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|
| Order
No. |
Title |
Abstract
/ Keywords |
NTIS/OTS0574120
EPA/OTS;
Doc #88010000052
This
report was submitted on March 4, 2004 and is available
online. |
2000
- INITIAL SUBMISSION: SODIUM HEXAFLUOROALUMINATE (NATRIUMALUMINIUMFLUORID)
- 90 DAY REPEAT DOSE INHALATION STUDY IN RATS (SNOUT ONLY
EXPOSURE), WITH COVER LETTER DATED 12/22/2000
HUNTINGDON
LIFE SCIENCES LTD |
SOLVAY
AMERICA INC
SODIUM HEXAFLUOROALUMINATE
HEALTH EFFECTS
SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY
MAMMALS
RATS
INHALATION
CAS
Registry Numbers:
13775-53-6 |
NTIS/PB97-121479
171p |
1996
- Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED): Cryolite.
(Includes RED Facts: Cryolite Fact Sheet).
Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Prevention,
Pesticides and Toxic Substances.
|
This
document presents the Agency's decision regarding the reregistration
eligibility of the registered uses of cryolite. Section
I is the introduction. Section II describes cryolite, its
uses, data requirements and regulatory history. Section
III discusses the human health and environmental assessment
based on the data available to the Agency. Section IV presents
the reregistration decision for cryolite. Section V discusses
the reregistration requirments for cryolite. Finally, Section
VI is the Appendices which support this Reregistration Eligibility
Decision. For Fact Sheet only, see PB97-121487. |
NTIS/PB97-121487
7p |
1996
- RED Facts: Cryolite.
Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Prevention,
Pesticides and Toxic Substances.
|
This
fact sheet summarizes the information in the RED document
for reregistration case 0087, cryolite. Cryolite is an insecticide
used on many fruits, vegetables and ornamental crops to
protect against leaf eating pests. Currently, the predominant
uses are on grapes, potatoes and citrus. Cryolite is formulated
as dusts, wettable powders and water dispersable granulars
and can be applied by ground or air equipment. Cryolite
is a naturally occurring mineral that is also synthetically
produced. Fact sheet. See also PB97-121479. |
NTIS/ADA362300
48
p |
1996
- General Toxicity Reproductive Toxicity Screen of Modular
Artillery Charge System (XM232) Administered in the Diet
of Sprague-Dawley Rats.
Authors:
Eggers JS, Kinkead ER, Feldmann ML, Wolfe RE, Flemming
CD
ManTech-Geocenters Joint Venture, Dayton, OH.
|
An
artillery propellant under development by the US Army is
a granular mixture of 98% nitrocellulose, nitroglycerine,
nitroguanidine, and <2% cryolite
and graphite. The propellant, Modular Artillery Charge
System, or MACS, consists of a single increment of propellant
charge contained within a rigid, combustible casing. As
part of the process to develop environmental and health
effects criteria, a 90-day modified Screening information
Data Set reproductive assay was performed. Male and Female
Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with diet containing either
0.0, 0.2, 1.0 or 2.0 g propellant/kg diet. No mortalities
occurred and body weights were unaffected by treatment.
Methemoglobin concentrations of high-dose rats measured
after 28 days and at the conclusion of the study were significantly
elevated (23-25%) compared to control rats. Relative organ
weights of treated animals did not differ from weights of
their respective control groups. No adverse effects occurred
in mating or fertility indices. |
NTIS/AD-A317
190/7
29p |
1995
-
Range-Finding Study for a Reproductive Screen of Modular
Artillery Charge System (XM231232) Administered in the
Diet of Sprague-Dawley Rats./PHARMACOLOGY
Authors:
Kinkead ER, Freedman ML, Wolfe RE, Fleming CD, Pollard
DL
ManTech Environmental Technology, Inc., Dayton, OH. |
An
artillery propellant under development b the U.S. Army is
a granular mixture of nitrocelinlose, nitroglycerin, nitroguanidine,
ethylcentralite, cryolite,
and graphite. The propellant, Modniar Artillery Charge System
or MACS, consists of a single increment of propellant charge
contained within a rigid combustible casing. Nitrocellulose,
nitroglycerin, and nitroguanidine make up greater than 98%
of the total propellant mixture. As part of the process
to develop environmental and health effects criteria, a
90-day modified Screening Information Data Set reproductive
assay is planned. In order to provide information on clinical
signs, methemoglobin formation and possible target organs,
as well as determine dose levels, a range- finding study
was performed. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were
treated with diet containing either O.O,0.2S, or 2.Og propellant/kg
diet for a three-week period. No mortalities occurred and
body weights were unaffected by treatment. Methemoglobin
concentrations measur [abstract
truncated] |
NTIS/PB93-963909
79p |
1992
- Superfund Record of Decision (EPA Region 3): Lindane
Dump Site, Harrison Township, Allegheny County, PA. (First
Remedial Action), March 1992.
Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Emergency
and Remedial Response.
|
The
61.8-acre Lindane Dump is located in the Allegheny River
Valley in Harrison Township, near Natron, Pennsylvania.
In 1985, Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Company (later
known as Pennsalt, then Pennwalt) used the site for waste
disposal of mining tailings and cinders. Tailings from the
mining operations and cinders (bottom ash) from steam and
electrical power generation at the plant were placed onsite,
and sulfuric acid was produced at the Pennsalt plant. The
operation was discontinued prior to 1920 and resultant cinder
and slag, along with cryolite ore
tailings, BHC (Lindane) filter cake residuals containing
pesticides, and waste sulfuric acid containing DDT were
disposed of onsite. The ROD addresses contaminated soils
and controlling ground water and surface water contamination.
The primary contaminants of concern affecting the soil and
ground water are VOCs, including benzene, and the pesticide
Lindane. The selected remedial action for the site are included.
Final rept. |
NTIS/PB91-152660
486p |
1991
- NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (Third Edition). Fourth
Supplement.
National Inst. for Occupational Safety
and Health, Cincinnati, OH. Div. of Physical Sciences and
Engineering.
|
The
NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 3rd edition, was updated
for the following chemicals: allyl-glycidyl-ether
-
The list of chemicals for this abstract was truncated.
Too many to list, but includes:
sodium-fluoride
(7681-49-4)
hydrogen-fluoride
(7664-39-3)
cryolite,
sodium-hexafluoroaluminate (13775-53-6) |
NTIS/OTS0524020
EPA/OTS;
Doc #88-900000086 |
1990
- PROPORTIONATE MORTALITY STUDY OF ALCOA WORKERS (1980-1987)
WITH COVER LETTER DATED 03-29-90
|
Keywords:
ALUMINUM COMPANY OF AMERICA
CARBON OXIDES
HEALTH EFFECTS
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CAS
Registry Numbers:
57-12-5
1344-28-1
7446-09-5
7631-86-9
7664-41-7
7803-51-2
8007-45-2
15096-52-3
16984-48-8
64741-79-3
|
NTIS/PB88-218417
9p |
1988
- Pesticide Fact Sheet Number 2.1: Cryolite.
Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Pesticide
Programs.
|
The
document contains up-to-date chemical information, including
a summary of the Agency's regulatory position and rationale,
on a specific pesticide or group of pesticides. A Fact Sheet
is issued after one of the following actions has occurred.
(1) Issuance or reissuance of a registration standard, (2)
Issuance of each special review document, (3) Registration
of a significantly changed use pattern, (4) Registration
of a new chemical, or (5) An immediate need for information
to resolve controversial issues relating to a specific chemical
or use pattern. Supersedes PB87-116109. |
NTIS/PB88-216866
132p |
1988
- Guidance for the Reregistration of Pesticide Products
Containing Cryolite as the Active Ingredient. April
1988.
Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Pesticide
Programs.
|
The
document contains information regarding the registration
of pesticide products containing the subject active ingredient.
The document includes how to register under a registration
standard, regulatory position and rationale, and summaries
of date requirements and data gaps. Also included is a bibliography
containing citations of all studies reviewed by EPA in arriving
at the positions and conclusions contained in the standard.
See also report dated Jun 83, PB87-110300.
|
NTIS/PB87-110300
67p |
1983
- Guidance for the Reregistration of Pesticide Products
Containing Cryolite as the Active Ingredient.
Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Pesticide
Programs.
|
The
document contains information regarding the reregistration
of pesticide products containing the subject active ingredient.
The document includes how to register under a registration
standard, regulatory position and rationale, and summaries
of data requirements and data gaps. Also included is a
bibliography containing citations of all studies reviewed
by EPA in arriving at the positions and conclusions contained
in the standard.
|
NTIS/PB87-116109
6p |
1983
- Pesticide Fact Sheet Number 2: Cryolite.
Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Pesticide
Programs.
|
The
document contains up-to-date chemical information, including
a summary of the Agency's regulatory position and rationale,
on a specific pesticide or group of pesticides. A Fact Sheet
is issued after one of the following actions has occurred.
(1) Issuance or reissuance of a registration standard, (2)
Issuance of each special review document, (3) Registration
of a significantly changed use pattern, (4) Registration
of a new chemical, or (5) An immediate need for information
to resolve controversial issues relating to a specific chemical
or use pattern. |
NTIS/OTS0000041-0
EPA/OTS;
Doc #FYI-OTS-0981-0041 |
1981
- FINAL REPORT RE: DART IND TUPPERWARE WITH
ENCLOSURES
OSHA
|
Keywords:
U S DEPT OF LABOR
CELOGEN AZ
HEALTH EFFECTS
CASE REPORT
MAMMALS
HUMANS
EPIDEMIOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE |
CAS
Nos:
74-85-1
74-90-8
75-01-4
80-62-6
107-13-1
108-05-4
123-77-3
128-37-0
140-88-5
420-05-3
630-08-0
1592-23-0
7664-41-7
9002-88-4
9003-07-0
9011-14-7
15096-52-3 |
|
NTIS/PB81-136343
23p |
1980
-
Changes in the Respiration and Blood Circulation of Cod,
'Gadus morhua L.', Induced by Exposure to Pollutants
Authors:
Johnstone ADF, Hawkins AD
Marine
Lab., Aberdeen (Scotland). |
Experiments
on cod were conducted to examine the effects of a range
of potentially damaging substances on heart rate, gill
ventilation rate and amplitude, and oxygen uptake. The
test substances were cryolite recovery
sludge (an aluminum smelter waste), an oil dispersant
(BP 1100 WD), crude oil from the North Sea (Forties Field),
and a mixture of crude oil and dispersant in sea water.
