detected. Readings were taken for 5 minutes, every 15 minutes. Control animals showed characteristic slow waves, 4 to 6 per second, mainly in the reticular nucleus of the thalamus throughout the 6 hour experiment. Upon sodium-fluoroacetate treatment, slow waves were recorded and later faster waves, 12 to 15 per second, superceded the slow waves. At the end of the first hour and thereafter waves of slow frequency disappeared and those of faster frequency prevailed. Later, the frequency and amplitude of waves increased, particularly pronounced in the period of paroxysms in the reticular nucleus of the thalamus. After 3 hours, the fast waves were depressed and the complete electrical activity was not reversible. The authors conclude that the increase in complete electrical activity after the initial stage reflects participation of the central nervous system in compensatory processes evoked by deepening hypothermia and anoxia caused by sodium-fluoroacetate poisoning. (Russian)
Ref: Combined Electrical Activity Of Some Subcortical Structures In The Brain Of Albino Rats At Various Stages Of Sodium Fluoroacetate Poisoning; by Artyushkova VA, Kirzon MV, Timeiko VN. Byulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 67, No. 4, pages 69-73, 9 references, 1969. [From Toxline at Toxnet]

CNS (click on for all fluorinated pesticides)

Effects of Short-Term Exposure: The substance may cause effects on the cardiovascular system and central nervous system, resulting in cardiac disorders and respiratory failure. Exposure may result in death.
Ref: IPSCS INCHEM. ICSC: 0484. Date of Peer Review: April 1997. Prepared in the context of cooperation between the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) and the Commission of the European Communities.
http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0484.htm

Abstract: A TLV-TWA of 0.05 mg/m3 is recommended for occupational exposure to highly toxic sodium fluoroacetate. This value is intended to minimize the potential for progressive central nervous system and cardiovascular system effects. These may include nausea, womiting, apprehension, nystagmus, facial twitching, and convulsions that are usually followed or accompanied by tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, and death due to cardiac failure or respiratory arrest. Rapid absorption through intact and abraded or cut skin warrants a Skin notation. Sublethal sodium fluoroacetate is reported to cause changes in testicular morphology in exposed rodents. Sufficient data were not available to recommend SEN or carcinogenicity notations or a TLV-STEL.
Ref: Anon (2001). Sodium Fluoroacetate. TA:ACGIH. Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices PG:4 p YR:2001 IP: VI:7th Ed

A case is described of poisoning in a boy who ingested wheat previously impregnated with 1080 (sodium fluoroacetate) to poison rabbits. The product causes vomiting, convulsions, coma, respiratory depression and cardiac irregularities. The boy was treated for convulsions with I.V. thiopentone sodium and diazepam. He was resuscitated from cardiac arrest but was left with severe neurological impairment. 1080 is a widely used agricultural poison with cardiotoxic and neurotoxic effects and stingent precautions exist to control its use.
Ref: McTaggart DR (1970). Poisoning due to sodium fluoroacetate (1080). Med. J. Aust.; VOL 2 ISS Oct 3 1970, P641-642.

Embryotoxic (click on for all fluorinated pesticides)

Abstract: 1080 has been used in New Zealand to control vertebrate pests since 1954, and although a large historical database exists, little is known about the developmental toxicity of this pesticide. This investigation was intended to evaluate the developmental toxicity and teratogenic potential of 1080 in Sprague-Dawley rats following oral intubation. A pilot study was performed to help select doses for the subsequent study and consisted of groups of 5 time-mated females. Animals received 1080 at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 mg/kg/day from Days 6 to 17 of gestation. A 60% mortality rate and reductions in maternal body weight and body weight gain as well as decreased litter size and increased resorptions were observed at 1.0 mg/kg/day. Consequently, the doses selected for the main study were 0.1, 0.33 and 0.75 mg/kg/day. Groups of 26 time-mated females received 1080 from Days 6 to 17 of gestation. On Day 20 of gestation, litters were delivered via laparohysterectomy. The results of this study have not been fully evaluated, but visceral and skeletal evaluation results will be presented. Significant reductions in maternal body weight, body weight gain and food consumption were noted at 0.75 mg/kg/day. No changes in litter size or resorptions were observed, but fetal body weight was significantly reduced at 0.75 mg/kg/day. No external fetal abnormalities were noted. Available data indicate that 1080 is maternally toxic at 0.75 mg/kg/day and higher. Embryolethality was noted at 1.0 mg/kg/day, but not at 0.75 mg/kg/day. At this stage, there is no evidence of developmental toxicity. Reductions in fetal body weight at 0.75 mg/kg/day are probably linked to maternal toxicity rather than a direct effect on the fetus.
Ref: Turck PA et al. (1998). Assessment of t
he developmental toxicity of sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) in rats. Toxicologist 1998 Mar;42(1-S):258-9.

