• See also The
Phosphate Fertilizer Industry: An Environmental Overview
November
1978 - Research Report 365,
Michigan State University Agricultural Experiment Station,
East Lancing. Abstracted in Fluoride 1979; 12(2):100-102.
Fluorosis
from phosphate mineral supplements in Michigan dairy cattle
Hillman
D, Bolenbaugh D, Convey EM.
Michigan
State University Agricultural Experiment Station, East
Lancing.
Excerpts:
During
1975 and 1976 more than 75 Michigan dairymen reported
in their cows subnormal milk production, loss of weight
after calving, failure to exhibit estrus or to re-breed
as expected as well as a high incidence uterine infections
and lameness. Death from undetermined causes ranged between
10 and 15 percent among adult cows and among calves up
to 1 year or more in age many failed to grow normally
or died from undetermined causes. Analysis of milk and
tissue fat for PBB (polybrominated biphenyls) which had
been responsible for a similar epidemic in Michigan revealed
no detectable traces. Severe dental fluorosis and exostoses
of etatarsal bones led to the discovery that
mineral suppements containing up
to 6300 ppm of fluoride and protein supplements containing
up to 1088 ppm fluoride consumed by the cows were
responsible for this epidemic.
...
The thyroids of calves were enlarged 2 to 5 times their
normal weight and the cows afficted with fluorosis showed
evidence of hypo-thryoidism. The depression of the serum
thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) correlated with
the increase in urinary fluoride, with the number of red
blood cells, with the hemoglobin, serum cholesterol, calcium,
glucose and albumin. Fluoride also decreased the serum
cholesterol at a lower level of significance (P <.06).
With
respect to the hematological findings eosinophilia increased
in correlation with urinary fluoride (P <.004) and
should be considered an early manifestation of fluoride
toxicity. Moreover fluorotic animals manifested anemia...
The
authors suggested that the National Research Council recommendation
of a level of 30 ppm maximum dietary fluoride "may
be too high for high producing dairy cattle fed phosphate
sources of fluoride."
|
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2543354&dopt=Abstract
Aust Vet J 1989
Apr;66(4):120-1
Superphosphate
and its effect on bone fluoride concentrations
in sheep.
Mason
RW, Reid RN, Brown PG.
Department of Agriculture, Mt Pleasant Laboratories, Kings Meadows,
Tasmania.
PMID: 2543354 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
From Toxline at Toxnet
Principles of Health and Safety in Agriculture, J. A. Dosman
and D. W. Cockcroft, Editors; CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida,
pages 329-332, 7 references, 1989
Health Considerations in the Manufacture
of Granular Fertilizers
Jasper D
Health hazards encountered by workers at a
granular chemical fertilizer factory in Calgary, Canada
were discussed. Potential hazards included corrosive materials,
noxious gases, nitrate melts, radioactivity,
dusts, welding fumes, and physical agents such as noise, heat
stress, and heavy lifting. Some chemicals presented a low potential
hazard since there was minimal exposure due to normal operations
of the facility. Catalysts used in the manufacturing process were
potential hazards to those workers that are removing or installing
charges. The phosphate rock used for making phosphoric-acid contained
100 parts per million uranium (7440-61-1). The greatest dose rate
in the facility for alpha radiation was 0.12 working level months.
The gamma radiation levels were 0.018 to 0.040 milliroentgen/hour.
Workers in some areas were potentially exposed to silica (14808-60-7)
in phosphate rock dust. The noxious gases
that could be encountered during the manufacture of fertilizer
were hydrogen-fluoride (7664-39-3) and hydrogen-sulfide.
Hydrogen-fluoride and hydrogen-sulfide gases
evolved during the production of phosphoric-acid since the phosphate
rock contained both fluoride and sulfide.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2847701&dopt=Abstract
Aust Vet J 1988
Sep;65(9):264-7
Phosphorus
supplementation of cattle.
Jubb
TF, Crough KF.
University of Melbourne, Bovine Medical Unit, Maffra, Victoria.
Severe lameness in a large proportion of an Angus cattle herd
was attributed to phosphorus deficiency. The diagnosis was supported
by a rapid response to phosphorus supplementation of the diet.
