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Human Health Effects:

Human Toxicity Excerpts:

A suicide served to show that poisoning by zinc hexafluorosilicate is typical of poisoning by the fluoride ion. A 35 year old man drank half a glassful of a 5 to 10% solution of a commercial formulation. Following ingestion, emesis and tetanic convulsions occurred in 3.4 hr and death in 4.5 hr. Pathology was typical of fluoride poisoning.
[Hayes, Wayland J., Jr. Pesticides Studied in Man. Baltimore/London: Williams and Wilkins, 1982. 60]**PEER REVIEWED**

Inhalation of dust irritates nose and throat; excessive inhalation may cause severe pulmonary inflammation. Ingestion cause nausea, cramps, vomiting, shock, convulsions, cyanosis, and other symptoms of fluoride poisoning. Contact with eyes or skin causes irritation; skin ulcers may develop.
[U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.]**PEER REVIEWED**

SYMPTOMATOLOGY: 1. Severe gastritis or gastroenteritis with abdominal pain, retching, and prolonged vomiting, beginning 10-60 min after ingestion. Vomitus may become bloody. Diarrhea is sometimes violent; the feces are watery and later tarry. Dehydration becomes intense. 2. Shock, pallor, cyanosis and coldness. Rapid, weak or imperceptible pulse, low blood pressure, rapid and shallow respirations. 3. Sometimes breathing is deep and rapid, reflecting an accompanying metabolic acidosis. 4. Drowsiness, hyporeflexia, dilated pupils, coma. Vasomotor instability, shock or coma and a serum iron level in great excess of the total iron-binding capacity are poor prognostic signs. /Fluoride/
[Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. III-190]**PEER REVIEWED**

SYMPTOMATOLOGY: 5. Liver injury, consisting of hemorrhagic necrosis which is usually reversible. 6. Death from shock, usually in 4-5 hr. Sometimes following apparent recovery, pneumonia with fever or secondary shock may cause death 1-3 days later. 7. Among survivors pyloric stenosis and mild hepatic cirrhosis may be encountered as persistent sequelae, but recovery is usually complete. /Fluoride/
[Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. III-190]**PEER REVIEWED**

SYMPTOMATOLOGY: A. Ingestion of soluble fluoride salts. 1. Salty or soapy taste, salivation, nausea. Repeated small doses (as in drinking water) may produce no other symptoms, but polyuria and polydipsia have also been reported. 2. Large doses lead promptly to burning or crampy abdominal pain, intense vomiting and diarrhea, often with hematemesis and melena. Dehydration and thirst. 3. Muscle weakness, tremors, and rarely transient epileptiform convulsions, preceded or followed by progressive central nervous depression (lethargy, coma and respiratory arrest, even in the absence of circulatory failure). 4. Shock characterized by pallor, weak and thready pulse (sometimes irregular), shallow unlabored respiration, weak heart sounds, wet cold skin, cyanosis, anuria, dilated pupils, followed almost invariably by death in 2 to 4 hours. 5. Even in the absence of shock, arrhythmias may occur, especially multiple episodes of ventricular fibrillation leading eventually to cardiac arrest. 6. If the victim survives a few hours, paralysis of the muscles of deglutition, carpopedal spasm, and painful spasms of the extremities. 7. Occasionally localized or generalized urticaria. 8. The above signs and symptoms are related to a variety of metabolic disorders that may occur in acute fluoride poisoning, including hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, metabolic and/or respiratory acidosis and sometimes hyperkalemia. /Fluoride/
[Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. III-190]**PEER REVIEWED**

Initial symptoms from ingestion /include/ ... salivation, nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea. ... The patient shows signs of increased irritability of the nervous system, including paresthesias, a positive Chvostek sign, hyperactive reflexes, and tonic and clonic convulsions. ... Hypocalcemia and hypoglycemia are frequent lab findings. ... Pain in various muscle groups ... blood pressure falls ... due to central vasomotor depression as well as direct toxic action on cardiac muscle. The respiratory center is first stimulated and later depressed. Death ... from either respiratory paralysis or cardiac failure. /Fluoride salts/
[Hardman, J.G., L.E. Limbird, P.B. Molinoff, R.W. Ruddon, A.G. Goodman (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 9th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1996. 1538]**PEER REVIEWED**

... THE MAJOR MANIFESTATIONS OF CHRONIC INGESTION OF EXCESSIVE AMT OF FLUORIDE ARE OSTEOSCLEROSIS & MOTTLED ENAMEL. CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO EXCESS FLUORIDE CAUSES INCR OSTEOBLASTIC ACTIVITY. ... DENSITY AND CALCIFICATION OF BONE ARE INCR ... THOUGHT TO REPRESENT THE REPLACEMENT OF HYDROXYAPATITE BY THE DENSER FLUOROAPATITE. /FLUORIDE SALTS/
[Hardman, J.G., L.E. Limbird, P.B. Molinoff, R.W. Ruddon, A.G. Goodman (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 9th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1996. 1539]**PEER REVIEWED**

Chronic poisoning: intake of more than 6 mg of fluoride ... /day results in fluorosis. Symptoms are weight loss, brittleness of bones ... anemia, weakness, general ill health, stiffness of joints ... /Fluoride/
[Dreisbach, R. H. Handbook of Poisoning. 9th ed. Los Altos, California: Lange Medical Publications, 1977. 207]**PEER REVIEWED**

On the skin (and presumably in eyes and on mucous membranes), the fluosilicates are irritants. Prolonged skin contact may lead to a pustular rash & even to ulceration. /Fluosilicate salts/
[Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. II-113]**PEER REVIEWED**

