FLUORIDE ACTION NETWORK PESTICIDE PROJECT
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Bifenthrin. TOXNET profile from Hazardous Substances Data Bank.
Ref and for Updates: http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB
BIFENTHRIN
CASRN: 82657-04-3
For other data, click on the Table of ContentsHuman Health Effects:
Human Toxicity Excerpts:
Synthetic pyrethroids are neither cutaneous sensitizers nor irritants. Although these compounds do not cause signs of inflammation (edema, erythema, vesiculation), they do produce paresthesias after contact. Typically, symptoms begin several hours after cutaneous exposure, peak in the evening, and resolve by the following day. /Synthetic pyrethroids/
Contact allergy from pyrethroids ... has not been observed. /Pyrethroids/
The allergenic properties of pyrethroids /with early pyrethrum preparations/ are marked in comparison with other pesticides. Many cases of contact dermatitis and respiratory allergy have been reported. Persons sensitive to ragweed pollen are particularly prone to such reactions. Preparations containing synthetic pyrethroids are less likely to cause allergic reactions than are the preparations made from pyrethrum powder. /Pyrethroids/
Some pyrethroid (eg, deltamethrin, fenvalerate, cyhalothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, flucythrinate, and cypermethrin) may cause a transient itching and/or burning sensation in exposed human skin. /Synthetic pyrethroids/
The clinical manifestations of inhalation exposure to pyrethrins can be local or systemic. Localized reactors confined to the upper respiratory tract include rhinitis, sneezing, scratchy throat, oral mucosal edema, and even laryngeal mucosal edema. Localized reaction of the lower respiratory tract include cough, shortness of breath, wheezing, and chest pain. An asthmalike reaction occurs with acute exposures in sensitized patients. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis characterized by chest pain, cough, dyspnea, & bronchospasm may occur in an individual chronically exposed. /Pyrethrum and synthetic pyrethroids/
The low toxicity of pyrethroids in mammals is due largely to their rapid biotransformation by ester hydrolysis and/or hydroxylation. /Pyrethroids/
Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:
Immediately irritating to the eye. /Pyrethrins/
The chief effect from exposure ... is skin rash particularly on moist areas of the skin. ... May irritate the eyes.
Medical Surveillance:
Initial medical screening: Employees should be screened for history of certain medical conditions ... which might place the employee at increased risk from /pyrethroid/ exposure. Chronic respiratory disease: In persons with chronic respiratory disease, especially asthma, the inhalation of /pyrethroids/ might cause exacerbation of symptoms due to its sensitizing properities. Skin disease: /Pyrethroids/ can cause dermatitis which may be allergic in nature. Persons with pre-existing skin disorders may be more susceptible to the effects of this agent. Any employee developing the above-listed conditions should be referred for further medical examination. /Pyrethrum/
Populations at Special Risk:
Chronic respiratory disease: In persons with chronic respiratory disease, especially asthma, the inhalation of /pyrethroids/ might cause exacerbation of symptoms due to its sensitizing properities. Skin disease: /Pyrethroids/ can cause dermatitis which may be allergic in nature. Persons with pre-existing skin disorders may be more susceptible to the effects of this agent. ... /Pyrethroids/
Probable Routes of Human Exposure:
Occupational exposure to bifenthrin may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where bifenthrin is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to bifenthrin via ingestion of food containing this compound. (SRC)
Average Daily Intake:
As part of the Belgian Total Diet Study between 1991-1993, the avg daily intake of bifenthrin from food commodities was determined to be 0.02 mg/kg person per day(1).
Emergency Medical Treatment:
Emergency Medical Treatment:
| EMT Copyright Disclaimer: |
| Portions of the POISINDEX(R) database are provided here for
general reference. THE COMPLETE POISINDEX(R) DATABASE, AVAILABLE FROM MICROMEDEX,
SHOULD BE CONSULTED FOR ASSISTANCE IN THE DIAGNOSIS OR TREATMENT OF SPECIFIC
CASES. Copyright 1974-1998 Micromedex, Inc. Denver, Colorado. All Rights
Reserved. Any duplication, replication or redistribution of all or part
of the POISINDEX(R) database is a violation of Micromedex' copyrights and
is strictly prohibited.
The following Overview, *** HYDROCARBONS ***, is relevant for this HSDB record chemical. |
| Life Support: |
o This overview assumes that basic life support measures
have been instituted.
|
| Clinical Effects: |
SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
0.2.1.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o ACUTE EFFECTS of INGESTION - SIMPLE PETROLEUM
DISTILLATES - Low viscosity, highly volatile
hydrocarbons (e.g., kerosene, gasoline, liquid
furniture polish) are chiefly aspiration hazards.
Pulmonary damage, transient CNS depression or
excitement and secondary effects of hypoxia, infection,
pneumatocele formation, and chronic lung dysfunction
can occur. Cardiac complications are rare.
1. These hydrocarbons are poorly absorbed from the
gastrointestinal tract and do not cause appreciable
systemic toxicity by this route unless aspiration has
occurred.
2. ACUTE EFFECTS of INGESTION - CHLORINATED AND AROMATIC
HYDROCARBONS - Many chlorinated, aromatic and other
substituted hydrocarbons can produce systemic toxicity
following ingestion. CNS, respiratory depression,
arrhythmias, gastrointestinal disturbances and other
effects may occur depending on the agent and amount
ingested.
o ACUTE EFFECTS of INHALATION - Cardiac arrhythmias and
CNS depression are major concerns of acute exposure.
Straight chain hydrocarbons with few carbon atoms
(e.g., methane, ethane, propane gases) can cause
asphyxiation if exposure occurs in poorly ventilated
spaces.
1. INHALATIONAL ABUSE ("sniffing") of some hydrocarbons
can result in sudden death, encephalopathy, residual
neurological impairment, nephrotoxicity,
hepatotoxicity, acid-base disturbances and
rhabdomyolysis.
o INJECTION of kerosene, naphtha, turpentine, gasoline,
or hydrocarbon insecticides has resulted in febrile
reactions, local tissue inflammation and systemic
effects, including pulmonary edema, pneumonia and mild
CNS depression. Injection of pressurized hydrocarbons
has caused severe tissue damage.
o DERMAL/EYE - Mild to moderate eye irritation and
reversible ocular injury may occur after contact with
most hydrocarbons. Acute but prolonged exposure to
some hydrocarbons can result in dermal burns and
occasionally, systemic effects. Frostbite can result
from contact with some liquefied gases (e.g. propane,
methane, ethane).
o CHRONIC EFFECTS - Long term or repeated exposure to
certain aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons can
result in hematologic (e.g., benzene), hepatotoxic
(e.g., chlorinated hydrocarbons), renal (e.g.,
chlorinated hydrocarbons), neuropsychiatric (e.g.,
toluene), neurological (e.g., n-hexane) and
carcinogenic (eg, benzene, vinyl chloride) effects.
1. Some effects have occurred primarily in chronic
solvent abusers or glue sniffers. Example:
neuropsychiatric, renal and hepatic effects of toluene
2. Chronic or repeated exposure can result in skin
irritation due to defatting of the skin. Greases,
coal pitch and cutting oils can produce acne and
folliculitis. Chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbon
exposure can result in chloracne.
o TYPES OF HYDROCARBONS include -
1. LOW VISCOSITY, UNSUBSTITUTED - Hydrocarbons with low
viscosity (less than 100 S.U.S.), low surface tension,
and high volatility are most likely to cause
aspiration pneumonitis. Vapor inhalation can cause
CNS depression or excitation and other effects.