A brief review of the development and diagnosis of phosphorus
deficiency is presented. Practical considerations severely limit
the choice of a phosphorus supplement. Directions for the use
of the supernatant of high-phosphorus fertiliser and water mixtures,
as feed or stock water additive and the production of a phosphorus
lick are described. Other phosphorus supplements
are discussed with particular reference to the fluorine hazard.
PMID: 2847701 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2852039&dopt=Abstract
Bull Inst Marit Trop
Med Gdynia 1987;38(1-2):5-16
Estimation
of occupational hazards of the employees
of a phosphate fertilizers plant.
Renke
W, Winnicka A, Graczyk M.
Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine in Gdynia, Outpatient
Dispensary of Occupational and Tropical Diseases.
Composite examinations of 116 persons, employees of Phosphate
Fertilizers Plant in Gdansk, with an average length of service
ca. 15 years, were carried out. It was found that the frequency
of occurrence of the chronic non-specific diseases of the lungs
was not higher than in other works where dust and gaseous hazards
of respiratory tract occur. However, at persons with longer length
of service, the long-term effects of fluorine
influence were found. They were revealed in disturbances
of the carbohydrates balance and mineral balance, with
radiographically seen thickening of the
osseous structure.
PMID: 2852039 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
From Toxline at Toxnet
FLA SCI; 50 (2). 1987. 65-78.
Gaseous fluoride emissions from gypsum
settling and cooling ponds.
MOORE HE
Dep. Chem., Fla. Int. Univ., Miami, Fla. 33199.
Previous estimates of hydrogen fluoride fluxes from cooling and
gypsum settling ponds associated with the manufacture of phosphate
fertilizer are reviewed and a theoretical estimate based on vapor
pressures of HF-H2O solutions is presented. The
latter yields fluxes from 122 to 195 kg HF/day for a 450 metric
ton P2O5/day plant. Sixty percent or more of the total
plant release of HF is due to the ponds. Derived atmospheric residence
times for HF (1 to 5 hr.) indicate that fluoride
is dispersed throughout Central Florida (USA) at ppb levels in
the particulate form and may be an environmental hazard to adjacent
agricultural industry.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2840869&dopt=Abstract
Arch Belg 1987;45(7-8):269-87
[Impregnation
by atmospheric fluorine,
of a population living near a phosphate
fertilizer plant]
[Article in French]
Rondia D, Sartor F, Dans JM.
PMID: 2840869 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3008553&dopt=Abstract
Am J Ind Med 1986;9(2):153-8
Exposure
to fluoride in the chemical industry.
Levi
S, Zilberman L, Frumin A, Frydman M.
Industries that use fluoride-containing
materials are usually aware of their toxicity and adopt adequate
medical measures. It has been found that workers in factories
who have not been considered as subjected to fluorine
hazard and therefore have not been controlled had significantly
elevated urinary fluoride levels. Most workers in a medically
controlled fertilizer plant had normal urinary levels. Maintenance
workers were found to have higher values,
up to 12 mg/liter.
PMID: 3008553 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3477392&dopt=Abstract
Czas Stomatol 1986
Aug;39(8):510-4
[Effect
of oral water sprays on the content of fluorides
in saliva and dental plaque of workers at the Poznan phosphate
fertilizer plant]
[Article in Polish]
Chmielnik M, Wasik A, Rydzewska AN, Kaniewski
A.
PMID: 3477392 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2987329&dopt=Abstract
J Am Dent Assoc 1985
Apr;110(4):513-5
The
availability of fluoride chemical supplies.
Reeves
TG.
The availability of adequate supplies of fluoride chemicals is
a critical factor in consistently maintaining the optimal fluoride
concentration in water supply systems. The most recent shortage
of fluoride chemicals occurred in 1982. The factors precipitating
and contributing to periodic fluoride chemical shortages are discussed
and recommendations for preventing future shortages are outlined.
PMID: 2987329 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2988220&dopt=Abstract
Z Ernahrungswiss 1985
Mar;24(1):54-66
Fluoride
content of selected human food, pet food and related materials.
Siebert
G, Trautner K.
A survey was made of the fluoride content
of selected human foods, some animal feeds, and related materials,
with the purpose of a better characterization of products whose
fluoride may contribute to the intake of fluoride by man as well
as by some kinds of animals. Uptake of fluoride,
especially from food with or without a foregoing food chain, was
found to be more widely spread than has been documented previously.