Endocrine: Hypothalamus (click on for all fluorinated pesticides)

Fluoroacetate, a selective inhibitor of the glia tricarboxylic acid cycle, attenuated the release of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus of ovariectomized rats.
Ref: Ann N Y Acad Sci 1991;633:626-7
Wu TJ, McArthur NH, Harms PG.
Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843.

Endocrine: Testicular (click on for all fluorinated pesticides)

Abstract: Groups of Sprague-Dawley rats received sodium monofluoroacetate (Compound 1080) at 0.025, 0.075, and 0.25 mg/kg by oral gavage once daily for 90 days and were then euthanized. The control and 0.25 mg/kg/day groups included additional rats of each sex that were treated for 90 days, then maintained without treatment for a further 56-day recovery period. Microscopic changes were restricted to the testes and the heart, and were seen only in males dosed with 1080 at 0.25 mg/kg/day and included severe hypospermia in the epididymides, severe degeneration of the seminiferous tubules of the testes, and cardiomyopathy. Sperm evaluation indicated severe decreases in all three sperm parameters evaluated (concentration, % motile, and % abnormal) at 0.25 mg/kg/day. There were no microscopic changes or 1080-related effects on sperm parameters at 0.025 and 0.075 mg/kg/day. The no observable effects level (NOEL) for rats administered 1080 via oral gavage for 90 days was 0.075 mg/kg/day. The lowest observable effects level (LOEL) dose was 0.25 mg/kg/day. After dosing with the LOEL dose of 0.25 mg/kg/day, mean concentrations of 1080 in rat plasma were 0.26 micro g/ml at 1 h and 0.076 microg/ml at 12 h. Rat urine collected from the same animals contained 0.059 microg/ml.
Ref: A 90-day toxicological evaluation of Compound 1080 (sodium monofluoroacetate) in Sprague-Dawley rats; by Eason CT, Turck P.Toxicol Sci. 2002 Oct;69(2):439-47.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12377993

Subchronic Toxicity:
-- Technical sodium fluoroacetate was administered by gavage for 13 weeks to Crl:CD(SD)Br rats. The doses were 0, 0.05, 0.20, or 0.50 mg/kg/day. The NOEL was 0.05 mg/kg/day. The LOEL was 0.20 mg/kg/day, based on dose-related findings in histopathology (hypospermatogenesis, fusion bodies, and immature or abnormal sperm) and decreased size and weight of testes and epididymides in males. Females had dose-related increases in absolute and relative heart weights at the mid and high doses (Wolfe, 1988).
-- In a study with male Sprague Dawley rats, the animals were dosed with 0, 0.07, 0.19, or 0.71 mg/kg/day of sodium fluoroacetate in their drinking water for seven days. This was followed by 21 days without the test compound. A group of rats from each dose level was killed each day of treatment and on days 3, 7, 14, and 21 after dosing. The testes, kidneys and liver were examined. Testicular atrophy and nonreversible tubular degeneration were found at the mid and high dose. Testicular atrophy with reversible tubular degeneration was found at the low dose. No effects on liver or kidney were seen. The lowest dose was the LOEL (MRID 40016990).
Ref: US EPA Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) for Sodium fluoroacetate. September 1995.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/sodium_fluoroacetate.red.95.pdf

-- In a 13-week oral study in rats, gavage administration of sodium fluoroacetate (0.02 mg/kg/day) resulted in decreased testis weight and altered spermatogenesis in males (the NOAEL was 0.05 mg/kg/day). In addition, increased heart weight was noted in females and males administered 0.20 mg/kg/day of sodium fluoroacetate. The increase in heart weight, however, was only accompanied by subacute, minimal inflammation (not dose-related). Also, fluorocitrate levels were significantly increased after 4 weeks in males administered 0.50 mg/kg/day and after 13 weeks in both male and female rats administered 0.20 or 0.50 mg/kg/day. The testicular and cardiac effects were reported to be consistent with those noted in the literature... EPA believes that there is sufficient evidence for listing sodium fluoroacetate on EPCRA section 313 pursuant to EPCRA section 313(d)(2)(B) based on the neurologic, reproductive, and myocardial toxicity data for this chemical.
Ref: USEPA/OPPT. Support Document for the Health and Ecological Toxicity Review of TRI Expansion Chemicals. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (1993). As cited by US EPA in: Federal Register: January 12, 1994. Part IV. 40 CFR Part 372. Addition of Certain Chemicals; Toxic Chemical Release Reporting; Community Right-to-Know; Proposed Rule.

