AMMONIUM SILICOFLUORIDE
CASRN: 16919-19-0 For other data, click on the Table of Contents
Human Health Effects:
Human Toxicity Excerpts:
SYMPTOMATOLOGY: A. Ingestion of soluble fluoride salts. 1. Salty or soapy
taste, salivation, nausea. Repeated small doses (as in drinking water) may
produce no other symptoms, but polyuria and polydipsia have also been reported.
2. Large doses lead promptly to burning or crampy abdominal pain, intense
vomiting and diarrhea, often with hematemesis and melena. Dehydration and
thirst. 3. Muscle weakness, tremors, and rarely transient epileptiform convulsions,
preceded or followed by progressive central nervous depression (lethargy,
coma and respiratory arrest, even in the absence of circulatory failure).
4. Shock characterized by pallor, weak and thready pulse (sometimes irregular),
shallow unlabored respiration, weak heart sounds, wet cold skin, cyanosis,
anuria, dilated pupils, followed almost invariably by death in 2 to 4 hours.
5. Even in the absence of shock, arrhythmias may occur, especially multiple
episodes of ventricular fibrillation leading eventually to cardiac arrest.
6. If the victim survives a few hours, paralysis of the muscles of deglutition,
carpopedal spasm, and painful spasms of the extremities. 7. Occasionally
localized or generalized urticaria. 8. The above signs and symptoms are
related to a variety of metabolic disorders that may occur in acute fluoride
poisoning, including hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, metabolic and/or respiratory
acidosis and sometimes hyperkalemia. /Fluoride/ [Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge.
Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams
and Wilkins, 1984.,p. III-190]**PEER REVIEWED**
INITIAL SYMPTOMS FROM INGESTION INCLUDE ... SALIVATION, NAUSEA, ABDOMINAL
PAIN, VOMITING, AND DIARRHEA ARE FREQUENT. ... THE PATIENT SHOWS SIGNS OF
INCR IRRITABILITY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM ... HYPOCALCEMIA & HYPOGLYCEMIA
ARE FREQUENT LAB FINDINGS. ... BLOOD PRESSURE FALLS ... DUE TO CENTRAL VASOMOTOR
DEPRESSION AS WELL AS DIRECT TOXIC ACTION ON CARDIAC MUSCLE. THE RESPIRATORY
CENTER IS FIRST STIMULATED & LATER DEPRESSED. DEATH ... FROM EITHER
RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS OR CARDIAC FAILURE. /FLUORIDE SALTS/ [Hardman, J.G., L.E. Limbird, P.B. Molinoff, R.W. Ruddon,
A.G. Goodman (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics.
9th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1996. 1538]**PEER REVIEWED**
... THE MAJOR MANIFESTATIONS OF CHRONIC INGESTION OF EXCESSIVE AMT OF
FLUORIDE ARE OSTEOSCLEROSIS & MOTTLED ENAMEL. ... DENSITY AND CALCIFICATION
OF BONE ARE INCREASED ... THOUGHT TO REPRESENT THE REPLACEMENT OF HYDROXYAPATITE
BY THE DENSER FLUOROAPATITE. /FLUORIDE SALTS/ [Hardman, J.G., L.E. Limbird, P.B. Molinoff, R.W. Ruddon,
A.G. Goodman (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics.
9th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1996. 1539]**PEER REVIEWED**
CHRONIC POISONING: INTAKE OF MORE THAN 6 MG ... /A/ DAY RESULTS IN FLUOROSIS.
SYMPTOMS ARE WT LOSS ... ANEMIA, WEAKNESS, GENERAL ILL HEALTH, STIFFNESS
OF JOINTS ... ./FLUORIDE/ [Dreisbach, R. H. Handbook of Poisoning. 9th ed. Los Altos,
California: Lange Medical Publications, 1977. 207]**PEER REVIEWED**
TOXIC BY INHALATION. [Hawley, G.G. The Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 10th ed.
New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1981. 59]**PEER REVIEWED**
Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:
STRONG IRRITANT TO EYES & SKIN. [Sax, N.I. and R.J. Lewis, Sr. (eds.). Hawley's Condensed
Chemical Dictionary. 11th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1987.
67]**PEER REVIEWED**
Drug Warnings:
Food and Environmental Agents: Effect on Breast-Feeding: Reported Sign
or Symptom in Infant or Effect on Lactation: Fluorides: None. /from Table
7/ [Report of the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on
Drugs in Pediatrics 93 (1): 142 (1994)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Populations at Special Risk:
Populations that appear to be at increased risk
form the effects of fluoride are individuals that suffer for diabetes insipidus
or some forms of renal impairment. /Fluoride/ [USEPA, Office of Drinking Water; Criteria Document (Draft):
Fluoride p.I-5 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Emergency Medical Treatment:
Emergency Medical Treatment:
EMT Copyright Disclaimer:
Portions of the POISINDEX(R) database are provided here for
general reference. THE COMPLETE POISINDEX(R) DATABASE, AVAILABLE FROM MICROMEDEX,
SHOULD BE CONSULTED FOR ASSISTANCE IN THE DIAGNOSIS OR TREATMENT OF SPECIFIC
CASES. Copyright 1974-1998 Micromedex, Inc. Denver, Colorado. All Rights
Reserved. Any duplication, replication or redistribution of all or part
of the POISINDEX(R) database is a violation of Micromedex' copyrights and
is strictly prohibited.
The following Overview, *** CORROSIVES-ALKALINE ***, is relevant for
this HSDB record chemical.
Life Support:
o This overview assumes that basic life support measures
have been instituted.