The major source of fluoride is represented
by marine organisms, regardless of the ways by which man
or animals are exposed to fluoride. As a consequence of the detailed
analytical data given, recommendations would extend towards
i) a more wide-spread analytical control of foods and feeds for
fluoride,
ii) an intensified assessment of fluoride bioavailabilities from
foods and feeds, and
iii) the consideration of such data in the evaluation of fluoride
supplementations for optimized intakes, as recommended.
Keywords:
FLUORIDE
ANIMAL FEED
ANALYSIS
CHROMATOGRAPHY
SEAFOOD
MEAT PRODUCT
TEA
FERTILIZERS
FISH PRODUCTS
FLUORIDES
FOOD ANALYSIS
From Toxline at Toxnet
Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 38, pages 63-68, 23 references,
1984
The Effects Of Fluoride On Animals And
Plants In The South Safi Zon
Kessabi M, Assimi B, Braun JP
The hazards of fluoride (16984488) exposure were studied in southern
Morocco. The areas selected were zones of phosphate
mining and factories that process phosphoric-acid (7664382) fertilizers
(SIC-2874). Three farms were randomly selected from each
of 15 villages. Samples from water tanks, grass, straw, barley,
and corn forage were collected; samples from unpolluted areas
served as controls. Fluoride content of the samples was measured
by a digital pH meter fitted with an ion selective electrode.
Clinical examination was performed on 10 percent of the exposed
animals to test for clinical, bone, and dental abnormalities.
Concentrations of fluoride measured in the northeast region were
430 to 4300 parts per million (ppm) in grass, 60 to 155ppm in
straw, 19 to 22ppm in barley, 350 to 650ppm in corn forage, and
1.9ppm in water. Concentrations of fluoride in these samples
were much lower in the east and southeast areas. Severe dental
fluorosis occurred in several animals particularly in cattle and
sheep; camels showed a much higher degree of lesion severity to
fluoride pollution. Corn in the fluoride
polluted area accumulated 2 to 6 times more the concentrations
of fluoride than wheat or barley when compared with respective
control values. The authors conclude that industrial fluoride
pollution exists in southern Morocco.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6091097&dopt=Abstract
Probl Khig 1984;9:73-8
[Kinetics
of fluorine elimination in exposed
workers]
[Article in Bulgarian]
Chuturkova R.
The
fourteen-day kinetics of fluorine (F)
elimination in urine was followed up in 24 operators from three
main workshops of the plant for phosphorous
fertilizers. The concentration of F in urine was determined
at the beginning, by 6th h and during the last two hours of a
working shift in four successive days and at the beginning of
the following production cycle after the discontinuation of the
exposure. In parallel, the gas-like fluorine compounds in the
air of working environment was also determined. Analogous investigations
were performed with a control group--30 non-exposed workers. A
potentio-metric method with fluorine-selective electrode was used
for the determination of F content in urine and the concentration
of the gas-like fluorides in the air. A well manifested tendency
to increased excretion was established by the end of the working
shift and in the course of the working cycle. The data on the
rate of fluorine elimination show that it is the highest during
the last two exposure hours, most manifested in the workers from
the workshop TSP, less-in the workshop PhA and least--in the workshop
NTPP. The concentration of fluorine ions in urine for the three
groups of workers investigated, was increased as compared with
control values, both by 6th h and during the last two hours.
PMID: 6091097 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7137176&dopt=Abstract
Am J Ind Med 1982;3(2):227-36
Occupational
fluorosis through 50 years: clinical and epidemiological experiences.
Grandjean
P.
Fifty years ago, in 1932, skeletal fluorosis
was discovered as an occupational disease in cryolite workers
in Copenhagen, Denmark. Following the initial reports, new cases
were identified in other industries, such as the production of
aluminum and superphosphate fertilizer.
In light cases of fluorosis, the bone changes
are often associated with nonspecific joint and muscle pains,
but the disease may be entirely asymptomatic. The fluoride-induced
osteosclerosis seems to be reversible, but the long-term significance
of fluoride accumulation in the body is not known. Family cases
of dental fluorosis have been occurred in long-term residents
near fluoride-emitting industries, and in hot areas with high,
natural fluoride levels in the drinking water. Skeletal fluorosis
has only played a minor role in the discussion concerning fluoridation
of drinking water, however. Changing and increasing uses of fluorides
have led to a renewed interest in this occupational disease.
