TRIFLURALIN
CASRN: 1582-09-8 For other data, click on the Table of Contents
Human Health Effects:
Evidence for Carcinogenicity:
Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity
of trifluralin. There is limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity
of technical grade trifluralin. Overall evaluation: Trifluralin is not classifiable
as to its carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3). [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk
of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency
for Research on Cancer,1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).,p. 53 530 (1991)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
CLASSIFICATION: C; possible human carcinogen. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Classification
is based on the induction of urinary tract tumors (renal pelvis carcinomas and
urinary bladder papillomas) and thyroidtumors (adenomas/carcinomas combined) in
one animal species (F344 rats) in one study. Trifluralin
is structurally similar to ethalfluralin, a carcinogen in the rat.
HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: None. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Limited. [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Risk Information
System (IRIS) on Trifluralin (1582-09-8) Available from: http://www.epa.gov/ngispgm3/iris
on the Substance File List as of March 15, 2000]**PEER REVIEWED**
Human Toxicity Excerpts:
SINCE 1969, 16 EPISODES OF TRIFLURALIN POISONING HAVE BEEN REPORTED. THERE
HAVE BEEN NO FATALITIES, & ONLY 1 CASE REQUIRED HOSPITALIZATION. 10 OF 16
CASES INVOLVED SYMPTOMS THAT APPEARED TO BE RELATED TO THE SOLVENT, RATHER THAN
TRIFLURALIN ITSELF. [National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health Volume
1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977. 548]**PEER REVIEWED**
SUMMARY TOXICITY STATEMENT /ACUTE/= MODERATE VIA ORAL ROUTE. MODERATE= MAY
CAUSE REVERSIBLE OR IRREVERSIBLE CHANGES TO EXPOSED TISSUE, NOT PERMANENT INJURY
OR DEATH; CAN CAUSE CONSIDERABLE DISCOMFORT. [Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 5th
ed. New York: Van Nostrand Rheinhold, 1979. 1055]**PEER REVIEWED**
Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:
Cause eye irritation. May cause skin sensitization reactions in certain individuals.
[Farm Chemicals Handbook 1991. Willoughby, OH: Meister, 1991.,p.
C-312]**PEER REVIEWED**
Probable Routes of Human Exposure:
... NO DISCERNIBLE HAZARDS FROM TECHNICAL TRIFLURALIN; SOLVENT SYSTEM IN EMULSIFIABLE
CONCENTRATES MAY BE IRRITATING TO SKIN & EYES. PERSONNEL WHO FORMULATE OR
APPLY TRIFLURALIN HAVE NOT EXPERIENCED DISCOMFORT OR UNTOWARD EFFECTS. [Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 4th ed.
Champaign, IL: Weed Science Society of America, 1979. of America, 1979. 451]**PEER
REVIEWED**
DISCOVERY OF THE VOLATILE NITROSAMINE, N-NITROSODI-N-PROPYLAMINE AS CONTAMINANT
OF TRIFLURALIN, PROMPTED INVESTIGATION INTO POSSIBLE EXPOSURE OF FIELD WORKERS.
SAMPLING & ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES USED DEMONSTRATED A LOW LEVEL OF EXPOSURE
POTENTIAL. [DAY EW JR ET AL; ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL 16 (3): 131 (1982)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Occupational exposure to trifluralin may occur by inhalation or dermal contact
during its production, formulation, or application as a herbicide(SRC). Dermal
exposure to trifluralin by farmworkers may also occur long after initial exposure
as this compound has been found to be adsorbed to clothing even after numerous
washings(1,2). Trifluralin residues ranging from 1.6 to 11.9 ng/sq cm were found
on cotton overalls which were worn for four seasons and washed after every day
of use(1). The general population may be exposed to trifluralin by dermal and
inhalation exposure from lawn products and by ingestion of contaminated agricultural
products(3) or the ingestion of fish caught in contaminated waters(4). [(1) Stone JF, Stahr HM; J Environ Health 51: 273-6 (1989) (2)
Rigakis KB et al; Agric Forest Bull 10: 24-7 (1987) (3) Yess NJ et al; J Assoc
Anal Chem 74: 273-80 (1991) (4) Spacie A; Diss Abstr Int B 36: 4367 (1975)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Emergency Medical Treatment:
Emergency Medical Treatment:
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The following Overview, *** TRIFLURALIN ***, is relevant for this HSDB
record chemical.
Life Support:
o This overview assumes that basic life support measures
have been instituted.
Clinical Effects:
SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
0.2.1.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Trifluralin is irritating to the eyes, and produces
mild skin irritation after prolonged exposure.
Administration of lethal doses to animals results in
CNS and respiratory depression. Adverse effects in
humans have not been described.
HEENT
0.2.4.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o IRRITATION - Lacrimation, photophobia, redness, and
purulent conjunctivitis lasting 5 to 7 days were noted
in rabbits after instillation of trifluralin into the
conjunctival sac.
RESPIRATORY
0.2.6.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION - Administration of lethal doses
intragastrically to animals resulted in shallow,
infrequent, and interrupted respirations within 20 to
25 minutes, with death from respiratory arrest within 3
hours to 2 days.
NEUROLOGIC
0.2.7.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o CNS DEPRESSION - Administration of lethal doses
intragastrically to animals produced flaccidity,
adynamia, and tremor.
HEMATOLOGIC
0.2.13.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Unspecified adverse hematologic effects were noted in
rats given chronic doses.
DERMATOLOGIC
0.2.14.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o HYPEREMIA - Single applications of 5% trifluralin to
the skin was not irritating to rats. Successive daily
applications for 5 days produced mild hyperemia lasting
2 days.
REPRODUCTIVE HAZARDS
o In one mouse study, trifluralin administration was
associated with various skeletal anomalies in the
offspring.
CARCINOGENICITY
0.2.21.2 HUMAN OVERVIEW
o CARCINOGENICITY - Chronic trifluralin produced
hepatocellular carcinomas in animals.
GENOTOXICITY
o MUTAGENICITY - Trifluralin is strongly mutagenic in
plants, producing a 3 to 4 times increase in spontaneous
mitoses and chromosomal aberrations.
Laboratory:
o Monitor complete blood count in patients with significant
exposures.
Treatment Overview:
SUMMARY EXPOSURE
o There are no specific antidotes. Trifluralin is
irritating to eyes and skin, and potentially to mucous
membranes, and may rapidly produce CNS and respiratory
depression after large ingestions. Dilution followed by
gastric lavage and activated charcoal may be preferable
to ipecac-induced emesis.
