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Abstracts
Activity:
Fungicide
(azole)
Structure:
Adverse
Effects:
Body Weight Decrease
Bone
Eye
Liver
Environmental
Although
flutriafol is a triazole, the UK Scientific Subcommittee
on Pesticides (April 1983) noted that its chemical structure
closely resembles triarimol, fenarimol and nuarimol. Triarimol
was found to induce hepatocarinomas
at high doses and was subsequently withdrawn. Both fenarimol
and nuarimol were suspected of inducing adverse effects
on rodent fertility.
Evaluation
on: Flutriafol. October 1996. Issue No. 158, UK Department
for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs,
Pesticides Safety Directorate, Mallard House, Kings Pool,
3 Peasholme Green, York YO1 7PX.
http://www.pesticides.gov.uk/PSD_PDFs/Evaluations/158_flutriafol.pdf
|
Flutriafol
ranked number 20 for "Most Widely
used pesticides in the UK (by Area Treated)" and "Chlorothalonil/flutriafol"
ranked no. 48 in the same category. |
Rank |
Formulation |
Method |
Area treated
(ha) |
Weight
applied (kg ai) |
20 |
Flutriafol |
Spray |
496,556 |
37,357 |
48 |
Chlorothalonil/flutriafol |
Spray |
226,595 |
126,289 |
Ref:
April 29, 2000. UK Department for Environment, Food & Rural
Affairs in the online report, "Design of a Tax or Charge
Scheme for Pesticides. " Annex C3: Overview of Pesticide
Industry
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/pesticides.ranks.uk.2000.htm
|
Body
Weight Decrease (click
on for all fluorinated pesticides)
-- 7.2 Subacute toxicity.
a) In a 90-day feeding study, rats were fed diet containing 0,
20, 200 or 2,000 ppm flutriafol. At the highest does,
reduced body weight and food intake, haemotological and
biochemical changes, increased liver weight,
centrilobular hypertrophy,
proliferation of SER, elevated hepatic aminopyrine-N-demethylase
(APDM) activity were noted. In females fed 200 ppm, only adaptive
responses (liver enlargement and elevated APDM) were seen,
whereas minimal fatty change was evident in some males. A NEL
of 20 ppm (approx. 1 mg/kg bw/day) was established by the SSC
(April 1983).
--b) In a 90-day study, dogs were administered oral doses (capsules)
of 0, 1, 5 or 15 mg flutriafol/kg bw/day. Reduced
body weight gain, increased
liver weight, elevated hepatic APDM and plasma ALP activity,
were observed in the 15 mg/kg bw/ dosage group. At the 5 mg/kg
dosage level, APDM activity was elevated in both sexes. Slight
increases in liver weight were seen in females at the low
and intermediate dosage levels. A NEL of 5 mg/kg bw/day was established
by the SSC [Scientific Subcommittee on Pesticides] (April 1983).
-- 7.5 Two year feeding study in the rat (1982-84). Wistar derived
Alpk: AP rats (52/sex/dose) were fed diet containing flutriafol
(purity 93%) at a concentration of 9, 20, 200 or 2,000 for at
least 104 weeks. Additional animals (12/sex/dose) were given identical
treatment and sacrified at 52-54 weeks... Apart from non-specific
clinical observations, the only treatment-related clinical findings
were an increased number of thin rats
and reduction in the number with distended abdomens in the dop
dosage group. A significant reduction in
bodyweight gain was observed in the top dosage group throughout
the study. On termination, the mean bodyweight
of males in the high dosage group was reduced by about 10% compared
to controls, in females the reduction was about 20%.