PMID: 7137176 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
1982 Bureau of Mines, Avondale, MD.
Avondale Research Center. 1982.
Available from NTIS: Order
Number: NTIS/PB82-176330, 23p.
Fluorine and Uranium in Phosphate Rock
Processing and Waste Materials
Haynes BW, Kramer GW, Jolly JA.
Source: Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field
Studies, NIOSH, Cincinnati, Ohio, Industrial Hygiene Survey Report
No. 57-05, 44 pages, 11 references, 1982
Industrial Hygiene Characterization Of
The Phosphate Fertilizer Industry, Report No. 57-05
Herrick RF
An in depth industrial hygiene survey was conducted to evaluate
occupational health hazards in the phosphate fertilizer industry
(SIC-2874). Four fertilizer factories and one phosphate ore mining
and beneficiation facility were studied. Samples were collected
for phosphoric-acid (7664382), sulfuric-acid (7664939), fluoride,
cadmium (7440439), chromium (7440473), uranium (7440611), vanadium
(7440622), arsenic (7440382), respirable free silica (14808607),
and respirable quartz (14808607). Radon (10043922) gas samples
were also measured. One of the factories
exceeded the OSHA standards for fluoride concentrations, with
an average concentration of 3.39 milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3).
Another factory exceeded the OSHA standards for arsenic, vanadium,
and respirable silica. The concentrations of these substances
at this factory were 0.08, 0.08, and 0.195mg/m3, respectively.
Total chromium concentrations ranged from 0.001 to 0.008mg/m3.
This was below OSHA standards but at or above NIOSH recommended
standards of 0.001mg/m3 for carcinogenic chromium-VI. All other
measurements at the four factories were below applicable OSHA
standards. At the phosphate-ore mining facility,
concentrations of uranium, arsenic, respirable silica, and respirable
dust exceeded either OSHA or NIOSH standards. The concentrations
for these substances were 0.228, 0.003, 0.07, and 1.62mg/m3, respectively.
Of 19 samples collected, 2 showed detectable concentrations of
radon daughters but were below exposure standards. The author
concludes that the survey identified potentially hazardous substances
in this industry. They recommend additional investigations be
conducted on employee exposure to arsenic, chromium, and silica,
and suggest an aggressive program of respiratory protection.
Hydrometallurgy - Volume 9, Issue 1 , September 1982,
Pages 69-82
A discussion of uranium control in phosphogypsum
Fred J. Hurst and Wesley D. Arnold
Chemistry Division, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, P.O. Box X, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, U.S.A.
Wet-process phosphoric acid plants produce
about 4.5 tons of gypsum for each ton of fertilizer (P2O5
equivalent). About 33 million tons of gypsum are produced at phosphoric
acid plants in the United States each year, and about 330 million
tons are contained in existing stockpiles. Although most of the
uranium initially present in phosphate rock is dissolved when
the rock is acidulated to produce phosphoric acid, a fraction
of it remains undissolved and the gypsum contains 0.03 to 0.08
lb of uranium per ton. Uranium concentrations in filter cakes
produced by the hemihydrate process are significantly higher (as
much as 0.2 lb/ton). This material hydrates to gypsum in the wastepile
and most of the uranium becomes readily soluble in the process;
the concentration of insoluble uranium in the hydrated cake is
about the same as that in filter cake produced by the dihydrate
process. Even at these low concentrations, the gypsum produced
at phosphoric acid plants each year contains 1 to 2 million lb
of uranium, and the stockpiled gypsum may contain a total of 10
to 20 million lb.
Economical recovery of uranium from gypsum appears very unlikely
in the foreseeable future. The losses to the filter cake, however,
can possibly be reduced by operating the phosphoric acid plant
under conditions that maximize uranium dissolution during rock
acidulation. Studies of this problem showed that the major variable
affecting the distribution of uranium between phosphoric acid
and gypsum during phosphoric acid manufacture was the redox potential
of the slurry during acidulation. Other variables affecting the
uranium distribution included rock size, digestion temperature,
and concentrations of excess sulfuric acid
and fluoride.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6275610&dopt=Abstract
Vopr Pitan 1981
Nov-Dec;(6):46-7
[Effect
of rations containing fluorine ion
on biochemical and hematological indices of body status]
[Article in Russian]
Lykova AS, Mitrofanova AI, Skachkov MA.