ORAL EXPOSURE
o Because of the potential for the rapid development of
CNS and respiratory depression, ipecac-induced emesis is
not recommended.
o DILUTION: Following ingestion and/or prior to gastric
evacuation, immediately dilute with 4 to 8 ounces (120
to 240 mL) of milk or water (not to exceed 15 mL/kg in a
child).
o GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a
potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can
be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1
hour). Protect airway by placement in Trendelenburg and
left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal
intubation. Control any seizures first.
1. CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes
or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated
patients; following ingestion of corrosives;
hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at
risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and
trivial or non-toxic ingestion.
o ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as slurry (240
mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in
adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12
years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
o Observe patients with ingestion carefully for the
possible development of esophageal or gastrointestinal
tract irritation or burns. If signs or symptoms of
esophageal irritation or burns are present, consider
endoscopy to determine the extent of injury.
EYE EXPOSURE
o DECONTAMINATION: Irrigate exposed eyes with copious
amounts of tepid water for at least 15 minutes. If
irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia
persist, the patient should be seen in a health care
facility.
DERMAL EXPOSURE
o DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash
exposed area thoroughly with soap and water. A
physician may need to examine the area if irritation or
pain persists.
Skin decontamination: Skin contamination should he treated promptly by washing
with soap and water. Contamination of the eyes should be treated immediately
by prolonged flushing of the eyes with large amounts of clean water. If dermal
or ocular irritation persists, medical attention should be, obtained without
delay. [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Prevention, Pesticides,
and Toxic Substances. Reigart, J.R., Roberts, J.R. Recognition and Management
ofPesticide Poisonings. 5th ed. 1999. EPA Document No. EPA 735-R-98-003, and
available in electronic format at: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/safety/healthcare
123]**PEER REVIEWED**
Gastrointestinal decontamination: Ingestion of these herbicides are likely
to be followed by vomiting and diarrhea due to their irritant properties. Management
depends on: (1) the best estimate of the quantity ingested, (2) time elapsed
since ingestion, and (3) the clinical status of the subject. Activated charcoal
is probably effective in limiting irritant effects and reducing absorption of
most or all of these herbicides. Aluminum hydroxide antacids may be useful in
neutralizing the irritant actions of more acidic agents. Sorbitol should be
given to induce catharsis if bowel sounds are present and if diarrhea has not
already commenced. Dehydration and electrolyte may be severe enough to require
oral or intravenous fluids. There are no specific antidotes for poisoning by
these herbicides. In the case of suicidal ingestions, particularly, the possibility
must always be kept in mind that multiple toxic substances may have been swallowed.
If large amounts of herbicide have been ingested and the patient is seen an
hour of the ingestion, gastrointestinal decontamination should be considered.
If the amount of ingested herbicides was small, if effective emesis has already
occurred, or if treatment is delayed, administer activated charcoal and sorbitol
mouth. [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Prevention, Pesticides,
and Toxic Substances. Reigart, J.R., Roberts, J.R. Recognition and Management
ofPesticide Poisonings. 5th ed. 1999. EPA Document No. EPA 735-R-98-003, and
available in electronic format at: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/safety/healthcare
123]**PEER REVIEWED**
Intravenous fluids: If serious dehydration and electrolyte depletion have
occurred as a result of vomiting and diarrhea, monitor blood electrolytes and
fluid balance and administer intravenous infusions of glucose, normal saline,
Ringer's solution, or Ringer's lactate to restore extracellular fluid volume
and electrolytes. Follow this with oral nutrients as soon as fluids can be retained.
[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Prevention, Pesticides,
and Toxic Substances. Reigart, J.R., Roberts, J.R. Recognition and Management
ofPesticide Poisonings. 5th ed. 1999. EPA Document No. EPA 735-R-98-003, and
available in electronic format at: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/safety/healthcare
123]**PEER REVIEWED**
Animal Toxicity Studies:
Evidence for Carcinogenicity:
Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity
of trifluralin. There is limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity
of technical grade trifluralin. Overall evaluation: Trifluralin is not classifiable
as to its carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3). [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk
of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency
for Research on Cancer,1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).,p. 53 530 (1991)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
CLASSIFICATION: C; possible human carcinogen. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Classification
is based on the induction of urinary tract tumors (renal pelvis carcinomas and
urinary bladder papillomas) and thyroid
tumors (adenomas/carcinomas combined) in one animal species (F344 rats) in one
study. Trifluralin is structurally similar to ethalfluralin, a carcinogen in
the rat. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: None. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Limited.
[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Risk Information
System (IRIS) on Trifluralin (1582-09-8) Available from: http://www.epa.gov/ngispgm3/iris
on the Substance File List as of March 15, 2000]**PEER REVIEWED**
Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts:
RABBITS EXPOSED TO 500 MG OF TECHNICAL TRIFLURALIN IN STD DRAIZE SKIN IRRITATION
STUDY HAD SCORE OF 0, INDICATING NO DERMAL IRRITATION. TECHNICAL TRIFLURALIN
ALSO CAUSED NO DAMAGE WHEN TESTED IN RABBIT EYES. [National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health Volume
1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977. 549]**PEER REVIEWED**
IN 10-DAY STUDY OF CATTLE, SHEEP, & CHICKENS ORALLY TREATED WITH TRIFLURALIN
... NO-ADVERSE-EFFECT DOSAGE WAS 100 MG/KG/DAY ... . [National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health Volume
1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977. 549]**PEER REVIEWED**
HARLAN RATS (6 MALES & 6 FEMALES IN EACH GROUP) WERE FED TECHNICAL TRIFLURALIN
AT 20, 200, 2000, & 20,000 PPM IN DIET FOR 2 YR. AT HIGHEST DOSAGE LEVEL,
RATS SHOWED SIGNIFICANT GROWTH RETARDATION & BILE DUCT PROLIFERATION &
SURVIVED MAX OF 460 DAYS. IN ALL OTHER GROUPS ... NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN TREATED ANIMALS & CONTROLS ... . [National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health Volume
1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977. 549]**PEER REVIEWED**
TECHNICAL GRADE TRIFLURALIN DID NOT INDUCE POINT MUTATIONS IN SALMONELLA/MAMMALIAN
MICROSOME ASSAY OR STIMULATION OF UNSCHEDULED DNA SYNTHESIS, BUT INDUCED AN
INCR OF MITOTOC CROSSING-OVER IN ASPERGILLUS NUDULANS. A PURIFIED SAMPLE SHOWED
NO GENETIC ACTIVITY WHEN TESTED IN THE SAME GENETIC SYSTEM. [BENIGNI R ET AL; ANN IST SUPER SANITA 18 (1): 123 (1982)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
IN TERATOLOGY STUDIES THERE WAS NO EFFECT WITH: RATS AT 2000 MG/KG DIET; DOGS
AT 1000 MG/KG DIET; RABBITS AT 1000 MG/KG BODY WT DAILY. [Worthing, C. R. (ed.). Pesticide Manual. 6th ed. Worcestershire,
England: British Crop Protection Council, l979. 537]**PEER REVIEWED**
... 8 MONGREL DOGS WERE GIVEN DAILY ORAL DOSES IN CAPSULES OVER 2-YR PERIOD.