LETHAL DOSE FOR MAN OF SOL FLUORIDES WAS EST AT ... 2.5 G. /FLUORIDES/
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH:American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1986. 272]**PEER REVIEWED**

FLUORIDE POISONING CAN BE INDUCED BY ANY SOL COMPOUND WHICH DISSOCIATES FLUORIDE ION ... /FLUORIDE/
[Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. III-186]**PEER REVIEWED**

Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:

On the skin (and presumably in eyes and on mucous membranes), the fluorosilicates are irritants. /Fluorosilicate salts/
[Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. II-113]**PEER REVIEWED**

Drug Warnings:

Food and Environmental Agents: Effect on Breast-Feeding: Reported Sign or Symptom in Infant or Effect on Lactation: Fluorides: None. /from Table 7/
[Report of the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs in Pediatrics 93 (1): 142 (1994)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Medical Surveillance:

Fluoride levels in urine should be checked periodically and all workers should be subjected to periodical skeletal X-ray exam particularly of the pelvis. /Fluorine and cmpd/
[International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983. 894]**PEER REVIEWED**

Populations at Special Risk:

Patients with kidney dysfunction may be particularly susceptible to fluoride toxicity. /Fluoride/
[WHO; Environ Health Criteria: Fluorine and Fluorides p.13 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Populations that appear to be at increased risk from the effects of fluoride are individuals that suffer from diabetes insipidus or some forms of renal impairment. /Fluoride/
[USEPA, Office of Drinking Water; Criteria Document (Draft): Fluoride p.I-5 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Minimum Fatal Dose Level:

INGESTION OF AS LITTLE AS 9 MG/KG HAS CAUSED HUMAN DEATHS. /FLUORIDES/
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH:American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1986. 272]**PEER REVIEWED**

Emergency Medical Treatment:

EMT Copyright Disclaimer:

Portions of the POISINDEX(R) database are provided here for general reference. THE COMPLETE POISINDEX(R) DATABASE, AVAILABLE FROM MICROMEDEX, SHOULD BE CONSULTED FOR ASSISTANCE IN THE DIAGNOSIS OR TREATMENT OF SPECIFIC CASES. Copyright 1974-1998 Micromedex, Inc. Denver, Colorado. All Rights Reserved. Any duplication, replication or redistribution of all or part of the POISINDEX(R) database is a violation of Micromedex' copyrights and is strictly prohibited. The following Overview, *** FLUORIDE ***, is relevant for this HSDB record chemical.

Life Support:

o This overview assumes that basic life support measures have been instituted.

Clinical Effects:

SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE 0.2.1.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE o Following ingestion, sodium fluoride probably reacts with gastric acid to produce highly corrosive HF which may cause the nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pains, and acute hemorrhagic gastroenteritis reported following massive overdose. o In most instances, gastrointestinal signs and symptoms predominate. Other effects include headache, numbness, carpopedal spasm, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and hyperkalemia. In severe poisoning hypotension and dysrhythmias may develop. Death usually occurs from cardiac failure or respiratory paralysis. o Respiratory and mucous membrane irritation may develop after inhalation. CARDIOVASCULAR 0.2.5.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE o Cardiac arrhythmias consistent with hyperkalemia may be noted. Fatal cardiac arrest occurred in several patients with renal failure exposed to fluoride during hemodialysis. RESPIRATORY 0.2.6.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE o Respirations are first stimulated then depressed. Death is usually from respiratory paralysis. Following inhalation, coughing and choking may be noted. NEUROLOGIC 0.2.7.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE o Hyperactive reflexes, painful muscle spasms, weakness and tetanic contractures may be noted due to fluoride induced hypocalcemia. GASTROINTESTINAL 0.2.8.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE o Epigastric pain, nausea, dysphagia, salivation, hematemesis, and diarrhea may be noted. These effects may be delayed for several hours following exposure. GI symptoms are noted when 3 to 5 mg/kg of fluoride are ingested. FLUID-ELECTROLYTE 0.2.12.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE o Hyperkalemia may be noted. Hypocalcemia is likely. DERMATOLOGIC 0.2.14.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE o Urticaria and pruritus have been reported following exposure to fluoride. REPRODUCTIVE HAZARDS o Prenatal fluoride supplementation (2.2 mg NaF or 1 mg fluoride daily) during the last two trimesters of pregnancy has been reported to be safe. OTHER 0.2.23.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE o CHRONIC EXPOSURE - Prolonged exposure to fluorinated water may cause fluorosis. Signs and symptoms of fluorosis include brittle bones, calcified ligaments, and other crippling changes.

Laboratory:

o Monitor serum calcium, potassium, and magnesium levels regularly in symptomatic patients. o No other specific lab work (CBC, electrolyte, urinalysis) is needed unless otherwise indicated. o Monitor EKG in significant intoxications.

Treatment Overview:

ORAL EXPOSURE o ADMINISTER milk, calcium gluconate, or calcium lactate to bind fluoride ion in the gastrointestinal tract. o ANTACIDS (aluminum and/or magnesium based) should be administered. o IV calcium (gluconate or chloride) and magnesium may be necessary to correct serum deficits of these divalent metals in serious overdosage. o Monitor EKG and vital signs. INHALATION EXPOSURE o INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with beta2 agonist and corticosteroid aerosols. EYE EXPOSURE o DECONTAMINATION: Irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of tepid water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist, the patient should be seen in a health care facility. DERMAL EXPOSURE o DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists.

Range of Toxicity:

o The estimated toxic dose is 5 to 10 mg/kg of fluoride (not sodium fluoride). GI symptoms have occurred following ingestion of 3 to 5 mg/kg of fluoride. Accidental ingestion of sodium fluoride by children usually does not present serious risk if the amount of fluoride ingested is less than 5 mg/kg. Death has been reported following ingestion of 16 mg/kg of fluoride. Fluoride toothpaste typically contains a maximum of 1 milligram of fluoride per gram of toothpaste.