A study was made of the fluorine-ion content in the vegetables
and grain grown on experimental plots of land fertilized for 4-6
years with fluorine-containing fertilizers:
active slurry potassium tetrafluoroborate
and sodium fluorosilicate. It
was found that the fluorine-ion content in individual samples
of the vegetables and grain was increased
2-32-fold as compared to that in the control samples.
As for the diet, the total content of fluorine-ion
was increased 6.1-12.3-fold. Experiments were made on rabbits
and rats whose diets contained the vegetables and grain from the
experimental plots of land. The animals of the experimental groups
manifested a lowering of the prothrombin index by the end of the
6th month of the experimental studies. There
was a statistically significant fall in the cholinesterase activity
and an increase in the activity of glutaminopyruvic aminotransferase
(by 35-42 units). The activity of total alkaline phosphatase progressively
increased at the expense of the elevated activity of liver and
intestinal isozymes.
PMID: 6275610 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6252253&dopt=Abstract
J Dairy Sci 1980
Jul;63(7):1167-71
Inappetence
in ruminants as a measure of fluoride solubility in various phosphates.
Ammerman
CB, Henry PR, Conrad JH, Fick KR, Araujo EC.
Experiments with soft
phosphate and fertilizer grade concentrated superphosphate and
diammonium phosphate were to measure effects on voluntary intake
of their fluoride in relation to that from calcium fluoride and
sodium fluoride given once daily by capsule. Mature wethers were
offered 1200 or 1400 g daily of mixed grain-roughage diet, and
responses to fluoride were measured by inappetence, consumption
of less than 10% of offered diet. When 40 ppm fluoride as sodium
fluoride was given for 2 days, inappetence resulted, whereas 2,400
ppm fluoride as calcium fluoride did not decrease feed intake.
Time required for recovery of appetite increased with more fluoride.
When soft phosphate, concentrated superphosphate,
and diammonium phosphate were tested at 100, 200, and 400 ppm
fluoride, inappetence occurred always but severity of reduction
of intake was related to parts per million fluoride. Solubility
of fluoride in soft phosphate, concentrated superphosphate, and
diammonium phosphate is more similar to sodium fluoride than to
calcium fluoride, and their use should be in keeping with fluoride
tolerances established for ruminants fed sodium fluoride.
PMID: 6252253
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6256127&dopt=Abstract
Czas Stomatol 1980
Sep;33(9):761-5
[Effect
of the work environment on acid phosphatase and lysozyme activity
in the saliva of workers in phosphate fertilizer
plants]
[Article in Polish]
Witek E, Afeltowicz E, Kreglewska B, Zajaczkowska
L, Nowicka J, Umiastowski J.
PMID: 6256127 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
From Toxline at Toxnet
Order Number: NTIS/PB80-102247,
187p
1979 - Evaluation
of Control Technology for the Phosphate Fertilizer Industry
Boscak VG
Research Corp. of New England, Wethersfield, CT.
The report gives results of a phosphate fertilizer industry
study to evaluate multimedia control technology, identify information
gaps, and define needed RDandD projects. The following manufacturing
processes were covered: wet process phosphoric acid, superphosphoric
acid, diammonium phosphate, and normal and triple superphosphate.
Air emission control technology, based largely on using wet scrubbers,
is adequate for control of fluoride and particulate and is used
throughout the industry. The cross-flow packed scrubber appears
to be the best and applies to all processes. The
gypsum pond appears to be the major environmental concern: main
problems are fluoride emissions to the atmosphere and possible
leaching of fluoride, phosphate, and radioactive substances.
None of the several control alternatives are economically attractive.