1 MALE & 1 FEMALE IN EACH GROUP WERE GIVEN 2.5 MG/KG, 5 MG/KG, & 25
MG/KG. 2 FEMALES WERE GIVEN 10 MG/KG. THERE WERE NO ADVERSE EFFECTS @ ANY DOSAGE.
[National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health Volume
1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977. 550]**PEER REVIEWED**
IN 3-YR STUDY, PUREBRED BEAGLES WERE GIVEN TRIFLURALIN ORALLY @ 10 & 25
MG/KG. EACH TREATMENT GROUP INCL 2 ANIMALS OF EACH SEX, & CONTROL GROUP
WAS ESTABLISHED WITH 3 ANIMALS OF EACH SEX. AT 25 MG/KG, INCR LIVER:BODY-WEIGHT
RATIO WAS OBSERVED. THEREFORE, NO-ADVERSE-EFFECT DOSAGE WAS CONSIDERED TO BE
10 MG/KG. [National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health Volume
1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977. 550]**PEER REVIEWED**
CHICKENS, WHICH ARE SENSITIVE TO CATARACTOGENIC PROPERTIES OF COMPOUNDS, WERE
EXPOSED TO TRIFLURALIN. THERE WAS NO EFFECT IN TRIFLURALIN-TREATED CHICKENS
... [National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health Volume
1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977. 549]**PEER REVIEWED**
ORAL TOXICITY /FEMALE MALLARD DUCKS & MALE PHEASANTS 3-4 MO OF AGE/ ACUTE
SYMPTOMS: VERY MILD ATAXIA ONLY. [U. S. Department of the Interior, Fish & Wildlife Service,
Bureau of Sport Fisheries & Wildlife. Handbook of Toxicity of Pesticides
to Wildlife. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government PrintingOffice, 1970. 118]**PEER
REVIEWED**
OCCURRENCE OF VERTEBRAL DYSPLASIA IN BROWN TROUT SALMO TRUTTA WAS ATTRIBUTED
TO PREEMERGENCE HERBICIDE, ACTIVE INGREDIENT TRIFLURALIN, WHICH WAS ACCIDENTALLY
DISCHARGED INTO STREAM. [WELLS DE, COWAN AA; ENVIRON POLLUT SER A ECOL BIOL 29 (4): 249
(1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**
OF 19 HERBICIDES INCUBATED AT 1 TO 100 PPM FOR 7 DAYS WITH EARTHWORMS IN SAND
SOIL SAMPLES, ONLY 100 PPM TRIFLURALIN CAUSED MORTALITY, KILLING ALL WORMS.
[MARTIN NA; THE EFFECTS OF HERBICIDES USED ON ASPARAGUS ON THE
GROWTH RATE OF THE EARTHWORM ALLOLOBOPHORA CALIGINOSA; PROC NZ WEED PEST CONTROL
CONF 35TH: 328 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**
The dinitroanilines /including trifluralin/ are considered to be moderately
persistent herbicides in the soil. They are generally considered to have a very
low degree of toxicity to mammals and are degraded in the environment to products
without significant adverse effects on organisms. [Amdur, M.O., J. Doull, C.D. Klaasen (eds). Casarett and Doull's
Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: Pergamon Press, 1991. 881]**PEER REVIEWED**
Examples of dinitroanilines include ... trifluralin ..., the oral LD50 value
/for rats/ ... is >10,000 mg/kg. Not only /does this/ cmpd have a low acute
toxicity in mammals, but rats and dogs showed no ill effect when fed a dietary
level of 1,000 ppm for 2 years. [Hayes, Wayland J., Jr. Pesticides Studied in Man. Baltimore/London:
Williams and Wilkins, 1982. 541]**PEER REVIEWED**
TRIFLURALIN AFFECTS PHYSIOLOGICAL GROWTH PROCESSES ASSOC WITH SEED GERMINATION.
[Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 5th ed.
Champaign, Illinois: Weed Science Society of America, 1983. 473]**PEER REVIEWED**
Trifluralin (2,6-dinitro-N,N-di-N-propyl-alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-p-toluidine)
is the active ingredient in the herbicide TREFLAN. The potential developmental
toxicity of trifluralin was evaluated in rats and rabbits. Pregnant rats and
rabbits were dosed once daily by gavage on gestation days 6-15 and 6-18, respectively.
Doses for rats were 0, 100, 225, 475, and 1000 mg/kg; doses for rabbits were
0, 100, 225, 500 and 800 mg/kg. Cesarean sections performed on rats and rabbits
on gestation days 20 and 28, respectively. In rats, maternal toxicity was indicated
at the 475 and 1000 mg/kg dose levels by depression of body weight gain and
food consumption. Fetal viability and morphology were not adversely affected
at any dose level. Developmental toxicity was indicated at the 1000 mg/kg dose
level by depressed fetal weight. The no observed effect levels for maternal
and developmental toxicity in the rat were 225 and 475 mg/kg, respectively.
The A/D /adult to developmental/ ratio in rats was less than 1. In rabbits,
maternal toxicity was indicated at the 225, 500, and 800 mg/kg dose levels by
abortions and/or deaths in conjunction with depression of body weight gain and
food consumption. Developmental toxicity was indicated at the 500 and 800 mg/kg
dose levels by depressed fetal viability and weight. Fetal morphology was not
adversely affected at any dose level. The no observed efect levels for maternal
and developmental toxicity in the rabbit were 100 and 225 mg/kg, respectively.