Examples: kerosene, mineral seal oil, gasoline,
petroleum naphtha
2. HIGH VISCOSITY, UNSUBSTITUTED ALIPHATIC - Hydrocarbons
with high viscosity and low volatility are less likely
to be aspirated after ingestion and are generally
poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
Petroleum jelly may cause a mild laxative effect. Oil
mist inhalation may cause lipoid pneumonia. Examples:
motor oil, petroleum jelly
3. TERPENES - In addition to aspiration, these tend to
produce a mild CNS depression after ingestion.
Examples: turpentine oil, pine oil. Pine oil
cleaners may contain approximately 10 percent
isopropyl alcohol and other additives which may
contribute to the observed toxic effects.
4. AROMATICS - These have a high potential for CNS
depression, a mild tendency to cause cardiac
irritation, and little risk of aspiration. Adverse
effects can result from vapor inhalation, ingestion or
skin exposure. Examples: benzene, xylene. Many
polyaromatic hydrocarbons are potential carcinogens.
5. HALOGENATED-CHLORINATED - These can produce CNS
effects, arrhythmias, renal and hepatic effects.
Aspiration is a small risk. Adverse effects can
result from vapor inhalation, ingestion or skin
exposure. Examples: chloroform, carbon
tetrachloride, trichloroethylene
6. Brominated hydrocarbons, fluorinated hydrocarbons,
alcohols, esters, ethers, chlorinated hydrocarbon
pesticides, and other hydrocarbons are covered in
other managements.
CARDIOVASCULAR
0.2.5.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Arrhythmias may occur following inhalation.
RESPIRATORY
0.2.6.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Coughing, choking, tachypnea, dyspnea, cyanosis, rales,
hemoptysis, pulmonary edema, pneumatoceles, lipoid
pneumonia, or respiratory arrest may develop following
ingestion and aspiration.
o Respiratory arrest can occur secondary to CNS
depression following vapor inhalation. Intravenous
injection of turpentine immediately resulted in
pulmonary edema and hypoxia in 1 case.
NEUROLOGIC
0.2.7.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Mild central nervous system depression or excitation
may occur after ingestion or vapor inhalation. CNS
effects can occur secondary to hydrocarbon pneumonitis
and hypoxia, or from additives and contaminants
(aniline, heavy metals, camphor, or pesticides). Some
hydrocarbons are simple asphyxiants which can produce
CNS effects secondary to hypoxia.
GASTROINTESTINAL
0.2.8.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain may
occur following ingestion.
HEPATIC
0.2.9.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Elevated transaminases may occasionally occur following
ingestion or vapor inhalation of some hydrocarbons.
Carbon tetrachloride is a potent hepatotoxin which can
produce potentially fatal hepatorenal damage following
ingestion, inhalation or dermal exposure.
GENITOURINARY
0.2.10.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Renal effects (acute renal tubular necrosis,
proteinuria, or hematuria) occur infrequently following
acute exposure to petroleum distillates and other
unsubstituted hydrocarbons.
o Some studies have reported an increased risk of
glomerulonephritis following long term inhalation
and/or dermal exposure to various hydrocarbons. Acute
renal failure and other renal effects have been
reported in some chronic glue, solvent, or paint
sniffers. Exposures in addition to hydrocarbons can
not be ruled out in many of these reports.
o Many halogenated hydrocarbons are nephrotoxic.
Examples of potentially nephrotoxic halogenated
hydrocarbons include chloroform, carbon tetrachloride,
ethylene dichloride, tetrachloroethane,
1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene (infrequently
reported) and tetrachloroethylene (weakly nephrotoxic).
HEMATOLOGIC
0.2.13.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Disseminated intravascular coagulation, hemolytic
anemia and pancytopenia have occasionally been reported
following vapor inhalation, aspiration, or ingestion of
hydrocarbons. Benzene is a bone marrow toxin. Chronic
benzene exposure has been associated with acute
leukemia.
o Contaminants or additives can cause hematologic
abnormalities. Examples include, aniline and
nitrobenzene (methemoglobinemia).
MUSCULOSKELETAL
0.2.15.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Subcutaneous injection of paint, lacquer or other
material via high pressure spray guns is a surgical
emergency. High-pressure injection injuries can result
in necrosis and thrombosis with amputation required in
60 to 80 percent of cases.
o High pressure injection of paints and solvents can
cause significant tissue injury despite a relatively
benign initial presentation.
o Rhabdomyolysis has occasionally been reported in
chronic glue or paint sniffers and in a case of
prolonged inhalational exposure to mineral spirits.
Muscle necrosis, compartment syndrome and/or sterile
abscess have been reported following hydrocarbon
injection.
REPRODUCTIVE HAZARDS
o In a prospective study in Toronto, major congenital
malformations were noted in 13 of 125 fetuses of mothers
exposed to organic solvents during pregnancy.
CARCINOGENICITY
0.2.21.1 IARC CATEGORY
o A partial list of hydrocarbons or related work
processes classified by the IARC (1987) in Group 1,
Carcinogenic to Humans, includes:
1. benzene; benzidine; bis(chloromethyl) ether and
technical-grade chloromethyl methyl ether; boot & shoe
repair; coal gasification; coal tar; coal tar pitches;
coke production; mineral oils, untreated and mildly
treated; rubber industry; shale oils; soots; vinyl
choride
o A partial list of hydrocarbons classified by the IARC
(1987) in Group 2A, Probably Carcinogenic to Humans,
includes:
1. benz[a]anthracene; benzidine-based dyes;
benzo[a]pyrene; creosotes; formaldehyde;
polychlorinated biphenyls; styrene oxide; vinyl
bromide
o A partial list of hydrocarbons or processes classified
by the IARC (1987) in Group 2B, Possibly Carcinogenic
to Humans, includes:
1. para-aminoazobenzene; ortho-aminoazobenzene; bitumens,
extracts of steam- refined and air-refined;
1,3-butadiene; carbon-black extracts; carbon
tetrachloride; alpha-chlorinated toluenes; chloroform;
dibenzo[a,e]pyrene; dibenzo[a,h]pyrene;
dibenzo[a,l]pyrene; dichloromethane (methylene
chloride); hexachlorobenzene; polybrominated
biphenyls; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (various
listed); styrene;
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin (TCDD);
tetrachloroethylene; ortho-toluidine.
|
| Laboratory: |
o PURE PETROLEUM DISTILLATE INGESTION -
1. Monitor ABGs, chest x-ray, and pulmonary function tests
in symptomatic patients (dyspnea, tachypnea, wheezing,
retractions, persistent coughing).
o OTHER HYDROCARBON EXPOSURES -
1. In cases of significant inhalational abuse, chlorinated
hydrocarbon exposure, prolonged unconsciousness and
hypoxia, prolonged and extensive dermal exposure to
liquid hydrocarbon, or hydrocarbon injection:
A. Monitor CBC, urinalysis, and liver and kidney function
tests in patients with significant exposure.
b. Monitor fluids and electrolytes.
C. Monitor arterial blood gases, pulmonary function, and
chest x-ray for patients with significant exposure.
2. BENZENE -
A. This agent may produce abnormalities of the
hematopoietic system. Monitor the complete blood count
for patients with significant exposure.