Clinical Effects:
SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
0.2.1.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o IRRITANT VS CORROSIVE - Some substances may be
irritating or corrosive depending on the concentration,
molarity, and other factors. In general, serious
esophageal injury is associated with ingestion of
products with a pH of 11.5 or higher.
o INGESTION - Alkaline corrosive ingestion may produce
burns to the oropharynx, upper airway, esophagus and
occasionally stomach. The absence of visible oral
burns does NOT reliably exclude the presence of
esophageal burns. The presence of stridor, vomiting,
drooling, and abdominal pain are associated with
serious esophageal injury in most cases.
1. Patients with a history of suicidal intent have a
higher rate of positive esophagoscopy findings than
those with accidental ingestion.
2. Delayed sequelae of caustic ingestion include
tracheoesophageal and aortoesophageal fistulae,
strictures of the mouth, esophagus and stomach, and
esophageal carcinoma.
o INHALATION - Inhalation of alkaline vapors can produce
upper airway edema, respiratory failure, wheezing,
pulmonary edema, and pneumonitis.
o OCULAR - Ocular exposure can produce severe
conjunctival irritation and chemosis, corneal
epithelial defects, limbal ischemia, permanent visual
loss and in severe cases perforation.
o DERMAL - Dermal contact with alkaline corrosives may
produce pain, redness, irritation or full thickness
burns.
HEENT
0.2.4.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Ingestion may result in burns to the lips, tongue, oral
mucosa, and upper airway.
o Alkaline eye exposures produce distortion of cellular
membranes, loss of corneal, conjunctival and lens
epithelium and loss of endothelium of the cornea and
blood vessels.
CARDIOVASCULAR
0.2.5.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Hypotension and tachycardia are uncommon but may occur
with severe GI bleeding or necrosis after ingestion.
RESPIRATORY
0.2.6.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Stridor, dyspnea, upper airway injury, and pulmonary
edema, especially following inhalation of vaporized
caustics, may occur.
GASTROINTESTINAL
0.2.8.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Burns of the esophagus and less commonly the stomach
may occur after caustic ingestion; the absence of oral
mucosal injury does NOT reliably exclude esophageal
burns. Patients with stridor, drooling or vomiting are
more likely to have esophageal burns.
o In severe cases gastrointestinal bleeding or perforated
viscus with mediastinitis or peritonitis may develop.
Delayed sequelae of burns include strictures,
obstruction, fistula formation and esophageal
carcinoma.
ACID-BASE
0.2.11.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Metabolic acidosis may develop in patients with severe
burns or shock.
DERMATOLOGIC
0.2.14.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Severe skin irritation and/or burns may occur.
Laboratory:
o Obtain a complete blood count in patients symptomatic
alkaline corrosive ingestion. In patients with signs and
symptoms suggesting severe burns, perforation, or
bleeding, obtain renal function tests, PT or INR, PTT, and
type and crossmatch for blood.
Treatment Overview:
ORAL EXPOSURE
o MUCOSAL DECONTAMINATION: If no respiratory compromise
is present, dilute immediately with milk or water; no
more than 8 ounces in adults and 4 ounces in children.
o GASTRIC DECONTAMINATION: Ipecac contraindicated.
Consider insertion of a small, flexible nasogastric or
orogastric tube to suction gastric contents after recent
large ingestions; the risk of further mucosal injury
must be weighed against potential benefits.
B. NEUTRALIZATION - Is contraindicated.
o Keep patient NPO following mucosal decontamination until
after endoscopy consultation.
XB E. ENDOSCOPY: Perform within 24 hours to evaluate for
burns in adults with deliberate ingestion or any signs
or symptoms attributable to ingestion, and in children
with stridor, vomiting, or drooling. Consider endoscopy
in children with dysphagia, refusal to swallow,
significant oral burns, or abdominal pain. If burns are
found, follow 10 to 20 days later with barium swallow or
esophagram.
XB F. PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT: Corticosteroids are
controversial. Consider use in second degree burns
within 48 hours of ingestion in patients without
gastrointestinal bleeding or evidence of perforation.
Antibiotics are indicated for suspected perforation or
infection and in patients receiving corticosteroids.
XB G. SURGICAL OPTIONS: Initially, if severe esophageal burns
are found a string may be placed in the stomach to
facilitate later dilation. Insertion of a specialized
nasogastric tube after confirmation of a circumferential
burn may prevent strictures. Dilation is indicated
after 2 to 4 weeks if strictures are confirmed; if
unsuccessful, either colonic intraposition or gastric
tube placement may be performed. Consider early
laparotomy in patients with severe esophageal and/or
gastric burns.
INHALATION EXPOSURE
o DECONTAMINATION: Move patient from the toxic
environment to fresh air and administer oxygen as
necessary. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough
or difficulty in breathing develops, evaluate for
hypoxia, respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or
pneumonitis.
o Manage airway aggressively as upper airway edema may
develop.
o Administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen, perform
endotracheal intubation and provide assisted
ventilation as required. Administer inhaled beta
adrenergic agonists if bronchospasm develops. Exposed
skin and eyes should be flushed with copious amounts of
water.
EYE EXPOSURE
o HOME IRRIGATION - Exposed eyes should be irrigated with
copious amounts of water for at least 30 minutes. An
examination should always be performed. Ophthalmologic
consultation should be obtained.
o MEDICAL FACILITY: Irrigate with sterile 0.9% saline for
at least an hour or until the cul-de-sacs are free of
particulate matter and returned to neutrality (confirm
with pH paper).
o EYE ASSESSMENT: The extent of eye injury (degree of
corneal opacification and perilimbal whitening) may not
be apparent for 48 to 72 hours after the burn.
o EYE DAMAGE TREATMENT: If ocular damage is minor,
topical mydriatics, antibiotics and systemic analgesics
may be sufficient. For grade 3 to 4 injuries one or
more of the following may be considered, only with
ophthalmologic consultation: acetazolamide, timolol,
topical steroids, ascorbate, citrate, EDTA, cysteine,
NAC, penicillamine, tetracycline, or soft contact
lenses.