The A/D /adult to developmental/ ratio in rabbits was less than 1. Based on
these data, trifluralin did not exhibit selective toxicity toward the developing
conceptus. [Byrd RA, Markham JK; Teratology 41 (5): 542-3 (1990)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
National Toxicology Program Studies:
A bioassay for possible carcinogenicity of technical grade trifluralin was
conducted using Osborne-Mendel rats and B6C3F1 mice. Analysis of the technical
product established the presence of 84 to 88 ppm dipropylnitrosamine. The product
was admin in the feed, at either of two concn, to groups of 50 male and 50 female
animals of each species. 50 animals of each sex were placed on test as controls
for the rat bioassay, while 20 of each sex were utilized as controls on the
mouse study. The time weighted avg high and low dietary concentrations of trifluralin
were, respectively, 8,000 and 4,125 ppm for male rats, 7,917 and 4,125 ppm for
female rats, 3,744 and 2,000 ppm for male mice, and 5,192 and 2,740 ppm for
female mice. After a 78 wk treatment period, there was an additional observation
period of 33 wk for rats and 12 wk for mice. For female mice the association
between incr dosage and elevated incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas was
significant (0/20, 12/47, and 21/44 of the control, low dose, and high dose,
respectively) as was the relationship between dose and incidence of alveolar/bronchiolar
adenomas. Significance of incidence for both types of tumors was supported by
tests for significance at each dose level. Squamous cell carcinomas of the stomach
were observed in dosed female mice, but not in controls. Although incidences
of these tumors were not statistically significant, they are unusual lesions
in B6C3F1 mice and are considered treatment related. Neoplasms observed in treated
rats were types that have occurred spontaneously in this strain and were apparently
unrelated to trifluralin treatment. Evaluation of the results of this bioassay,
technical grade trifluralin is a carcinogen in female B6C3F1 mice, being associated
with incr incidences of hepatocellular carcinomas, alveolar/bronchiolar adenomas
and squamous cell carcinomas of the forestomach. Sufficient evidence was not
provided for the carcinogenicity or tumorigenicity of trifluralin in male B6C3F1
mice or Osborne-Mendel rats. Evaluation of the results of this bioassay indicates
that technical grade trifluralin is a carcinogen in female B6C3F1 mice, being
associated in these animals with an elevated incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas,
alveolar/bronchiolar adenomas and squamous cell carcinomas of the forestomach.
Sufficient evidence was not provided for the carcinogenicity or tumorigenicity
of trifluralin in male B6C3F1 mice or in Osborne-Mendel rats of either sex.
Levels of Carcinogenicity: Male Rats: Negative; Female Rats: Negative; Male
Mice: Negative; Female Mice: Positive. [Bioassay of Trifluralin for Possible Carcinogenicity (1978)
Technical Rpt Series No. 34 DHEW Pub No. (NIH) 78-834, U.S. Department of Health
Education and Welfare, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20014]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Non-Human Toxicity Values:
LD50 Rat oral >10,000 mg/kg [Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide Manual
- A World Compendium. 8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British Crop Protection
Council, 1987. 832]**PEER REVIEWED**
LD50 Mouse oral 500 mg/kg [Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide Manual
- A World Compendium. 8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British Crop Protection
Council, 1987. 832]**PEER REVIEWED**
LD50 Rabbit oral >2000 mg/kg [Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide Manual
- A World Compendium. 8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British Crop Protection
Council, 1987. 832]**PEER REVIEWED**
LD50 Dog oral >2000 mg/kg [Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide Manual
- A World Compendium. 8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British Crop Protection
Council, 1987. 832]**PEER REVIEWED**
LD50 Chicken oral >2000 mg/kg [Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide Manual
- A World Compendium. 8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British Crop Protection
Council, 1987. 832]**PEER REVIEWED**
THE 24 HR MEDIAN LETHAL CONCN (LC50) OF TRIFLURALIN FOR MOSQUITOFISH &
JUVENILE CRAWFISH WERE 28 & 13 PPM. THE 96 HR LC50 WAS 12 PPM. [NAQVI SM, LEUNG T; BULL ENVIRON CONTAM TOXICOL 31 (3): 304 (1983)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
LC50 SIMOCEPHALUS 900 UG/L/48 HR @ 15 DEG C (95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT 651-1,245
UG/L), FIRST INSTAR /TECHNICAL MATERIAL, 95.9%/ STATIC BIOASSAY WITHOUT AERATION,
PH 7.2-7.5, WATER HARDNESS 40-50 MG/L AS CALCIUM CARBONATE AND ALKALINITY OF
30-35 MG/L. [U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Handbook
of Acute Toxicity of Chemicals to Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates. Resource Publication
No. 137. Washington, DC: U.S. Government PrintingOffice, 1980. 79]**PEER REVIEWED**
LC50 DAPHNIA MAGNA 560 UG/L/48 HR @ 21 DEG C (95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT 320-1000
UG/L), FIRST INSTAR /TECHNICAL MATERIAL, 95.9%/ STATIC BIOASSAY WITHOUT AERATION,
PH 7.2-7.5, WATER HARDNESS 40-50 MG/L AS CALCIUM CARBONATE AND ALKALINITY Ff
30-35 MG/L. [U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Handbook
of Acute Toxicity of Chemicals to Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates. Resource Publication
No. 137. Washington, DC: U.S. Government PrintingOffice, 1980. 79]**PEER REVIEWED**
LC50 DAPHNIA PULEX 625 UG/L/48 HR @ 15 DEG C (95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT 446-876
UG/L), FIRST INSTAR /TECHNICAL MATERIAL, 95.9%/. STATIC BIOASSAY WITHOUT AERATION,
PH 7.2-7.5, WATER HARDNESS 40-50 MG/L AS CALCIUM CARBONATE AND ALKALINITY OF
30-35 MG/L. [U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Handbook
of Acute Toxicity of Chemicals to Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates. Resource Publication
No. 137. Washington, DC: U.S. Government PrintingOffice, 1980. 79]**PEER REVIEWED**
LC50 GAMMARUS FASCIATUS 2,200 UG/L/96 HR @ 21 DEG C (95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT
1,400-3,400 UG/L), MATURE /TECHNICAL MATERIAL, 95.9%/. STATIC BIOASSAY WITHOUT
AERATION, PH 7.2-7.5, WATER HARDNESS 40-50 MG/L AS CALCIUM CARBONATE AND ALKALINITY
OF 30-35 MG/L. [U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Handbook
of Acute Toxicity of Chemicals to Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates. Resource Publication
No. 137. Washington, DC: U.S. Government PrintingOffice, 1980. 79]**PEER REVIEWED**
LC50 PTERONARCYS 2,800 UG/L/96 HR @ 15 DEG C (95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT 2,100-3,700
UG/L), SECOND YR CLASS /TECHNICAL MATERIAL, 95.9%/. STATIC BIOASSAY WITHOUT
AERATION, PH 7.2-7.5, WATER HARDNESS 40-50 MG/L AS CALCIUM CARBONATE AND ALKALINITY
OF 30-35 MG/L. [U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Handbook
of Acute Toxicity of Chemicals to Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates. Resource Publication
No. 137. Washington, DC: U.S. Government PrintingOffice, 1980. 79]**PEER REVIEWED**
LC50 RAINBOW TROUT 41 UG/L/96 HR @ 12 DEG C (95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT 26-62 UG/L),
WT 0.8 G /TECHNICAL MATERIAL, 95.9%/. STATIC BIOASSAY WITHOUT AERATION, PH 7.2-7.5,
WATER HARDNESS 40-50 MG/L AS CALCIUM CARBONATE AND ALKALINITY OF 30-35 MG/L.
