BENZOTRIFLUORIDE
CASRN: 98-08-8 For other data, click on the Table of Contents
Human Health Effects:
Human Toxicity Excerpts:
TOXIC BY INHALATION. [Hawley, G.G. The Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 9th ed.
New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1977. 100]**PEER REVIEWED**
Drug Warnings:
Food and Environmental Agents: Effect on Breast-Feeding: Reported Sign
or Symptom in Infant or Effect on Lactation: Fluorides: None. /from Table
7/ [Report of the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on
Drugs in Pediatrics 93 (1): 142 (1994)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Emergency Medical Treatment:
Emergency Medical Treatment:
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The following Overview, *** GENERAL OR UNKNOWN CHEMICAL ***, is relevant
for this HSDB record chemical.
Life Support:
o This overview assumes that basic life support measures
have been instituted.
Clinical Effects:
SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
0.2.1.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o A SPECIFIC REVIEW on the clinical effects and treatment
of individuals exposed to this agent HAS NOT YET BEEN
PREPARED. The following pertains to the GENERAL
EVALUATION and TREATMENT of individuals exposed to
potentially toxic chemicals.
o GENERAL EVALUATION -
1. Exposed individuals should have a careful, thorough
medical history and physical examination performed,
looking for any abnormalities. Exposure to chemicals
with a strong odor often results in such nonspecific
symptoms as headache, dizziness, weakness, and nausea.
o IRRITATION -
1. Many chemicals cause irritation of the eyes, skin, and
respiratory tract. Respiratory tract irritation, if
severe, can progress to pulmonary edema, which may be
delayed in onset for up to 24 to 72 hours in some
cases.
2. Irritation or burns of the esophagus or
gastrointestinal tract are also possible if caustic or
irritant chemicals are ingested.
o HYPERSENSITIVITY -
1. A number of chemical agents produce an allergic
hypersensitivity dermatitis or asthma with
bronchospasm and wheezing with chronic exposure.
Laboratory:
o A number of chemicals produce abnormalities of the
hematopoietic system, liver, and kidneys. Monitoring
complete blood count, urinalysis, and liver and kidney
function tests is suggested for patients with significant
exposure.
o If respiratory tract irritation or respiratory depression
is evident, monitor arterial blood gases, chest x-ray, and
pulmonary function tests.
Treatment Overview:
SUMMARY EXPOSURE
o A specific review on the clinical effects and treatment
of individuals exposed to this agent has not yet been
prepared. The following pertains to the general
evaluation and treatment of individuals exposed to
potentially toxic chemicals.
o Move victims of inhalation exposure from the toxic
environment and administer 100% humidified supplemental
oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Exposed
skin and eyes should be copiously flushed with water.
1. Rescuers must not enter areas with potential high
airborne concentrations of this agent without
SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS (SCBA) to avoid
becoming secondary victims.
o Measures to decrease absorption may be useful. The
decision to induce or not to induce emesis in ingestions
must be carefully considered. If the patient has any
signs of esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation
or burns, or has evidence of a decreased sensorium, a
depressed gag reflex, or impending shock, INDUCED EMESIS
SHOULD BE AVOIDED.
ORAL EXPOSURE
o GASTRIC LAVAGE
1. Significant esophageal or gastrointestinal tract
irritation or burns may occur following ingestion. The
possible benefit of early removal of some ingested
material by cautious gastric lavage must be weighed
against potential complications of bleeding or
perforation.
2. GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a
potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can
be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1
hour). Protect airway by placement in Trendelenburg
and left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal
intubation. Control any seizures first.
a. CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes
or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated
patients; following ingestion of corrosives;
hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at
risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation;
and trivial or non-toxic ingestion.
o ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
1. Activated charcoal binds most toxic agents and can
decrease their systemic absorption if administered soon
after ingestion. In general, metals and acids are
poorly bound and patients ingesting these materials
will not likely benefit from activated charcoal
administration.
a. Activated charcoal should not be given to patients
ingesting strong acidic or basic caustic chemicals.