DERMAL EXPOSURE
o Remove contaminated clothes. Irrigate exposed skin with
copious amounts of water for at least 15 minutes or
longer, depending on concentration, amount and duration
of exposure to the chemical. A physician may need to
examine the area if irritation or pain persist.
Range of Toxicity:
o LIQUID CORROSIVES - With highly concentrated liquids (30%
sodium hydroxide) esophageal burns may occur in up to 100%
of patients, even after accidental ingestion.
o More recent series of caustic ingestions (mixed liquid and
solid) in children report incidences of significant
esophageal burns from 5% to 35%. Adults with deliberate
ingestions are more likely to develop significant
esophageal burns (30% to 80%).
o LOW PHOSPHATE DETERGENTS and electric dishwasher soaps may
result in oral and esophageal burns.
Portions of the POISINDEX(R) database are provided here for
general reference. THE COMPLETE POISINDEX(R) DATABASE, AVAILABLE FROM MICROMEDEX,
SHOULD BE CONSULTED FOR ASSISTANCE IN THE DIAGNOSIS OR TREATMENT OF SPECIFIC
CASES. Copyright 1974-1998 Micromedex, Inc. Denver, Colorado. All Rights
Reserved. Any duplication, replication or redistribution of all or part
of the POISINDEX(R) database is a violation of Micromedex' copyrights and
is strictly prohibited.
The following Overview, *** FLUORIDE ***, is relevant for this HSDB record
chemical.
Life Support:
o This overview assumes that basic life support measures
have been instituted.
Clinical Effects:
SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
0.2.1.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Following ingestion, sodium fluoride probably reacts
with gastric acid to produce highly corrosive HF which
may cause the nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal
pains, and acute hemorrhagic gastroenteritis reported
following massive overdose.
o In most instances, gastrointestinal signs and symptoms
predominate. Other effects include headache, numbness,
carpopedal spasm, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and
hyperkalemia. In severe poisoning hypotension and
dysrhythmias may develop. Death usually occurs from
cardiac failure or respiratory paralysis.
o Respiratory and mucous membrane irritation may develop
after inhalation.
CARDIOVASCULAR
0.2.5.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Cardiac arrhythmias consistent with hyperkalemia may be
noted. Fatal cardiac arrest occurred in several
patients with renal failure exposed to fluoride during
hemodialysis.
RESPIRATORY
0.2.6.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Respirations are first stimulated then depressed.
Death is usually from respiratory paralysis. Following
inhalation, coughing and choking may be noted.
NEUROLOGIC
0.2.7.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Hyperactive reflexes, painful muscle spasms, weakness
and tetanic contractures may be noted due to fluoride
induced hypocalcemia.
GASTROINTESTINAL
0.2.8.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Epigastric pain, nausea, dysphagia, salivation,
hematemesis, and diarrhea may be noted. These effects
may be delayed for several hours following exposure.
GI symptoms are noted when 3 to 5 mg/kg of fluoride are
ingested.
FLUID-ELECTROLYTE
0.2.12.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Hyperkalemia may be noted. Hypocalcemia is likely.
DERMATOLOGIC
0.2.14.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Urticaria and pruritus have been reported following
exposure to fluoride.
REPRODUCTIVE HAZARDS
o Prenatal fluoride supplementation (2.2 mg NaF or 1 mg
fluoride daily) during the last two trimesters of
pregnancy has been reported to be safe.
OTHER
0.2.23.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o CHRONIC EXPOSURE - Prolonged exposure to fluorinated
water may cause fluorosis. Signs and symptoms of
fluorosis include brittle bones, calcified ligaments,
and other crippling changes.
Laboratory:
o Monitor serum calcium, potassium, and magnesium levels
regularly in symptomatic patients.
o No other specific lab work (CBC, electrolyte, urinalysis)
is needed unless otherwise indicated.
o Monitor EKG in significant intoxications.
Treatment Overview:
ORAL EXPOSURE
o ADMINISTER milk, calcium gluconate, or calcium lactate
to bind fluoride ion in the gastrointestinal tract.
o ANTACIDS (aluminum and/or magnesium based) should be
administered.
o IV calcium (gluconate or chloride) and magnesium may be
necessary to correct serum deficits of these divalent
metals in serious overdosage.
o Monitor EKG and vital signs.
INHALATION EXPOSURE
o INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for
respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing
develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation,
bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and
assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with
beta2 agonist and corticosteroid aerosols.
EYE EXPOSURE
o DECONTAMINATION: Irrigate exposed eyes with copious
amounts of tepid water for at least 15 minutes. If
irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia
persist, the patient should be seen in a health care
facility.
DERMAL EXPOSURE
o DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash
exposed area thoroughly with soap and water. A
physician may need to examine the area if irritation or
pain persists.
Range of Toxicity:
o The estimated toxic dose is 5 to 10 mg/kg of fluoride (not
sodium fluoride). GI symptoms have occurred following
ingestion of 3 to 5 mg/kg of fluoride. Accidental
ingestion of sodium fluoride by children usually does not
present serious risk if the amount of fluoride ingested is
less than 5 mg/kg. Death has been reported following
ingestion of 16 mg/kg of fluoride. Fluoride toothpaste
typically contains a maximum of 1 milligram of fluoride
per gram of toothpaste.
Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch
for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary.
Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary
edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary
... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination,
flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal
saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth
and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 m1 of water for dilution if the patent
can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin
burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Fluorine and
related compounds/ [Bronstein, A.C., P.L. Currance; Emergency Care for Hazardous
Materials Exposure. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO. Mosby Lifeline. 1994. 416]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for
airway control in the patient who Is unconscious or in respiratory arrest.
Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may
be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary
... . Start an IV with D5W TKO /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/.
Use lactated Ringer's to support vital signs if signs of hypovolemia are
present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary
edema ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid
cautiously. Consider vasopressors for hypotension with a normal fluid volume.
Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium)
... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Fluorine
and related compounds/ [Bronstein, A.C., P.L. Currance; Emergency Care for Hazardous
Materials Exposure. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO. Mosby Lifeline. 1994. 417]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Animal Toxicity Studies:
Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts:
In experimental animals, the fluosilicates appear to be as toxic as the
corresponding fluorides. /Fluosilicates/ [Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge.
Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams
and Wilkins, 1984.,p. II-113]**PEER REVIEWED**
/ACUTE POISONING/ IF SUFFICIENT FLUORIDE IS ABSORBED ... FLUORIDE ION
INCREASES CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY AND ALSO PRODUCES A COAGULATION DEFECT.
THESE ACTIONS LEAD TO HEMORRHAGIC GASTROENTERITIS & HEMORRHAGES, CONGESTION,
& EDEMA IN VARIOUS ORGANS INCL THE BRAIN.
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS ... INCLUDE EXCITABILITY, MUSCLE TREMORS, WEAKNESS,
URINATION, DEFECATION, SALIVATION, EMESIS, SUDDEN COLLAPSE, CLONIC CONVULSIONS,
COMA, & DEATH DUE TO RESP & CARDIAC FAILURE. CYANOSIS & EARLY
RIGOR MORTIS ... . /FLUORIDE/ [Booth, N.H., L.E. McDonald (eds.). Veterinary Pharmacology
and Therapeutics. 5th ed. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1982.
1014]**PEER REVIEWED**
Typical symptoms of acute toxicity /as seen in chickens/ are reduction
or loss of appetite, local or general congestion, and sub-mucosal hemorrhages
of the gastrointestinal tract. /Fluoride/ [WHO; Environ Health Criteria: Fluorine and Fluorides p.49
(1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**
The visible effects of toxic concn of fluoride on plants ... may include
chlorosis, peripheral necrosis, leaf distortion, and malformation or abnormal
fruit development. /Fluoride/ [WHO; Environ Health Criteria: Fluorine and Fluorides p.46
(1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**
LD50 ranges of sodium, potassium, or ammonium fluorosilicates administered
intragastrically in rats and mice were 89-128 and 45-64 mg fluoride ion/kg,
respectively. Severe cornea damage was observed 3 hr after the administration
of 50 mg of any of the salts into rabbits' eyes. Min toxic dose (intragastric)
of fluorosilicic acid in rats was 8 mg/kg. Min toxic concn in 4 hr inhalation
of the salt aerosols were 7.4-9.6 mg/cu m; nontoxic concn was 0.8 mg/cu
m. Main toxic effects were decreased activities of cholinesterase and lactate
dehydrogenase in blood serum. The intragastric effects of the fluorosilicates
were similar to and additive with those of sodium fluoride. [Rumyantser GI et al; Oig Sanit (11): 80-2 (1988)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Ecotoxicity Values:
LD50 SILKWORM LARVAE ORAL GREATER THAN 10 PPM [FUJII M ET AL; NIPPON SANSHIGAKU ZASSHI 41 (2): 104-10 (1972)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics:
Absorption, Distribution & Excretion:
FLUORIDES ARE ABSORBED FROM GI TRACT, LUNG, & SKIN. GI TRACT IS MAJOR
SITE OF ABSORPTION. THE RELATIVELY SOL CMPD, SUCH AS SODIUM FLUORIDE, ARE
ALMOST COMPLETELY ABSORBED ... FLUORIDE HAS BEEN DETECTED IN ALL ORGANS
& TISSUES EXAMINED. ... THERE IS NO EVIDENCE THAT IT IS CONCENTRATED
IN ANY TISSUES EXCEPT BONE, THYROID,
AORTA, & PERHAPS KIDNEY. FLUORIDE IS PREPONDERANTLY DEPOSITED IN THE
SKELETON & TEETH, & THE DEGREE OF SKELETAL STORAGE IS RELATED TO
INTAKE AND AGE. ... A FUNCTION OF THE TURNOVER RATE OF SKELETAL COMPONENTS,
WITH GROWING BONE SHOWING GREATER FLUORIDE DEPOSITION THAN BONE IN MATURE
ANIMALS. ... MAJOR ROUTE OF ... EXCRETION IS BY WAY OF KIDNEYS ... ALSO
EXCRETED IN SMALL AMT BY SWEAT GLANDS, LACTATING BREAST, & GI TRACT.
... ABOUT 90% OF FLUORIDE ION FILTERED BY GLOMERULUS IS REABSORBED BY RENAL
TUBULES. /FLUORIDE/ [Gilman, A. G., L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman
and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed. New York:
Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1980. 1546]**PEER REVIEWED**
/RENAL CLEARANCE/ 1. VIRTUALLY ALL FLUORIDE IN PLASMA ... IS ULTRAFILTERABLE.