XB (c) CHLORINATED HYDROCARBON INSECTICIDES/PESTICIDES -
XB d. LEAD LEVELS -
1. Blood lead levels may be useful if exposure to tetraethyl
lead-containing gasoline is suspected.
XB e. METHEMOGLOBIN LEVELS -
1. Monitor for methemoglobinemia in cyanotic patients who do
not respond to supplemental oxygen, and who may have been
exposed to hydrocarbons which contain nitrobenzene or
aniline.
|
| Treatment Overview: |
ORAL EXPOSURE
o Refer to Range of Toxicity for a detailed listing of
toxic and non-toxic chemicals for which gastric
decontamination may be recommended or contraindicated.
o PURE PETROLEUM DISTILLATES - Gastric decontamination is
not indicated in the majority of accidental ingestions,
since systemic toxicity is unlikely from a pure
petroleum distillate.
o OTHER HYDROCARBONS - Gastric decontamination may be
indicated if a large amount of a toxic hydrocarbon has
been ingested (e.g., suicide attempt) and if spontaneous
vomiting has not occurred. Decontamination may also be
indicated for ingestions of highly toxic hydrocarbons
(e.g., halogenated hydrocarbons, carbon tetrachloride)
and for hydrocarbons which contain very toxic additives
(e.g., heavy metals, pesticides).
1. The decision to decontaminate should be based on the
toxicity of the agent, the volume ingested, time of
ingestion and patient's clinical status. The potential
for rapid CNS depression, with seizures and/or
respiratory depression, must be considered.
o GASTRIC ASPIRATION - Gastric emptying may increase the
risk of aspiration in some cases. Some clinicians
prefer activated charcoal alone instead of gastric
lavage in patients who require GI decontamination.
1. Gastric aspiration may be used after endotracheal
intubation for drowsy or stuporous patients shortly
after ingestion of a large volume of hydrocarbon or
shortly after ingestion of hydrocarbons which contain
very toxic additives.
2. Use a small flexible nasogastric tube to aspirate
gastric contents; instillation of water to lavage the
stomach is probably not worthwhile.
o ACTIVATED CHARCOAL - Activated charcoal adsorbs
kerosene, turpentine and benzene in vitro and in
animals. Activated charcoal may be indicated in
patients who have coingested an adsorbable toxic
substance.
1. Activated charcoal may cause vomiting, which may
increase the risk of aspiration. Consider only after
ingestion of large amounts of a hydrocarbon with the
potential for severe systemic toxicity (e.g.,
halogenated hydrocarbons, carbon tetrachloride) and for
hydrocarbons which contain very toxic additives (e.g.,
heavy metals, pesticides).
2. ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as slurry (240
mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in
adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12
years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
INHALATION EXPOSURE
o INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for
respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing
develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation,
bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and
assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with
beta2 agonist and corticosteroid aerosols.
EYE EXPOSURE
o DECONTAMINATION: Irrigate exposed eyes with copious
amounts of tepid water for at least 15 minutes. If
irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia
persist, the patient should be seen in a health care
facility.
DERMAL EXPOSURE
o DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash
exposed area thoroughly with soap and water. A
physician may need to examine the area if irritation or
pain persists.
o Some chemicals can produce systemic poisoning by
absorption through intact skin. Carefully observe
patients with dermal exposure for the development of any
systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic
treatment as necessary.
|
| Range of Toxicity: |
o Less than 1 mL of some hydrocarbons directly aspirated
into the lungs in animals has produced severe pneumonitis.
|
| EMT Copyright Disclaimer: |
| Portions of the POISINDEX(R) database are provided here for
general reference. THE COMPLETE POISINDEX(R) DATABASE, AVAILABLE FROM MICROMEDEX,
SHOULD BE CONSULTED FOR ASSISTANCE IN THE DIAGNOSIS OR TREATMENT OF SPECIFIC
CASES. Copyright 1974-1998 Micromedex, Inc. Denver, Colorado. All Rights
Reserved. Any duplication, replication or redistribution of all or part
of the POISINDEX(R) database is a violation of Micromedex' copyrights and
is strictly prohibited.
The following Overview, *** PYRETHRINS ***, is relevant for this HSDB record chemical. |
| Life Support: |
o This overview assumes that basic life support measures
have been instituted.
|
| Clinical Effects: |
SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
0.2.1.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o The mammalian toxicity of natural pyrethrins is
generally low. Very young children are perhaps more
susceptible to poisoning because they may not hydrolyze
the pyrethrum esters efficiently. In humans, allergic
reactions are the main toxic manifestations of
pyrethrin exposure.
1. Pyrethrum and the pyrethrins produce typical type I
motor symptoms in mammals. Severe type I poisoning
may include the following signs in humans:
Severe fine tremor
Marked reflex hyperexcitability
Sympathetic activation
Paresthesia (dermal exposure)
o DERMAL - These compounds are not primary irritants.
The chief effect, however, from exposure is dermatitis.
The usual lesion is a mild erythematous dermatitis with
vesicles, papules in moist areas, and intense pruritus;
a bulbous dermatitis may also occur. Pyrethrins can
cause allergic dermatitis and systemic allergic
reactions.
o INHALATION is the major route of exposure, with airway
irritation as the primary toxic effect. Following
inhalation, a stuffy, runny nose and scratchy throat
are common. Hypersensitivity reactions including
wheezing, sneezing, shortness of breath and
bronchospasm may be noted.
o OCULAR - Eye exposures may result in mild to severe
corneal damage that generally resolves with
conservative care.
o Piperonyl butoxide and other compounds are often added
to pyrethrin insecticides as synergists and may
contribute to toxicity.
o Synthetic pyrethroids, which are related to pyrethrins,
are covered in a separate management.
HEENT
0.2.4.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o A stuffy, runny nose and scratchy throat following
inhalational exposure may be noted.
o Eye exposures may result in mild to severe corneal
damage, decreased visual acuity and periorbital edema.
CARDIOVASCULAR
0.2.5.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Hypotension and tachycardia, associated with
anaphylaxis, may occur.
RESPIRATORY
0.2.6.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Hypersensitivity reactions characterized by
pneumonitis, cough, dyspnea, wheezing, chest pain, and
bronchospasm may occur. Rare cases of respiratory
failure and cardiopulmonary arrest have been reported.
NEUROLOGIC
0.2.7.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Paresthesias, headaches, and dizziness are common.
Massive exposure may result in hyperexcitability and
seizures, but this is rare.
GASTROINTESTINAL
0.2.8.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain commonly occur and
develop within 10 to 60 minutes following ingestion.
DERMATOLOGIC
0.2.14.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Irritant and contact dermatitis may develop. Erythema
which mimics sunburn has also been noted after
prolonged repeated exposure.
ENDOCRINE
0.2.16.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Type I motor symptoms following severe poisoning may
result in sympathetic activation.
IMMUNOLOGIC
0.2.19.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Sudden bronchospasm, swelling of oral and laryngeal
mucous membranes, and anaphylactoid reactions have been
reported after pyrethrum inhalation. Hypersensitivity
pneumonitis characterized by cough, shortness of
breath, chest pain, and bronchospasm may be noted.
GENOTOXICITY
o Pyrethrum is not mutagenic in bacterial reversion tests
(Ray, 1991).
|
| Laboratory: |
o Pyrethrin plasma levels are not clinically useful or
readily available.
o Monitor for allergic responses such as asthma or contact
dermatitis.
|
| Treatment Overview: |
ORAL EXPOSURE
o There is no specific antidote for pyrethrin poisoning.