Activated charcoal is also of unproven value in
patients ingesting irritant chemicals, where it may
obscure endoscopic findings when the procedure is
justified.
2. ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as slurry (240
mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in
adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12
years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
o DILUTION -
1. Immediate dilution with milk or water may be of benefit
in caustic or irritant chemical ingestions.
2. DILUTION: Following ingestion and/or prior to gastric
evacuation, immediately dilute with 4 to 8 ounces (120
to 240 mL) of milk or water (not to exceed 15 mL/kg in
a child).
o IRRITATION -
1. Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the
possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal
tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of
esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider
endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.
o OBSERVATION CRITERIA -
1. Carefully observe patients with ingestion exposure for
the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and
administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
2. Patients symptomatic following exposure should be
observed in a controlled setting until all signs and
symptoms have fully resolved.
INHALATION EXPOSURE
o DECONTAMINATION -
1. INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for
respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing
develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation,
bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and
assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm
with beta2 agonist and corticosteroid aerosols.
o IRRITATION -
1. Respiratory tract irritation, if severe, can progress
to pulmonary edema which may be delayed in onset up to
24 to 72 hours after exposure in some cases.
o PULMONARY EDEMA/NON-CARDIOGENIC -
1. PULMONARY EDEMA (NONCARDIOGENIC): Maintain ventilation
and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial
blood gas or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of
PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
o BRONCHOSPASM -
1. If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment
with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.
o OBSERVATION CRITERIA -
1. Carefully observe patients with inhalation exposure for
the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and
administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.
2. Patients symptomatic following exposure should be
observed in a controlled setting until all signs and
symptoms have fully resolved.
EYE EXPOSURE
o DECONTAMINATION: Irrigate exposed eyes with copious
amounts of tepid water for at least 15 minutes. If
irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia
persist, the patient should be seen in a health care
facility.
DERMAL EXPOSURE
o DERMAL DECONTAMINATION -
1. DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash
exposed area thoroughly with soap and water. A
physician may need to examine the area if irritation
or pain persists.
o PESTICIDES -
1. DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and
jewelry. Wash the skin, including hair and nails,
vigorously; do repeated soap washings. Discard
contaminated clothing.
o IRRITATION -
1. Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical
therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity
reactions may require treatment with systemic or
topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.
o DERMAL ABSORPTION -
1. Some chemicals can produce systemic poisoning by
absorption through intact skin. Carefully observe
patients with dermal exposure for the development of
any systemic signs or symptoms and administer
symptomatic treatment as necessary.
Range of Toxicity:
o No specific range of toxicity can be established for the
broad field of chemicals in general.
Moderate toxic by animal-experiment; effective
to central nervous system. [ITII. Toxic and Hazardous Industrial Chemicals Safety Manual.
Tokyo, Japan: The International Technical Information Institute, 1988. 68]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics:
Pharmacology:
Drug Warnings:
Food and Environmental Agents: Effect on Breast-Feeding: Reported Sign
or Symptom in Infant or Effect on Lactation: Fluorides: None. /from Table
7/ [Report of the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on
Drugs in Pediatrics 93 (1): 142 (1994)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental Fate & Exposure
Environmental Fate/Exposure Summary:
Benzotrifluoride's production and use in dye chemistry, high polymer chemistry,
as a solvent, dielectric fluid, vulcanizing agent, insecticide, and as an
intermediate for pharmaceuticals, may result in its release to the environment
through various waste streams. It has been detected in river water, sediments,
and in industrial effluent discharge. If released to soil, benzotrifluoride
will have low mobility. Volatilization of benzotrifluoride may be important
from moist and dry soil surfaces. Benzotrifluoride will not be susceptible
to direct photolysis on soil or water surfaces based upon its lack of absorption
of light at wavelengths >290 nm. Biodegradation of benzotriflouride will
not be an important fate process in soil or water according to a biodegradation
study. If released to water, benzotrifluoride may adsorb to suspended solids
and sediment. Benzotrifluoride may volatilize from water surfaces with estimated
half-lives for a model river and model lake of about 3.6 hours and 4.8 days,
respectively. Experimental BCF values of 26-54
and 31-58 suggest that benzotrifluoride will bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms.