2. RENAL EXCRETION OF RADIOFLUORIDE DEPENDS ON GLOMERULAR FILTRATION &
VARIABLE TUBULAR REABSORPTION. 3. PROBABLY, REABSORPTION IS LARGELY PASSIVE
... 4. FLUORIDE EXCRETION INCR WHEN PLASMA CONCN IS INCREASED. 5. PROCEDURES
THAT INCREASE URINARY FLOW RATE (EG, ADMIN OF OSMOTIC DIURETICS, HYPERTONIC
SALINE, OR DIURETIC DRUGS) INCREASE THE CLEARANCE OF FLUORIDE. /FLUORIDE/
[National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health Volume
1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977. 376]**PEER REVIEWED**
IN FEMALE RATS, THE SKELETONS OF YOUNGER RATS APPARENTLY ARE MORE EFFICIENT
AT REMOVING FLUORIDE FROM CIRCULATION THAN ARE THOSE OF OLDER RATS. /SODIUM
FLUORIDE/ [DE LOPEZ OH ET AL; TOXICOL APPL PHARMACOL 37 (1): 75 (1976)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Following ingestion, soluble fluorides are rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal
tract at least to the extent of 97%. Absorbed fluoride is distributed throughout
the tissues of the body by the blood. Fluoride concn in soft tissues fall
to exposure levels within a few hours of exposure. Fluoride exchanges with
hydroxyl radicals of hydroxyapatite (the inorganic constituent of bone)
to form fluorohydroxyapatite. Fluoride that is not retained is excreted
rapidly in urine. In adults under steady state intake conditions, the urinary
concn of fluoride tends to approximate the concn of fluoride in the drinking
water. This reflects the decreasing retention of fluoride (primarily in
bone) with increasing age. Under certain conditions perspiration may be
an important route of fluoride excretion. The concn of fluoride retained
in bones and teeth is a function of both the concn of fluoride intake and
the duration of exposure. Periods of excessive fluoride exposure will result
in increased retention in the bone. However, when the excessive exposure
is eliminated, the bone fluoride concn will decrease to a concn that is
again reflective of intake. /Fluoride/ [USEPA, Office of Drinking Water; Criteria Document (Draft):
Fluoride p.III-19 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Mechanism of Action:
INHIBITION OF ONE OR MORE ENZYMES CONTROLLING CELLULAR GLYCOLYSIS (&
PERHAPS RESP) MAY RESULT IN A CRITICAL LESION. ... BINDING OR PRECIPITATION
OF CALCIUM AS CALCIUM FLUORIDE ... SUGGESTED AS MECHANISM UNDERLYING MANY
DIVERSE SIGNS & SYMPTOMS IN FLUORIDE POISONING, PARTICULARLY IF DEATH
IS DELAYED. ... AT LEAST IN SOME SPECIES FLUORIDE INTERFERES WITH BOTH CONTRACTILE
POWER OF HEART AND THE MECHANISM OF BEAT IN A WAY THAT CANNOT BE ASCRIBED
TO HYPOCALCEMIA. /FLUORIDE/ [Gosselin, R.E., H.C. Hodge,
R.P. Smith, and M.N. Gleason. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products.
4th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1976.,p. II-78]**PEER REVIEWED**
Pharmacology:
Drug Warnings:
Food and Environmental Agents: Effect on Breast-Feeding: Reported Sign
or Symptom in Infant or Effect on Lactation: Fluorides: None. /from Table
7/ [Report of the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on
Drugs in Pediatrics 93 (1): 142 (1994)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental Fate & Exposure:
Natural Pollution Sources:
OCCURS IN NATURE AS MINERAL CRYPTOHALITE. [The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co.,
Inc., 1983. 78]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental Standards & Regulations:
CERCLA Reportable Quantities:
Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the
National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this
designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its
reportable quantity of 1000 lb or 454 kg. The toll free number of the NRC
is (800) 424-8802; In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675.
The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR
302.4 (section IV. D.3.b). [40 CFR 302.4 (7/1/97)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Clean Water Act Requirements:
Designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water
Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of
this substance. [40 CFR 116.4 (7/1/88)] **QC REVIEWED**
FDA Requirements:
Ammonium silicofluoride is an indirect food additive for use only as a
component of adhesives. For use only as a bonding agent for aluminum foil,
stabilizer, or preservative. Total fluoride from all sources not to exceed
one percent by weight of the finished adhesive. [21 CFR 175.105 (4/1/97)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Chemical/Physical Properties:
Molecular Formula:
F6-Si.2H4-N **PEER REVIEWED**
Molecular Weight:
178.15 [Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th
ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988-1989.,p. B-70]**PEER REVIEWED**
Color/Form:
CRYSTALLINE POWDER [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of
Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co.,
Inc., 1996. 91]**PEER REVIEWED**
White cubic or trigonal crystals. [Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics.
76th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1995-1996.,p. 4-38]**PEER REVIEWED**
Odor:
ODORLESS [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of
Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co.,
Inc., 1996. 91]**PEER REVIEWED**
Corrosivity:
Corrosive to aluminum [Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of
Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association
of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994. 72]**PEER REVIEWED**
Density/Specific Gravity:
2.011 g/cu cm [Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics.
76th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1995-1996.,p. 4-38]**PEER REVIEWED**
Solubilities:
SLIGHTLY SOL IN ALCOHOL; INSOL IN ACETONE [Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th
ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988-1989.,p. B-70]**PEER REVIEWED**
18.16 G/100 CC WATER @ 17 DEG C [Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th
ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988-1989.,p. B-70]**PEER REVIEWED**
55.5 G/100 CC WATER @ 100 DEG C [Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th
ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988-1989.,p. B-70]**PEER REVIEWED**
21.170 lb/100 lb water at 70 deg F [U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS -
Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing
Office, 1984-5.]**PEER REVIEWED**
Insoluble in ethanol and acetone. [Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics.
76th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1995-1996.,p. 3-39]**PEER REVIEWED**
In water, 18.5 g/100 g at 25 deg C, 26.15 g/100 g at 50 deg C, and 37.9
g/100 g at 100 deg C. [Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial
Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol A1: Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985 to Present.,p.