[U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Handbook
of Acute Toxicity of Chemicals to Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates. Resource Publication
No. 137. Washington, DC: U.S. Government PrintingOffice, 1980. 79]**PEER REVIEWED**
LC50 FATHEAD MINNOW 105 UG/L/96 HR @ 18 DEG C (95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT 83-134
UG/L), WT 0.8 G /TECHNICAL MATERIAL, 95.9%/. STATIC BIOASSAY WITHOUT AERATION,
PH 7.2-7.5, WATER HARDNESS 40-50 MG/L AS CALCIUM CARBONATE AND ALKALINITY OF
30-35 MG/L. [U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Handbook
of Acute Toxicity of Chemicals to Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates. Resource Publication
No. 137. Washington, DC: U.S. Government PrintingOffice, 1980. 79]**PEER REVIEWED**
LC50 CHANNEL CATFISH 2,200 UG/L/96 HR @ 22 DEG C (95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT 1,420-3,410
UG/L), WT 0.8 G /TECHNICAL MATERIAL, 95.9%/. STATIC BIOASSAY WITHOUT AERATION,
PH 7.2-7.5, WATER HARDNESS 40-50 MG/L AS CALCIUM CARBONATE AND ALKALINITY OF
30-35 MG/L. [U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Handbook
of Acute Toxicity of Chemicals to Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates. Resource Publication
No. 137. Washington, DC: U.S. Government PrintingOffice, 1980. 79]**PEER REVIEWED**
LC50 BLUEGILL 58 UG/L/96 HR @ 22 DEG C (95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT 47-70 UG/L),
WT 0.8 G /TECHNICAL MATERIAL, 95.9%/. STATIC BIOASSAY WITHOUT AERATION, PH 7.2-7.5,
WATER HARDNESS 40-50 MG/L AS CALCIUM CARBONATE AND ALKALINITY OF 30-35 MG/L.
[U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Handbook
of Acute Toxicity of Chemicals to Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates. Resource Publication
No. 137. Washington, DC: U.S. Government PrintingOffice, 1980. 80]**PEER REVIEWED**
LC50 LARGEMOUTH BASS 75 UG/L/96 HR @ 18 DEG C (95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT 65-87
UG/L), WT 0.7 G /EMULISIFIABLE CONCENTRATE, 46%/. STATIC BIOASSAY WITHOUT AERATION,
PH 7.2-7.5, WATER HARDNESS 40-50 MG/L AS CALCIUM CARBONATE AND ALKALINITY OF
30-35 MG/L. [U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Handbook
of Acute Toxicity of Chemicals to Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates. Resource Publication
No. 137. Washington, DC: U.S. Government PrintingOffice, 1980. 80]**PEER REVIEWED**
LC50 GOLDFISH 145 UG/L/96 HR @ 18 DEG C (95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT 108-195 UG/L),
WT 1.0 G /EMULISIFIABLE CONCENTRATE, 46%/. STATIC BIOASSAY WITHOUT AERATION,
PH 7.2-7.5, WATER HARDNESS 40-50 MG/L AS CALCIUM CARBONATE AND ALKALINITY OF
30-35 MG/L. [U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Handbook
of Acute Toxicity of Chemicals to Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates. Resource Publication
No. 137. Washington, DC: U.S. Government PrintingOffice, 1980. 80]**PEER REVIEWED**
LC50 Channel catfish 417 ug/l/96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
[Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals.
2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 1159]**PEER REVIEWED**
LC50 Bluegill 0.019 ppm/48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/ [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals.
2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 1159]**PEER REVIEWED**
LC50 Rainbow trout 0.011 ppm/48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
[Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals.
2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 1159]**PEER REVIEWED**
LC50 Gammarus lacustris 2200 ug/l/96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
[Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals.
2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 1159]**PEER REVIEWED**
LC50 Gammarus fasciatus 1000 ug/l/96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
[Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals.
2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 1159]**PEER REVIEWED**
LC50 Daphnia magna 560 ug/l/48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/ [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals.
2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 1159]**PEER REVIEWED**
LC50 Daphnia pulex 240 ug/l/48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/ [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals.
2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 1159]**PEER REVIEWED**
LC50 Simocephalus serrulatus 450 ug/l/48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
[Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals.
2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 1159]**PEER REVIEWED**
LC50 Cypridopsis vidua 250 ug/l/48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
[Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals.
2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 1159]**PEER REVIEWED**
LC50 Asellus brevicaudus 200 ug/l/48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
[Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals.
2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 1159]**PEER REVIEWED**
LC50 Palaemonetes kodiakensis 1200 ug/l/48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not
specified/ [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals.
2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 1159]**PEER REVIEWED**
LC50 Orconectes nais 50,000 ug/l/48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
[Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals.
2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 1159]**PEER REVIEWED**
LC50 Pteronarcys californica 3000 ug/l/96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
[Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals.
2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 1159]**PEER REVIEWED**
LC50 Cyprinodon variegatus 190 ug/l/96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
[Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals.
2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 1159]**PEER REVIEWED**
LC50 Coturnix oral > 5,000 ppm (95% confidence interval) [Hill, E.F. and Camardese, M.B. Lethal Dietary Toxicities of
Environmental Contaminants and Pesticides to Coturnix. Fish and Wildlife Technical
Report 2.Washington, DC: United States Department of Interior Fish and Wildlife
Service, 1986. 137]**PEER REVIEWED**
LC50 Rainbow trout young 10-40 ug/l/96 hr and young bluegill sunfish 20-90
ug/l/96 hr; bluegill sunfish 19 ppb for 48 hr and rainbow trout 11 ppb for 48
hr. [Montgomery, J.H.; Agrochemicals Desk Reference 2nd ed. Lewis
Publishers, Boca Raton, FL 1997 428]**PEER REVIEWED**
Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics:
Metabolism/Metabolites:
MAJOR METABOLITES /FOUND IN URINE & FECES OF TREATED RUMINANTS/ WERE UNIDENTIFIED
POLAR COMPD, BUT N',N'-DIPROPYL-3-NITRO-5-TRIFLUOROMETHYL-ORTHO-PHENYLENEDIAMINE
& N(4)N(4)-DIPROPYL-ALPHA,ALPHA,ALPHA-TRIFLUOROTOLUENE-3,4,5-TRIAMINE WERE
ALSO FORMED. [The Chemical Society. Foreign Compound Metabolism in Mammals.