Treatment is symptomatic and supportive and includes
monitoring for the development of hypersensitivity
reactions with respiratory distress. Provide adequate
airway management when needed. Gastric decontamination
is usually not required unless the pyrethrin product is
combined with a hydrocarbon.
o ALLERGIC REACTION: MILD: antihistamines with or
without epinephrine. SEVERE: oxygen, aggressive
airway management, antihistamines, epinephrine (ADULT:
0.3 to 0.5 mL of a 1:1000 solution subcutaneously;
CHILD: 0.01 mL/kg; may repeat in 20 to 30 min),
corticosteroids, ECG monitoring, and IV fluids.
INHALATION EXPOSURE
o INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for
respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing
develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation,
bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and
assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with
beta2 agonist and corticosteroid aerosols.
EYE EXPOSURE
o DECONTAMINATION: Irrigate exposed eyes with copious
amounts of tepid water for at least 15 minutes. If
irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia
persist, the patient should be seen in a health care
facility.
DERMAL EXPOSURE
o DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash
exposed area thoroughly with soap and water. A
physician may need to examine the area if irritation or
pain persists.
o Vitamin E topical application is highly effective in
relieving paresthesias.
|
| Range of Toxicity: |
o The minimal lethal dose of pyrethrum is not established,
but is probably in the range of 10 to 100 grams.
o Hypersensitivity reactions may be noted, especially
following a chronic dermal or inhalation exposure.
Patients with underlying asthma may be predisposed to
severe bronchospastic reactions after exposure.
|
Antidote and Emergency Treatment:
Treatment is supportive, and most casual exposures require only decontamination. Topical vitamin E may ameliorate the paresthesias that accompany contact with synthetic pyrethroids containing an alpha-cyano group (e.g., fenvalerate, cypermethrin, flucythrinate). /Synthetic pyrethroids/
The additives (e.g. petroleum distillate), when present, represent a greater toxic threat to the patient than the active ingredient itself. ... Emesis should not be induced when petroleum distillate additives are present. ... The alert person with an intact gag reflex & a sublethal pyrethrum ingestion without other toxic constituents may have emesis induced by ipecac, followed by a saline cathartic & slurry of activated charcoal. ... Pulmonary & allergic sequelae are treated symptomatically with airway maintenance, oxygen, & ventilatory assistance as required. Standard drugs and management protocols may be used for treatment of bronchospasm & anaphylaxis. Seizures are treated with diazepam. /Pyrethrum and synthetic pyrethroids/
Skin decontamination. Wash skin promptly with soap and water ... . If irritant or paresthetic effects occur, obtain treatment by a physician. Because volatilization of pyrethroids apparently accounts for paresthesia affecting the face, strenuous measures should be taken (ventilation, protective face mask and hood) to avoid vapor contact with the face and eyes. Vitamin E oil preparations (dL-alpha tocopheryl acetate) are uniquely effective in preventing and stopping the paresthetic reaction. They are safe for application to the skin under field conditions. Corn oil is somewhat effective, but possible side effects with continuing use make it less suitable. Vaseline is less effective than corn oil. Zinc oxide actually worsens the reaction. /Pyrethroids/
Eye contamination. Some pyrethroid compounds can be very corrosive to the eyes. Extraordinary measures should be taken to avoid eye contamination. the eye should be treated immediately by prolonged flushing of the eye with copious amounts of clean water or saline. If irritation persists, obtain professional ophthalmologic care. /Pyrethroids/
Other treatments. Several drugs are effective in relieving the pyrethroid neurotoxic manifestations observed in deliberately poisoned laboratory animals, but none has been tested in human poisonings. Therefore, neither efficacy nor safety under these circumstances is known. Furthermore, moderate neurotoxic symptoms and signs are likely to resolve spontaneously if they do occur. /Pyrethroids/
Animal Toxicity Studies:
Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts:
Non-irritant to skin; virtually non-irritating to eyes (rabbits); no skin sensitization (guinea pigs).
Toxic to bees.
Non-teratogenic in rats (> or = 2 mg/kg/day) & rabbits (8 mg/kg/day).
Synthetic pyrethroids are neuropoisons acting on the axons in the peripheral and central nervous systems by interacting with sodium channels in mammals and/or insects. A single dose produces toxic signs in mammals, such as tremors, hyperexcitability, salivation, choreoathetosis, and paralysis. ... At near-lethal dose levels, synthetic pyrethroids cause transient changes in the nervous system, such as axonal swelling and/or breaks and myelin degeneration in sciatic nerves. They are not considered to cause delayed neurotoxicity of the kind induced by some organophosphorus compounds. /Synthetic prethroids/
Synthetic pyrethroids have been shown to be toxic for fish, aquatic arthropods, and honeybees in laboratory tests. But, in practical usage, no serious adverse effects have been noticed because of the low rates of application and lack of persistence in the environment. The toxicity of synthetic pyrethroids in birds and domestic animals is low. /Synthetic pyrethroids/
The no observable effect level for dogs is 1.5 mg/kg/day for 1 yr.
Following absorption through the chitinous exoskeleton of arthropods, pyrethrins stimulate the nervous system, apparently by competitively interfering with cationic conductances in the lipid layer of nerve cells, thereby blocking nerve impulse transmissions. Paralysis and death follow. /Pyrethrins/
Non-systemic insecticide with contact action. Causes paralysis initially, with death occurring later. Has some acaricidal activity. /Pyrethrins/
Insecticide and acaricide with contact and stomach action.