If released to the atmosphere, benzotrifluoride will exist in the vapor
phase. Vapor-phase benzotrifluoride is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction
with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals with an estimated
half-life of about 35 days. Vapor-phase benzotrifluoride is also degraded
in the atmosphere by reaction with ozone with an estimated half-life of
about 6.3 years. Particulate-phase benzotrifluoride may be physically removed
from the air by wet and dry deposition. (SRC) **PEER REVIEWED**
Artificial Pollution Sources:
Benzotrifluoride's production and use in dye chemistry(1), high polymer
chemistry(1), as a solvent(2), dielectric fluid(2), vulcanizing agent(2),
insecticide(2), and as an intermediate for pharmaceuticals(2),
may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).
[(1) Budavari S; The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals,
Drugs, and Biologicals Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co Inc pg 173 (1989) (2) Lewis
RJSr; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 12th ed. NY,NY: Van Nostrand
Rheinhold Co pg 133 (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental Fate:
TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(1), an
estimated Koc value of 1030(SRC), determined from an experimental log Kow(2)
and a recommended regression-derived equation(3), indicates that benzotrifluoride
will have low mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of benzotrifluoride
may be important from moist soil surfaces(SRC) given an estimated Henry's
Law constant of 0.017 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), calculated from experimental values
of vapor pressure(4) and water solubility(5), and from dry soil surfaces(SRC)
based on an experimental vapor pressure of 38.83 mm Hg(4). Benzotrifluoride
will not be susceptible to direct photolysis on soil surfaces based upon
its lack of absorption of light at wavelengths >290 nm(6). Biodegradation
of benzotriflouride will not be an important fate process in soil according
to two aqueous biodegradation tests(7). [(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 23 (1983) (2) Hansch C,
Leo A; The Log P Database. Claremont, CA: Pomona College (1987) (3) Lyman
WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington DC:
Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-9 (1990) (4) Daubert TE, Danner RP; Physical and Thermodynamic
Properties of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation. Washington, DC: Taylor and
Francis (1989) (5) Valvani SC et al; J Pharm Sci 70: 502-7 (1981) (6) Sadtler;
UV No 88 (NA) (7) Chemicals Inspection and Testing Institute; Biodegradation
and Bioaccumulation Data of Existing Chemicals Based on the CSCL Japan.
Japan Chemical Industry Ecology - Toxicology and Information Center. ISBN
4-89074-101-1 (1992)]**PEER REVIEWED**
AQUATIC FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(1), an estimated
Koc value of 1030(SRC), determined from an experimental log Kow(2) and a
recommended regression-derived equation(3), indicates that benzotrifluoride
may adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC) in water. Benzotrifluoride
may volatilize from water surfaces based on an estimated Henry's Law constant
of 0.017 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), calculated from experimental values of vapor
pressure(4) and water solubility(5). Estimated half-lives for a model river
and model lake are 3.6 hours and 4.8 days, respectively(3,SRC). Experimental
BCF values of 26-54 and 31-58(7) suggest that benzotrifluoride will bioconcentrate
in aquatic organisms(SRC) according to a classification scheme(6). Benzotrifluoride
will not be susceptible to direct photolysis on water surfaces based upon
its lack of absorption of light at wavelengths >290 nm(8). Biodegradation
will not be an important fate process in water based on two biodegradation
tests(9). [(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 23 (1983) (2) Hansch C,
Leo A; The Log P Database. Claremont, CA: Pomona College (1987) (3) Lyman
WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington DC:
Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-9 and 15-1 to 15-29 (1990) (4) Daubert TE, Danner RP;
Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation.