Volume 1: A Review of the Literature Published Between 1960 and 1969. London:
The Chemical Society, 1970. 308]**PEER REVIEWED**
TRIFLURALIN IS DEALKYLATED IN RUMEN /OF DAIRY ANIMALS/, LOSING 1 OR BOTH PROPYL
GROUPS; NITRO GROUPS ARE REDUCED TO 1 OR 2 AMINO GROUPS. 2 TYPES OF REACTIONS
OCCUR SIMULTANEOUSLY, LEADING TO A TRIFLUOROMETHYLTRIAMINOBENZENE. [National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health Volume
1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977. 548]**PEER REVIEWED**
METAB IN VITRO BY RAT LIVER MICROSOMES INDICATES ALIPHATIC HYDROXYLATION,
N-DEALKYLATION, REDN OF A NITRO GROUP, & CYCLIZATION TO BE MAJOR METABOLIC
ROUTES. A BENZIMIDAZOLE METABOLITE WAS FORMED. [NELSON JO ET AL; PESTIC BIOCHEM PHYSIOL 7 (1): 73 (1977)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
The predominant metabolic pathways appear to be hydroxylation of alkyl groups
or N-dealkylation. To a lesser extent, a cyclized compound, benzimidazole, and
the reduction product of a nitro group, an amine, are also included in the pathways.
... [Aizawa, H. Metabolic Maps of Pesticides. New York, NY: Academic
Press, 1982. 28]**PEER REVIEWED**
Absorption, Distribution & Excretion:
APPROX 80% OF INGESTED CMPD WAS EXCRETED IN FECES, REMAINDER IN URINE /OF
RATS & DOGS STUDIED/. [National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health Volume
1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977. 548]**PEER REVIEWED**
SALMON PARR SALMO SALAR WERE SUBJECTED TO HIGH INITIAL CONCN OF TRIFLURALIN
& THEN MAINTAINED IN CLEAR WATER FOR 12 MO. SOME WERE REMOVED AT PRESELECTED
INTERVALS FOR EXAM BY X-RAY & CHEM ANALYSIS. HALF-LIFE OF TRIFLURALIN IN
SALMON PARR WAS 40.5 DAYS. [WELLS DE, COWAN AA; ENVIRON POLLUT SER A ECOL BIOL 29 (4): 249
(1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Interactions:
MICE WERE FED TRIFLURALIN AT 1000, 1500 & 2000 PPM IN DIET FOR 12 OR 14
WEEKS. TUMORS WERE INDUCED BY ADMIN 8 MG OF BENZO(A)PYRENE ORALLY AT TWO TIME
PERIODS. INHIBITION OF TUMORIGENESIS IN LUNG & FORESTOMACH BY TRIFLURALIN
WAS OBSERVED WHEN IT WAS FED IN DIET 1 WK BEFORE OR 1 DAY FOLLOWING EXPOSURE
TO BENZO(A)PYRENE. [TRIANO EA ET AL; FED PROC 41 (3): 1548 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Pharmacology:
Interactions:
MICE WERE FED TRIFLURALIN AT 1000, 1500 & 2000 PPM IN DIET FOR 12 OR 14
WEEKS. TUMORS WERE INDUCED BY ADMIN 8 MG OF BENZO(A)PYRENE ORALLY AT TWO TIME
PERIODS. INHIBITION OF TUMORIGENESIS IN LUNG & FORESTOMACH BY TRIFLURALIN
WAS OBSERVED WHEN IT WAS FED IN DIET 1 WK BEFORE OR 1 DAY FOLLOWING EXPOSURE
TO BENZO(A)PYRENE. [TRIANO EA ET AL; FED PROC 41 (3): 1548 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental Fate & Exposure:
Environmental Fate/Exposure Summary:
Trifluralin's use as a herbicide has resulted in its direct release to the
environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 4.58X10-5 mm Hg at 25 deg
C indicates trifluralin will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases
in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase trifluralin will be degraded in the atmosphere
by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for
this reaction in the air is estimated to be 16 hours. Direct photolysis is expected
to be an important environmental fate process based upon the observed half-life
for trifluralin in July sunlight which ranged from 25-60 minutes. Particulate-phase
trifluralin will be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. If
released to soil, trifluralin is expected to have moderate to no mobility in
soils based on Koc values in the range of 397 to 16,851 measured in soils. Volatilization
from moist soil surfaces may be an important fate process based upon an experimental
Henry's Law constant of 1.03X10-4 atm-cu m/mole. Trifluralin was volatilized
16%, 28% and 40% in dry, moist and flooded soils over a 32 day incubation period.
Biodegradation is expected to be an important environmental fate process in
the environment. Trifluralin was degraded with half-lives of 189, 202, and 116
days in sandy loam, clay loam, and loam soils, respectively, when incubated
aerobically in the dark at 22 deg C for 364 days. If released into water, trifluralin
is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon its Koc values.
Volatilization from water surfaces may be an important environmental fate process
based upon this compound's experimental Henry's Law constant. Volatilization
half-lives for a model river and model lake are 0.5 days and 12 days, respectively.
Photolysis in sunlit surface waters may be an important environmental fate process
for this compound, based upon a direct photolysis half-life of 22 minutes in
near surface water, latitude 40 deg N in the summer. Trifluralin is stable to
hydrolysis. Experimental BCF values ranging from 1,689 to 9,586 suggest the
potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high. Occupational
exposure to trifluralin may occur through inhalation of dust particles and dermal
contact with this compound at workplaces where trifluralin is produced or used.
Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to trifluralin
via ingestion of contaminated food. (SRC) **PEER REVIEWED**
Probable Routes of Human Exposure:
... NO DISCERNIBLE HAZARDS FROM TECHNICAL TRIFLURALIN; SOLVENT SYSTEM IN EMULSIFIABLE
CONCENTRATES MAY BE IRRITATING TO SKIN & EYES. PERSONNEL WHO FORMULATE OR
APPLY TRIFLURALIN HAVE NOT EXPERIENCED DISCOMFORT OR UNTOWARD EFFECTS. [Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 4th ed.
Champaign, IL: Weed Science Society of America, 1979. of America, 1979. 451]**PEER
REVIEWED**
DISCOVERY OF THE VOLATILE NITROSAMINE, N-NITROSODI-N-PROPYLAMINE AS CONTAMINANT
OF TRIFLURALIN, PROMPTED INVESTIGATION INTO POSSIBLE EXPOSURE OF FIELD WORKERS.