The intention was to assess the value of various metabolic
parameters as early indicators of physiological damage
to the fish. Also pub. as ISSN-0308-8022.
Keywords:
Fishes
Respiration
Blood circulation
Toxicology
Water pollution effects(Animals)
Toxic substances
Order Number: |
NTIS/OTS0000041-0
EPA/OTS;
Doc #FYI-OTS-0879-0041 |
1979
- PRELIMINARY MEDICAL REPORT: OSHA INSPECTION, DART IND.
INC., JEROME, IDAHO JUNE 14-15,
1979
OSHA |
Keywords:
U S DEPT OF LABOR
CELOGEN AZ
HEALTH EFFECTS
CASE REPORT
MAMMALS
HUMANS
EPIDEMIOLOGY |
CAS
Nos:
74-85-1
74-90-8
75-01-4
80-62-6
107-13-1
108-05-4
123-77-3
128-37-0
140-88-5
420-05-3
630-08-0
1592-23-0
7664-41-7
9002-88-4
9003-07-0
9011-14-7
15096-52-3 |
|
NTIS/PB82-110065
6p |
1978
-
Walk-Through Survey at Reynolds Aluminum Company Primary
Metals Division, Longview, Washington
Authors:
Brown Jn
National Inst. for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati,
OH. Div. of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field
Studies. |
The
Longview factory of Reynolds Aluminum Company (SIC-3334)
in Longview, Washington, was evaluated on July 28, 1978,
for inclusion in a NIOSH retrospective case control study
of worker exposures to particulate polycyclic organic matter.
The factory contained a north and south facility, built
in 1966 and 1941, respectively. Both facilities employed
about 400 workers each. The factory maintained a full time
doctor and a nurse. Preemployment examinations were required,
and annual medical screenings were provided. Complete physical
examinations were given every 4 years for workers under
35, and every 2 years for workers over 40. Alumina was converted
to aluminum by dissolution in molten cryolite, electrolytic
reduction through a carbon anode to a carbon cathode in
a reduction cell, separation of oxygen, and liberation of
carbon dioxide. Petroleum pitch and coal tar were used in
the production of the reduction cell. Design, operation
procedures and engineering controls were markedly different
betwee [abstract truncated] |
NTIS/PB82-110032
6p |
1978
- Walk-Through Survey Report, Aluminum
Company of America-Alcoa, Badin, North Carolina
Authors:
Brown Jn
National Inst. for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati,
OH. |
The
Badin facility of the Aluminum Company of America-Alcoa
(SIC-3334) was evaluated on July 13, 1978, for inclusion
in a NIOSH retrospective case control study of worker exposures
to particulate polycyclic organic matter. The number of
workers was not provided. The facility was originally built
in 1916, but was completely redesigned in 1962. Potlines
were operated continuously 7 days per week. Prebaked anodes
were prepared in the carbon area with petroleum and coal
tar pitch. Cathodes were produced from anthracite coal and
coal tar pitch. Aluminum was produced
by electrolytic reduction of alumina in molten cryolite
to form aluminum and oxygen. The oxygen was converted
to carbon dioxide and was released. Molten aluminum settled
to the bottom of the pot and was periodically siphoned off.
All potroom workers were required to wear respirators, safety
glasses and shoes, and long sleeved clothing. Three part
time physicians and one full time nurse were employed. Preemployment
and periodic medical exa [ abstract truncated] |
NTIS/PB89-161277
20p |
1977
- Health Hazard Evaluation Determination Report No. 76-33-431,
76-34-431, Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corporation, Ravenswood,
West Virginia.
National
Inst. for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati,
OH. |
A Health
Hazard Evaluation investigation was conducted by NIOSH on
July 27-29, 1977, at the Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corporation,
Ravenswood, West Virginia in the facility for the production
of virgin aluminum metal by electrolytic reduction of alumina
(1344281) using prebaked carbon electrodes and cryolite
(1344-75-8) flux. Environmental sampling revealed
that the anode setters in the pot area may be exposed to
excessive concentrations of aluminum oxide (1344281), while
fluoride exposure was not excessive. In the casting area
exposure to carbon monoxide (630080), sulfur dioxide (7446095)
and ammonia (7664417) was minimal. According to available
medical data, the findings related to determining whether
a high rate of coronary disease existed were inconclusive.
Recommendations are made for environmental control and medical
surveillance of employees. See also PB82-150210. |
From
Toxline at Toxnet
Scandinavian
Journal of Work, Environment and Health, Vol. 19, Supplement
1, pages 108-109, 5 references, 1993
Excess
Cancer Incidence among Workers Exposed to Fluoride
Grandjean
P, Olsen JH, Juel K
The results of a study of cancer among workers occupationally
exposed to fluoride were summarized. The
cohort consisted of 522 cryolite (15096-52-3)
workers, 425 males, employed for at least 6 months
between 1924 and 1961 at a cryolite processing facility
in Copenhagen, Denmark. The average daily fluoride absorption
of the workforce had been estimated to be about 35 milligrams
and many workers had developed
serious skeletal fluorosis. Mortality in the
cohort was recorded from 1941 to 1989 and cancer morbidity
from 1943 to 1987. A total of
300 deaths occurred among the male cryolite workers
versus 223 expected. No excess of cardiovascular
mortality was seen in the cohort. A total of 119 incident
cases of cancer occurred among male cryolite workers
versus 103.6 expected. Excesses
of cancer of the lungs, larynx, and urinary bladder
were detected in male cryolite workers. Maximum
morbidity occurred after 10 to 19 years of exposure.
Two cases of bladder cancer occurred
among female workers [97 women in study]. No
cases of bone cancer were detected in the cohort. The
authors conclude that since the cryolite workers have
been exposed to high concentrations of fluoride dust
but not to other suspected carcinogens, heavy respiratory
exposure to fluorides may have contributed to the increased
cancer risk observed in the cohort. The
potential role of fluoride in the etiology of bladder
cancer requires further investigation.
|
For
full abstract see: http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/cryolite.1995.heath.effects.htm
Nord
Vol:28 (1995) pp 28-50
Health
effects of selected chemicals 3. Cryolite (sodium aluminium
fluoride)
Soderlund E
Cryolite
occurs in the nature as monoclinic crystals or in synthetic
form as an amorphous powder. The natural form may be
coloured reddish or brown or even black. Cryolite has
a melting point >1 000 degrees C and its
main use is in the production of aluminum where it forms
the electrolytic bath. It has also found industrial
use in the production of insecticides, metals and alloys,
glass and enamels, welding rods, resins, explosives
and fireworks, and polishes. The toxic effects of cryolite
are largely due to its content of aluminum and fluoride.
Thus, its toxic effects, if not known, have to be based
on known adverse effects of aluminum and fluoride. Fluoride
appears to be easily absorbed from the gastrointestinal
tract and the lungs following exposure to cryolite ...
There
are no data available in the literature allowing the
assessment of acute toxicity of cryolite following dermal
or inhalation exposure ... There
are no relevant data either from humans or animals to
assess irritating or corrosive effects of cryolite ...
The
main route of exposure to cryolite is by inhalation.
|
FLUORIDE;
30 (3). 1997. 142-146.
Fluoride
in California wines and raisins.
BURGSTAHLER AW, ROBINSON MA
Department.
of Chemistry, Malott Hall, Univ. Kansas, Lawrence, KS
66045, USA.
Fluoride ion-selective electrode analyses of nineteen
California wines revealed fluoride concentrations ranging
from 0.23 to 2.80 ppm (mean 1.02 ppm, with seven samples
above the international limit of 1 ppm). The water-extractable
F content of five brands of California raisins varied
from 0.83 to 5.20 ppm (mean 2.71 ppm). Elevated F levels
in these wines and raisins appear to result from pesticide
use of cryolite (Na3AIF6) in the vineyards. Potential
toxic effects of F in conjunction with aluminum and
sulfites in wine are discussed.
|
From
Toxline at Toxnet
AM
J ENOL VITIC; 30 (3). 1979.
202-204.
Levels
of cryolite on Thompson Seedless grapes and raisins.
ARCHER TE, GAUER WO
Dep.
Environ. Toxicol., Univ. Calif., Davis, Calif. 95616,
USA.
HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Cryolite (sodium aluminofluoride,
Na3AlF6) was applied to Thompson Seedless grapes at
various rates and in various formulations for control
of the omnivorous leaf roller. Grapes
given a single application of cryolite had acceptable
residue levels 30 days after application (4.9 and 5.1
ppm). When the same formulation was applied on
2 separate dates, June 3 and July 21, initial residues
on the grapes were much greater but residues 30 days
later were about the same (5.9 ppm). Late
applications, especially 2 applications, resulted in
unacceptably high residues on washed, dried and sorted
raisins produced from the grapes (> 7.0 ppm).
|
From
Toxline at Toxnet
Source:
Acta Radiologica, Vol. 13, pages 269-294, 10 references,
1932
Massive
Fluorosis of Bones and Ligaments
Moller PF, Gudjonsson SV
The authors record the results of their clinical examination
of 78 workers engaged in the crushing
and refining of cryolite. Beside
silicosis (to as much as the second degree) which was
present in 39, the following three diseases were
found to be common in these workers:
1) A curious sclerotic affection
of bones, ligaments, and muscular attachments,
probably due to the deposition of calcium-fluoride (7789-75-5)
in the bones (The authors believe that the occurrence
of this disease in man has not been described before.