RDandD projects identified and defined in this study are: (1)
an epidemiologic study of the industry; (2) studies of gypsum
pond emissions and chemistry; (3) an evaluatio [absract truncated]
Keywords:
Environmental surveys
Fertilizers
Chemical industry
Inorganic phosphates
Pollution control
Phosphate rocks
From Toxline at Toxnet
1980 - Approved
Occupational Health Guide: Hydrogen Fluoride
National Health and Medical Research Council, Commonwealth of
Australia, Department of Health, 10 pages, 5 references
Guidelines are provided for controlling occupational exposure
to hydrogen-fluoride (7664393). Hydrogen-fluoride in both gaseous
and aqueous forms is strongly corrosive and causes severe painful
burns to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. The respiratory
tract is a major site of injury. Exposure
to hydrogen-fluoride may occur in aluminum (7429-90-5)
smelting, welding, fertilizer production,
fluorocarbon and fluoride (16984-48-8) production, metal refining,
uranium (7440-61-1) enrichment, and the pickling, etching, and
polishing of glass and pottery. Where exposure is likely, work
practices should be examined and procedures adopted to ensure
that employees are not exposed to an extent likely to adversely
affect their health. Personal respiratory protective equipment
should be provided where engineering controls are not feasible
or do not reduce the hydrogen-fluoride concentration to values
below the recommended hygienic standard. Protective clothing and
eye protection should be provided and used as necessary. The protective
equipment should be made of materials resistant to hydrogen-fluoride.
Hydrogen-fluoride should be stored in well ventilated areas and
shipped in appropriate containers. Emergency procedures are described
for handling hydrogen-fluoride spills or leaks and exposure to
fire. Information is provided on the first aid procedures and
medical treatment required for hydrogen-fluoride injuries to the
skin and eyes and in cases of inhalation.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=232533&dopt=Abstract
Med Pr 1979;30(6):451-6
[Lysozyme
activity in the saliva of industrial workers
exposed to fluorine compounds]
[Article in Polish]
Zajaczkowska L, Kreglewska B, Afeltowicz
E, Nowicka J, Umiastowski J, Kunicka D.
The authors performed investigations in Phosphoric
Fertilizers Works in Gdansk to find out whether or not
the work environment contaminated by fluorine
compounds affects the activity of lysozome--the protective
enzyme of saliva. In some in vitro experiments lysozome activity
in exposed workers' saliva was found to be significantly lowered,
as opposed to that in unexposed workers. In vivo experiments did
not indicate any effects of work conditions on the activity of
this enzyme. The obtained results, in vivo and in vitro, do not
demonstrate any clear effects of work environment in the Phosphoric
Fertilizers Works in Gdansk, upon lysozome activity in workers'
saliva.
PMID: 232533 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Chemosphere Volume 7, Issue 6 , 1978,
Pages 537-547
Fluoride deposition in snow in the surroundings
of a mixed fertilizer factory
Pentti Kauranen
Department of Chemistry University of Kuopio, Kuopio 70101, Finland
The fluoride content of snow was determined at various distances
from a mixed fertilizer factory in Siilinjärvi, central Finland.
Elevated fluoride levels were observed at
less than 2 km from the factory, and the highest concentrations
close to the factory were about 600 g of fluoride per liter of
melt water. At unpolluted reference sites the fluoride
content was about 6g/1. The background level of fluoride in precipitation
is discussed. An ion selective electrode and a simple calibration
method were used in the analyses.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=45743&dopt=Abstract
Med Lav 1978
Sep-Oct;69(5):594-604
[Risk of
fluorosis in the manufacture of phosphate fertilizers]
[Article in Italian]
Fabbri L, De Rosa E, Potenza I, Mapp C,
Rossi A, Brighenti F, Forin F.
PMID: 45743 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=904421&dopt=Abstract
Lav Um 1977
Jul;29(4):97-105
[Epidemiological
study of chronic bronchitis in a
population of workers in a fertilizer factory]
[Article in Italian]
Jedrychowski
W, Cichocki T, Olszewski E, Nowicki Z, Mruk K.
The authors investigated
the influence of working conditions--with particular reference
to dust and fluorite pollution--on the epidemiology of chronic
bronchitis in 197 subjects working in a fertilizer producing plant
in Krakow (Poland). The investigation included history, respiratory
function tests (VC, TVC), height and weight measurement, rhinolaryngologic
examination, nasal mucosa cytology and physical examination. The
environmental survey included measurements of the dust respirable
fraction and fluorite concentration in the air. The prevalence
of chronic bronchitis was found to increase with the length of
working activity and to be much higher in smokers than in non-smokers.