[Rumack BH: POISINDEX(R) Information System. Micromedex, Inc., Englewood, CO, 2001; CCIS Volume 110, edition exp November, 2001. Hall AH & Rumack BH (Eds):TOMES(R) Information System. Micromedex, Inc., Englewood, CO, 2001; CCIS Volume 110, edition exp November, 2001.] **PEER REVIEWED**

EMT Copyright Disclaimer:

Portions of the POISINDEX(R) database are provided here for general reference. THE COMPLETE POISINDEX(R) DATABASE, AVAILABLE FROM MICROMEDEX, SHOULD BE CONSULTED FOR ASSISTANCE IN THE DIAGNOSIS OR TREATMENT OF SPECIFIC CASES. Copyright 1974-1998 Micromedex, Inc. Denver, Colorado. All Rights Reserved. Any duplication, replication or redistribution of all or part of the POISINDEX(R) database is a violation of Micromedex' copyrights and is strictly prohibited. The following Overview, *** ZINC COMPOUNDS ***, is relevant for this HSDB record chemical.

Life Support:

o This overview assumes that basic life support measures have been instituted.

Clinical Effects:

SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE 0.2.1.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE o This management covers zinc salts (excluding zinc chloride) and zinc compounds not covered in other managements. ZINC PHOSPHIDE and released PHOSPHINE are covered in separate managements. 1. The onset and type of signs and symptoms vary with the route of exposure. o INHALATION - exposures may produce the following - 1. BRONZE-POWDER - A severe necrotizing bronchitis and bronchopneumonia can follow inhalation of bronze-powder (70 percent copper, 30 percent zinc stearate). 2. ZINC STEARATE - is present in commercial talcum powders and can cause severe irritation of the respiratory tract if aspirated by infants. o INGESTION - may result in the following - 1. CORROSIVE SALTS - Produce gastroenteritis following ingestion. Symptoms are characterized by intense gastric and substernal pain, violent vomiting, diarrhea, shock, circulatory collapse, and possible death. o DERMAL - exposure may result in the following - 1. Skin contact, especially with ZINC DICHROMATE, can cause papulovesicular lesions with exfoliation. This is likely due to the dichromate ion as dichromate salts are highly corrosive to intact skin. GASTROINTESTINAL 0.2.8.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE o INGESTION - Zinc salts (especially zinc sulfate) produce gastritis ranging from a burning pain in the mouth and throat to intense gastric and substernal pain, strictures, violent vomiting, diarrhea, shock, and possible death. o DERMAL - Zinc, when used to treat acne, has produced hemorrhagic gastritis resulting in anemia. GENITOURINARY 0.2.10.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE o Nephritis and oliguria have been reported. HEMATOLOGIC 0.2.13.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE o Zinc used for treating acne has produced hemorrhagic gastritis resulting in anemia.

Laboratory:

o Tests are available to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate zinc, but these are of little clinical value.

Treatment Overview:

ORAL EXPOSURE o CORROSIVE SALTS - 1. Some zinc salts are highly corrosive and induced emesis or gastric lavage should be avoided. 2. With corrosive zinc salts, dilute rapidly with water or milk. o Activated charcoal may be beneficial in patients exposed to salts of zinc that are NOT highly corrosive or following substantial ingestions of zinc tablet or capsule preparations. However, most lighter metals (including zinc) are not significantly adsorbed to activated charcoal. o ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old. o SUPPORTIVE CARE - Maintain hydration and observe for metabolic acidosis, hypocalcemic tetany, anuria, liver damage, gastric perforation, and pyloric stenosis. o CHELATION - Calcium disodium edetate and BAL have been used following zinc overdose with mixed results. INHALATION EXPOSURE o Aspirated zinc stearate may cause severe respiratory irritation. XB C. PULMONARY EDEMA (NONCARDIOGENIC): Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gas or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed. EYE EXPOSURE o Zinc salts will precipitate protein in the eye and cause corneal and lens changes. o DECONTAMINATION: Irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of tepid water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist, the patient should be seen in a health care facility. o Rinsing with a 0.05 M neutral sodium edetate solution may help prevent or reverse a portion of the protein precipitation. o An ophthalmologic examination is indicated in cases of direct eye exposure to all caustic zinc salts. DERMAL EXPOSURE o Irritation caused by zinc salts is extremely variable. Zinc dichromate may cause papulovesicular lesions with exfoliation. o DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists.

Range of Toxicity:

o ORAL - Variable depending on specific zinc compound; 10 to 30 g of zinc sulfate have been lethal in adults.

[Rumack BH: POISINDEX(R) Information System. Micromedex, Inc., Englewood, CO, 2001; CCIS Volume 110, edition exp November, 2001. Hall AH & Rumack BH (Eds):TOMES(R) Information System. Micromedex, Inc., Englewood, CO, 2001; CCIS Volume 110, edition exp November, 2001.] **PEER REVIEWED**

Antidote and Emergency Treatment:

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patent can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Fluorine and related compounds/
[Bronstein, A.C., P.L. Currance; Emergency Care for Hazardous Materials Exposure. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO. Mosby Lifeline. 1994. 416]**PEER REVIEWED**

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or in respiratory arrest. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W TKO /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's to support vital signs if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors for hypotension with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Fluorine and related compounds/
[Bronstein, A.C., P.L. Currance; Emergency Care for Hazardous Materials Exposure. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO. Mosby Lifeline. 1994. 417]**PEER REVIEWED**