It was found in 30 of the workers examined.);
2) an acutely arising and acutely
revolving affection of the stomach, supposedly
due to a slight corrosion of the mucous lining of that
organ, owing to some of the fluorine (7782-41-4) contained
in the swallowed cryolite-dust being changed by the
hydrochloric-acid (7647-01-0) of the stomach into hydrofluorine;
and
3) a pronounced oligemia, found
in 11 of the 30 workers in whom pathological changes
in the bones were observed.
These changes in the bones are described in detail,
and the causes of their occurrence, as well as that
of the other symptoms, and the connection of these with
the fluorine contained in the cryolite, are discussed.
The results of the investigation are compared with those
of an investigation made of 21 other workers from industries
where fluorine and materials containing fluorine are
used. Also animal experiments with experimental feeding
with cryolite are spoken of, but a more detailed description
of these is reserved for a future communication.
|
From
Toxline at Toxnet
Toxikologische
Bewertung. Heidelberg, Berufsgenossenschaft der chemischen
Industrie Vol:107 (1992)
22 p
Natriumaluminiumfluorid
(Kryolith)
Authors:
Anonymous
Abstract: Cryolite is virtually not absorbed from the
gastrointestinal tract of rats, rabbits and dogs, and
is almost entirely excreted as total fluoride in the
faeces. The absorbed part is stored
in the skeletal system and, in dogs, to a lesser extent
in the liver and kidneys. Very little is eliminated
via the urine. It is also observed in humans following
exposure. According to the existing results from animal
experiments, cryolite has almost no acute toxicity (oral
LD50 rat: up to more than 33600 mg/kg, oral LD50 rabbit:
between 9000 and 12000 mg/kg). There are apparently
only very old studies on the subchronic toxicity of
cryolite following oral administration in rats, with
some contradictory results. The no effect levels and
threshold doses are 6 mg/kg bodyweight and 250 mg/kg
bodyweight. On
the other hand, initial changes in the teeth
are reported after repeated doses of 1 to 2 mg/kg body
weight in rats. In the Salmonella/microsome test,
cryolite is negative in strains TA 1535, TA 100, TA
1537 and TA 98, and is therefore not point mutagenic.
In vivo however, repeated inhalative
exposure produces a clastogenic effect in the bone marrow
cells of rats. However, with the inadequate random
samples of this study it is almost impossible to draw
conclusions that can be substantiated, so that the results
need to be evaluated with caution. During production
and processing of cryolite there is always mixed exposure
to other fluorine compounds. Experience with humans
reported in the literature is thus not based solely
on cryolite and this should be taken into account. Where
restricted to working procedures where exposure to cryolite
predominates, i.e. in the processing
of natural Greenland cryolite, observations made in
humans can be summarized as follows: The
fluorosis syndrome manifests itself mainly as osteosclerosis,
with arthralgia and restrictions in movement of the
joints as well as ossification of tendons, ligaments
and muscle attachments. Skeletal fluorosis appears
to be only slowly reversible once exposure ceases. In
addition to skeletal changes, pulmonary emphysema can
also occur following chronic exposure to cryolite. Certain
changes that occured in some cases (detectable by x-radiography),
and which were interpreted as "slight pulmonary
fibrosis or the beginnings of pulmonary fibrosis"
were apparently reversible. A carcinogenic effect
of cryolite in humans, especially in the respiratory
organs, is discussed. But the available epidemiological
data does not allow anything to be said regarding the
carcinogenic potential of cryolite. A 28-day dust-inhalation
study and an in vivo chromosome aberration test with
cryolite is currently being planned on behalf of BG-Chemie.
Thus, cryolite is not acutely toxic; longer dosing produce
changes in the teeth. An in vivo clastogenic effect
is described in the rat following repeated inhalation
but this does not withstand critical examination. In
humans, cryolite mainly gives rise to fluorosis with
osteosclerosis.
CAS Registry Numbers:
13775-53-6
15096-52-3
Language:
German
|
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14966980
Inorg Chem. 2004
Feb 23;43(4):1436-40.
F2Al(mu-eta2:eta2-O2)AlF2: an unusual, stable aluminum
peroxo compound.
Hammerl
A, Welch BJ, Schwerdtfeger P.
Department of Chemistry,
University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
The oxidation processes
in the industrial production of aluminum from cryolite
melts are not fully understood. Oxidation of AlOF2- leads initially
to AlOF2 radicals. The structure of the AlOF2 dimer and several
oxidized and reduced forms of this compound are investigated
by theoretical methods and compared to analogous boron and gallium
compounds. The thermodynamic stability of these compounds is
investigated. It is shown that the dimeric compound of AlOF2
contains a symmetric peroxo bridge and is unexpectedly stable
toward decomposition.
PMID: 14966980
[PubMed
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12712585
Izv Akad Nauk Ser
Biol. 2003 Mar-Apr;(2):236-53.
[Testaceans
(Protozoa: Testacea) in quaternary permafrost sediments of Bykovsky
Peninsula, arctic Yakutia]
[Article in
Russian]
Bobrov AA, Siegert Ch, Schirrmeister L,
Andreev AA.
Faculty of Soil Science, Moscow State University, Vorob'evy
gory, Moscow, 119992 Russia. Anatoly@Bobrov.soils.msu.su
The results of the first protozoological study in terms of paleoecology
of long-term sediments and buried soils formed in the cryolite
zone of northeastern Siberia are discussed. The data
on testaceans (Protozoa: Testacea) inhabiting various sites
of Bykovsky Peninsula, Laptev Sea coast near estuary of Lena,
within the last 53,000 years (late Pleistocene and Holocene).
PMID: 12712585 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11800547&dopt=Abstract
Ecotoxicol Environ
Saf. 2002 Jan;51(1):28-34.
Toxicity
of bauxite manufacturing by-products in sea urchin embryos.
Pagano
G, Meric S, De Biase A, laccarino M, Petruzzelli D, Tunay O,
Warnau M.
Istituto Nazionale
per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Fondazione Pascale, I-80131,
Naples, Italy. gbpagano@tin.it
By-products from
a bauxite manufacturing plant located in Seydisehir, Turkey,
were investigated for their composition and any toxicity to
sea urchin embryogenesis. Samples from three other bauxite plants
located in France, Greece, and Italy were simultaneously tested
for toxicity in sea urchin embryos. Samples included sludge
and solid residues in the plant and sediment and water columns
from two holding ponds (red sludge or
cryolite residues). Samples were analyzed for their inorganic
content by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy
(ICP-OES). Analyses were carried out either following strong
acid extraction or after release of soluble components from
seawater-suspended pellets. Toxicity was tested by sea urchin
bioassays, to evaluate the following endpoints:
(a) acute and/or developmental toxicity,
(b) changes in fertilization success, and
(c) transmissible damage from sperm to offspring.
The results revealed the following:
(1) inorganic analysis, following strong acid extraction, showed
a prevalence of Al and Fe;
(2) seawater release of soluble contaminants was confined to
Fe and Mn, whereas Al levels were not changed by suspending
increasing sample amounts in seawater;
(3) the most severe toxicity to sea urchin embryos was exerted
by a 2% water column from the red sludge holding pond and by
soil and sludge collected near the plant reactor;
(4) sludge supernatant was the most toxic sample to sperm and
offspring.
The data showed a prevailing association of free Fe (and possibly
Mn) levels with Seydisehir sample toxicity. The water column
of the red sludge holding pond showed both excess levels of
free Al and high pH, thus suggesting a combined effect. The
differences in sample toxicity in the Seydisehir plant compared
with other bauxite manufacturing plants suggest a possible variable
toxicity as related to bauxite ore composition and/or manufacturing
processes.
PMID: 11800547
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10949254&dopt=Abstract
Health Phys. 2000
Sep;79(3):286-90.
Uranium
content and leachable fraction of fluorspars.
Landa
ER, Councell TB.
US Geological Survey,
Reston, VA 20192, USA. erlanda@usgs.gov
Much attention in
the radiological health community has recently focused on the
management and regulation of naturally occurring radioactive
materials. Although uranium-bearing minerals are present in
a variety of fluorspar deposits, their potential consideration
as naturally occurring radioactive materials has received only
limited recognition. The uranium content of 28 samples of acid-
and cryolite-grade (>97% CaF2) fluorspar
from the National Defense Stockpile was found to range from
120 to 24,200 microg kg(-1), with a mean of 2,145 microg kg(-1).
As a point of comparison, the average concentration of uranium
in the upper crust of the earth is about 2,500 microg kg(-1).
Leachability of this uranium was assessed by means of the Toxicity
Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP). The TCLP extractable
fraction ranged from 1 to 98%, with a mean of 24% of the total
uranium. The typically
low concentrations of uranium seen in these materials probably
reflects the removal of uranium-bearing mineral phases during
the beneficiation of the crude fluorspar ore to achieve industrial
specifications. Future NORM studies should examine crude fluorspar
ores and flotation tailings.