VA11 336]**PEER REVIEWED**
Other Chemical/Physical Properties:
TWO MODIFICATIONS @ ROOM TEMP: STABLE, CUBIC PHASE; METASTABLE, TRIGONAL
PHASE [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of
Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co.,
Inc., 1996. 91]**PEER REVIEWED**
MP: DECOMP; INDEX OF REFRACTION: 1.3696 (ALPHA); DENSITY: 2.011 (ALPHA),
2.152 (BETA); (ALPHA) OCTAGONAL CRYSTALS, (BETA) HEXAGONAL CRYSTALS, COLORLESS
[Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th
ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988-1989.,p. B-70]**PEER REVIEWED**
Heat of soln: 85 BTU/lb= 47 cal/g= 2.0X10+5 J/kg [U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS -
Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing
Office, 1984-5.]**PEER REVIEWED**
Hydrolyzed to fluoride ion, esp in alkaline water /Fluosilicate salts/
[Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge.
Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams
and Wilkins, 1984.,p. II-113]**PEER REVIEWED**
Solutions of fluosilicates are sensitive to hydrolysis in alkaline medium.
In the presence of acid, fluosilicate solutions release silicon tetrafluoride.
The thermal decomposition of fluosilicates takes place with release of gaseous
silicon tetrfluoride and formation of the solid fluoride. /Fluosilicates/
[Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial
Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol A1: Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985 to Present.,p.
VA11 336]**PEER REVIEWED**
Chemical Safety & Handling:
DOT Emergency Guidelines:
Health: Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through
skin. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire
control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency
Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial
Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department
of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration,
Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington,
D.C. (1996).,p. G-151]**PEER REVIEWED**
Fire or explosion: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but
may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Containers
may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency
Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial
Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department
of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration,
Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington,
D.C. (1996).,p. G-151]**PEER REVIEWED**
Public safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number. ... Isolate spill
or leak area immediately for at least 25 to 50 meters (80 to 160 feet) in
all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out
of low areas. [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency
Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial
Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department
of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration,
Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington,
D.C. (1996).,p. G-151]**PEER REVIEWED**
Protective clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus
(SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing which is specifically recommended
by the manufacturer. Structural firefighters' protective clothing is recommended
for fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations. [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency
Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial
Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department
of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration,
Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington,
D.C. (1996).,p. G-151]**PEER REVIEWED**
Evacuation: ... Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a
fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider
initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency
Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial
Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department
of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration,
Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington,
D.C. (1996).,p. G-151]**PEER REVIEWED**
Fire: Small fires: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray. Large fires: Water
spray, fog or regular foam. Move containers from fire area if you can do
it without risk. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter
the material. Do not use straight streams. Fire involving tanks or car/trailer
loads: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or
monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with
flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately
in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of
tank. ALWAYS stay away from the ends of tanks. For massive fire, use unmanned
hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible withdraw from area
and let fire burn. [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency
Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial
Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department
of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration,
Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington,
D.C. (1996).,p. G-151]**PEER REVIEWED**
Spill or leak: Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless
wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without
risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading. Absorb or cover with dry
earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency
Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial
Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department
of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration,
Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington,
D.C. (1996).,p. G-151]**PEER REVIEWED**
First aid: Move victim to fresh air. Call emergency medical care. Apply
artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth
method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; induce artificial respiration
with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper
respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with
substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least
20 minutes. For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected
skin. Keep victim warm and quiet. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion
or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel
are aware of the material(s) involved, and take precautions to protect themselves.
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency
Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial
Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department
of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration,
Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington,
D.C. (1996).,p. G-151]**PEER REVIEWED**
Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:
STRONG IRRITANT TO EYES & SKIN. [Sax, N.I. and R.J. Lewis, Sr. (eds.). Hawley's Condensed
Chemical Dictionary. 11th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1987.
67]**PEER REVIEWED**
Fire Potential:
Not flammable [U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS -
Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing
Office, 1984-5.]**PEER REVIEWED**
Fire Fighting Procedures:
Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material
itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) [Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of
Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association
of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994. 72]**PEER REVIEWED**
Toxic Combustion Products:
Toxic and irritating hydrogen fluoride, silicon tetrafluoride and oxides
of nitrogen may form in fires. [U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS -
Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing
Office, 1984-5.]**PEER REVIEWED**
Hazardous Decomposition:
When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of /hydrogen fluoride/,
ammonia, and nitroxides. [Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials.
9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996. 937]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Protective Equipment & Clothing:
/Wear/ dust respirator, acid-resistant clothing and hat; rubber gloves;
goggles and safety shoes. [U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS -
Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing
Office, 1984-5.]**PEER REVIEWED**
Preventive Measures:
If material not involved in fire: Keep material out of water sources and
sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. [Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of
Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association
of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994. 72]**PEER REVIEWED**
Keep upwind. Avoid breathing vapors or dusts. Wash away any material which
may have contacted the body with copious amt of water or soap and water.
[Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of
Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association
of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994. 72]**PEER REVIEWED**
SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner
so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose,
or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of
the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated
protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. **PEER REVIEWED**
SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry
is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses
depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form
of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses
of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However,
there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties
are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye.
In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event,
the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses
are in place. **PEER REVIEWED**
Shipment Methods and Regulations:
No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation
in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the
hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled,
and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous
materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./ [49 CFR 171.2 (7/1/96)]**PEER REVIEWED**
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations
are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions
618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be
followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.