Washington, DC: Taylor and Francis (1989) (5) Valvani SC et al; J Pharm
Sci 70: 502-7 (1981) (6) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)
(7) Chemicals Inspection and Testing Institute; Biodegradation and Bioaccumulation
Data of Existing Chemicals Based on the CSCL Japan. Japan Chemical Industry
Ecology - Toxicology and Information Center. ISBN 4-89074-101-1 (1992) (8)
Sadtler; UV No 88 (NA) (9) Chemicals Inspection and Testing Institute; Biodegradation
and Bioaccumulation Data of Existing Chemicals Based on the CSCL Japan.
Japan Chemical Industry Ecology - Toxicology and Information Center. ISBN
4-89074-101-1 (1992)]**PEER REVIEWED**
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a suggested classification scheme(1), an
experimental vapor pressure of 38.83 mm Hg at 25 deg C(2,SRC) indicates
that benzotrifluoride will exist in the vapor phase in the ambient atmosphere.
Vapor-phase benzotrifluoride is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with
photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals(3); the half-life for this reaction
in air is estimated to be about 35 days(3,SRC). Vapor-phase benzotrifluoride
is also degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with ozone(4); the half-life
for this reaction in air is estimated to be about 6.3 years(4,SRC). Particulate-phase
benzotrifluoride may be physically removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC).
Benzotrifluoride will not be susceptible to direct photolysis based upon
its lack of absorption of light at wavelengths >290 nm(5). [(1) Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-367 (1988)
(2) Daubert TE, Danner RP; Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure
Chemicals Data Compilation. Washington, DC: Taylor and Francis (1989) (3)
Atkinson R; Kinetics and Mechanisms of the Gas-Phase Reactions of the Hydroxyl
Radicals with Organic Compounds; Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference
Data Monograph 1 (1989) (4) Atkinson R et al; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol
14: 417-25 (1985B) (5) Sadtler; UV No 88 (NA)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental Biodegradation:
Two four-week biodegradation studies using 2 mg/L sludge and benzotrifluoride
concentrations of 2.4 and 11.9 mg/L gave theoretical BODs of 0%(1). [(1) Chemicals Inspection and Testing Institute; Biodegradation
and Bioaccumulation Data of Existing Chemicals Based on the CSCL Japan.
Japan Chemical Industry Ecology - Toxicology and Information Center. ISBN
4-89074-101-1 (1992)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental Abiotic Degradation:
The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of benzotrifluoride with
photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals has been experimentally determined
to be 4.6X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 deg C(1). This corresponds to an
atmospheric half-life of about 35 days at an atmospheric concentration of
5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1,SRC). The rate constant for the vapor-phase
reaction of benzotrifluoride with ozone has been experimentally determined
to be less than 5X10-21 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 deg C(2). This corresponds
to an atmospheric half-life of about 6.3 years at an atmospheric concentration
of 7X10+11 ozone molecules per cu cm(2,SRC). Benzotrifluoride will not be
susceptible to direct photolysis based upon its lack of absorption of light
at wavelengths >290 nm(3). [(1) Atkinson R; Kinetics and Mechanisms of the Gas-Phase
Reactions of the Hydroxyl Radicals with Organic Compounds; Journal of Physical
and Chemical Reference Data Monograph 1 (1989) (2) Atkinson R et al; Arch
Environ Contam Toxicol 14: 417-25 (1985B) (3) Sadtler; UV No 88 (NA)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Environmental Bioconcentration:
An estimated BCF value of 110 was calculated for benzotrifluoride(SRC),
using an experimental log Kow of 3.01(1) and a recommended regression-derived
equation(2). Bioconcentration factors determined from a six week study in
carp using 100 and 10 ug/L benzotrifluoride were 26-54 and 31-58, respectively(3).
According to a classification scheme(4), these BCF values suggest that bioconcentration
in aquatic organisms will be an important fate process(SRC). [(1) Hansch C, Leo A; The Log P Database. Claremont, CA:
Pomona College (1987) (2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property
Estimation Methods. Washington DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 5-4, 5-10 (1990) (3)
Chemicals Inspection and Testing Institute; Biodegradation and Bioaccumulation
Data of Existing Chemicals Based on the CSCL Japan. Japan Chemical Industry
Ecology - Toxicology and Information Center. ISBN 4-89074-101-1 (1992) (4)
Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Soil Adsorption/Mobility:
The Koc of benzotrifluoride is estimated as approximately 1030(SRC), using
an experimental log Kow of 3.01(1) and a regression-derived equation(2,SRC).