PMID: 10949254
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
From
Toxline at Toxnet
Source: Crisp Data
Base National Institutes of Health
Document Number:
CRISP/2000/OH03965-02 - 2000
Supporting Agency:
U.S. DEPT. OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES; PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE;
NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH, NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL
SAFETY AND HEALTH
PEAK
EXPOSURES IN ALUMINUM SMELTING
SEIXAS
NS
UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON,
BOX 357234, SEATTLE, WA 98195
Source: Crisp Data Base National Institutes of Health
Workers operating aluminum smelting potrooms are at increased
risk of asthma and other respiratory conditions, however the
etiologic agent(s) have not been determined. Prime candidates
for these problems are the acid gases, hydrogen
fluoride (HF) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) which are released
during particular phases of the smelting operations, producing
high transient peaks of exposure. Peak
exposures to particulate (including alumina, cryolite and aluminum
fluoride) also occur during these operations. These
peak exposures may be important factors in producing the observed
pulmonary effects. We propose to adapt real-time instruments
for monitoring HF and SO2 and non-specific particulate, integrating
currently available, electrochemical sensor and light scattering
technology and, using these instruments, to monitor exposure
in four aluminum smelting operations. Peak exposures will be
characterized within specific job tasks and distribution of
these exposures will be modeled as a function of smelter technology,
location, work task, etc. Monitoring will also be conducted
using time-integrating instruments in order to characterize
the particle size distribution and to calibrate the direct reading
instrument's response. Work observations will be conducted in
order to identify the tasks conducted and location of the worker
during these monitoring periods and determine the use of respiratory
protection. Respirator fit factors will be determined on each
subject before and after each monitored period using a controlled
negative pressure respirator test system. A set of exposure/dose
metrics will be developed to characterize exposure and pulmonary
dose during smelter work processes. These metrics will account
for the variable exposure distributions and the time-course
of exposure. In addition, regional pulmonary deposition of particles
and gases, and the effectiveness of respiratory protection will
be incorporated into these metrics. The association of the exposure
/dose metrics that incorporate peak exposures will be applied
to a previously studied inception cohort of potroom workers.
Alternative metrics using only average exposures, and the metrics
incorporating peak information and pulmonary dose estimates
will be compared in order to assess the likelihood that the
development of increased bronchial hyper-responsiveness and
asthma-like symptoms are associated with acid gas peaks.
Order Number: NTIS/OTS0574120
Source: EPA/OTS; Doc #88010000052
INITIAL SUBMISSION: SODIUM HEXAFLUOROALUMINATE
(NATRIUMALUMINIUMFLUORID) - 90 DAY REPEAT DOSE INHALATION STUDY
IN RATS (SNOUT ONLY EXPOSURE), WITH COVER LETTER DATED 12/22/2000
HUNTINGDON LIFE SCIENCES LTD
Keywords:
SOLVAY AMERICA INC
SODIUM HEXAFLUOROALUMINATE
HEALTH EFFECTS
SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY
MAMMALS
RATS
INHALATION
CAS Registry Number: 13775-53-6
From
Toxline at Toxnet
FLUORIDE; 31 (1). 1998. 13-20.
THE PRESKELETAL PHASE OF CHRONIC FLUORIDE
INTOXICATION
WALDBOTT GL
BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM JOURNAL ARTICLE HUMAN PATIENT
CRYOLITE WORKER FLUORIDE DRINKING WATER TOXICITY SKELETAL
FLUOROSIS CHRONIC FLUORIDE INTOXICATION TOXICOLOGY FLUORIDATION
ORTHOPEDICS BONE DISEASE PRESKELETAL PHASE SKIN SYMPTOMS RESPIRATORY
SYMPTOMS MUSCULO-SKELETAL SYMPTOMS NEUROLOGICAL SYMPTOMS GASTROINTESTINAL
SYMPTOMS DIAGNOSIS
From
Toxline at Toxnet
NTIS/ADA362300
- 1996
General
Toxicityeproductive Toxicity Screen of Modular Artillery Charge
System (XM232) Administered in the Diet of Sprague-Dawley Rats.
Eggers
JS, Kinkead ER, Feldmann ML, Wolfe RE, Flemming CD
ManTech-Geocenters
Joint Venture, Dayton, OH.
An artillery propellant under development
by the US Army is a granular mixture of 98% nitrocellulose,
nitroglycerine, nitroguanidine, and <2% cryolite and graphite.
The propellant, Modular Artillery Charge System, or MACS, consists
of a single increment of propellant charge contained within
a rigid, combustible casing. As part of the process to develop
environmental and health effects criteria, a 90-day modified
Screening information Data Set reproductive assay was performed.
Male and Female Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with diet containing
either 0.0, 0.2, 1.0 or 2.0 g propellant/kg diet. No mortalities
occurred and body weights were unaffected by treatment. Methemoglobin
concentrations of high-dose rats measured after 28 days and
at the conclusion of the study were significantly elevated (23-25%)
compared to control rats. Relative organ weights of treated
animals did not differ from weights of their respective control
groups. No adverse effects occurred in mating or fertility indices.
N [abstract truncated]
Order Number: NTIS/ADA362300,
Product reproduced from digital image. Order this product
from NTIS by: phone at 1-800-553-NTIS (U.S. customers); (703)605-6000
(other countries); fax at (703)605-6900; and email at orders
ntis.fedworld.gov. NTIS is located at 5285 Port Royal Road,
Springfield, VA, 22161, USA., 48p
From
Toxline at Toxnet
PESTICIDE SCIENCE; 48 (3). 1996.
199-204.
Toxicity of mixtures of Bacillus thuringiensis
with endosulfan and other insecticides to the cotton boll worm
Helicoverpa armigera.
PREE DJ, DALY JC
Agric. Agri-Food Can., Pest Manage. Res. Cent., PO Box 6000,
4902 Victoria Ave. North, Vineland Station, ON L0R 2E0, Canada.
In the laboratory, low concentrations of Bacillus thuringiensis
Berliner (B.t.), as 'Dipel' 2X applied (at about the LC5) to
cotton leaves enhanced the activity of endosulfan and reduced
resistance to endosulfan from approximately seven fold to two
fold in neonate larvae of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner). Low
(LC5) concentrations of endosulfan also increased the toxicity
of B.t. Both endosulfan and B.t. increased
the toxicity of the stomach poison cryolite to H. armigera.
This increased toxicity was not observed where B.t./endosulfan
combinations were applied topically to larvae or where B.t.
was combined with organophosphorus or pyrethroid insecticides
which are considered primarily to be contact toxicants. Mixtures
of B.t. and endosulfan applied at equitoxic concentrations were
less toxic than similar concentrations applied alone.
From
Toxline at Toxnet
NTIS/AD-A317 190/7,
29p - 1995
Range-Finding
Study for a Reproductive Screen of Modular Artillery Charge
System (XM231232) Administered in the Diet of Sprague-Dawley
Rats./PHARMACOLOGY
Kinkead
ER, Freedman ML, Wolfe RE, Fleming CD, Pollard DL
ManTech Environmental
Technology, Inc., Dayton, OH.
An artillery propellant under development by the U.S. Army is
a granular mixture of nitrocelinlose, nitroglycerin, nitroguanidine,
ethylcentralite, cryolite, and
graphite. The propellant, Modniar Artillery Charge System or
MACS, consists of a single increment of propellant charge contained
within a rigid combustible casing. Nitrocellulose, nitroglycerin,
and nitroguanidine make up greater than 98% of the total propellant
mixture. As part of the process to develop environmental and
health effects criteria, a 90-day modified Screening Information
Data Set reproductive assay is planned. In order to provide
information on clinical signs, methemoglobin formation and possible
target organs, as well as determine dose levels, a range- finding
study was performed. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were
treated with diet containing either O.O,0.2S, or 2.Og propellant/kg
diet for a three-week period. No mortalities occurred and body
weights were unaffected by treatment. Methemoglobin concentrations
measur [abstract truncated]
From
Toxline at Toxnet
Source: BURDITT, A. K. JR. (ED.). ARTHROPOD MANAGEMENT TESTS,
VOL. 20. III+399P. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA: LANHAM,
MARYLAND, USA. ISBN 0-938522-53-1.; 0 (0). 1995.
352.
BIOASSAY EFFECT OF FIELD-AGED RESIDUE
DEGRADATION OF CRYOLITE 1994
BRUNNER JF, DOERR MD, SMITH LO
Abstract:
BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM BOOK CHAPTER PANDEMIS-PYRUSANA
CHORISTONEURA-ROSACEANA KRYOCIDE INSECTICIDE PESTICIDE EVALUATION
ARTHROPOD MANAGEMENT TEST LABORATORY BIOASSAY WENATCHEE WASHINGTON
USA
From
Toxline at Toxnet
FLUORIDE; 27 (4). 1994. 194-200.
A method for estimating individual predisposition
to occupational fluorosis.
POLZIK EV, ZINGER VE, VALOVA GA, KAZANTSEV
VS, YAKUSHEVA M YU
Ecol. Safety Cent., Ural Div. Acad. Sci., Ekaterinburg 620219,
Russia.
BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The occupational fluorosis risk
factors were estimated in a three- stage study among the workers
of aluminum and cryolite plants
using dermatoglyphics as a genetic marker. This study helped:
1) to establish the existence of genetic predisposition to fluorosis
and develop criteria for estimating it, and
2) to prove that predisposition to fluorosis was associated
with the same dermatoglyphic features in the workers of both
industrial groups.
Multifactorial analysis of the set of 15 genetic and non-genetic
factors was performed with the help of pattern recognition methods,
and demonstrated reliable (90-100%) discrimination between two
groups of workers: those who had developed fluorosis and those
who had not. Each of the 15 risk factors under study was examined
for the degree and the direction of influence. A PC software
program was developed in the course of the study, making possible
the the estimation of individual predisposition to the disease.
The method was used to [abstract truncated]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7974785&dopt=Abstract
Tsitol Genet.
1994 May-Jun;28(3):56-9.
[Dermatoglyphic
indices in assessing the predisposition to occupational fluorosis]
[Article in Russian]
Valova
GA, Polzik EV, Zinger VE, Shcherbakov SV.
Dermatoglyphic investigations
which prove the existence of genetic predisposition to occupational
fluorosis in workers of aluminum and criolite
plants were carried out. Mathematical
methods of pattern recognition were used for the multifactorial
analysis. It was found that the complex analysis of ten the
most informative dermatoglyphic parameters permits to prognosticate
a genetically determined risk of this occupational disease.
PMID: 7974785
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7987560&dopt=Abstract
Med Tr Prom Ekol.
1994;(8):20-3.