Furthermore, in subjects working at the sites with the worst environmental
situations it proved to be twice as high as in the remainders.
Likewise higher proved to be the prevalence of laryngitis and
sinusitis. The prevalence of chronic bronchitis was found to be
much higher in workmen with more marked spirometric changes. In
subjects affected with chronic bronchitis alterations of the nasal
mucosa epithelium were also found.
PMID: 904421
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=865215&dopt=Abstract
Lav Um 1977
Mar;29(2):50-7
[Chronic
broncopneumopathy and pneumoconiosis in
workers employed in phosphoric acid production (author's
transl)]
[Article in Italian]
Fabbri
L, Mapp C, Rossi A, Cortese S, Saia B.
Thirty-five subjects
employed in a phosphoric acid producing plant were studied by
the authors. The investigation included: history, according to
the C.E.C.A. questionnaire for chronic bronchitis and emphysema;
physical examination, chest X-ray spirometry and lung diffusing
capacity for carbon monoxide by the steady state method (DLCOSS).
High prevalence of chronic bronchitis (45.7%), obstructive spirometric
impairment (37.1%), and decreased values of DlcoSS (31.4%) were
detected. Two subjects were found to be affected with p 1/0 and
7 with p 0/1 pneumoconiosis. Such findings were significantly
related to the lenght of working activity as well as to dust and
gaseous fluoride (hydrofluoric acid, hexafluorosilicic acid and
silicon tetrafluoride) exposure.
PMID: 865215
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=337435&dopt=Abstract
Residue Rev 1977;68:37-57
Fluorine
in foods.
Kumpulainen
J, Koivistoinen P.
Publication Types: Review
PMID: 337435
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1070620&dopt=Abstract
N Z Vet J 1976
SEP;24(9):193-7
Deaths
in cattle suggestive of subacute fluorine poisoning following
ingestion of superphosphate.
Clark
RG, Hunter AC, Stewart DJ.
PMID: 1070620 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1195267&dopt=Abstract
J S Afr Vet Assoc 1975
Jun;46(2):161-3
Chronic
fluoride poisoning in sheep.
Zumpt
I.
Chronic fluoride poisoning
in sheep and cattle was diagnosed on a farm in the Vredenburg
district, Cape Province, and confirmed by laboratory analysis.
The source of the poisoning was pastures
contaminated with rock phosphate dust containing 2,1 to 3,3% of
fluoride emitted from a fertilizer factory. Tabulated analyses
of blood, liver, bone, pasture and water are given.
PMID: 1195267
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
From Toxline at Toxnet
REV BELGE MED DENT; 28 (2). 1973
125-138
Elevated fluoride content in the Antwerp
drinking water through a fluoride leak into the Neuse.
VERHEYDEN IJ, VAN CRAENENBROECK V, MEHEUS
J
The population of Antwerp receives its drinking water from the
Albert canal which contains water derived from the river Neuse
near Liege, Belgium. Because of a discharge
of fluorides from a fertilizer factory near Liege, the fluoride
content of Antwerp water varies according to season, usually
within the legally acceptable range of 1 mg/1. During
a particularly dry season in the fall of 1971, the legal limit
of 1.5 mg/1 was considerably exceeded. The responsible
authorities quickly diluted the Meuse water at the purification
plant with water of low fluoride content from subsidiary canals,
thus avoiding a serious public health crisis. It was later made
known that the fertilizer plant possessed a purifying system which
enabled it to recover 3/4 of the fluorides in its discharge water,
but this equipment was not used because the factory could not
find a buyer for its fluorides. In the spring of 1973 they finally
found a customer for fluorides, so that a drop in river Meuse
fluorides could soon be expected. Actually, fluoride measurements
did not bear out this optimistic prediction, and the desirability
of public intervention is suggested.
From Toxline at Toxnet
ANAL CHEM; 45 (7). 1973 1272-1273
Comparison of the SPADNS-Zirconium Lake
and specific ion electrode methods of fluoride determination in
stack emission samples.