Animal Toxicity Studies:

Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts:

IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS FLUOSILICATES APPEAR TO BE AS TOXIC AS CORRESPONDING FLUORIDES. /FLUOSILICATES/
[Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. II-113]**PEER REVIEWED**

/Acute poisoning/ If sufficient fluoride is absorbed ... fluoride ion increases capillary permeability and also produces a coagulation defect. These actions lead to hemorrhagic gastroenteritis and hemorrhages, congestion, and edema in various organs including the brain. Clinical manifestations ... include excitability, muscle tremors, weakness, urination, defecation, salivation, emesis, sudden collapse, clonic convulsions, coma, and death due to respiratory and cardiac failure. Cyanosis and early rigor mortis ... /Fluoride/
[Booth, N.H., L.E. McDonald (eds.). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 5th ed. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1982. 1014]**PEER REVIEWED**

Signs of acute systemic fluoride intoxication are increased salivation, lacrimation, vomiting, diarrhea, muscular fibrillation, and respiratory, cardiac, and general depression. ... /Fluorides/
[Davis RK; J Occup Med 3: 593-601 (1961) as cited in WHO; Environ Health Criteria: Fluorine and Fluoride p.52 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Chronic manifestations of excess fluoride in cattle are ... dental fluorosis and osteofluorosis. Animals with moderate to severe osteofluorosis sometimes exhibit an intermittent, non-specific, a typical lameness or stiffness that may be associated with calcification of periarticular structures and tendon insertions. This lameness or stiffness is often transitory in nature; and limits feeding or grazing time, thereby impairing animal performance. Other general non-specific signs or symptoms sometimes associated with chronic fluoride toxicosis include thickened, dry unpliable skin and poor performance. /Fluoride/
[WHO; Environ Health Criteria: Fluorine and Fluoride p.56 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**

The visible effects of toxic concn of fluoride on plants ... may include chlorosis, peripheral necrosis, leaf distortion, and malformation or abnormal fruit development. /Fluoride/
[WHO; Environ Health Criteria: Fluorine and Fluorides p.46 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Non-Human Toxicity Values:

LD50 Oral Guinea pig 100 mg/kg
[Hayes, W.J., Jr., E.R. Laws, Jr., (eds.). Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology. Volume 2. Classes of Pesticides. New York, NY: Academic Press, Inc., 1991. 565]**PEER REVIEWED**

Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics:

Absorption, Distribution & Excretion:

IN TWO CASES /OF ZINC SILICOFLUORIDE INGESTION/ ... ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT THE CONCENTRATION OF ZINC WAS INCREASED OVER NORMAL VALUES MORE DEPENDABLY IN THE BLOOD THAN IN THE LIVER OR KIDNEYS. IN ... SUICIDE, THE CONCENTRATION OF ZINC IN THESE ORGANS WAS WITHIN THE RANGE OF NORMAL.
[Hayes, Wayland J., Jr. Pesticides Studied in Man. Baltimore/London: Williams and Wilkins, 1982. 60]**PEER REVIEWED**

AFTER SUICIDE BY INGESTION OF LARGE AMT OF ZINC SILICOFLUORIDE (FLUATE), HIGH FLUORIDE ION CONCN WERE FOUND IN SUBJECTS' VOMITUS, STOMACH CONTENTS, DUODENUM & BLOOD (3200, 138, 16 & 1.7 MG/100 G, RESPECTIVELY). LIVER & KIDNEYS CONTAINED NORMAL FLUORIDE ION CONCN, INDICATING SHORT INTERVAL BETWEEN INTAKE & DEATH. MARKED DIFFERENCES WERE OBSERVED IN THE RATES OF ABSORPTION OF FLUORIDE ION AND ZINC ION FROM THE STOMACH AND THE FACT THAT ZINC ION HAS AN EMETIC EFFECT IN ORAL DOSES OF 250-500 MG. A LETHAL DOSE OF FLUORIDE ION MAY BE ABSORBED BEFORE VOMITING, WITHOUT AN INCREASE OF BLOOD ZINC ION.
[ZOBER MA; BEITR GERICHTL MED 35: 121-4 (1977)]**PEER REVIEWED**

/RENAL CLEARANCE/ 1. VIRTUALLY ALL FLUORIDE IN PLASMA ... IS ULTRAFILTERABLE. 2. RENAL EXCRETION OF RADIOFLUORIDE DEPENDS ON GLOMERULAR FILTRATION & VARIABLE TUBULAR REABSORPTION. 3. PROBABLY, REABSORPTION IS LARGELY PASSIVE ... 4. FLUORIDE EXCRETION INCR WHEN PLASMA CONCN IS INCREASED. 5. PROCEDURES THAT INCREASE URINARY FLOW RATE (EG, ADMIN OF OSMOTIC DIURETICS, HYPERTONIC SALINE, OR DIURETIC DRUGS) INCREASE THE CLEARANCE OF FLUORIDE. /FLUORIDE/
[National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health Volume 1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977. 376]**PEER REVIEWED**