[Effectiveness
of glutamate in the treatment of early manifestations of occupational
fluorosis]
[Article in Russian]
Grekhova
TD, Katsnelson BA, Kolmogortseva VM, Konysheva LK, Babakova
OM.
Efficiency of glutamic
acid for therapy of early signs of occupational fluorosis was
studied in workers engaged into cryolite production. The study
proved that use of glutamic acid in occupational conditions
prevents progressing of metabolic disorders. The results encourage
recommendations to include glutamate into therapeutic and prophylactic
nutrition of workers exposed to fluor
compounds, into nutritive additions according to special
recipe.
PMID: 7987560
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
From
Toxline at Toxnet
FLUORIDE; 26 (4). 1993. 257-262.
Factors
of individual predisposition to occupational fluorosis.
POLZIK EV, VALOVA GA, SHCHERBAKOV SV,
YAKUSHEVA M YU
Ecological Safety Cent., Ural Div., Russian Acad. Sci., Ekaterinburg
620219, RUS.
BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Fourteen different risk factors
for occupational fluorosis were studied comprehensively among
workers engaged in cryolite production.
For multifactorial analysis use was made of mathematical methods
of pattern recognition. The results of recognition of the "exam"
samples are as follows: the group of workers who did not fall
ill with fluorosis - 81.4%; the group of workers who fell ill
with fluorosis - 66.6%. Each factor was estimated for its degree
and direction of influence. For estimating genetic predisposition
to fluorosis dermatoglyphics were used as markers. The elimination
of the effect of basic non-genetic risk factors and comprehensive
analysis using the pattern recognition
methods show that genetic predisposition to fluorosis does exist.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8088573&dopt=Abstract
Gig Sanit. 1993
Apr;(4):22-5.
No
Abstract available
[Risk
factors of fluorosis in workers of aluminum and cryolite plants]
[Article in Russian]
Valova
GA, Polzik EV, Shcherbakov SV, Gureva OL.
PMID: 8088573
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
From
Toxline at Toxnet
CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST; 125 (6). 1993.
987-994.
Toxicity of insecticides used in citrus
to Aphytis melinus DeBach (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) and Rhizobius
lophanthae (Blaisd.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae).
BELLOWS T S JR, MORSE JG
Dep. Entomol., Univ. Calif., Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The 48-h toxicities of freshly deposited
residues of 28 insecticides against Aphytis melinus DeBach and
Rhizobius lophanthae (Blaisd.) were evaluated at various rates.
Rates as high as 4-fold the recommended
filed rate of several materials (formulated plant alkaloids,
amitraz, formulated Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner endotoxin
or exotoxin, and cryolite) revealed
little mortality to either species. Concentration-mortality
regressions were quantified for the remaining materials, which
included five carbamates, a macrocyclic lactone, eight organophosphates,
and four pyrethroids. Of these, pyrethroids in general were
most toxic, followed by carbamates, and then organophosphates,
to both species. Most materials tested were more toxic to A.
melinus than to R. lophanthae.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1460672&dopt=Abstract
J Natl Cancer Inst.
1992 Dec 16;84(24):1903-9.
Cancer
incidence and mortality in workers exposed to fluoride.
Grandjean
P, Olsen JH, Jensen OM, Juel K.
Department of Environmental Medicine, Odense University, Denmark.
BACKGROUND: Although a recent bioassay showed increased frequency
of bone cancer in rats with high oral intake of fluoride, the
data are reported as equivocal evidence of carcinogenicity.
In humans, occupational fluoride exposure may cause skeletal
fluorosis, and our earlier follow-up of fluoride-exposed workers
showed increased incidence of respiratory cancers.
PURPOSE: To further evaluate occupational fluoride exposure
as a carcinogenic risk factor, we extended by approximately
one decade the follow-up of a cohort of 425 men and 97 women
employed for at least 6 months in the period 1924-1961 at the
Copenhagen cryolite processing plant.
Cryolite ore contains about 50% fluoride.
METHODS: Cancer mortality was determined for the period 1941-1989,
and incidence for 1943-1987. For comparison, we used national
mortality rates and cancer incidence rates for the Copenhagen
area.
RESULTS: Among the men, 300 deaths occurred; 223 were expected.
Respiratory (lung and laryngeal) cancers
and violent death were responsible for most of this excess;
rates for mortality from cardiovascular disease were close to
the rates expected. Of the 423 male workers, 119 developed cancers;
103.6 were expected. There was excess
incidence of cancers of the lungs (35 men; standard incidence
ratio [SIR] = 1.35), larynx (5 men; SIR = 2.29), and urinary
bladder (17 men; SIR = 1.84). Maximum incidence occurred after
10-19 years of employment, but otherwise, no stable relationship
between cancer incidence and duration of employment was observed.
The incidence of respiratory and urinary
cancers was particularly high in men less than 35 years old
at first employment. Cancers in female workers were too
few to allow detailed evaluation.
CONCLUSIONS: The increased incidence of respiratory cancers
suggests that cigarette smoking was frequent in this cohort,
despite the unremarkable cardiovascular mortality, but the
disproportionate increase in the incidence of bladder cancer
is difficult to explain by smoking habits alone. Because
this industrial cohort was exposed to high concentrations of
fluoride dust, heavy respiratory exposure to fluoride may have
contributed to the increased cancer risk. If these workers
inhaled a carcinogenic substance partly excreted in the urine,
an increased incidence of respiratory and bladder cancers would
not be inconceivable.
IMPLICATION: The potential role of fluoride
as a cause of bladder cancer needs to be explored.
PMID: 1460672
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1427324&dopt=Abstract
Gig Tr Prof Zabol.
1992;(3):6-8.
[The
clinical characteristics of the early stages of occupational
fluorosis under the combined and joint action of production
factors]
[Article in Russian]
Semennikova
TK, Zhovtiak EP, Likhacheva EI, Kolmogortseva VM, Kraeva SL,
Shcherbakov SV.
Over 1000 workers
of hydrofluoric and cryolite enterprises
and electrolysis shops of aluminium enterprises were examined.
Subjects exposed to soluble hydrofluorides presented in the
early stage of chronic intoxication with a variety of syndromes,
that was characteristic of intoxication with poisons of general
toxic action with involvement of hepatobiliary,
digestive, circulatory and autonomic nervous systems.
Combined exposure to fluoric compounds, heating microclimate
and electromagnetic fields results in a graver involvement of
the circulatory and autonomic nervous systems. Clinical and
experimental data show, that osteoarthrosis deformans of the
major joints (primarily elbow joint) must be regarded as one
of the symptoms of fluorosis, when other intoxication signs
are present.
PMID: 1427324
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Order Number: NTIS/PB93-963909
Superfund Record of Decision (EPA Region
3): Lindane Dump Site, Harrison Township, Allegheny County,
PA. (First Remedial Action), March 1992.
Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, DC. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response.
TD3: The 61.8-acre Lindane Dump is located in the Allegheny
River Valley in Harrison Township, near Natron, Pennsylvania.
In 1985, Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Company (later known
as Pennsalt, then Pennwalt) used the site for waste disposal
of mining tailings and cinders. Tailings from the mining operations
and cinders (bottom ash) from steam and electrical power generation
at the plant were placed onsite, and sulfuric acid was produced
at the Pennsalt plant. The operation was discontinued prior
to 1920 and resultant cinder and slag, along with cryolite
ore tailings, BHC (Lindane) filter cake residuals containing
pesticides, and waste sulfuric acid containing DDT were disposed
of onsite. The ROD addresses contaminated soils and controlling
ground water and surface water contamination. The primary contaminants
of concern affecting the soil and ground water are VOCs, including
benzene, and the pesticide Lindane. The selected remedial action
for the site are included. Final report.
From
Toxline at Toxnet
GIG SANIT; 0 (11-12). 1992. 42-44.
CHRONIC EFFECT OF FLUORIDES ON THE STATE
OF THE PANCREATIC ISLET SYSTEM IN WORKERS
TOKAR' VI, ZYRYANOVA VV, SHCHERBAKOV SV
Abstract: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM HUMAN OCCUPATIONAL
HEALTH CRYOLITE INDUSTRY TOXICITY
INSULIN C-PEPTIDE
CAS Registry Numbers:
15096-52-3
7782-41-4 - Fluorine
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2324845&dopt=Abstract
J Occup Med. 1990
Jan;32(1):58-63.
Fluoride,
aluminum, and phosphate kinetics in cryolite workers.
Grandjean
P, Horder M, Thomassen Y.
Department of Environmental
Medicine, Odense University, Denmark.
Exposure
to cryolite (Na3AlF6) dust may result in skeletal fluorosis.
Eight male workers at a cryolite concentrator participated in
a 4-day study after 5 days of vacation. Dust exposures were
0.16 to 21.2 mg/m3. Urine was collected before work began and
during two 4-hour periods. Preshift urine fluoride concentrations
increased during the week. Fluoride concentrations in postshift
urine and serum both correlated with the dust exposures. Serum
fluoride concentrations decreased with a half-life of 3.3 to
6.9 hours after work. Fluoride clearance was 40.5 to 76.5 mL/min
at urinary flow rates of 0.89 to 2.21 mL/min. Serum aluminum
concentrations varied without relation to the exposure, but
the urinary aluminum excretion correlated with the fluoride
levels. Preshift serum-phosphate concentrations increased significantly
during the week, possibly indicating changes in mineral metabolism.
For monitoring of individual uptake of cryolite dust, serum
fluoride measurements are most useful.