MACLEOD KE, CRIST HL
Fluoride is an important pollutant emitted
into the air predominantly from phosphate fertilizer and Al reduction
processes. A widely used analytical method for determining
fluoride concentration in stack emission samples is the SPADNS-Zirconium
Lake technique. Although this method is generally regarded as
accurate and sensitive, it is time consuming, requiring a sulfuric
acid or perchloric acid distillation step to remove interferences.
The specific ion electrode (SIE) has gained wide acceptance for
the determination of soluble fluoride in ambient air particulate
matter. The SIE method offers significant advantages over the
SPADNS method by virtue of its simplicity, high precision and
speed. The application of the fluoride SIE to emission sample
analysis has been limited because it responds to interfering ions
and may not provide data that are comparable to the SPADNS method.
This report describes the results of a study to assess the equivalence
of the SIE and SPADNS methods for the determination of soluble
fluoride in emission samples from phosphate fertilizer and A1
reduction plants.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=4267896&dopt=Abstract
Gig Sanit 1972
Nov;37(11):112-4
[Daily
intake of fluorine together with nutritional products in
persons living in the area of the Kokand
Superphosphate Plant]
[Article in Russian]
Tadzhibaeva NS.
PMID: 4267896 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=4519617&dopt=Abstract
N Z Vet J 1972
Nov;20(11):224
The possible
relationship of selenium and superphosphate to the frequency of
intestinal carcinomas in sheep.
Simpson
BH.
PMID: 4519617
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=4509827&dopt=Abstract
J Nihon Univ Sch Dent
1972 Sep;14(3):99-105
Use of
compost instead of chemical fertilizer to
avoid fluorine contamination of soil, water, and food.
Schatz
A, Schatz V.
PMID: 4509827 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=4526647&dopt=Abstract
Rev Odontol P R 1972
Aug-Oct;10(3):16-20
Use of
compost instead of chemical fertilizers.
Schatz
A, Schatz V.
PMID: 4526647 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=5502701&dopt=Abstract
Gig Sanit 1970
Aug;35(8):114-5
[Fluorine
content of vegetable and melon crops with
the use of mineral fertilizers in Uzbekistan]
[Article in Russian]
Tashbekov TU, Khasanov IuU.
PMID: 5502701 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=5521605&dopt=Abstract
Zh Ushn Nos Gorl Bolezn
1970 Sep-Oct;30(5):21-4
[The effect
of occupational factors on the mucous membrane of the upper
respiratory tract in superphosphate production]
[Article in Russian]
Rasskazova
TV.
PMID: 5521605
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=5365300&dopt=Abstract
Gig Tr Prof Zabol 1969
Sep;13(9):26-8
[Fluorine
content of biological media during
pregnancy in female workers engaged in superphosphate production]
[Article in Russian]
Kuznetsova LS.
PMID: 5365300 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=5246606&dopt=Abstract
Czas Stomatol 1968
Sep;21(9):1081-7
[The influence
of chemical factors on the oral cavity in workers of the Szczecin
Plant of Phosphorous Fertilizers in the light of our own investigations]
[Article in Polish]
Domzalska
E, Grabowska K, Kamocka D.
PMID: 5246606
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=5869660&dopt=Abstract
Farmakol Toksikol 1965
May-Jun;28(3):365-8
[On the
biological effect of composite mineral fertilizers (nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium
fertilizers)]
[Article in Russian]
Boiarchuck
IF.
PMID: 5869660
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Fluorides
and industrial health:
Derryberry, O. M., Bartholomew, M. D. & Fleming, R. B. L. (1963).
Fluoride
exposure and worker health. The health status of workers in a
fertilizer manufacturing plant in relation to fluoride exposure.
Arch. environ. Hlth. 6, 503
Food and Cosmetics Toxicology, Volume 2, 1964,
Page 271
From Toxline at Toxnet
Commercial Fertilizer, Vol. 88, pages 42-45, 73, 76, 2 references,
1954
The Potential Fluorine Hazard in the Fertilizer
Industry
Poppe WH Jr
Results of engineering studies made in 3
phosphate rock and 4 fertilizer blending plants show that a definite
fluoride hazard exists in the commercial fertilizer plants wherever
natural phosphate rock materials are used. Results yielded
by urinalysis of workers and by the investigation of environmental
air samples collected, together with maximum allowable concentrations
for prolonged fluoride exposure expressed as hydrofluoric-acid
(7664-39-3) are presented.