[IATA. Dangerous Goods Regulations. 39th Ed. Montreal, Canada
and Geneva, Switzerland : International Air Transport Association, Dangerous
Goods Regulations, 1998. 95]**PEER REVIEWED**
The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles
for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual
substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included
in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical
names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when
attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping
any substance or article. [IMDG; International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code; International
Maritime Organization p.6219 (1988)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Cleanup Methods:
Environmental considerations- land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding
area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds,
lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable
flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving
in rain or fire fighting water. [Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of
Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association
of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994. 72]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental considerations- water spill: Use natural deep water pockets,
excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom. Remove
trapped material with suction hoses. [Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of
Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association
of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994. 72]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental considerations- air spill: Vapor knockdown water is corrosive
or toxic and should be diked for containment. [Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of
Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association
of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994. 73]**PEER REVIEWED**
Disposal Methods:
SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary
landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior
to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge),
consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable
disposal practices. **PEER REVIEWED**
Occupational Exposure Standards:
OSHA Standards:
Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 2.5 mg/cu
m. /Fluorides as F/ [29 CFR 1910.1000 (7/1/98)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-2 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 2.5 mg/cu
m. /Fluoride as dust/ [29 CFR 1910.1000 (7/1/98)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Threshold Limit Values:
Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may
exceed three times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 min during
a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed five times the
TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded. /Fluorides, as F/ [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.
Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents
Biological Exposure Indices for 1998. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1998. 6]**PEER
REVIEWED**
A4. Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /Fluorides, as F/ [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.
Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents
Biological Exposure Indices for 1998. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1998. 39]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Biological Exposure Index adoption (1990): Fluorides in urine prior to
shift is 3 mg/g creatinine. Fluorides in urine at end of shift is 10 mg/g
creatinine. The determinant is usually present in a significant amt in biological
specimens collected from subjects who have not been occupationally exposed.
Such background levels are incl in the BEI value. The determinant is nonspecific,
since it is observed after exposure to some other chemicals. These nonspecific
tests are preferred because they are easy to use and usually offer a better
correlation with exposure than specific tests. In such instances, a BEI
for a specific, less quantitative biological determinant is recommended
as a confirmatory test. /Fluorides, as F/ [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.
Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents
Biological Exposure Indices for 1998. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1998. 100]**PEER
REVIEWED**
8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA) 2.5 mg/cu m /Fluorides, as F/ [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.
Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents
Biological Exposure Indices for 1998. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1998. 39]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Insecticide and miticide, repellent or feeding
depressant for carpet beetles and clothes moths. /Laidlaw U-San-O
Moth Proofing Spray/ [Purdue University; National Pesticide Information Retrieval
System (1988)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Insecticide and miticide for fleas on dogs and
cats, German cockroaches, oriental cockroaches, and drywood termites.
/Superior Dri-Die/ [Purdue University; National Pesticide Information Retrieval
System (1988)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Insecticide and miticide for lice and fleas on
cats and dogs, silverfish, ants, German cockroaches, and oriental cockroaches.
/Bye Bugs/ [Purdue University; National Pesticide Information Retrieval
System (1988)]**PEER REVIEWED**
In pesticides; in soldering flux;
etching glass. [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of
Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co.,
Inc., 1996. 91]**PEER REVIEWED**
Laundry sours, mothproofing, disinfectant
in brewery industry, glass etching, light metal casting, electroplating.
[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary.
12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993 66]**PEER REVIEWED**
Manufacturers:
Elf Atochem North America, Inc., Hq,
2000 Market Street, 21st Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19103-3222, (215) 419-7000;
Industrial Specialties Division; Production site:
5101 West 21st Street, Tulsa, OK 74107, (918) 583-0851. [SRI. 1997 Directory of Chemical Producers - United States
of America. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International 1997. 455]**PEER REVIEWED**
Methods of Manufacturing:
NEUTRALIZATION OF FLUOROSILICIC ACID WITH EITHER GASEOUS OR AQUEOUS AMMONIA
[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**
The manufacture of fluosilicates, especially the sodium salt, is carried
out by neutralization of fluosilicic acid. The operation is carried out
under vigorous agitation, with control of the ratio of reagents in order
not to simultaneously produce the fluoride by introduction of excess alkali.
/Fluorosilicates/ [Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial
Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol A1: Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985 to Present.,p.
VA11 337]**PEER REVIEWED**
General Manufacturing Information:
Ammonium bifluoride solubilizes silica and silicates by forming ammonium
fluorosilicate ... . [Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed.,
Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984.,p. 10(80) 677]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Vacuum crystallization is necessary to increase the yield, or crystallization
must be carried out at low temperature. The precipitates are washed and
dried. [Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial
Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol A1: Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985 to Present.,p.
VA11 337]**PEER REVIEWED**
Formulations/Preparations:
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION /OF DRI-DIE IS/ SILICA AEROGEL WITH AMMONIUM FLUOSILICATE
TO 3% FLUORINE CONTENT. [Farm Chemicals Handbook 88. Willoughby, Ohio: Meister Publishing
Co., 1988.,p. C-87]**PEER REVIEWED**
/DRIANONE IS A/ FORMULATION OF AMMONIUM FLUOSILICATE, PYRETHRINS, PIPERONYL
BUTOXIDE WITH SILICA GEL AND OIL [Farm Chemicals Handbook 88. Willoughby, Ohio: Meister Publishing
Co., 1988.,p. C-87]**PEER REVIEWED**
Grades or purity: Pure, 99+%; commercial, 98+% [U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS -
Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing
Office, 1984-5.]**PEER REVIEWED**
Laidlaw U-San-O Moth proofing spray: Soluble concentrate, 13.5% ammonium
fluosilicate as active ingredient. [Purdue University; National Pesticide Information Retrieval
System (1988)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Superior Dri-Die: Dust; 95.3% silica gel, 4.7% ammonium fluosilicate.