PMID: 2324845
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Order Number: NTIS/OTS0524020
Source: EPA/OTS; Doc #88-900000086
PROPORTIONATE MORTALITY
STUDY OF ALCOA WORKERS (1980-1987) WITH COVER LETTER DATED 03-29-90
Keywords:
ALUMINUM COMPANY OF AMERICA
CARBON OXIDES
HEALTH EFFECTS
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CAS Registry Numbers:
57-12-5 - Cyanide
1344-28-1 - Aluminum oxide
7446-09-5 - Sulfur dioxide
7631-86-9 - Siliceous earth, purified
7664-41-7 - Ammonia
7803-51-2 - Phosphine
8007-45-2 - Coal tar
15096-52-3 - Cryollite
16984-48-8 - Fluoride, inorganic
64741-79-3 - Coke, petroleum
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2622142&dopt=Abstract
J Soc Occup Med.
1989 Winter;39(4):133-5.
Cross-sectional
study of health effects of cryolite production.
Friis
H, Clausen J, Gyntelberg F.
A cross-sectional
health study of 101 cryolite workers was performed, using spirometry
and a questionnaire. Multiple regression analysis revealed a
significant correlation between the index of smoking and a decrease
in FEV1 (per cent). There was no significant correlation between
work-related exposure and lung function. Many cryolite workers
described a group of symptoms appearing after 15 to 30 min of
heavy dust exposure: nausea, followed by epigastric pain with
relief after spontaneous or provoked vomiting. Thirty-four (33.6
per cent) workers complained of nausea, vomiting or diarrhoea
in relation to work, compared to 3.8 per cent of 1752 men participating
in the Copenhagen Male Study.
PMID: 2622142
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
From
Toxline at Toxnet
Applied Industrial Hygiene, Vol. 3, No. 11, page 302, 1988
Problem Identified with NIOSH Method
7902
Lorberau C, Mulligan KJ
A problem with NIOSH Method 7902 was discussed. The technique
was designed to distinguish between particulate fluorides, such
as cryolite (15096-52-3), and gaseous
hydrogen-fluoride (7664-39-3) (HF). The sampler consisted of
two 37 millimeter cassettes connected by a length of plastic
tubing. Observations
have indicated that significant amounts of HF are absorbed by
the backup pad supporting the particulate prefilter and by the
prefilter itself; the result would be serious underestimation
of the amount of gaseous fluoride being measured. Interaction
of gaseous HF with particulate matter deposited on the prefilter
was another concern cited. The authors recommend that all parts
of the sampler be analyzed and that results be used as an [abstract
truncated]
Order Number: NTIS/PB88-216866, 132p
Guidance for the Reregistration
of Pesticide Products Containing Cryolite as the Active Ingredient.
April 1988.
Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, DC. Office of Pesticide Programs.
TD3: The document contains information regarding the registration
of pesticide products containing the subject active ingredient.
The document includes how to register under a registration standard,
regulatory position and rationale, and summaries of date requirements
and data gaps. Also included is a bibliography containing citations
of all studies reviewed by EPA in arriving at the positions
and conclusions contained in the standard. See also report dated
Jun 83, PB87-110300.
Order Number: NTIS/PB88-218417, 9p
1988 - Pesticide
Fact Sheet Number 2.1: Cryolite.
Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, DC. Office of Pesticide Programs.
TD3: The document contains up-to-date chemical information,
including a summary of the Agency's regulatory position and
rationale, on a specific pesticide or group of pesticides. A
Fact Sheet is issued after one of the following actions has
occurred.
(1) Issuance or reissuance of a registration standard,
(2) Issuance of each special review document,
(3) Registration of a significantly changed use pattern,
(4) Registration of a new chemical, or
(5) An immediate need for information to resolve controversial
issues relating to a specific chemical or use pattern.
Supersedes PB87-116109.
From
Toxline at Toxnet
FLUORIDE; 18 (4). 1985. 181-186.
PHENOMENAL CANCER MORTALITY RATES AMONG
DANISH CRYOLITE FACTORY WORKERS
BURK D
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3871033&dopt=Abstract
Gaoxiong Yi Xue Ke
Xue Za Zhi. 1985 Apr;1(4):226-33.
No
Abstract available
Effects
of airborne fluorides on workers at a cryolite production plant.
Baba
Y, Iwao S, Ishinishi N, Nobutomo K.
PMID: 3871033
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3964992&dopt=Abstract
Am J Epidemiol. 1985
Jan;121(1):57-64.
Mortality
and cancer morbidity after heavy occupational fluoride exposure.
Grandjean
P, Juel K, Jensen OM.
A
cohort of 431 male cryolite workers
employed for at least six months between
1924 and 1961 was identified from personnel records at
the Copenhagen cryolite factory.
During this period, heavy fluoride exposure resulted in at least
74 cases of skeletal fluorosis.
All workmen in the cohort were followed up in Denmark until
July 1, 1981. During 1941-1981, 206 men
died, while only 149.3 deaths were expected from national
mortality statistics. Significant excesses were seen in the
following causes of death: violent death
and all cancers, in particular cancer of the respiratory system.
When compared with specific mortality rates for the Copenhagen
area, violent death (and suicide taken
alone) remained in significant excess among employees hired
before 1940. Cancer morbidity data for the 35-year period
1943-1977 showed 78 cases of malignant
neoplasms in the cryolite workers against 53.2 expected for
Denmark as a whole and 67.9 for Copenhagen. The
excess was almost entirely due to an excess number of respiratory
cancers. Cancer morbidity showed no apparent correlation
with length of employment or time from first exposure. Because
detailed information on predictors for respiratory cancer was
unavailable, a possible residual effect of fluoride cannot be
excluded. However, any major carcinogenic effect of heavy fluoride
exposure would be very unlikely.
PMID: 3964992
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
From
Toxline at Toxnet
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment, and Health, Vol.
10, No. 3, pages 189-195, 15 references, 1984
Occurrence Of Fibrous
Sodium Aluminumtetrafluoride Particles In Potrooms Of The Primary
Aluminum Industry
Gylseth B, Bjorseth O, Dugstad O, Gjonnes
J
Environmental and breathing zone samples were analyzed for sodium-aluminum-tetrafluoride
in Norwegian aluminum processing factories. Fiber samples were
analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive
X-ray microanalysis, and selected area electron diffraction.
Fiber solubility was investigated by resuspending some of the
fibers in distilled water or 1 molar (M) solution hydrochloric-acid
and treating them for 5 minutes in an ultrasonic bath. The suspension
was then filtered again and examined by scanning electron microscopy.
Energy dispersive X-ray spectra of the fibers were compared
to those of cryolite and chiolite
standards. Fiber concentrations ranged from 9 to 720 fibers
per cubic centimeter, based on scanning electron microscopic
analysis of the samples. The fibers were generally thinner than
0.1 micrometer in diameter and shorter than 5 micrometers. The
fibers showed no signs of chemical attack after 5 minutes of
sonication in distilled water or 1M hydrochloric-acid. Comparison
of peak heights of the energy dispersive X-ray spectra of the
fibers with those of the cryolite
and chiolite standards showed that the fibers contained equal
amounts of sodium and aluminum. The authors
conclude that the fibers are sodium-aluminum-tetrafluoride.
From
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TRANS BR MYCOL SOC; 82 (2). 1984.
289-292.
Release by fungi of fluoride ion from
insoluble fluorides.
WAINWRIGHT M, SUPHARUNGSUN S
Dep. of Microbiol., Univ. of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN,
U.K.
HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. A number of fungi capable of releasing
F- from insoluble fluorides in vitro were isolated from F- polluted
soils. All isolates were capable of releasing
F- from cryolite (Na3AlF6) and fluorspar (CaF2) in vitro, a
process which was associated with an increase in medium pH.
Fusarium culmorum and a Penicillium sp. also released
F- from MgF2, in vitro, and the Penicillium sp. was able to
release the ion from AlF3. Neither species grew in the presence
of LiF3, or MnF2. Culture variables influencing the release
of F- by fungi are reported. The Penicillium sp. was also able
to release F- from cryolite when growing in autoclaved soils,
but like F. merismoides, it was incapable of releasing F- from
fluorspar under these conditions. Implications of release of
F- from insoluble fluorides on the toxicology of the element
in soils, and the possibility of using fungi to remove F- from
industrial raw materials are briefly discussed.
From
Toxline at Toxnet
British Journal of Industrial Medicine, Vol. 40, No. 4, pages
456-461, 14 references, 1983
Reversibility Of Skeletal Fluorosis
Grandjean P, Thomsen G
The occurrence of skeletal fluorosis of cryolite (15096-52-3)
workers in Copenhagen was investigated. Seventeen patients diagnosed
with skeletal fluorosis in 1967 were followed up. Of these,
five had died from myocardial infarction, four had died from
cancer, and four had died from other causes. Average age at
death was 68 years. Four patients were reexamined by X-ray.
In a male who worked from 1929 to 1945, osteosclerosis of the
spine and pelvis had almost disappeared. Osteosclerosis of trabecular
bone tissue had decreased appreciably, but cortical
bone and calcified muscle insertions showed no improvement.
In a patient who worked from 1947 to 1981, the fluoride excretion
had been measured as 8.4 milligrams per liter. Bone structure
had changed since 1967. The trabecular
bone tissue had become more translucent, and osteophytes of
the lumbar spine had developed. A worker from 1939 to
1973 had a severe second grade fluorosis.
In 1982, sclerosis of the ribs, vertebrae, and trabecular bone
had ceased somewhat, but the worker still suffered from rheumatic
pain. The fourth patient had worked from 1948 to 1974
and had second stage fluorosis. Decrease in trabecular osteosclerosis
was apparent. The authors conclude that reversibility of trabecular
osteosclerosis may be normal after exposure has ended.
Order Number: NTIS/PB87-110300, 67p
1983
- Guidance for the Reregistration of Pesticide Products
Containing Cryolite as the Active Ingredient.
Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, DC. Office of Pesticide Programs.
TD3: The document contains information regarding the reregistration
of pesticide products containing the subject active ingredient.
The document includes how to register under a registration standard,
regulatory position and rationale, and summaries of data requirements
and data gaps. Also included is a bibliography containing citations
of all studies reviewed by EPA in arriving at the positions
and conclusions contained in the standard.