According to a recommended classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc
value suggests that benzotrifluoride has low mobility in soil(SRC). [(1) Hansch C, Leo A; The Log P Database. Claremont, CA:
Pomona College (1987) (2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property
Estimation Methods. Washington DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-9 (1990) (3) Swann
RL et al; Res Rev 85: 23 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Volatilization from Water/Soil:
The Henry's Law constant for benzotrifluoride is estimated as 0.017 atm-cu
m/mole(SRC) from its experimental values for vapor pressure, 38.83 mm Hg(1),
and water solubility, 451 mg/l(2). This value indicates that benzotrifluoride
will volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(3,SRC). Based on this Henry's
Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep,
flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec) is estimated as approximately
3.6 hours(3,SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep,
flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec) is estimated as approximately
4.8 days(3,SRC). Benzotrifluoride's high vapor pressure(1) and high Henry's
Law constant(1,2,SRC) indicate that volatilization from dry and moist soil
may occur(SRC). [(1) Daubert TE, Danner RP; Physical and Thermodynamic Properties
of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation. Washington, DC: Taylor and Francis (1989)
(2) Valvani SC et al; J Pharm Sci 70: 502-7 (1981) (3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook
of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington DC: Amer Chem Soc pp.
15-1 to 15-29 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental Water Concentrations:
SURFACE WATER: Benzotrifluoride has been qualitatively identified in the
Niagara River(1). [(1) Great Lakes Water Quality Board; An Inventory of Chemical
Substances Identified in the Great Lakes Ecosystem. Vol 1 - Summary. A Report
to the Great Lakes Water Quality Board. Windsor Ontario, Canada. 195 pp
(1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Effluent Concentrations:
Benzotrifluoride was detected in Bloody Run Creek
water (downstream from the Hyde Park landfill) in Niagara Falls, NY at a
level of 0.1-1 ppb or in sediment at a level of 0.5-2 ppm(1).
Benzotrifluoride has been detected in one out of 63 industrial effluent
samples taken from Ohio, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York,
Louisiana, Kentucky, Delaware, and Texas at a concentration less than 10
ug/L(2). [(1) Elder VA et al; Env Sci Technol 15: 1237-43 (1981) (2)
Perry DL et al; Identification of Organic Compounds in Industrial Effluent
Discharge. USEPA-600/4-79-016 (NTIS PB294794) Athens, GA: USEPA Off Res
Devel pg 230 (1979)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental Standards & Regulations:
Chemical/Physical Properties:
Molecular Formula:
C7-H5-F3 **PEER REVIEWED**
Molecular Weight:
146.11 [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals,
Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 173]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Color/Form:
WATER WHITE LIQUID [Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials.
5th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Rheinhold, 1979. 408]**PEER REVIEWED**
Odor:
AROMATIC ODOR [Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials.
5th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Rheinhold, 1979. 408]**PEER REVIEWED**
Boiling Point:
103.46 DEG C [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals,
Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 173]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Melting Point:
-29.05 DEG C [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals,
Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 173]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Density/Specific Gravity:
1.1886 @ 20 DEG C [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals,
Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 173]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Solubilities:
SOL IN ALL PROPORTIONS IN ETHANOL, BENZENE, ETHER, ACETONE [Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics.
75th ed. Boca Raton, Fl: CRC Press Inc., 1994-1995.,p. 3-65]**PEER REVIEWED**
Miscible in n-heptane, carbon tetrachloride. [Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary.