[Purdue University; National Pesticide Information Retrieval
System (1988)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Bye Bugs: Dust; 95.3% silica gel, 4.7% ammonium fluosilicate [Purdue University; National Pesticide Information Retrieval
System (1988)]**PEER REVIEWED**
U. S. Imports:
(1972) 2.5X10+7 G [SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**
(1973) 2.8X10+7 G [SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**
(1984) 2.09X10+8 g [BUREAU OF THE CENSUS; US IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION AND GENERAL
IMPORTS; P.1-347 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**
(1986) 160,000 lb [BUREAU OF THE CENSUS; US IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION AND GENERAL
IMPORTS; P.1-513 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Laboratory Methods:
Clinical Laboratory Methods:
MATRIX: URINE: PROCEDURE: ION SPECIFIC ELECTRODE; RANGE: LOWER LIMIT URINE
0.19 MG/L. /TOTAL FLUORIDE/ [U.S. Department of Health, Education Welfare, Public Health
Service. Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational
Safety Health. NIOSH Manual ofAnalytical Methods. 2nd ed. Volumes 1-7. Washington,
DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977-present.,p. V1 114-1]**PEER REVIEWED**
CHARGED PARTICLE ACTIVATION TECHNIQUE IS USEFUL IN NONDESTRUCTIVELY DETERMINING
CONCN PROFILES OF F- IN EXTRACTED TEETH. /FLUORIDE/ [RAJAN KS ET AL; J DENT RES 55 (4): 671 (1976)]**PEER REVIEWED**
NIOSH 8308: Analyte: fluoride ion (F-); Specimen: urine, pre- and post-shift;
Vol: 50 ml in chemically clean polyethylene bottles; Preservative: 0.2 g
EDTA added to bottles before collection; Stability: 2 wk @ 4 deg C, longer
if frozen; Technique: ion selective electrode; Quality control: spike urine
pools, correct for creatinine content; Range: 1-100 mg/l urine; Est LOD:
0.1 mg/l urine; Precision(Sr): 0.04; Interferences: Hydroxide, the only
positive interference, is eliminated by use of the buffer /Fluoride in urine/
[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health
Service. Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health. NIOSHManual of Analytical Methods, 3rd ed. Volumes 1
and 2 with 1985 supplement, and revisions. Washington, DC: U.S. Government
Printing Office, February 1984.,p. V1 8308-1]**PEER REVIEWED**
Analytic Laboratory Methods:
AOAC Method 945.05. Fluorine Present as Sodium Fluosilicate in Pesticide
Formulations. /Sodium silicofluoride/ [Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods
of Analysis. 15th ed. and Supplements. Washington, DC: Association of Analytical
Chemists, 1990 152]**PEER REVIEWED**
Sampling Procedures:
Analyte: Fluoride ion (F-); Specimen: urine, pre- and post- shift; Vol:
50 ml in chemically clean polyethylene bottles; Preservative: 0.2 g EDTA
added to bottles before collection; Stability: 2 wks @ 4 deg C, longer if
frozen; Controls: collect 3 sets of specimens from unexposed workers pre-
and post-shift /Total fluoride in urine/ [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health
Service. Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health. NIOSHManual of Analytical Methods, 3rd ed. Volumes 1
and 2 with 1985 supplement, and revisions. Washington, DC: U.S. Government
Printing Office, February 1984.,p. V1 8308-1]**PEER REVIEWED**
Special References:
Special Reports:
WHO; Environ Health Criteria: Fluorine and Fluorides p.49 (1984).
USEPA, Office of Drinking Water; Criteria Document (Draft): Fluoride (1985).
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION /OF DRI-DIE IS/ SILICA AEROGEL WITH AMMONIUM FLUOSILICATE
TO 3% FLUORINE CONTENT. [Farm Chemicals Handbook 88. Willoughby, Ohio: Meister Publishing
Co., 1988.,p. C-87]**PEER REVIEWED**
/DRIANONE IS A/ FORMULATION OF AMMONIUM FLUOSILICATE, PYRETHRINS, PIPERONYL
BUTOXIDE WITH SILICA GEL AND OIL [Farm Chemicals Handbook 88. Willoughby, Ohio: Meister Publishing
Co., 1988.,p. C-87]**PEER REVIEWED**
Grades or purity: Pure, 99+%; commercial, 98+% [U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS -
Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing
Office, 1984-5.]**PEER REVIEWED**
Laidlaw U-San-O Moth proofing spray: Soluble concentrate, 13.5% ammonium
fluosilicate as active ingredient. [Purdue University; National Pesticide Information Retrieval
System (1988)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Superior Dri-Die: Dust; 95.3% silica gel, 4.7% ammonium fluosilicate.
[Purdue University; National Pesticide Information Retrieval
System (1988)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Bye Bugs: Dust; 95.3% silica gel, 4.7% ammonium fluosilicate [Purdue University; National Pesticide Information Retrieval
System (1988)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Shipping Name/ Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO:
UN 2854; Ammonium fluorosilicate
IMO 6.1; Ammonium fluorosilicate
Standard Transportation Number:
49 441 35; Ammonium silicofluoride
RTECS Number:
NIOSH/BS4300000
Administrative Information:
Hazardous Substances Databank Number: 472
Last Revision Date: 20010808
Last Review Date: Reviewed by SRP on 9/18/1998
Update History:
Field Update on 08/08/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 05/16/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 05/15/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 06/12/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 06/12/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 03/28/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 02/08/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 02/02/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 11/18/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 09/21/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 08/26/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/06/1999, 35 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 01/29/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 06/02/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/25/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/17/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/08/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/01/1997, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/26/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/12/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/19/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/10/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/21/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 12/21/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/16/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/05/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/25/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/25/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field update on 12/13/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/27/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/23/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/10/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field update on 12/29/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 12/19/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/05/1989, 58 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/14/1986