From
Toxline at Toxnet
1983
- Pesticide Fact Sheet Number 2: Cryolite.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,
DC. Office of Pesticide Programs.
TD3: The document contains up-to-date chemical information,
including a summary of the Agency's regulatory position and
rationale, on a specific pesticide or group of pesticides. A
Fact Sheet is issued after one of the following actions has
occurred.
(1) Issuance or reissuance of a registration standard,
(2) Issuance of each special review document,
(3) Registration of a significantly changed use pattern,
(4) Registration of a new chemical, or
(5) An immediate need for information to resolve controversial
issues relating to a specific chemical or use pattern.
From
Toxline at Toxnet
Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety, Vol. 1, pages
131-135, 5 references, 1983
Aluminium, Alloys And Compounds
Dinman BD
Occupational hazards associated with aluminum production and
processing are reviewed. The physical characteristics of aluminum
are presented. The occurrence, extraction, refining and reduction
of aluminum are described. Reduction of alumina to virgin aluminum
metal by an electrolytic process using carbon electrodes and
cryolite flux is examined. Hazards associated with carbon
electrode manufacture are also discussed. The uses of aluminum
are listed. The hazards associated with the production and use
of aluminum are discussed. Hazards are basically those of smelting
and refining in general; however, the individual processes present
certain specific hazards. In the Bayer reduction process, the
use of caustic soda may result in chemical burns. Electrolytic
reduction exposes workers to the potential for skin burns and
eye accidents due to molten metal and cryolite and hydrofluoric-acid
fumes. Dangers to workers and populations
in the vicinity of aluminum smelters from fluoride containing
gases and dusts are described. Exposure to polycyclic
aromatics associated with breathing pitch fume and particulates
appears to place Soderberg type reduction cell operators at
particular risk of developing lung cancer. Dangers are also
associated with powdered aluminum which ignites readily. Workers
breathing the fine pyrotechnic aluminum flake powder may also
develop pulmonary fibrosis. Safety and health measures are provided
for each of these specific hazards. The production of aluminum
alloys is also described and associated hazards are discussed.
Uses and occupational hazards of aluminum-oxide (1344281), aluminum-chloride
(7446700), and alkyl aluminum compounds are also considered.
From
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The Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 22, No. 1, pages
11-18, 11 references, 1981
A Field Study of the Validity of Static
Paper Sampling in Fluoride Pollution Surveys
Alary J, Bourbon P, Balsa C, Bonte J, Bonte C
The validity of static soda paper (SSP) sampling in the field
was compared with laboratory methods for determining atmospheric
fluoride (7782-41-4) (F) concentrations and the ability of SSP
sampling to predict chronic fluorosis in cattle was investigated.
Samples were collected near an aluminum factory emitting
about 1.2 tons per day of F in both the gaseous form and as
fluorspar (7789-75-5), aluminum-fluoride (7784-18-1), and cryolite
(15096-52-3). Papers were exposed in the field for 30
day periods, the collected F was determined by an undescribed
method, and the results were compared with those of an undescribed
laboratory method for determining atmospheric F. SSP results
were also plotted against F concentrations in forage grass over
a four year period; the correlation coefficient was calculated.
Further correlations were tested between F in forage grass and
in mandibles of cattle slaughtered for presumed fluorosis, and
between SSP results and four symptoms of fluorosis: high milk
F concentrations, dental lesions, walking troubles, and exostosis.
There was a significant correlation between SSP results and
laboratory results for atmospheric results, but wind speed measurements
had to be taken into account. Vertically mounted static papers
were only slightly sensitive to particulate F but provided good
estimates of gaseous F concentrations. In the pasture study
a significant correlation was found between grass F content
and static paper levels. Mandible fluoride content was found
to differ among cattle by about 30 percent, but a better correlation
was found when the duration of consumption of the F contaminated
forage was factored in. F ion levels in mild showed large seasonal
variations, and did not appear to be a very reliable parameter.
Forage pasture content of 30 to 80 parts per million produced
moderate chronic fluorosis. The authors conclude that static
paper samplings shows good correlation with atmospheric concentrations
of gaseous F.
From
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Gigiena truda i professional'nye zabolevanija Sep. 1981,
No.9, p.15-17.
Comparative hygienic evaluation of the
acid and dry processes of fluoride salt production
Ust'jancev SL
In the new dry process for AlF[3] manufacture, dry aluminium
hydroxide is roasted to the gamma oxide, then contacted with
HF in a fluidised bed. In the conventional acid process, HF
and aluminium hydroxide react in solution; a slurry of crystals
is formed, and filtered on vacuum drum filters and dried. The
dry process, being continuous, is more easily automated than
the acid process, and containment of the reactant and product
streams is easier. HF concentrations in the air near the equipment
were 10-fold higher in the acid than in the dry process, in
a typical plant sampled. The number of
reported illnesses was 16% lower in the dry-process section
of the plant than in the acid-process section, and the
number of days lost was 29% lower. However, the
frequency of upper respiratory disease was 24% higher in the
dry-process section. This is attributable to the high
temperatures occurring in the vicinity of the equipment, and
the correspondingly low relative humidities. This situati
Keywords:
CRYOLITE
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
HOT WORKPLACES
FLUORIDES
UPPER RESPIRATORY DISEASES
ALUMINIUM INDUSTRY
ILO
CAS Registry Numbers: 15096-52-3 - Cryolite
Order Number: NTIS/OTS0000041-0
EPA/OTS; Doc #FYI-OTS-0981-0041
1981
- FINAL REPORT RE: DART IND TUPPERWARE WITH ENCLOSURES
OSHA
Keywords:
U S DEPT OF LABOR
CELOGEN AZ
HEALTH EFFECTS
CASE REPORT
MAMMALS
HUMANS
EPIDEMIOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
CAS Registry Numbers:
74-85-1
74-90-8
75-01-4
80-62-6
107-13-1
108-05-4
123-77-3
128-37-0
140-88-5
420-05-3
630-08-0
1592-23-0
7664-41-7
9002-88-4
9003-07-0
9011-14-7
15096-52-3 - Cryolite
From
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GIG TR PROF ZABOL; 0 (1). 1980.
15-18.
Need for revising the existing maximum
permissible concentrations for hydrogen fluoride and inorganic
salts of hydrofluoric acid in the air of the work environment.
DAVYDOVA VI, SHCHERBAKOV SV, PLOTKO EG, SHARIPOVA NP, YUSHKOV
NN, STARKOV PS
Inst. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Dis., Sverdlovsk, USSR.
HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. MAC (maximum permissible concentrations)
in force in the USSR for human exposure to fluorides were not
reliable enough. Thresholds of chronic action of HF cryolite
and NaF were determined in rats. Separate hygienic standards
should be set for salts of hydrofluoric acid that are readily
and slightly soluble in water of room temperature. The following
MAC were proposed for work environment air: 0.05 mg/m3 for HF
0.2 mg/m3 for those salts readily soluble in cold water and
0.5 mg/m3 for those slightly soluble (in terms of F-).
From
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SCOTT FISH RES REP; 0 (18). 1980 1-18.
Changes in the respiration
and blood circulation of cod, Gadus morhua, induced by exposure
to pollutants.
JOHNSTONE A DF, HAWKINS AD
Marine Lab., Dep. Agric. Fish. Scotl., Aberdeen.
HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Cod, G. morhua, were exposed separately
to waste from an Al smelter (cryolite
recovery sludge), a solution of an oil dispersant (BP
1100 WD), crude oil from the North Sea (Forties Field) and a
mixture of oil and dispersant in sea water. During exposure
to some pollutants, changes in heart rate, gill ventilation
rate and amplitude and O2 consumption were evident. Coughing
was elicited on exposure to a dilution of whole cryolite recovery
sludge but other changes were smal. Gill ventilation
rate increased dramatically when the fish were exposed to oil,
dispersant and an oil/dispersant mixture. Significant changes
in heart rate, gill ventilation rate and O2 consumption did
not occur until pollutant concentrations were close to lethal
levels. Parameters monitored were not useful as sensitive indicators
of stress but the method was valuable for examining physiological
effects of brief exposure to certain pollutants.
From
Toxline at Toxnet
ZH VSES KHIM O-VA IM D I MENDELEEVA; 24 (1). 1979.
42-48.
Ecological problems of
the production and use of fluorine compounds.
RODIN VI
Div. Technol. Recovery Sec. Mater. Ind., D.I. Mendeleev Mosc.
Chem.-Technol. Inst., Moscow, USSR.
HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Literature on source of environmental
pollution with F and its compounds is reviewed.
Studies are cited on the accumulation of F in the soil and in
plants (carrots, beets, cabbage, cucumbers, potatoes, grains,
e.g. wheat and corn, fruit trees, e.g. apricots, plums, peaches
and apples, pines, grasses, tea, camellias, gladioli); this
leads to F accumulation in livestock (cows and pigs) fed with
fodder yeast or other feed containing high F levels. Problems
of endemic fluorosis and osteosclerosis
in humans living in certain areas are mentioned and the negative
effects of occupational exposure to F compounds on various organs
and systems of the human body. A mutagenic action in rats was
also indicated. In addition to increasing efforts at environmental
protection and improving working conditions in industries involving
F or its compounds, serious consideration should be given to
lowering quantities of F in the drinking water.