IN FEMALE RATS, THE SKELETONS OF YOUNGER RATS APPARENTLY ARE MORE EFFICIENT AT REMOVING FLUORIDE FROM CIRCULATION THAN ARE THOSE OF OLDER RATS. /SODIUM FLUORIDE/
[DE LOPEZ OH ET AL; TOXICOL APPL PHARMACOL 37 (1): 75 (1976)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Following ingestion, soluble fluorides are rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract at least to the extent of 97%. Absorbed fluoride is distributed throughout the tissues of the body by the blood. Fluoride concn in soft tissues fall to pre-exposure levels within a few hours of exposure. Fluoride exchanges with hydroxyl radicals of hydroxyapatite (the inorganic constituent of bone) to form fluorohydroxyapatite. Fluoride that is not retained is excreted rapidly in urine. In adults under steady state intake conditions, the urinary concn of fluoride tends to approximate the concn of fluoride in the drinking water. This reflects the decreasing retention of fluoride (primarily in bone) with increasing age. Under certain conditions perspiration may be an important route of fluoride excretion. The concn of fluoride retained in bones and teeth is a function of both the concn of fluoride intake and the duration of exposure. Periods of excessive fluoride exposure will result in increased retention in the bone. However, when the excessive exposure is eliminated, the bone fluoride concn will decrease to a concn that is again reflective of intake. /Fluoride/
[USEPA; Office of Drinking Water; Criteria Document (Draft): Fluoride p.III-19 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**

FLUORIDES ARE ABSORBED FROM GI TRACT, LUNG, & SKIN. GI TRACT IS MAJOR SITE OF ABSORPTION. DEGREE OF ABSORPTION ... IS BEST CORRELATED WITH ITS SOLUBILITY. RELATIVELY SOL CMPD ... ARE ALMOST COMPLETELY ABSORBED ... SECOND MOST COMMON ROUTE OF ABSORPTION IS BY ... LUNG. ... THIRD, & RELATIVELY RARE, ROUTE ... IS THROUGH THE SKIN. FLUORIDE HAS BEEN DETECTED IN ALL ORGANS & TISSUES EXAM; HOWEVER, THERE IS NO EVIDENCE THAT IT IS CONCN IN ANY TISSUES EXCEPT BONE, THYROID, AORTA, & PERHAPS KIDNEY. ... IT IS PREPONDERANTLY DEPOSITED IN SKELETON & TEETH, & DEGREE OF SKELETAL STORAGE IS RELATED TO INTAKE & AGE. ... MAJOR ROUTE OF FLUORIDE EXCRETION IS BY ... KIDNEYS ... /IT/ IS ALSO EXCRETED IN SMALL AMT BY SWEAT GLANDS, LACTATING BREAST, & IN GI TRACT. ... ABOUT 90% OF FLUORIDE FILTERED BY GLOMERULUS IS REABSORBED BY RENAL TUBULES. WHETHER TUBULAR SECRETION ... OCCURS IS UNKNOWN. /FLUORIDES/
[Gilman, A.G., L.S.Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 7th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1985. 1538]**PEER REVIEWED**

Mechanism of Action:

INHIBITION OF ONE OR MORE ENZYMES CONTROLLING CELLULAR GLYCOLYSIS (& PERHAPS RESP) MAY RESULT IN A CRITICAL LESION. ... BINDING OR PRECIPITATION OF CALCIUM AS CALCIUM FLUORIDE ... SUGGESTED AS MECHANISM UNDERLYING MANY DIVERSE SIGNS & SYMPTOMS IN FLUORIDE POISONING, PARTICULARLY IF DEATH IS DELAYED. ... AT LEAST IN SOME SPECIES FLUORIDE INTERFERES WITH BOTH CONTRACTILE POWER OF HEART AND THE MECHANISM OF BEAT IN A WAY THAT CANNOT BE ASCRIBED TO HYPOCALCEMIA. /FLUORIDE/
[Gosselin, R.E., H.C. Hodge, R.P. Smith, and M.N. Gleason. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1976.,p. II-78]**PEER REVIEWED**

... Floride interacts with bones and teeth by replacing hydroxyl or bicarbonate ions in hydroxyapatite to form fluorohydroxyapatite. ... The presence of fluorohydroxyapatite increases the crystalline structure of the bone and reduces its solubility. ... Dental fluorosis results from toxic effects of fluoride on the epithelial enamel organ. /Fluoride/
[USEPA; Office of Drinking Water; Criteria Document (Draft): Fluoride p.VIII-3 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**

In acute poisoning, fluoride kills by blocking normal cellular metabolism. Fluoride inhibits enzymes, in particular metalloenzymes involved in essential processes, causing vital functions such as the initiation and transmission of nerve impulses, to cease. ... /Fluoride/
[WHO; Environ Health Criteria: Fluorine and Fluoride p.72 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Pharmacology:

Drug Warnings:

Food and Environmental Agents: Effect on Breast-Feeding: Reported Sign or Symptom in Infant or Effect on Lactation: Fluorides: None. /from Table 7/
[Report of the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs in Pediatrics 93 (1): 142 (1994)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Minimum Fatal Dose Level:

INGESTION OF AS LITTLE AS 9 MG/KG HAS CAUSED HUMAN DEATHS. /FLUORIDES/
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH:American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1986. 272]**PEER REVIEWED**

Environmental Fate & Exposure:

Environmental Standards & Regulations:

FIFRA Requirements:

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA, as amended in 1988, were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern and List D pesticides of less concern. Zinc fluosilicate is found on List D. Case No: 4050; Pesticide type: Insecticide; Case Status: No products containing the pesticide are actively registered ... The case /is characterized/ as "cancelled." Under FIFRA, pesticide producers may voluntarily cancel their registered products. EPA also may cancel pesticide registrations if registrants fail to pay required fees or make/meet certain reregistration commitments, or if EPA reaches findings of unreasonable adverse effects.; Active ingredient (AI): Zinc fluosilicate; AI Status: The active ingredient is no longer contained in any registered pesticide products ... "cancelled."
[USEPA/OPP; Status of Pesticides in Registration, Reregistration and Special Review p.317 (Spring, 1998) EPA 738-R-98-002]**QC REVIEWED**

CERCLA Reportable Quantities:

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 5000 lb or 2270 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802; In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).
[40 CFR 302.4 (7/1/97)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Clean Water Act Requirements:

Designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance.
[40 CFR 116.4 (7/1/87)] **QC REVIEWED**

Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Clean Water Act and is subject to effluent limitations. /Zinc and compounds/
[40 CFR 401.15 (7/1/87)] **QC REVIEWED**

For total recoverable zinc the criterion to protect freshwater aquatic life ... is 47 ng/l as a 24 hr average ... at hardnesses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/l as CaCO3 the concentration of total recoverable zinc should not exceed 180, 320, 570 ug/l at any time. /Soluble zinc salts/
[USEPA/OWRS; Quality Criteria for Water 1986 Zinc (1986) EPA 440/5-86-001] **QC REVIEWED**

For total recoverable zinc the criterion to protect saltwater aquatic life ... is 58 ug/l as a 24 hr average and the concentration should not exceed 170 ug/l at any time. /Soluble zinc salts/
[USEPA/OWRS; Quality Criteria for Water 1986 Zinc (1986) EPA 440/5-86-001] **QC REVIEWED**

Federal Drinking Water Standards:

EPA 4,000 ug/l /Fluoride ion/
[USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93)] **QC REVIEWED**

Federal Drinking Water Guidelines:

EPA 5000 ug/l /Zinc/
[USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93)] **QC REVIEWED**

EPA 2000 ug/l /Zinc, Lifetime health advisory/
[USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93)] **QC REVIEWED**

EPA 2,000 ug/l /Fluoride ion/
[USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93)] **QC REVIEWED**

State Drinking Water Standards:

(IL) ILLINOIS 5000 ug/l /Zinc/
[USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93)] **QC REVIEWED**

(AZ) ARIZONA 4,000 ug/l /Fluoride ion/
[USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93)] **QC REVIEWED**

(CA) CALIFORNIA 2,000 ug/l /Fluoride ion; varies with air temperature from 79.3-90.5 deg F, down to less than 53.7 deg F, the lower the temperature, the higher the allowable standard/
[USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93)] **QC REVIEWED**

(DE) DELAWARE 1800 ug/l /Fluoride ion/
[USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93)] **QC REVIEWED**

(HI) HAWAII 1,400-2,400 ug/l /Fluoride ion/
[USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93)] **QC REVIEWED**

(NC) NORTH CAROLINA 4,000 ug/l /Fluoride ion/
[USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93)] **QC REVIEWED**

(PA) PENNSYLVANIA 2,000 ug/l /Fluoride ion/
[USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93)] **QC REVIEWED**

State Drinking Water Guidelines:

(AZ) ARIZONA 5000 ug/l /Zinc/
[USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93)] **QC REVIEWED**

(MN) MINNESOTA 2000 ug/l /Zinc/
[USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93)] **QC REVIEWED**

(AZ) ARIZONA 4,000 ug/l /Fluoride ion/
[USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93)] **QC REVIEWED**

(ME) MAINE 2,400 ug/l /Fluoride ion/
[USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93)] **QC REVIEWED**

Chemical/Physical Properties:

Molecular Formula:

F6-Si.Zn
**PEER REVIEWED**

Molecular Weight:

207.46
[The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983. 1456]**PEER REVIEWED**

Color/Form:

White crystalline powder
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 1734]**PEER REVIEWED**

Density/Specific Gravity:

Density: 2.104 g/cu cm
[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993 1245]**PEER REVIEWED**

pH:

Soln of zinc fluosilicate is mildly acidic
[Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. II-113]**PEER REVIEWED

Solubilities:

54.371 lb/100 lb water at 70 deg F
[U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.]**PEER REVIEWED**

Other Chemical/Physical Properties:

PH OF 1% AQUEOUS SOLN 3.2; WHITE CRYSTALS /HEXAHYDRATE/
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 1734]**PEER REVIEWED**

COLORLESS HEXAGONAL PRISMS; DECOMP @ 100 DEG C /HEXAHYDRATE/
[Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 68th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1987-1988.,p. B-144]**PEER REVIEWED**

INDEX OF REFRACTION: 1.3824, 1.3956 /HEXAHYDRATE/
[Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 68th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1987-1988.,p. B-144]**PEER REVIEWED**

Solubility: 77 g/100 g water at 10 deg C; 93 g/100 g water at 60 deg C /Hexahydrate/
[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984.,p. 24(84) 853]**PEER REVIEWED**

HYDROLYZED BY ALKALI TO FLUORIDE ION /FLUOSILICATE SALTS/
[Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. II-113]**PEER REVIEWED**

Chemical Safety & Handling:

DOT Emergency Guidelines:

Health: Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-151]**PEER REVIEWED**

Fire or explosion: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways.
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-151]**PEER REVIEWED**

Public safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number. ... Isolate spill or leak area immediately for at least 25 to 50 meters (80 to 160 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas.
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-151]**PEER REVIEWED**

Protective clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing which is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. Structural firefighters' protective clothing is recommended for fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations.
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-151]**PEER REVIEWED**

Evacuation: ... Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-151]**PEER REVIEWED**

Fire: Small fires: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray. Large fires: Water spray, fog or regular foam. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. Do not use straight streams. Fire involving tanks or car/trailer loads: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from the ends of tanks. For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible withdraw from area and let fire burn.
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-151]**PEER REVIEWED**

Spill or leak: Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-151]**PEER REVIEWED**

First aid: Move victim to fresh air. Call emergency medical care. Apply artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; induce artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin. Keep victim warm and quiet. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, and take precautions to protect themselves.
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-151]**PEER REVIEWED**

Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:

On the skin (and presumably in eyes and on mucous membranes), the fluorosilicates are irritants. /Fluorosilicate salts/
[Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. II-113]**PEER REVIEWED**