Non-Human Toxicity Values:
LD50 Rat oral 54.5 mg/kg
LD50 Rabbit percutaneous >2000 mg/kg
Ecotoxicity Values:
LD50 Bobwhite quail oral 1800 mg/kg
LC50 Daphnia 0.0016 mg/l/48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
LD50 Mallard duck oral 2150 mg/kg
LC50 Bobwhite quail dietary 4450 mg/kg diet/8 day
LC50 Mallard duck dietary 1280 mg/kg diet/8 day
LC50 Bluegill sunfish 0.00035 mg/l/96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
LC50 Rainbow trout 0.00015 mg/l/96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics:
Metabolism/Metabolites:
The metabolic pathways for the breakdown of the pyrethroids vary little between mammalian species but vary somewhat with structure. ... Essentially, pyrethrum & allethrin are broken down mainly by oxidation of the isobutenyl side chain of the acid moiety & of the unsaturated side chain of the alcohol moiety with ester hydrolysis playing an important part, whereas for the other pyrethroids ester hydrolysis predominates. /Pyrethrum and pyrethroids/
The relative resistance of mammals to the pyrethroids is almost wholly attributable to their ability to hydrolyze the pyrethroids rapidly to their inactive acid & alcohol components, since direct injection into the mammalian CNS leads to a susceptibility similar to that seen in insects. Some additional resistance of homeothermic organisms can also be attributed to the negative temperature coefficient of action of the pyrethroids, which are thus less toxic at mammalian body temperatures, but the major effect is metabolic. Metabolic disposal of the pyrethroids is very rapid, which means that toxicity is high by the iv route, moderate by slower oral absorption, & often unmeasureably low by dermal absorption. /Pyrethroids/
FASTEST BREAKDOWN IS SEEN WITH PRIMARY ALCOHOL ESTERS OF TRANS-SUBSTITUTED ACIDS SINCE THEY UNDERGO RAPID HYDROLYTIC & OXIDATIVE ATTACK. FOR ALL SECONDARY ALCOHOL ESTERS & FOR PRIMARY ALCOHOL CIS-SUBSTITUTED CYCLOPROPANECARBOXYLATES, OXIDATIVE ATTACK IS PREDOMINANT. /PYRETHROIDS/
Pyrethrins are reportedly inactivated in the GI tract following ingestion. In animals, pyrethrins are rapidly metabolized to water soluble, inactive compounds. /Pyrethrins/
Synthetic pyrethroids are generally metabolized in mammals through ester hydrolysis, oxidation, and conjugation, and there is no tendency to accumulate in tissues. In the environment, synthetic pyrethroids are fairly rapidly degraded in soil and in plants. Ester hydrolysis and oxidation at various sites on the molecule are the major degradation processes. /Synthetic pyrethroids/
Absorption, Distribution & Excretion:
/PYRETHROIDS/ READILY PENETRATE INSECT CUTICLE AS SHOWN BY TOPICAL LD50 TO PERIPLANETA (COCKROACH) ... /PYRETHROIDS/
WHEN RADIOACTIVE PYRETHROID IS ADMIN ORALLY TO MAMMALS, IT IS ABSORBED FROM INTESTINAL TRACT OF THE ANIMALS & DISTRIBUTED IN EVERY TISSUE EXAMINED. EXCRETION OF RADIOACTIVITY IN RATS ADMIN TRANS-ISOMER: DOSAGE: 500 MG/KG; INTERVAL 20 DAYS; URINE 36%; FECES 64%; TOTAL 100%. /PYRETHROIDS/
Pyrethrins are absorbed through intact skin when applied topically. When animals were exposed to aerosols of pyrethrins with piperonyl butoxide being released into the air, little or none of the combination was systemically absorbed. /Pyrethrins/
Mechanism of Action:
The synthetic pyrethroids delay closure of the sodium channel, resulting in a sodium tail current that is characterized by a slow influx of sodium during the end of depolarization. Apparently the pyrethroid molecule holds the activation gate in the open position. Pyrethroids with an alpha-cyano group (e.g., fenvalerate) produce more prolonged sodium tail currents than do other pyrethroids (e.g., permethrin, bioresmethrin). The former group of pyrethroids causes more cutaneous sensations than the latter. /Synthetic pyrethroids/
Interaction with sodium channels is not the only mechanism of action proposed for the pyrethroids. Their effects on the CNS have led various workers to suggest actions via antagonism of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated inhibition, modulation of nicotinic cholinergic transmission, enhancement of noradrenaline release, or actions on calcium ions. Since neurotransmitter specific pharmacological agents offer only poor or partial protection against poisoning, it is unlikely that one of these effects represents the primary mechanism of action of the pyrethroids, & most neurotransmitter release is secondary to incr sodium entry. /Pyrethroids/
The symptoms of pyrethrin poisoning follow the typical pattern ... : (1) excitation, (2) convulsions, (3) paralysis, and (4) death. The effects of pyrethrins on the insect nervous system closely resemble those of DDT, but are apparently much less persistent. Regular, rhythmic, and spontaneous nerve discharges have been observed in insect and crustacean nerve-muscle preparations poisoned with pyrethrins. The primary target of pyrethrins seems to be the ganglia of the insect central nervous system although some pyrethrin-poisoning effect can be observed in isolated legs. /Pyrethrins/
Electrophysiologically, pyrethrins cause repetitive discharges and conduction block. /Pyrethrins/
The interaction of a series of pyrethroid insecticides with the sodium channels in myelinated nerve fibers of the clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, was investigated using the voltage clamp technique. Of 11 pyrethroids, 9 insecticidally active cmpd induced a slowly decaying sodium tail current on termination of a step depolarization, whereas the sodium current during depolarization was hardly affected. /Pyrethroids/
Mode of action of pyrethrum & related cmpd has been studied more in insects & in other invertebrates than in mammals. This action involves ion transport through the membrane of nerve axons &, at least in invertebrates & lower vertebrates, it exhibits a negative temperature coefficient. In both of these important ways & in many details, the mode of action of pyrethrin & pyrethroids resembles that of DDT. Esterases & mixed-function oxidase system differ in their relative importance for metabolizing different synthetic pyrethroids. The same may be true of the constituents of pyrethrum, depending on strain, species, & other factors. /Pyrethrins and pyrethroids/
The interactions of natural pyrethrins and 9 pyrethroids with the nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptor/channel complex of Torpedo electronic organ membranes were studied. None reduced (3)H-ACh binding to the receptor sites, but all inhibited (3)H-labeled perhydrohistrionicotoxin binding to the channel sites in presence of carbamylcholine. Allethrin inhibited binding noncompetitively, but (3)H-labeled imipramine binding competitively, suggesting that allethrin binds to the receptor's channel sites that bind imipramine. The pyrethroids were divided into 2 types according to their action: type A, which included allethrin, was more potent in inhibiting (3)H-H12-HTX binding and acted more rapidly. Type B, which included permethrin, was less potent and their potency increased slowly with time. The high affinities that several pyrethroids have for this nicotinic ACh receptor suggest that pyrethroids may have a synaptic site of action in addition to their well known effects on the axonal channels. /Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids/
The primary target site of pyrethroid insecticides in the vertebrate nervous system is the sodium channel in the nerve membrane. Pyrethroids without an alpha-cyano group (allethrin, d-phenothrin, permethrin, and cismethrin) cause a moderate prolongation of the transient increase in sodium permeability of the nerve membrane during excitation. This results in relatively short trains of repetitive nerve impulses in sense organs, sensory (afferent) nerve fibers, and, in effect, nerve terminals. On the other hand the alpha-cyano pyrethroids cause a long lasting prolongation of the transient increase in sodium permeability of the nerve membrane during excitation. This results in long-lasting trains of repetitive impulses in sense organs and a frequency-dependent depression of the nerve impulse in nerve fibers. The difference in effects between permethrin and cypermethrin, which have identical molecular structures except for the presence of an alpha-cyano group on the phenoxybenzyl alcohol, indicates that it is this alpha-cyano group that is responsible for the long-lasting prolongation of the sodium permeability. Since the mechanisms responsible for nerve impulse generation and conduction are basically the same throughout the entire nervous system, pyrethroids may also induce repetitive activity in various parts of the brain. The difference in symptoms of poisoning by alpha-cyano pyrethroids, compared with the classical pyrethroids, is not necessarily due to an exclusive central site of action. It may be related to the long-lasting repetitive activity in sense organs and possibly in other parts of the nervous system, which, in a more advance state of poisoning, may be accompanied by a frequency-dependent depression of the nervous impulse. /Synthetic pyrethroids/
Pyrethroids also cause pronounced repetitive activity and a prolongation of the transient increase in sodium permeability of the nerve membrane in insects and other invertebrates. Available information indicates that the sodium channel in the nerve membrane is also the most important target site of pyrethroids in the invertebrate nervous system. /Synthetic pyrethroids/
Interactions:
/Pyrethroid/ detoxification ... important in flies, may be delayed by the addition of synergists ... organophosphates or carbamates ... to guarantee a lethal effect. ... /Pyrethroid/