SAMPLING & ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES USED DEMONSTRATED A LOW LEVEL OF EXPOSURE
POTENTIAL. [DAY EW JR ET AL; ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL 16 (3): 131 (1982)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Occupational exposure to trifluralin may occur by inhalation or dermal contact
during its production, formulation, or application as a herbicide(SRC). Dermal
exposure to trifluralin by farmworkers may also occur long after initial exposure
as this compound has been found to be adsorbed to clothing even after numerous
washings(1,2). Trifluralin residues ranging from 1.6 to 11.9 ng/sq cm were found
on cotton overalls which were worn for four seasons and washed after every day
of use(1). The general population may be exposed to trifluralin by dermal and
inhalation exposure from lawn products and by ingestion of contaminated agricultural
products(3) or the ingestion of fish caught in contaminated waters(4). [(1) Stone JF, Stahr HM; J Environ Health 51: 273-6 (1989) (2)
Rigakis KB et al; Agric Forest Bull 10: 24-7 (1987) (3) Yess NJ et al; J Assoc
Anal Chem 74: 273-80 (1991) (4) Spacie A; Diss Abstr Int B 36: 4367 (1975)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Artificial Pollution Sources:
Trifluralin's use as a herbicide(1) has resulted in its direct release to
the environment(SRC). [(1) Budavari S, ed; The Merck Index. 12th ed Whitehouse Station,
NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., p. 1650 (1996)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental Fate:
TRIFLURALIN WAS MORE PERSISTENT IN SOIL (PH 6.56) THAN METRIBUZIN. HALF-LIFE
OF TRIFLURALIN WAS 38 DAYS FOR 670 G/HA & 61 DAYS FOR 1100 G/HA. [CAMPANHOLA C ET AL; PESQUI AGROPECU BRAS 17 (4): 565 (1982)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), experimental Koc values
ranging from 397 to 16,851(2-8) indicate that trifluralin is expected to have
moderate to no mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of trifluralin from moist
soil surfaces may be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant
of 1.03X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(9). Trifluralin is known to rapidly volatilize from
both moist and dry soils to the atmosphere(10-13), although the volatilization
rate is greater for moist soils(14). Trifluralin was volatilized 16%, 28% and
40% in dry, moist and flooded soils over a 32 day incubation period(10). The
persistence of trifluralin in soil has been estimated at 6 months(16) and >40
weeks(15). Its persistence is less in southern climates than in northern ones(16).
[(1) Swann RL et al; Re Rev 85: 17-28 (1983) (2) Gerstl Z, Mingelgrin
U; J Environ Sci Health B19: 297-312 (1984) (3) Kanazawa J; Environ Tox Chem
8: 477-84 (1989) (4) Kenaga EE; Ecotox Environ Safety 4: 26-38 (1980) (5) Ahrens
WH, ed; Herbicide Handbook of the Weed Sci Soc Amer. 7th ed. Champaign, IL:
Weed Sci Soc Amer p. 297 (1994) (6) Smith AE et al; J Agric Food Chem 45: 1473-1478
(1997) (7) Senseman SA et al; Environ Sci Technol 31: 283-288 (1997) (8) McConnell
LL et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 17: 1908-1916 (1998) (9) Rice CP, Chernyak SM;
pp. 439-44 in Organohalogen Compd Vol 24 (Dioxin 95, 15th Inter Symp Chlor Dioxins
Relat Cmpds). Edmonton, Canada, August 21-25 (1995) (10) Brewer F et al; Weed
Science 30: 531-9 (1982) (11) Helling CS; J Environ Qual 5: 1-15 (1976) (12)
Huckins JN et al; Chemosphere 15: 563-88 (1986) (13) Jury WA et al; Ecosystem
99: 119-64 (1987) (14) Parochetti JV, Hein ER; Weed Sci 21: 469-73 (1973) (15)
Alexander M; Biotech Bioeng 15: 611-47 (1973) (16) Jensen KIN, Kimball ER; Bull
Environ Contam Toxicol 24: 238-43 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**
AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values ranging from
397 to 16,851(2-8) indicate trifluralin is expected to adsorb to suspended solids
and sediment. Volatilization from water surfaces may be expected(9) based upon
experimental data(10) and a Henry's Law constant of 1.03X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(12),
although its strong adsorption to sediment and suspended organic matter may
attenuate the rate of this process(SRC). Using this Henry's Law constant and
an estimation method(9), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model
lake are 0.5 days and 12 days, respectively, when adsorption is ignored(SRC).
Trifluralin is not expected to hydrolyze in water(11). According to a classification
scheme(13), experimental BCF factors ranging from 1,689 to 9,586(14-17) suggest
the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high. The experimental
half-life for the direct photolysis of trifluralin in near surface water, latitude
40 deg N in the summer is 22 min(18). [(1) Swann RL et al; Re Rev 85: 17-28 (1983) (2) Gerstl Z, Mingelgrin
U; J Environ Sci Health B19: 297-312 (1984) (3) Kanazawa J; Environ Tox Chem
8: 477-84 (1989) (4) Kenaga EE; Ecotox Environ Safety 4: 26-38 (1980) (5) Ahrens
WH, ed; Herbicide Handbook of the Weed Sci Soc Amer. 7th ed. Champaign, IL:
Weed Sci Soc Amer p. 297 (1994) (6) Smith AE et al; J Agric Food Chem 45: 1473-1478
(1997) (7) Senseman SA et al; Environ Sci Technol 31: 283-288 (1997) (8) McConnell
LL et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 17: 1908-1916 (1998) (9) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook
of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-9,
15-1 to 15-29 (1990) (10) Sanders PF, Seiber JN; Chemosphere 12: 999-1012 (1983)
(11) Humburg NE et al; pp. 253-4 in Herbicide Handbook 6th ed. Weed Society
of America (1989) (12) Rice CP, Chernyak SM; pp. 439-44 in Organohalogen Compd
Vol 24 (Dioxin 95, 15th Inter Symp Chlor Dioxins Relat Cmpds). Edmonton, Canada,
August 21-25 (1995) (13) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994) (14)
Spacie A; Diss Abstr Int B 36: 4367 (1975) (15) Kenaga EE; Ecotox Environ Safety
4: 26-38 (1980) (16) Devillers J et al; Chemosphere 33: 1047-1065 (1996) (17)
USEPA; Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document - Trifluralin. Washington,
DC: USEPA, Off Pest Prog. USEPA 738-R-95-040, April 1996. Available from the
Database Query page at http://www.epa.gov/REDs/ as of October 1, 2000. (18)
Zepp RC, Cline DM; Environ Sci Tech 11: 359-66 (1977)]**PEER REVIEWED**
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile
organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), trifluralin, which has an experimental
vapor pressure of 4.58X10-5 mm Hg(2) at 25 deg C, will exist in both the vapor
and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase trifluralin is
degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl
radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 16
hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 24X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec
at 25 deg C(SRC), determined using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase
trifluralin may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). If released
to the atmosphere, trifluralin is expected to undergo rapid photolytic degradation;
the observed half-life for trifluralin in July sunlight ranged from 25-60 min(4).