12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993 133]**PEER REVIEWED**
Water solubility = 451.5 mg/L at 25 deg C [Valvani SC et al; J Pharm Sci 70: 502-7 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Spectral Properties:
INDEX OF REFRACTION: 1.41486 @ 13.3 DEG C/D [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals,
Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 173]**PEER
REVIEWED**
IR: 5632 (Coblentz Society Spectral Collection) [Weast, R.C. and M.J. Astle. CRC Handbook of Data on Organic
Compounds. Volumes I and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985.,p. V1
262]**PEER REVIEWED**
UV: 88 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection) [Weast, R.C. and M.J. Astle. CRC Handbook of Data on Organic
Compounds. Volumes I and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985.,p. V1
262]**PEER REVIEWED**
NMR: 6569 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection) [Weast, R.C. and M.J. Astle. CRC Handbook of Data on Organic
Compounds. Volumes I and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985.,p. V1
262]**PEER REVIEWED**
MASS: 818 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons, New York)
[Weast, R.C. and M.J. Astle. CRC Handbook of Data on Organic
Compounds. Volumes I and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985.,p. V1
262]**PEER REVIEWED**
Vapor Density:
5.04 (AIR=1) [Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials.
4th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1975. 444]**PEER REVIEWED**
Vapor Pressure:
38.83 mm Hg at 25 deg C [Daubert, T.E., R.P. Danner. Physical and Thermodynamic Properties
of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation. Washington, D.C.: Taylor and Francis,
1989.]**PEER REVIEWED**
Other Chemical/Physical Properties:
Vapor pressure = 11 MM HG @ 0 DEG C [Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials.
5th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Rheinhold, 1979. 408]**PEER REVIEWED**
Liquid molar volume = 0.124041 cu m/kmol [Daubert, T.E., R.P. Danner. Physical and Thermodynamic Properties
of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation. Washington, D.C.: Taylor and Francis,
1989.]**PEER REVIEWED**
IG Heat of Formation = -5.8103X10+8 J/kmol [Daubert, T.E., R.P. Danner. Physical and Thermodynamic Properties
of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation. Washington, D.C.: Taylor and Francis,
1989.]**PEER REVIEWED**
Heat of fusion at melting point = 1.3782X10+7 J/kmol [Daubert, T.E., R.P. Danner. Physical and Thermodynamic Properties
of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation. Washington, D.C.: Taylor and Francis,
1989.]**PEER REVIEWED**
Chemical Safety & Handling:
DOT Emergency Guidelines:
Health: Toxic; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin.
Inhalation or contact with some of these materials will irritate or burn
skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution
water may cause pollution. [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency
Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial
Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department
of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration,
Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington,
D.C. (1996).,p. G-131]**QC REVIEWED**
Fire or explosion: Highly flammable: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks
or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel
to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air.
They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers,
basements, tanks). Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or
in sewers. Some may polymerize (P) explosively when heated or involved in
a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers
may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency
Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial
Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department
of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration,
Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington,
D.C. (1996).,p. G-131]**QC REVIEWED**
Public safety: Call Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper
first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate
telephone number listed on the inside back cover. Isolate spill or leak
area immediately for at least 100 to 200 meters (330 to 660 feet) in all
directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low
areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency
Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial
Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department
of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration,
Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington,
D.C. (1996).,p. G-131]**QC REVIEWED**
Protective clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus
(SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing which is specifically recommended
by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural
firefighters' protective clothing is recommended for fire situations only;
it is not effective in spill situations. [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency
Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial
Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department
of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration,
Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington,
D.C. (1996).,p. G-131]**QC REVIEWED**
Evacuation: Spill: See the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action
Distances for highlighted substances. For non-highlighted substances, increase,
in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown under
"Public safety". Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a
fire, isolate for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider
initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency
Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial
Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department
of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration,
Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington,
D.C. (1996).,p. G-131]**QC REVIEWED**
Fire: CAUTION: All these products have a very low flash point. Use of
water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient. Small fires: Dry chemical,
CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam. Large fires: Water spray, fog
or alcohol-resistant foam. Move containers from fire area if you can do
it without risk. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter
the material. Do not use straight streams. Fire involving tanks or car/trailer
loads: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or
monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until
well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from
venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from the
ends of tanks. For massive fire use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles;
if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency
Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial
Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department
of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration,
Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington,
D.C. (1996).,p. G-131]**QC REVIEWED**
Spill or leak: Fully encapsulating, vapor protective clothing should be
worn for spills and leaks with no fire. ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no
smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). All equipment used
when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through
spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry
into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor suppressing
foam may be used to reduce vapors. Small spills: Absorb with earth, sand
or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers for later disposal.
Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material. Large spills:
Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce
vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency
Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial
Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department
of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration,
Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington,
D.C. (1996).,p. G-131]**QC REVIEWED**
First aid: Move victim to fresh air. Call emergency medical care. Apply
artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth
method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; induce artificial respiration
with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper
respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with
substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least
20 minutes. Wash skin with soap and water. Keep victim warm and quiet. Effects
of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be
delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved,
and take precautions to protect themselves. [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency
Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial
Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department
of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration,
Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington,
D.C. (1996).,p. G-131]**QC REVIEWED**
NFPA Hazard Classification:
Health: 4. 4= Materials that, on very short exposure, could cause deathor
major residual injury, including those that are too dangerous to be approached
without specialized equipment. A few whiffs of the vapor or gas could cause
death, or the vapor or liquid may be fatal, if it penetrates the fire fighters'
normal protective gear. The normal full protective clothing available to
the typical fire fighter will not provide adequate protection against inhalation
or skin contact with these materials. [National Fire Protection Guide. Fire Protection Guide on
Hazardous Materials. 10 th ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association,
1991.,p. 325M-18]**PEER REVIEWED**
Flammability: 3. 3= Includes Class IB and IC flammable liquids and materials
that can be easily ignited under almost all normal temp conditions. Water
may be ineffective in controlling or extinguishing fires in such materials.
[National Fire Protection Guide. Fire Protection Guide on
Hazardous Materials. 10 th ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association,
1991.,p. 325M-18]**PEER REVIEWED**
Reactivity: 0. 0= Includes materials that are normally stable, even under
fire exposure conditions, and that do not react with water. Normal fire
fighting procedures may be used. [National Fire Protection Guide. Fire Protection Guide on
Hazardous Materials. 10 th ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association,
1991.,p. 325M-18]**PEER REVIEWED**
Flash Point:
54 DEG F (12 DEG C) (CLOSED CUP) [National Fire Protection Guide. Fire Protection Guide on
Hazardous Materials. 10 th ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association,
1991.,p. 325M-18]**PEER REVIEWED**
Fire Fighting Procedures:
If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless
flow can be stopped or safely confined. Use water in flooding quantities
as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers
with flooding quantities of water. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide.
Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources. [Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of
Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association
of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994. 136]**PEER REVIEWED**
Use water spray, dry chemical, foam, or carbon dioxide. Water may be ineffective.
Approach fire from upwind to avoid hazardous vapors and toxic decomposition
products. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. [National Fire Protection Guide. Fire Protection Guide on
Hazardous Materials. 10 th ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association,
1991.,p. 49-36]**PEER REVIEWED**
Toxic Combustion Products:
Combustion may product irritants and toxic gases including hydrogen fluoride.
[National Fire Protection Guide. Fire Protection Guide on
Hazardous Materials. 10 th ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association,
1991.,p. 49-36]**PEER REVIEWED**
Firefighting Hazards:
Vapors are heavier than air and may travel to a source of ignition and
flash back. [National Fire Protection Guide. Fire Protection Guide on
Hazardous Materials. 10 th ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association,
1991.,p. 49-36]**PEER REVIEWED**
Protective Equipment & Clothing:
Personnel protection: ... Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing
apparatus. Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, boots and goggles.
[Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of
Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association
of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994. 136]**PEER REVIEWED**
Preventive Measures:
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT SHOULD BE SUITABLE FOR USE IN ATMOSPHERES CONTAINING
BENZOTRIFLUORIDE VAPORS. [National Fire Protection Association. Fire Protection Guide
on Hazardous Materials. 7th ed. Boston, Mass.: National Fire Protection
Association, 1978.,p. 49-62]**PEER REVIEWED**
If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames,
and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and
sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if
without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to knock-down vapors. [Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of
Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association
of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994. 136]**PEER REVIEWED**
Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. ... Do not
handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment.