Evaluation
on: Flutriafol. October 1996. Issue No. 158, UK Department for
Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Pesticides Safety Directorate,
Mallard House, Kings Pool, 3 Peasholme Green, York YO1 7PX.
http://www.pesticides.gov.uk/citizen/evaluations/evallist_alphabet.htm
Bone
(click
on for all fluorinated pesticides)
7.3 Reproductive toxicity.
Pregnant rats were administered 0,
10, 50 or 125 mg/kg bw/day from day 5 to 15 of gestation. Maternal
toxicity was apparent at the highest dose level. Significant
dose-related reductions in fetal ossification were observed
in all treatment groups. At the 10 mg/kg bw dosage level,
incomplete ossification of the odontoid, calcaneum and occipital
bones were noted. In the 50 and 125 mg/kg bw dosage groups,
the incidence of fetuses with extra ribs
was increased. In a rabbit teratology
study, the dams were administered (orally) 9, 2.3, 7.5 or 15 mg/bw
from day 6 to 18 of gestation. Reduced maternal
body weight gain, increased post implantation loss, and
a reduction in viable fetuses were seen at the 15 mg/kg bw dose
level. There was a small increase in the number of fetuses
with extra ribs in the lumber region in all treatment groups.
The NEL in the rabbit study was considered to be 7.5 mg/kg bw/day.
Although a NEL was not established for the rat study, it was considered
to be in the order of 10 mg/kg bw/day.
Evaluation
on: Flutriafol. October 1996. Issue No. 158, UK Department for
Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Pesticides Safety Directorate,
Mallard House, Kings Pool, 3 Peasholme Green, York YO1 7PX.
http://www.pesticides.gov.uk/PSD_PDFs/Evaluations/158_flutriafol.pdf
•
Definitions:
Odontoid -
Having the form of a tooth; toothlike. Of or pertaining
to the odontoid bone or to the odontoid process. Odontoid bone,
the anterior process of the centrum of the second vertebra,
or axis, in birds and mammals. See Axis. Origin: Gr., a tooth
+ form: cf.F. Odontoide. Source: Websters Dictionary
Calcaneum
- Synonym: calcaneus. Origin: L. The heel
Occipital
-
Of or pertaining to the occiput, or back part of the
head, or to the occipital bone. Occipital bone, the
point of the occiput in the mesial plane farthest from the ophryon.
Origin: Cf. F. Occipital. The occipital bone. Source:
Websters Dictionary
Eye
(click
on for all fluorinated pesticides)
Ophthalmoscopic examinations,
performed on 20 males and 20 femals from the control and top dosage
groups after 52 and 104 weeks of the study, found a variety of
ocular changes. Apart from retinal
pallor, changes were regarded as age-related (or the incidence
of the changes was within the historical data). At 52 weeks, very
pale to pale retinal pallor was found in 3/20 male and
2/20 female animals in the hgh dosage group compared to nil in
the control animals. On termination, slightly
pale to pale retinal pallor was seen in 6/19 male and 5/18 female
rats from the high dosage group compared to 1/18 males
in the control group. No opthalmoscopic examinations were carried
out on the low and intermediate dosage groups. In the absence
of abnormalities in the retinal vessels and hyper-reflection of
the retina, the study authros concluded that the retinal pallor
was not toxicologically significant. No treatment-related histopathological
abnormalities were detected in eyes at termination in any dosage
group... Data requirements: To be submitted within 6 months of
the date of issue
of approval: The applicant must address the increased
retinal pallor seen in the two chronic two year feeding
study in rats or provide a reasoned argument as to why it is not
of toxicological significance.
Evaluation
on: Flutriafol. October 1996. Issue No. 158, UK Department for
Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Pesticides Safety Directorate,
Mallard House, Kings Pool, 3 Peasholme Green, York YO1 7PX.
http://www.pesticides.gov.uk/PSD_PDFs/Evaluations/158_flutriafol.pdf
Liver
(click
on for all fluorinated pesticides)
-- 7.2 Subacute toxicity.
a) In a 90-day feeding study, rats were fed diet containing 0,
20, 200 or 2,000 ppm flutriafol. At the highest does,
reduced body weight and food intake, haemotological and
biochemical changes, increased liver weight,
centrilobular hypertrophy, proliferation of SER, elevated
hepatic aminopyrine-N-demethylase (APDM) activity were noted.
In females fed 200 ppm, only adaptive responses (liver
enlargement and elevated APDM) were seen, whereas minimal
fatty change was evident in some males. A NEL of 20 ppm (approx.