Piperonyl butoxide potentiates /insecticidal activity/ of pyrethrins by inhibiting the hydrolytic enzymes responsible for pyrethrins' metabolism in arthropods. When piperonyl butoxide is combined with pyrethrins, the insecticidal activity of the latter drug is increased 2-12 times /Pyrethrins/
At dietary level of 1000 ppm pyrethrins & 10000 ppm piperonyl butoxide ... /enlargement, margination, & cytoplasmic inclusions in liver cells of rats/ were well developed in only 8 days, but ... were not maximal. Changes were proportional to dosage & similar to those produced by DDT. Effects of the 2 ... were additive. /Pyrethrins/
Pharmacology:
Therapeutic Uses:
Pyrethrins with piperonyl butoxide are used for topical treatment of pediculosis (lice infestations). Combinations of pyrethrins with piperonyl butoxide are not effective for treatment of scabies (mite infestations). Although there are no well-controlled comparative studies, many clinicians consider 1% lindane to be pediculicide of choice. However, some clinicians recommend use of pyrethrins with piperonyl butoxide, esp in infants, young children, & pregnant or lactating women ... . If used correctly, 1-3 treatments ... are usually 100% effective ... Oil based (eg, petroleum distillate) combinations ... produce the quickest results. ... For treatment of pediculosis, enough gel, shampoo, or solution ... should be applied to cover affected hair & adjacent areas ... After 10 min, hair is ... washed thoroughly ... treatment should be repeated after 7-10 days to kill any newly hatched lice. /Pyrethrins/
Interactions:
/Pyrethroid/ detoxification ... important in flies, may be delayed by the addition of synergists ... organophosphates or carbamates ... to guarantee a lethal effect. ... /Pyrethroid/
Piperonyl butoxide potentiates /insecticidal activity/ of pyrethrins by inhibiting the hydrolytic enzymes responsible for pyrethrins' metabolism in arthropods. When piperonyl butoxide is combined with pyrethrins, the insecticidal activity of the latter drug is increased 2-12 times /Pyrethrins/
At dietary level of 1000 ppm pyrethrins & 10000 ppm piperonyl butoxide ... /enlargement, margination, & cytoplasmic inclusions in liver cells of rats/ were well developed in only 8 days, but ... were not maximal. Changes were proportional to dosage & similar to those produced by DDT. Effects of the 2 ... were additive. /Pyrethrins/
Environmental Fate & Exposure:
Environmental Fate/Exposure Summary:
Bifenthrin's production and use as an insecticide is expected to result in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 1.8X10-7 mm Hg at 25 deg C indicates bifenthrin will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase bifenthrin will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals and ozone; the half-lives for these reactions in air are estimated to be 13 hours and 7 days, respectively. Particulate-phase bifenthrin will be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. If released to soil, bifenthrin is expected to have no mobility based upon a range of Koc values from 131,000 to 302,000. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.0X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization. Half-lives for bifenthrin in soil range from 65 to 125 days. Although biodegradation data for bifenthrin are not available, the pyrethroid class of insecticides is readily degraded by environmental microorganisms and based upon its structure, bifenthrin is also expected to biodegrade readily. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 50 and 555 days, respectively. However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. An estimated BCF of 190 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high. However, bioconcentration studies on compounds which are structurally similar suggest that bioconcentration may be lower due to the ability of aquatic organisms to readily metabolize this class of compounds. Estimated hydrolysis half-lives at pH values of 7 and 8 are 5.5 years and 200 days, respectively. Occupational exposure to bifenthrin may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where bifenthrin is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to bifenthrin via ingestion of food containing this compound. (SRC)
Probable Routes of Human Exposure:
Occupational exposure to bifenthrin may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where bifenthrin is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to bifenthrin via ingestion of food containing this compound. (SRC)
Average Daily Intake:
As part of the Belgian Total Diet Study between 1991-1993, the avg daily intake of bifenthrin from food commodities was determined to be 0.02 mg/kg person per day(1).
Artificial Pollution Sources:
Bifenthrin's production and use as an insecticide(1) is expected to result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).
Environmental Fate:
TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values for bifenthrin ranging from 131,000 to 302,000(2), indicates that bifenthrin is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Volatilization of bifenthrin from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.0X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 1.8X10-7 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 0.1 mg/l(3). However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization(SRC). Bifenthrin is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(3). Although biodegradation data for bifenthrin are not available, the pyrethroid class of insecticides is readily degraded by environmental microorganisms(4,5) and based upon its structure, bifenthrin is also expected to readily biodegrade(4,5). Half-lives for bifenthrin in soil range from 65 to 125 days(2).
AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values for bifenthrin ranging from 131,000 to 302,000(2), indicates that bifenthrin is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.0X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 1.8X10-7 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 0.1 mg/l(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 50 and 555 days, respectively(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column(SRC). The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 3,100 years if adsorption is considered(5). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 190(SRC), from its log Kow(4) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC). However, bioconcentration studies on compounds which are structurally similar suggest that bioconcentration may be lower than that indicated by the regression-derived equations due to the ability of aquatic organisms to readily metabolize this class of compounds(8). A base-catalyzed second-order hydrolysis rate constant of 4.0X10-2 l/mole-sec(SRC) was estimated using a structure estimation method(9); this corresponds to half-lives of 5.5 years and 200 days at pH values of 7 and 8, respectively(9). Although biodegradation data for bifenthrin are not available, the pyrethroid class of insecticides is readily degraded by environmental microorganisms(10,11) and based upon its structure, bifenthrin is also expected to readily biodegrade(10,11).
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), bifenthrin, which has a vapor pressure of 1.80X10-7 mm Hg at 25 deg C(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere(SRC). Vapor-phase bifenthrin is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 13 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.96X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 deg C(SRC) determined using a structure estimation method(3). Vapor-phase bifenthrin is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced ozone(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 7 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.62X10-17 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 deg C(SRC) determined using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase bifenthrin may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC).
Environmental Biodegradation:
Although environmental biodegradation data specific to bifenthrin are not available, the pyrethroid class of insecticides is readily degraded by environmental microorganisms(1,2); based upon its structure, bifenthrin is also expected to readily biodegrade(1,2).
Environmental Abiotic Degradation:
The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of bifenthrin with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.96X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 deg C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 13 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of bifenthrin with ozone has been estimated as 1.62X10-18 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 deg C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 7 days at an atmospheric concentration of 7X10+11 ozone molecules per cu cm(2). A base-catalyzed second-order hydrolysis rate constant of 4.0X10-2 l/mole-sec(SRC) was estimated using a structure estimation method(3); this corresponds to half-lives of 5.5 years and 200 days at pH values of 7 and 8, respectively(3). Pyrethrins, eg bifenthrin, are expected to undergo photodegradation in the environmental UV spectrum (>290 nm)(4).
Environmental Bioconcentration:
An estimated BCF of 190 was calculated for bifenthrin(SRC), using a log Kow of 6(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC). However, bioconcentration studies on compounds which are structurally similar suggest that bioconcentration may be lower than that indicated by the regression- derived equations due to the ability of aquatic organisms to readily metabolize this class of compounds(4).
Soil Adsorption/Mobility:
Koc values for bifenthrin range from 131,000 to 302,000(1). According to a classification scheme(2), these Koc values suggest that bifenthrin is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC).