If contact with the material anticipated, wear appropriate chemical protective
clothing. [Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of
Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association
of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994. 136]**PEER REVIEWED**
Evacuation: If material leaking (not on fire) consider evacuation from
downwind area based on amount of material spilled, location and weather
conditions. [Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of
Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association
of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994. 136]**PEER REVIEWED**
Shipment Methods and Regulations:
No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation
in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the
hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled,
and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous
materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./ [49 CFR 171.2 (7/1/96)]**QC REVIEWED**
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations
are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions
618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be
followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.
[IATA. Dangerous Goods Regulations. 38th ed. Montreal, Canada
and Geneva, Switzerland: International Air Transport Association, Dangerous
Goods Board, January, 1997. 107]**QC REVIEWED**
The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles
for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual
substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included
in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical
names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when
attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping
any substance or article. [IMDG; International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code; International
Maritime Organization p.3058-1 (1988)]**QC REVIEWED**
Storage Conditions:
Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Inside storage should
be in a standard flammable liquids storage warehouse, room, or cabinet.
Separate from oxidizing materials. [National Fire Protection Guide. Fire Protection Guide on
Hazardous Materials. 10 th ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association,
1991.,p. 49-36]**PEER REVIEWED**
...ACID & ACID FUME SENSITIVE MATERIALS...ARE MATERIALS WHICH REACT
WITH ACID & ACID FUMES TO EVOLVE HEAT, HYDROGEN, & FLAMMABLE &/OR
EXPLOSIVE GASES...THEREFORE...ACIDS SHOULD NOT BE STORED...CLOSE...TO /BENZOTRIFLUORIDE/.
[Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials.
4th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1975. 261]**PEER REVIEWED**
Disposal Methods:
SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary
landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior
to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge),
consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable
disposal practices. **PEER REVIEWED**
Occupational Exposure Standards:
Manufacturing/Use Information
Major Uses:
IN MANUFACTURE OF SUBSTITUTED BENZOTRIFLUORIDES [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals,
Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 173]**PEER
REVIEWED**
CHEM INT FOR LAMPREYCIDE, 3-HYDROXY-6-NITROBENZOFLUORIDE;
AGENT IN DIELECTRIC FLUIDS; CHEM INT FOR DYES, PHARMACEUTICALS, COMPD USED
IN HIGH POLYMER CHEMISTRY & INT IN OTHER MISC APPLICATIONS [SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**
SOLVENT; VULCANIZING AGENT; INSECTICIDES [Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary.
12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993 133]**PEER REVIEWED**
Manufacturers:
OCCIDENTAL PETROLEUM CORP, HOOKER CHEM CORP, SUBSID, HOOKER CHEMS AND
PLASTICS CORP, SUBSID, ELECTROCHEMICAL AND SPECIALTY CHEMS DIV, NIAGARA
FALLS, NY 14303 [SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**
Methods of Manufacturing:
PREPARED BY ACTION OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE
ON BENZOTRICHLORIDE [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals,
Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 173]**PEER
REVIEWED**
...BY ACTION OF ANTIMONY TRIFLUORIDE ON BENZOTRICHLORIDE [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals,
Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 173]**PEER
REVIEWED**
U. S. Production:
(1972) PROBABLY GREATER THAN 4.54X10+5 GRAMS [SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**
(1974) PROBABLY GREATER THAN 4.54X10+5 GRAMS [SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**
Complete Update on 08/09/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/15/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/12/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/08/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/02/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/21/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/26/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/02/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/27/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/26/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/23/1997, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/27/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/09/1996, 44 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 05/10/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 01/23/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 10/03/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 12/28/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/16/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/25/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field update on 12/24/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/28/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/05/1990, 4 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 05/05/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/03/1986