1 mg/kg bw/day) was established by the SSC (April 1983).
--b) In a 90-day study, dogs were administered oral doses (capsules)
of 0, 1, 5 or 15 mg flutriafol/kg bw/day. Reduced
body weight gain, increased liver
weight, elevated hepatic APDM and plasma ALP activity,
were observed in the 15 mg/kg bw/ dosage group. At the 5 mg/kg
dosage level, APDM activity was elevated in both sexes. Slight
increases in liver weight were seen
in females at the low and intermediate dosage levels. A NEL of
5 mg/kg bw/day was established by the SSC [Scientific Subcommittee
on Pesticides] (April 1983).
-- 7.7 Assessment a)... Although the incidence of hepatocellular
tumours was higher than the historical control data predicted,
the increased incidence of individual tumours was not significant,
only the combined incidence of hepatocellular
carcinoma and adenoma achieved statistical significance.
The available evidence suggested that the increase in hepatocellular
tumors involved an epigenetic mechanism, all in vitro and
in vivo mutagenicity assays were negative and changes in clinical
chemistry suggested altered liver metabolism
and liver injury. In addition, adaptive responses (increased
liver weight, centrilobular hypertrophy, proliferatin of SER and
enzyme induction) were evident at low doses in the subacutre rat
and dog studies. This evidence suggested
that flutriafol was possibly a weak tumour promoter at high dose
levels and this effect was possibly secondary to the liver
injury. The NOEL for the study was determined to be 20 ppm flutriafol
(about 1 mg/kg bw/day). (b) In the multigeneration study, dietary
administration of 1,000 ppm flutriafol during the premating period
induced a reduction in bodyweight gain and
food consumption in F0 parents, and reduced bodyweight gain in
F1 females. Increased liver weight, centrilobular
hypertrophy (males only) and fatty change were found in
F0 and F1 parents fed 1,000 ppm flutriafol. Fatty
change in the liver was also evident in F1 males fed 240
ppm flutriafol.... In the high dosage group, the proportion of
pups born alive in the second generation litters was significantly
reduced. Mean litter size was significantly
reduced in F1B and F2A litters. In the high dosage groups,
fatty change of the liver was evident
in F1B, F2A and F2B pups.. The NEL for reproductive performance
in rats was 240 ppm flutriafol (equivalent to approx 12 mg/kg
bw/day).
Evaluation
on: Flutriafol. October 1996. Issue No. 158, UK Department for
Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Pesticides Safety Directorate,
Mallard House, Kings Pool, 3 Peasholme Green, York YO1 7PX.
http://www.pesticides.gov.uk/PSD_PDFs/Evaluations/158_flutriafol.pdf
Environmental
(click
on for all fluorinated pesticides)
Recommendations
(page 51): [Flutriafol] is extremely
persistent in soil and will accumulate following
repeated annual applications. Soil
residues also demonstrate the potential to be mobile.
Although the fate and behaviour of flutriafol in water has
not been evaluated and no data are available from natural
water monitoring, the high spray application rate and the
use on cereals, indicated that water
contamination is likely.
Evaluation
on: Flutriafol. October 1996. Issue No. 158, UK Department
for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Pesticides Safety
Directorate, Mallard House, Kings Pool, 3 Peasholme Green,
York YO1 7PX.
http://www.pesticides.gov.uk/PSD_PDFs/Evaluations/158_flutriafol.pdf
The Svalbard
archipelago in arctic Norway receives considerable semivolatile
organic contaminant (SOC) inputs from the atmosphere... The
surface sample also had highest concentrations of pendimethalin
(herbicide, 18.6 ng L-1) and flutriafol,
the lone observed fungicide (9.6 ng L-1).
Reference:
Current-Use and Legacy Pesticide History in the Austfonna
Ice Cap, Svalbard, Norway. By Mark H. Hermanson et al. Environ.
Sci. Technol., 39 (21), 8163 -8169, 2005. See
Abstracts |
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