-- PubMed Abstract: Rats recieving 20, 6.6 or 2.2 p.p.m. sodium fluoroacetate in the drinking water were killed daily during the 7 days of treatment and at more widely spaced intervals in the succeeding 21 days. Testicular weight and ATP concentrations decreased in rats receiving 20 or 6 p.p.m. fluoroacetate, while citrate concentrations were elevated and morphological damage was seen in the testes of all the treated rats. Initial cellular changes common to the three treatment groups included altered appearance and decreased numbers of spermatids, and formation of spermatid and spermatocyte giant cells. At the two higher concentrations damage progressed to marked seminiferous tubule atrophy. Regeneration of the seminiferous tubules was complete by 7 days after treatment, in the rats given 2 p.p.m. but regeneration was not complete by Day 21 after treatment in those receiving the higher doses. Spermatogenesis was abnormal in some instances during the regneration period in these groups. The findings are consistent with impaired energy production via blockage of the Krebs cycle, and subsequent impairment of carbohydrate metabolism through the Embden-Meyerhof pathway.
Ref: J Reprod Fertil 1979 May;56(1):201-7; Effects of fluoroacetate on the testis of the rat; Sullivan JL, Smith FA, Garman RH.

Abstract
1. 1. Administration of multiple or single doses of sodium fluoroacetate (1080) to male Tiliqua rugosa caused a decrease in plasma testosterone concentration.
2. 2. A single dose of 100 or 250 mg 1080 kg-1 body weight decreased plasma testosterone by 52%. However, 25 mg kg-1 had little apparent effect on testosterone levels. When lizards were given the multiple dose equivalent of these doses over 12 days at 3 day intervals, the effect was much less dramatic with plasma testosterone concentration steadily declining over 15 days for the two higher doses.
3. 3. There was a suggestion of degeneration of seminiferous tubules in some individuals.
Ref: The effect of sodium monofluoroacetate on plasma testosterone concentration in Tiliqua rugosa (gray); by L. E. Twigg, D. R. King, and A. J. Bradley. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Comparative Pharmacology; Volume 91, Issue 2 , 1988, Pages 343-347.

Endocrine: Thymus (click on for all fluorinated pesticides)

-- An acute dermal toxicity study with rabbits used technical sodium fluoroacetate. The LD was 277.1 mg/kg for males and 324.2 mg/kg for 50 females. The animals showed lethargy, diarrhea, and convulsions preceding death, along with extensive hemorrhage of the thymus and congestion of the lungs. This is toxicity category II (MRID 152129).
Ref: US EPA Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) for Sodium fluoroacetate. September 1995.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/sodium_fluoroacetate.red.95.pdf

Heart (click on for all fluorinated pesticides)

Effects of Short-Term Exposure: The substance may cause effects on the cardiovascular system and central nervous system, resulting in cardiac disorders and respiratory failure. Exposure may result in death.
Ref: IPSCS INCHEM. ICSC: 0484. Date of Peer Review: April 1997. Prepared in the context of cooperation between the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) and the Commission of the European Communities.
http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0484.htm

Abstract: Groups of Sprague-Dawley rats received sodium monofluoroacetate (Compound 1080) at 0.025, 0.075, and 0.25 mg/kg by oral gavage once daily for 90 days and were then euthanized. The control and 0.25 mg/kg/day groups included additional rats of each sex that were treated for 90 days, then maintained without treatment for a further 56-day recovery period. Microscopic changes were restricted to the testes and the heart, and were seen only in males dosed with 1080 at 0.25 mg/kg/day and included severe hypospermia in the epididymides, severe degeneration of the seminiferous tubules of the testes, and cardiomyopathy. Sperm evaluation indicated severe decreases in all three sperm parameters evaluated (concentration, % motile, and % abnormal) at 0.25 mg/kg/day. There were no microscopic changes or 1080-related effects on sperm parameters at 0.025 and 0.075 mg/kg/day. The no observable effects level (NOEL) for rats administered 1080 via oral gavage for 90 days was 0.075 mg/kg/day. The lowest observable effects level (LOEL) dose was 0.25 mg/kg/day. After dosing with the LOEL dose of 0.25 mg/kg/day, mean concentrations of 1080 in rat plasma were 0.26 micro g/ml at 1 h and 0.076 microg/ml at 12 h. Rat urine collected from the same animals contained 0.059 microg/ml.
Ref: A 90-day toxicological evaluation of Compound 1080 (sodium monofluoroacetate) in Sprague-Dawley rats; by Eason CT, Turck P.Toxicol Sci. 2002 Oct;69(2):439-47.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12377993