Fire Potential:

Non-combustible
[Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, D.C.: Assoc. of American Railroads,Hazardous Materials Systems (BOE), 1987. 736]**PEER REVIEWED**

Fire Fighting Procedures:

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.
[Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, D.C.: Assoc. of American Railroads,Hazardous Materials Systems (BOE), 1987. 736]**PEER REVIEWED**

Toxic Combustion Products:

Irritating gases may be produced when heated. /Hexahydrate/
[U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.]**PEER REVIEWED**

Toxic and irritating hydrogen fluoride and silicon tetrafluoride are formed in fires. /Hexahydrate/
[U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.]**PEER REVIEWED**

Hazardous Decomposition:

When heated to decomp it emits toxic fumes of /hydrogen fluoride and zinc oxide/.
[Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996. 3425]**PEER REVIEWED**

Protective Equipment & Clothing:

/NIOSH certified/ respirator; chemical goggles or face shield; protective gloves /Hexahydrate/
[U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.]**PEER REVIEWED**

/NIOSH CERTIFIED RESPIRATOR/; GOGGLES OR FACE SHIELD; PROTECTIVE GLOVES. /HEXAHYDRATE/
[U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.]**PEER REVIEWED**

Preventive Measures:

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep upwind. Avoid breathing vapors or dusts. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water.
[Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, D.C.: Assoc. of American Railroads,Hazardous Materials Systems (BOE), 1987. 736]**PEER REVIEWED**

Shipment Methods and Regulations:

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./
[49 CFR 171.2 (7/1/96)]**PEER REVIEWED**

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.
[IATA. Dangerous Goods Regulations. 39th Ed. Montreal, Canada and Geneva, Switzerland : International Air Transport Association, Dangerous Goods Regulations, 1998. 204]**PEER REVIEWED**

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.
[IMDG; International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code; International Maritime Organization p.6219 (1988)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Cleanup Methods:

Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be contained with a flexible impermeable membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water.
[Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, D.C.: Assoc. of American Railroads,Hazardous Materials Systems (BOE), 1987. 736]**PEER REVIEWED**

Environmental considerations: Water spill: Neutralize with agricultural lime (slaked lime), crushed limestone, or sodium bicarbonate. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates or greater concentration.
[Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, D.C.: Assoc. of American Railroads,Hazardous Materials Systems (BOE), 1987. 736]**PEER REVIEWED**

Disposal Methods:

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.
**PEER REVIEWED**

Occupational Exposure Standards:

Threshold Limit Values:

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 2.5 mg/cu m /Fluorides, as F/
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents Biological Exposure Indices for 1998. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1998. 39]**PEER REVIEWED**

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed three times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 min during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed five times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded. /Fluorides, as F/
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents Biological Exposure Indices for 1998. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1998. 6]**PEER REVIEWED**

A4. A4= Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /Fluorides, as F/
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents Biological Exposure Indices for 1998. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1998. 39]**PEER REVIEWED**

Biological Exposure Index (BEI) adoption (1990 edition): Determinant: Fluorides in urine; Sampling Time: prior to shift; BEI: 3 mg/g creatinine. The determinant is usually present in a significant amt in biological specimens collected from subjects who have not been occupationally exposed. Such background levels are incl in the BEI value. The determinant is nonspecific, since it is observed after exposure to some other chemicals. These nonspecific tests are preferred because they are easy to use and usually offer a better correlation with exposure than specific tests. In such instances, a BEI for a specific, less quantitative biological determinant is recommended as a confirmatory test. /Fluorides/
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents Biological Exposure Indices for 1998. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1998. 100]**PEER REVIEWED**

Biological Exposure Index (BEI) adoption (1990 edition): Determinant: Fluorides in urine; Sampling Time: end of shift; BEI: 10 mg/g creatinine. The determinant is usually present in a significant amt in biological specimens collected from subjects who have not been occupationally exposed. Such background levels are incl in the BEI value. The determinant is nonspecific, since it is observed after exposure to some other chemicals. These nonspecific tests are preferred because they are easy to use and usually offer a better correlation with exposure than specific tests. In such instances, a BEI for a specific, less quantitative biological determinant is recommended as a confirmatory test. /Fluorides/
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents Biological Exposure Indices for 1998. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1998. 100]**PEER REVIEWED**

Manufacturing/Use Information:

Major Uses:

The active ingredient is no longer contained in any registered pesticide products ... "cancelled."
[USEPA/OPP; Status of Pesticides in Registration, Reregistration and Special Review p.317 (Spring, 1998) EPA 738-R-98-002]**QC REVIEWED**

LAUNDRY SOUR; HARDENER FOR CONCRETE, MOTHPROOFING AGENT
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 1734]**PEER REVIEWED**

Chemical waterproofing specialties, glaze for glass & ceramics, mothproofing for textiles
[Kuney, J.H. and J.N. Nullican (eds.) Chemcyclopedia. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1988. 219]**PEER REVIEWED**

Plaster additive
[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984.,p. 24(84) 853]**PEER REVIEWED**

Manufacturers:

WR Grace & Co, Agricultural Chemicals Group, Baltimore, MD 21203 /Hexahydrate/
[U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Manual Two. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Oct., 1978.]**PEER REVIEWED**

Agrico Chemical Co, PO Box 67, Pierce (Polk County), FL 33867 /Hexahydrate/
[U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Manual Two. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Oct., 1978.]**PEER REVIEWED**

American Hoechst Corp, Chemicals and Plastics Div, Route 202-206 N, Somerville, NJ 08876 /Hexahydrate/
[U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Manual Two. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Oct., 1978.]**PEER REVIEWED**