Volatilization from Water/Soil:
The Henry's Law constant for bifenthrin is estimated as 1.0X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure, 1.8X10-7 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 0.1 mg/l(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that bifenthrin is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 50 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 555 days(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column(SRC). The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 3,100 years if adsorption is considered (3). Bifenthrin's estimated Henry's Law constant(1) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to soil(SRC). Bifenthrin is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 1.80X10-7 mm Hg(1).
Food Survey Values:
The concn of bifenthrin was measured in food commodities from Belgium between 1991-1993: lettuce (mean, 0.027 ppm; max, 0.99 ppm; 5.4% samples positive), spinach (mean, 0.016 ppm; max, 0.22 ppm; 2.4% samples positive), Lamb's lettuce (mean, 0.009 ppm; max, 0.72 ppm; 1.0% samples positive), apples (mean, 0.002 ppm; max, 0.1 ppm; 0.9% samples positive), strawberries (mean, 0.012 ppm; max, 0.2 ppm; 1.4% samples positive)(1).
Environmental Standards & Regulations:
FIFRA Requirements:
Tolerances are established for residues of the insecticide bifenthrin (2-methyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl) methyl-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxyla te in or on the following food commodities: artichoke, globe; brassica, head and stem, subgroup, excluding cabbage; cabbage; cranberry subgroup; cattle, fat; cattle, mbyp; cattle, meat; corn, fodder; corn, forage; corn, grain (field, seed, and pop); corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husk removed; cottonseed; eggplant; eggs; goats, fat; goats, mbyp; goats, meat; grape; hogs, fat; hogs, mbyp; hogs, meat; hops, dried; horses, fat; horses, mbyp; horses, meat; lettuce, head; milk, fat (reflecting 0.1 ppm in whole milk); pea and bean, succulent shelled, subgroup; pepper, bell; peppers, non-bell; poultry, fat; poultry, mbyp; poultry, meat; rapeseed; sheep, fat; sheep, mbyp; sheep, meat; strawberries; vegetable, cucurbit, crop group; and vegetable, legume, edible podded, subgroup.
Time limited tolerances are established for residues of the insecticide bifenthrin (2-methyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl) methyl-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxyla te) in connection with use of the pesticide under section 18 emergency exemptions granted by EPA. The tolerances will expire and are revoked on the dates specified: broccoli (1/31/1999); cabbage (12/31/98); canola, seed (3/30/00); cauliflower (1/31/1999); citrus, dried pulp (12/31/00); citrus oil (12/31/00); citrus, whole fruit (12/31/00); grapes (12/31/01); peanuts, nutmeats (12/31/01); raspberries (12/31/00); and vegetables, cucurbits (10/31/00).
Acceptable Daily Intakes:
FAO/WHO ADI:0.02 mg/kg
Allowable Tolerances:
Tolerances are established for residues of the insecticide bifenthrin (2-methyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl) methyl-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxyla te in or on the following food commodities: artichoke, globe, 1.0 ppm; brassica, head and stem, subgroup, excluding cabbage, 0.6 ppm; cabbage, 4.0 ppm; cranberry subgroup, 1.0 ppm; cattle, fat, 1.0 ppm; cattle, mbyp, 0.10 ppm; cattle, meat, 0.5 ppm; corn, fodder, 5.0 ppm; corn, forage, 3.0 ppm; corn, grain (field, seed, and pop), 0.05 ppm; corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husk removed, 0.05 ppm; cottonseed, 0.5 ppm; eggplant, 0.05 ppm; eggs, 0.05 ppm; goats, fat, 1.0 ppm; goats, mbyp, 0.10 ppm; goats, meat, 0.5 ppm; grape, 0.2 ppm; hogs, fat, 1.0 ppm; hogs, mbyp, 0.10 ppm; hogs, meat, 0.5 ppm; hops, dried, 10.0 ppm; horses, fat, 1.0 ppm; horses, mbyp, 0.10 ppm; horses, meat, 0.5 ppm; lettuce, head, 3.0 ppm; milk, fat (reflecting 0.1 ppm in whole milk), 1.0 ppm; pea and bean, succulent shelled, subgroup, 0.05 ppm; pepper, bell, 0.5 ppm; peppers, non-bell, 0.5 ppm; poultry, fat, 0.05 ppm; poultry, mbyp, 0.05 ppm; poultry, meat, 0.05 ppm; rapeseed, 0.05 ppm; sheep, fat, 1.0 ppm; sheep, mbyp, 0.1 ppm; sheep, meat, 0.5 ppm; strawberries, 3.0 ppm; vegetable, cucurbit, crop group, 0.4 ppm; and vegetable, legume, edible podded, subgroup, 0.6 ppm.
Time limited tolerances are established for residues of the insecticide bifenthrin (2-methyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl) methyl-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxyla te) in connection with use of the pesticide under section 18 emergency exemptions granted by EPA. The tolerances will expire and are revoked on the dates specified: broccoli, 0.1 ppm (1/31/1999); cabbage, 2.0 ppm (12/31/98); canola, seed, 0.5 ppm (3/30/00); cauliflower, 0.05 ppm (1/31/1999); citrus, dried pulp, 0.3 ppm (12/31/00); citrus oil, 0.3 ppm (12/31/00); citrus, whole fruit, 0.05 ppm (12/31/00); grapes, 0.2 ppm (12/31/01); peanuts, nutmeats, 0.05 ppm (12/31/01); raspberries, 3.0 ppm (12/31/00); and vegetables, cucurbits, 1.0 ppm (10/31/00).
Chemical/Physical Properties:
Molecular Formula:
C23-H22-Cl-F3-O2
Molecular Weight:
422.87
Color/Form:
Light brown viscous oil
Viscous liquid; crystaline or waxy solid
Off-white to pale tan waxy solid
Odor:
Very faint, slightly sweet odor
Melting Point:
69 deg C
Corrosivity:
Non-corrosive
Density/Specific Gravity:
1.212 g/ml @ 25 deg C/4 deg C
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient:
log Kow = >6.00
Solubilities:
Sol in methylene chloride, chloroform, acetone, ether, toluene; slightly sol in heptane, methanol.
In water, 0.1 mg/l, temp not specified.
Vapor Pressure:
1.80X10-7 mm Hg @ 25 deg C
Chemical Safety & Handling:
Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:
Immediately irritating to the eye. /Pyrethrins/
The chief effect from exposure ... is skin rash particularly on moist areas of the skin. ... May irritate the eyes.
Flash Point:
165 deg C (Tag open cup); 151 deg C (Pensky Martens closed cup)
Fire Fighting Procedures:
Use carbon dioxide, foam, or dry chemical /on fires involving pyrethroids/. /Pyrethrum/
Fire-fighting: Self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode. /Pyrethrum/
Hazardous Reactivities & Incompatibilities:
Incompatibility: Strong oxidizers. /Pyrethrins/
... Incompatible with lime & ordinary soaps because acids & alkalies speed up processes of hydrolysis. /Pyrethrins/
Hazardous Decomposition:
In natural daylight /the half-life/ is 255 days.