Abstract: A TLV-TWA of 0.05 mg/m3 is recommended for occupational exposure to highly toxic sodium fluoroacetate. This value is intended to minimize the potential for progressive central nervous system and cardiovascular system effects. These may include nausea, womiting, apprehension, nystagmus, facial twitching, and convulsions that are usually followed or accompanied by tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, and death due to cardiac failure or respiratory arrest. Rapid absorption through intact and abraded or cut skin warrants a Skin notation. Sublethal sodium fluoroacetate is reported to cause changes in testicular morphology in exposed rodents. Sufficient data were not available to recommend SEN or carcinogenicity notations or a TLV-STEL.
Ref: Anon (2001). Sodium Fluoroacetate. TA:ACGIH. Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices PG:4 p YR:2001 IP: VI:7th Ed

In a 13-week oral study in rats, gavage administration of sodium fluoroacetate (0.02 mg/kg/day) resulted in decreased testis weight and altered spermatogenesis in males (the NOAEL was 0.05 mg/kg/day). In addition, increased heart weight was noted in females and males administered 0.20 mg/kg/day of sodium fluoroacetate. The increase in heart weight, however, was only accompanied by subacute, minimal inflammation (not dose-related). Also, fluorocitrate levels were significantly increased after 4 weeks in males administered 0.50 mg/kg/day and after 13 weeks in both male and female rats administered 0.20 or 0.50 mg/kg/day. The testicular and cardiac effects were reported to be consistent with those noted in the literature. EPA believes that there is sufficient evidence for listing sodium fluoroacetate on EPCRA section 313 pursuant to EPCRA section 313(d)(2)(B) based on the neurologic, reproductive, and myocardial toxicity data for this chemical.
Ref: USEPA/OPPT. Support Document for the Health and Ecological Toxicity Review of TRI Expansion Chemicals. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (1993). As cited by US EPA in: Federal Register: January 12, 1994. Part IV. 40 CFR Part 372. Addition of Certain Chemicals; Toxic Chemical Release Reporting; Community Right-to-Know; Proposed Rule.

Subchronic Toxicity: ... Technical sodium fluoroacetate was administered by gavage for 13 weeks to Crl:CD(SD)Br rats. The doses were 0, 0.05, 0.20, or 0.50 mg/kg/day. The NOEL was 0.05 mg/kg/day. The LOEL was 0.20 mg/kg/day, based on dose-related findings in histopathology (hypospermatogenesis, fusion bodies, and immature or abnormal sperm) and decreased size and weight of testes and epididymides in males. Females had dose-related increases in absolute and relative heart weights at the mid and high doses (Wolfe, 1988).
Ref: US EPA Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) for Sodium fluoroacetate. September 1995.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/sodium_fluoroacetate.red.95.pdf

Environmental (click on for all fluorinated pesticides)

Measured oral LD 50 values of fluoroacetate in the house sparrow, redwinged blackbird, starling and golden eagle are 3.0, 4.22, 2.37, and 1.25 to 5 mg/kg, respectively. In addition, measured acute toxicity data for mammalian wildlife include an oral LD50 of 0.22 to 0.44 mg/kg for mule deer, an oral LD50 of 1.41 mg/kg for male ferrets, and an oral LD 50 of 0.5 to 1.0 mg/kg for bears. EPA believes that there is sufficient evidence for listing sodium fluoroacetate on EPCRA section 313 pursuant to EPCRA section 313(d)(2)(C) based on the environmental toxicity data for this chemical.
Ref: USEPA/OPPT. Support Document for the Health and Ecological Toxicity Review of TRI Expansion Chemicals. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (1993). As cited by US EPA in: Federal Register: January 12, 1994. Part IV. 40 CFR Part 372. Addition of Certain Chemicals; Toxic Chemical Release Reporting; Community Right-to-Know; Proposed Rule.

Sodium fluoroacetate (1080), (also known as sodium monofluoroacetate), is a fluorinated carboxylic acid ester with high to very high toxicity to birds and mammals.
Ref: Australia. National Registration Authority for Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals. Reconsideration of products containing Sodium fluoroacete (1080) and their labels. Background to the Review and Scope Document.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/1080.australia.july.2002.pdf

 
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