AMERICAN FLUORIDE CORP, 17 HUNTINGTON PL, NEW ROCHELLE, NY 10801 (914) 235-6925
[OPD CHEMICAL BUYERS DIRECTORY 1985 p.758]**PEER REVIEWED**

Browning Chemical Corp, 707 Westchester Ave, White Plains, NY 10604 (914) 686-0300, TLX RCA 235039, WUI 62595, FAX 914-686-0310
[OPD CHEMICAL BUYERS DIRECTORY 1988 p.690]**PEER REVIEWED**

LIDOCHEM, INC, ABERDEEN INDUSTRIAL PARK, 105 CHURCH ST, ABERDEEN, NJ 07747 (201) 583-7100
[OPD CHEMICAL BUYERS DIRECTORY 1985 p.758]**PEER REVIEWED**

Emerald City Chemical Inc, 1409 E Madison, Seattle, WA 98122 (206) 328-2040
[OPD Chemical Buyer's Directory 1988 p. 690]**PEER REVIEWED**

Triple Crown America, Inc, PO Box 2226, 66 Watercrest Dr, Doylestown, PA 18901 (215) 348-2300, TLX 6813162 triple FAX (215) 348-2308
[OPD Chemical Buyer's Directory 1988 p. 690]**PEER REVIEWED**

Gallard-Schlesinger Industries, Inc, 584 Mineola Ave, Carle Place, NY 11514 (516) 333-5600, TLX 4758129 967792, TWX 510-222-5059, FAX (516) 333-5628
[OPD Chemical Buyer's Directory 1988 p. 690]**PEER REVIEWED**

Phillip Brothers Chemicals, Inc, 1 Parker Plaza, Fort Lee, NJ 07024, (201) 944-6020, TLX 277-820: TWX 710-991-0289 FAX (201) 944-7911
[OPD Chemical Buyer's Directory 1988 p. 690]**PEER REVIEWED**

Orlex Chemicals Corp, 17-01 Nevins Rd, Fair Lawn, NJ 07410, (201) 797-6600
[Kuney, J.H. and J.N. Nullican (eds.) Chemcyclopedia. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1988. 219]**PEER REVIEWED**

Methods of Manufacturing:

REACTION OF ZINC OXIDE & FLUOSILICIC ACID.
[Sax, N.I. and R.J. Lewis, Sr. (eds.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 11th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1987. 1253]**PEER REVIEWED**

General Manufacturing Information:

The use of fluoride-containing compositions for the removal of pollutants from wastewater is described.
[Ceaser AV; Fluoride-Containing Compositions for the Removal of Pollutants from Wastewaters and Methods Utilizing Them; US Patent No 4436645 (3/13/84)]**PEER REVIEWED**

A liquid composition containing one or more fluoro-complex salts for the rapid setting of dental cements is given.
[Muramatsu H et al; Fluorocomplex Salt-Containing Liquid for Setting Dental Cements; Brit UK Pat Appl Patent No 20772781 (12/16/81) (G-C Dental Industrial Corp)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Laboratory Methods:

Special References:

Special Reports:

Zinc and Health. Current Bibliographies in Medicine 98-3. Public Services Division/National Library of Medicine. 3619 citations January, 1990-June, 1998. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/cbm/zinc.html as of November 2, 1998.

USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Zinc (1980) EPA 400/5-80-079

USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Zinc (1987) EPA 400/5-87-003

Arvidson, B. A Review of Axonal Transport of Metals. Toxicology 88: 1-14 (19994) Recent findings regarding axonal transport of metals, including zinc.

Malle, K-G. Zinc in the Environment. Z Wasser- Abwasser- Forsch 25 (4): 196-204 (1992)

Domingo, JL. Metal Induced Developmental Toxicity in Mammals: A Review. J Tox Env Health 42 (2) : 123-41 (1994). Includes essential trace metals such as zinc.

Synonyms and Identifiers:

Related HSDB Records:

6912 [ZINC COMPOUNDS]

Synonyms:

Caswell No 914
**PEER REVIEWED**

EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 075307
**PEER REVIEWED**

FUNGOL
**PEER REVIEWED**

FUNGONIT GF 2
**PEER REVIEWED**

SILICATE(2-), HEXAFLUORO-, ZINC
**PEER REVIEWED**

SILICATE(2-), HEXAFLUORO-, ZINC (1:1)
**PEER REVIEWED**

SILICON ZINC FLUORIDE
**PEER REVIEWED**

ZINC FLUOROSILICATE
**PEER REVIEWED**

ZINC FLUOSILICATE
**PEER REVIEWED**

ZINC HEXAFLUOROSILICATE
**PEER REVIEWED**

Shipping Name/ Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO:

UN 2855; Zinc fluorosilicate

IMO 6.1; Zinc silicofluoride

Standard Transportation Number:

49 663 92; Zinc silicofluoride, hazardous substance, solid, not otherwise specified

RTECS Number:

NIOSH/VV8754000

Administrative Information:

Hazardous Substances Databank Number: 2550

Last Revision Date: 20010809

Last Review Date: Reviewed by SRP on 9/18/1998

Update History:

Complete Update on 08/09/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/12/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/28/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/13/2000, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/08/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/02/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/27/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/21/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/26/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/04/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/19/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/23/1999, 46 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 01/29/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 11/17/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 10/29/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 06/02/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/03/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/26/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/23/1997, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 12/05/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/15/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/21/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/24/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/21/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/09/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/20/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/20/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 12/28/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/20/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/16/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/18/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/05/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/25/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/07/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/25/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field update on 12/25/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/28/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/04/1990, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 05/05/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/05/1989, 56 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/14/1986