CAS Registry Numbers:
16984-48-8 - Fluoride, inorganic
15096-52-3 - Cryolite
14542-23-5 - Fluorspar
1318-94-1 - Muscovite
1306-05-4 - Fluorapatite
1302-27-8 - Biotite
Order Number: NTIS/OTS0000041-0
Source: EPA/OTS; Doc #FYI-OTS-0879-0041
PRELIMINARY MEDICAL REPORT: OSHA INSPECTION,
DART IND. INC., JEROME, IDAHO JUNE 14-15,
1979
OSHA
Keywords:
U S DEPT OF LABOR
CELOGEN AZ
HEALTH EFFECTS
CASE REPORT
MAMMALS
HUMANS
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CAS Registry Numbers:
74-85-1
74-90-8
75-01-4
80-62-6
107-13-1
108-05-4
123-77-3
128-37-0
140-88-5
420-05-3
630-08-0
1592-23-0
7664-41-7
9002-88-4
9003-07-0
9011-14-7
15096-52-3 - Cryollit
From
Toxline at Toxnet
GROUND WATER; 13 (4). 1975 367-371
Landfills, the 1977 fate of air and
waterborne wastes.
WILLIAMS RE
HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The USA Federal Water Pollution Control
Act Amendment of 1972 (Public Law 92-500) will necessitate a
significant expansion of landfill facilities and operations
throughout the USA by 1977. The nature of the additional materials
to be introduced into landfills as a consequence of this law
will require additional precautionary measures if pollution
of ground water by lixiviation is to be precluded. Public Law
92-500 specifies July 1, 1977, as the deadline date for application
of the best control technology currently available to point
source waste water discharges from essentially all USA industries.
In many cases these industries convert airborne wastes to waterborne
wastes by utilization of wet or semi-wet air pollution control
techniques. In most cases the best control technology currently
available consists of converting these waterborne wastes to
solid wastes by a combination of pH control, precipitation and
coagulation. Where recycle is impossible, these solid wastes
must be discarded in sanitary landfills or similar solid waste
disposal sites. In primary A1 plants where dry fume scrubbing
is not employed, effluents from wet scrubbers used for air pollution
control constitute the major waste water. The major contaminants
in this water are soluble fluorides, suspended solids and organic
constituents. These wastes (initially airborne) result from
the production of fluoride compounds during the electrolytic
process and the consumption of coke and petroleum products as
anode materials. Fluoride content is 10-30 mg/1 in various waste
streams. Bleed streams from wet scrubbers must be neutralized
for precipitation of fluoride as calcium fluoride or sodium
aluminate can be added to precipitate fluoride as cryolite.
Complete recycle of scrubber effluent is precluded by sulfate
buildup. The precipitated fluoride compounds are contaminated
by other compounds and frequently are too impure for recycle;
they must be landfilled. Because many of these compounds are
subject to lixiviation under acid conditions extreme care is
required if pollution of ground water is to be precluded. A
similar situation exists in the secondary A1 recovery industry.
The primary and secondary A1 recovery industries constitute
examples of industries wherein compliance with Public Law 92-500
should include preparation and planning for additional landfill
sites if groundwater pollution is to be precluded.
CAS Registry Numbers:
7429-90-5 - Aluminum
From
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SOV GENET (ENGL TRANSL GENETIKA); 9 (4). 1973
492
CYTO GENETIC EFFECT OF
INORGANIC FLUORINE COMPOUNDS ON HUMAN AND ANIMAL CELLS IN-VIVO
AND IN-VITRO
VOROSHILIN SI, PLOTKO EG, GATIYATULLINA
EZ, GILEVA EA
No abstract available
From
Toxline at Toxnet
GIG SANIT 37(1):9-12,1972
MUTAGENIC ACTIVITY OF INORGANIC FLUORINE
COMPOUNDS
GILEVA E, PLOTKO E, GATIYATULLINA EZ
No abstract available
Taxonomic Name: RATTUS
Test Object: MAMMAL,RAT
Name of Agent (CAS RN):
CRYOLITE ( 15096-52-3 )
HYDROGEN FLUORIDE ( 7664-39-3)
Language: Russia, English
Document Number: NIOSH/00060707
Source: American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 95, No. 2,
(Paper presented at the Joint Session of the Dental Health,
Health Officers, and Industrial Hygiene Sections, 82nd Annual
Meeting of the American Public Health Association,1955
(October 14, 1954), pages 197-202 10, references
The Hygienic Aspects of Fluorine and
Its Compounds
Largent EJ, Largent KW
The broad aspects of the effects of inorganic and organic fluorine
(7782-41-4) compounds on man, animals, and vegetation are described.
The inorganic fluorides (e.g. oxygen-fluoride (7783417), hydrogen-fluoride
(7664-39-3), sodium-fluoride (7681-49-4), cryolite
(1344-75-8)) are discussed in relation to their analysis
by chemical methods, their effects on vegetation and livestock,
the mechanism of acute fluoride intoxication, and especially
their effects on man. The organic fluorides (e.g. diisopropylfluorophosphate
(55-91-4), dichlorodifluoromethane (75-71-8), chlorotrifluoroethylene
(79-38-9), tetrafluoroethylene (116-14-3), sodium-fluoroacetate
(62-74-8)) are divided into five categories (pharmaceuticals,
refrigerants, plastics, economic poisons, and miscellaneous
compounds) and are discussed in relation to their toxic effects.
From
Toxline at Toxnet
Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Vol. 31, No.
3, pages 134-138, 4 references, 1949
The Absorption and Excretion of Fluorides.
III. Further Observations on Metabolism of Fluorides at High
Levels of Intake
Largent EJ, Heyroth FF
Ingestion of fluoride (16984-48-8) in the form of the aqueous
solution of a salt, resulted in absorption varying from 93 to
97 percent of the total amount taken in. Of the amount absorbed,
37 to 48 percent was stored in the tissues of the subject. When
solid salts other than sodium-fluoborate were ingested, such
as sodium-fluoride (7681-49-4) , calcium-fluoride (7789-75-5)
and cryolite (15096-52-3),
the absorbed fluoride varied from 62 to 77 percent of that ingested.
Of the amount absorbed, 34 to 45 percent
was stored in the tissues. When corresponding quantitites
of sodium-fluoborate were ingested, the quantities absorbed
amounted to 98 percent of those ingested, and the quantities
of fluoride excreted during these periods were slightly in excess
of those which could be accounted for by the absorption of fluoride
as fluoborate. As the average amount of fluoride absorbed daily
was increased, the concentration in the urine increased, and
urinary concentrations, averaging between 3 and 17 milligrams
per liter, were observed during the various periods of elevated
fluoride intake.
From
Toxline at Toxnet
J. IND. HYG. TOXICOL. 1945, 27(6)
159-170
BALANCES OF FLUORINE INGESTED FROM VARIOUS
SOURCES IN FOOD AND WATER BY FIVE YOUNG MEN.
MCCLURE FJ, MITCHELL HH, HAMILTON TS,
KINSER CA
Abstract: EIS: Epidemiology Information System
Keywords:
FLUORINE
WATER
SODIUM FLUORIDE
CALCIUM FLUORIDE
CRYOLITE
HUMAN
MALE
ADULT
ANALYSIS
CHEMICAL EFFECTS
DIET
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
FOOD
PROSPECTIVE STUDIES
URINE
BONE AND BONES
WATER SUPPLY
SKIN
EXCRETION
SWEATING
SALIVA
ABSORPTION
FLUORIDATION
CAS Registry Numbers:
7782-41-4 - Fluorine
7732-18-5 - Water
7681-49-4 - Sodium fluoride
7789-75-5 - Calcium fluoride
15096-52-3 - Cryolite
Document Number: NIOSH/00053012
Source: Arbeitsschutz, Unfallverhuetung Gewerbehygiene, Reichsarbeitsblatt
Teil III, No. 14/15, pages 64-67, 13 references, 1944
Osteopetrosis as a Consequence of a
Chronic Fluorine Intoxication
Peperkorn, Kahling
Report on a study of 47 cases of osteopetrosis, or osteosclerosis,
in workers of a plant producing fluoric-acid (7664-39-3), sodium-fluoride
and cryolite (1344-75-8), as a
result of chronic fluoride intoxication, is presented with data
on the stage of change, shortest and longest time of employment,
and average number of years of employment. (German; English
translation available
From
Toxline at Toxnet
Source: Industrial Hygiene Foundation (Proceedings of the Eighth
Annual Meeting of Industrial Hygiene Foundation of America Held
at Mellon Institute, Pittsburgh, November 10-11, 1943), Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania, 9 pages, 22 references, 1943
Fluorides as an Industrial Health Problem
Largent EJ
Review of the industrial health problems created by fluorides,
with data on annual production of fluorspar
(14542-23-5) and cryolite (15096-52-3) 1939-1943, consumption
of fluorspar by industries during 1939-1941, comparison of 24-hour
samples of urine with spot samples from corresponding individuals
on corresponding days with respect to fluoride concentration
in three human subjects, mean fluoride concentration in urine
of workmen in three different magnesium (7439954) foundries,
and comparison of mean urinary fluoride concentration of workmen
in a foundry according to different locations such as core spray,
melting-mold, shakeout, core room, and casting trimming. Topics
include industrial processes in which compounds of fluorine
are employed, harmful effects of exposure to fluorides, and
evaluation of industrial exposure to fluorides.
From
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Nordisk Hygienisk Tidskrift, Vol. 19, pages 117-148, 21 references,
1938
Examination of Norwegian Aluminium Workers
for Occurrence of Asthma Bronchiale, Acute Cryolite Poisoning
and "Fluorosis"
Evang K
The incidences of asthma, acute cryolite poisoning, and fluorosis
were studied in workers at a Norwegian aluminum (7429-90-5)
factory. Of the approximately 190 workers,
22 had asthma, compared with 32 asthma cases observed among
the 3,800 inhabitants in the district surrounding the factory.
Among thirty two workers given blood chemistry tests, eosinophilia,
relative lymphocytosis, increased number of immature neutrophil
granulocytes, and increased color index were observed. Asthma
and eosinophilia appeared to be correlated. No cases
of acute cryolite poisoning were found. X-ray examination of
26 long term workers did not reveal any proven cases of fluorosis,
although one possible case was noted. The authors suggest that
the incidence of asthma among the workers may represent an allergic
reaction to one or more of the substances used or generated
during the work process. (Swedish)
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