Protective Equipment & Clothing:
Employees should be provided with and required to use dust- and splash-proof safety goggles where /pyrethroids/ ... may contact the eyes. /Pyrethroids/
Employees should be provided with and be required to use impervious clothing, gloves, and face shields (eight-inch minimum). /Pyrethroids/
Wear appropriate equipment to prevent: Repeated or prolonged skin contact. /Pyrethrum and pyrethrins/
Wear eye protection to prevent: Reasonable probability of eye contact. /Pyrethrins/
Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 50 mg/cu m: Respirator Classes: Any chemical cartridge respirator with organic vapor cartridge(s) in combination with a dust, mist, and fume filter. May require eye protection. Any supplied-air respirator. May require eye protection. Any self-contained breathing apparatus. May require eye protection. /Pyrethrins/
Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 125 mg/cu m: Respirator Classes: Any supplied-air respirator operated in a continuous flow mode. May require eye protection. Any powered, air-purifying respirator with organic vapor cartridge(s) in combination with a dust, mist, and fume filter. May require eye protection. /Pyrethrins/
Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 250 mg/cu m: Respirator Classes: Any chemical cartridge respirator with a full facepiece and organic vapor cartridge(s) in combination with a high-efficiency particulate filter. Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece. Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece. Any powered, air-purifying respirator with a tight-fitting facepiece and organic vapor cartridge(s) in combination with a high-efficiency particulate filter. May require eye protection. /Pyrethrins/
Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 5,000 mg/cu m: Respirator Class: Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece and operated in a pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode. /Pyrethrins/
Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: Emergency or planned entry into unknown concn or IDLH conditions: Respirator Classes: Any self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode. Any supplied-air respirator with a full face piece and operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode. /Pyrethrins/
Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: Escape from suddenly occurring respiratory hazards: Respirator Classes: Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style, front- or back-mounted organic vapor canister having a high-efficiency particulate filter. Any appropriate escape-type, self-contained breathing apparatus. /Pyrethrins/
Preventive Measures:
Skin that becomes contaminated with /pyrethrum/ should be promptly washed or showered with soap or mild detergent and water. /Pyrethrum/
Clothing contaminated with /pyrethrum/ should be placed in closed containers for storage until provision is made for the removal of /pyrethrum/ from the clothing. /Pyrethrum/
Respirators may be used when engineering and work practice controls are not technically feasible, when such controls are in the process of being installed, or when they fail or need to be supplemented. Respirators may also be used for operations which require entry into tanks or closed vessels, and in emergency situations. /Pyrethrum/
Employees who handle /pyrethrum/ ... should wash their hands thoroughly with soap or mild detergent and water before eating, smoking, or using toilet facilities. /Pyrethrum/
Avoid contact with skin. Keep out of any body of water. Do not contaminate water by cleaning of equipment or disposal of waste. Do not reuse empty container. Destroy it by perforating or crushing. /Pyrethrum/
Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical. /Pyrethrins/
Workers should wash: Promptly when skin becomes contaminated. /Pyrethrins/
Work clothing should be changed daily: If it is reasonably probable that the clothing may be contaminated. /Pyrethrins/
Remove clothing: Promptly if it is non-impervious clothing that becomes contaminated. /Pyrethrins/
SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.
SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.
Stability/Shelf Life:
Stable for two years at 25 deg C and 50 deg C /Technical bifenthrin/
Pyrethrins ... /are/ stable for long periods in water-based aerosols where ... emulsifiers give neutral water systems. /Pyrethrins/
... Stable 21 days at pH 5-9 (21 deg C)
Storage Conditions:
Pyrethrins with piperonyl butoxide topical preparations should be stored in well-closed containers at a temperature less than 40 deg C, preferably between 15-30 deg C. /Pyrethrins/
Disposal Methods:
SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.
Incineration would be an effective disposal procedure where permitted. ... /Pyrethrin products/
Occupational Exposure Standards:
Manufacturing/Use Information:
Major Uses:
For Bifenthrin (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 128825) ACTIVE products with label matches. /SRP: Registered for use in the U.S. but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./
Broad spectrum miticide, termiticide
Insecticide, acaricide
/Bifenthrin/ is effective against ... Coleoptera, Diptera, Heteroptera, Homoptera, Lipidoptera, and Othoptera; ... also controls some species of Acarina.
MEDICATION
Manufacturers:
FMC Corp., Agricultural Products Group, 200 E. Randolph Dr., Chicago, IL 60601, (312) 861-6000; Production site: Baltimore, MD 21226
Methods of Manufacturing:
2-Methyl-3-phenylbenzyl alcohol + 3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-thrifluoropropenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (esterification)
General Manufacturing Information:
Third generation synthetic pyrethroid
Compatible with neutral insecticides and fungicides.
/Pyrethroids/ are modern synthetic insecticides similar chemically to natural pyrethrins, but modified to increase stability in the natural environment. /Pyrethroids/
Formulations/Preparations:
USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code 128825; Trade Names: FMC 54800, Capture, FMC 54800 technical, Talstar, Brigade, Biflex.
Emulsifiable concentrate; suspension concentrate; wettable powder; ultra-low volume liquid; granule.
Material contains greater than/equal to 97% cis-isomer and less than/equal to 3% trans-isomer.
Laboratory Methods:
Special References:
Special Reports:
Miyamoto J; Environ Health Perspect 14: 15-28 (1976). Degradation, metabolism, and toxicity of synthetic pyrethroids.
Miyamoto J, et al; Pure Appl Chem 53: 1967-2022 (1981). The chemistry, metabolism, and residue analysis of synthetic pyrethroids.
Hutson DH; Progress in Drug Metabolism 3: 215-252 (1979). The metabolic fate of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides in mammals.
Casida JE et al; Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 23: 413-38 (1983). The mechanisms of selective action of pyrethroid insecticide are discussed.
Papadopoulou-Mourkidou E; Residue Rev 89: 179-208 (1983). A review with many references on analysis of allethrin & other pyrethroid
insecticides.
Synonyms and Identifiers:
Synonyms:
Bifenthrine
**PEER REVIEWED**
Biphenate
**PEER REVIEWED**
Biphenthrin
**PEER REVIEWED**
Biphentrin
**PEER REVIEWED**
Brigade
**PEER REVIEWED**
Capture
**PEER REVIEWED**
[1alpha, 3alpha(z)]-(+ -)-3-(2-Chloro-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propenyl)-2,2- dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid (2-methyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl)methyl ester
**PEER REVIEWED**
Pesticide Code: 128825
**PEER REVIEWED**
FMC-54800
**PEER REVIEWED**
2-Methylbiphenyl-3-ylmethyl-(z)-(1RS)-cis-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1- enyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
**PEER REVIEWED**
2-Methylbiphenyl-3-ylmethyl (z)-(1RS,3RS)-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1- enyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
**PEER REVIEWED**
[1 alpha, 3 alpha(z)]-(+ -)-(2-Methyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl)methyl 3-(2-chloro- 3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
**PEER REVIEWED**
Talstar
**PEER REVIEWED**
Formulations/Preparations:
USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code 128825; Trade Names: FMC 54800, Capture, FMC 54800 technical, Talstar, Brigade, Biflex.
Emulsifiable concentrate; suspension concentrate; wettable powder; ultra-low volume liquid; granule.
Material contains greater than/equal to 97% cis-isomer and less than/equal to 3% trans-isomer.
Administrative Information:
Hazardous Substances Databank Number: 6568
Last Revision Date: 20011010
Last Review Date: Reviewed by SRP on 5/10/2001
Update History:
Complete Update on 10/10/2001, 54 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 08/08/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 05/16/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/12/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/12/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/08/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/02/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/21/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/27/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/08/1999, 8 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 06/03/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 11/01/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 05/09/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/17/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/28/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/20/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/14/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/01/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/09/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/21/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/23/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/28/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/01/1994, 52 fields added/edited/deleted.