In the presence of ozone, the rate of this reaction increases(5,6). [(1) Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-367(1998) (2) Tomlin
CDS, ed; The Pesticide Manual. 11th ed. Farnham, UK: British Crop Prot Council,
Crop Prot Pub p. 1248 (1997) (3) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99
(1993) (4) Mongar K, Miller GC; Chemosphere 17: 2183-8 (1988) (5) Woodrow JE
et al; Res Rev 85: 111-25 (1983) (6) Crosby DG; Herbicide Photodecomposition
in Herbicides Chemistry, Degradation and Mode of Action 2: 835-90 (1976)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Environmental Biodegradation:
AEROBIC: Trifluralin biodegrades faster in anaerobic soils than in aerobic
soils(1). Trifluralin degraded with half-lives of 189, 202, and 116 days in
sandy loam, clay loam, and loam soils, respectively, when incubated aerobically
in the dark at 22 deg C for 364 days(2). Seven degradates of trifluralin have
been identified(2): alpha-alpha-alpha-trifluoro-2,6,-dinitro-N-propyl-p-toluidine;
alpha-alpha-alpha-trifluoro-5-nitro-4-propyl-toluene-3,4-diamine; 2-ethyle-7-nitro-1-propyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzimidazole-3-oxide;
2-ethyl-7-nitro-1-propyl-5-(trifluoromethyl) benzimidazole; 2-ethyl-7-nitro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzimidazole;
alpha-alpha-alpha-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-p-cresol; 2,2'-azoybis(alpha-alpha-alpha-trifluoro-6-nitro-N-propyl-p-toluidine(2).
These degradates were identified in test samples at maximum concns (% applied
radioactivity) of 2.8-4.6%, 1.5-2.1%, 0.1-0.3%, 0.5-1.0%, 2.1-2.6%, 0.1-2.7%,
and 0.8-3.0%, respectively(2). During the testing period of about one year,
trifluralin parent declined to less than 25% of applied radioactivity in all
soils(2). At the same time volatile and unextractable residues increased to
22% and about 45% of applied radioactivity(2). In another laboratory study,
the estimated half-life for the biodegradation of 1,000 ppm trifluralin in soil
was 405 days under aerobic conditions(3). Trifluralin, which was added to soil
obtained from a pesticide disposal site, did not biodegrade in 157 days under
aerobic conditions(4). Aerobic biodegradation of trifluralin proceeds through
an initial dealkylation followed by reduction of the nitro groups(5). The trifluoromethyl
group of trifluralin appears to remain intact in all major metabolites and is
eventually oxidized to the carboxylic acid(6). In a 14-day environmental chamber
study with a 14 hr photoperiod, degradation of 10 ppm trifluralin, present as
a mixture with metolachlor and atrazine, was shown to occur in non-vegetated
soil (47% degradation) but not to the extent of the Kochia scoparia rhizosphere
soil (70% degradation), suggesting that the rhizosphere of certain plant species
may facilitate microbial degradation(7). [(1) Helling CS; J Environ Qual 5: 1-15 (1976) (2) USEPA; Reregistration
Eligibility Decision Document - Trifluralin. Washington, DC: USEPA, Off Pest
Prog. USEPA 738-R-95-040, April 1996. Available from the Database Query page
at http://www.epa.gov/REDs/ as of October 1, 2000. (3) Winterline W et al; Arch
Environ Contam Toxicol 18: 734-47 (1989) (4) Johnston WH, Camper ND; J Environ
Sci Health B26: 1-14 (1991) (5) Probst GW et al; J Agric Food Chem 15: 592-9
(1967) (6) Grover et al; Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 153: 1-64 (1997) (7) Anderson
TA et al; Chemosphere 28: 1551-7 (1994)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Trifluralin at an initial concn of 100 ug/l underwent 49% removal when incubated
with primary sewage effluent under aerobic conditions; under anaerobic conditions
it underwent 91% removal during the same time period(1). Incubation of radiolabled
trifluralin with sediment samples under aerobic conditions resulted in a concn
reduction equal to 1/4 its original value after 10 days; the microbial community
was not found to adapt to trifluralin(2). The concn of trifluralin in shake
flask tests containing either natural water or a sediment water slurry were
found to decrease; the rate of decrease was less in sterilized flasks(3). [(1) Jacobson SN et al; Appl Environ Microbiol 40: 917-21 (1980)
(2) Spain JC, VanVeld PA; Appl Environ Microbiol 45: 428-35 (1983) (3) Walker
WW et al; Chemosphere 17: 2255-70 (1988)]**PEER REVIEWED**
ANAEROBIC: Trifluralin biodegrades faster in anaerobic soils than in aerobic
soils(1). Trifluralin degraded with half-lives of 22-59 days in sandy loam,
loam, and clay loam soils incubated anaerobically in the dark at 22 deg C for
60 days following an aerobic incubation period of 30 days(2). In another laboratory
study, the estimated half-life for the biodegradation of 1,000 ppm trifluralin
in soil was 211 days under anaerobic conditions(3). Degradation under anaerobic
conditions initiates with nitro group reduction followed by dealkylation(4).
The major degradates identified were(2): alpha-alpha-alpha-trifluoro-5-nitro-N4,N4-dipropyl-toluene-3,4-diamine
(which reached a maximum concn of 5.4% and 13.2% of the applied radioactivity
in sandy loam soil and clay loam soil, respectivily, at Day 60 following flooding,
and 11.6% in the loam soil at Day 30 following flooding); 7-amino-2-ethyl-1-propyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzimidazole
(which reached 7.3% in sandy loam soil and 8.3% in loam and clay loam soils
at Day 60 following flooding); alpha-alpha-alpha-trifluoro-N4-N4-dipropyltoluene-3,4,5-triamine
(which reached 0.3% in sandy loam soil, 4.1% in loam soil, and 2.6% in clay
loam soil). [(1) Helling CS; J Environ Qual 5: 1-15 (1976) (2) USEPA; Reregistration
Eligibility Decision Document - Trifluralin. Washington, DC: US EPA, Off Pest
Prog. USEPA 738-R-95-040, April 1996. Available from the Database Query page
at http://www.epa.gov/REDs/ as of October 1, 2000. (3) Winterline W et al; Arch
Environ Contam Toxicol 18: 734-47 (1989) (4) Probst GW et al; J Agric Food Chem
15: 592-9 (1967)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental Abiotic Degradation:
The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of trifluralin with photochemically-produced
hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 24X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 deg
C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric
half-life of about 16 hours at an atmospheric concn of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals
per cu cm(1). Trifluralin is stable to hydrolysis(2). [(1) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993) (2)
Humburg NE et al; pp. 253-4 in Herbicide Handbook 6th ed. Weed Society of America
(1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Trifluralin underwent approx 10-15% loss when soil TLC plates incorporated
with the pesticide were exposed to the July sun for 6 days(1). Photodecomposition
of trifluralin in water leads to the formation of highly polar products via
N-dealkylation, nitro reduction and cyclization(2). Photolysis of water suspensions
of trifluralin under summer sunlight leads to the formation of mono and di-dealkylated
products, the corresponding benzimidazole and its N-oxide and the corresponding
phenol(3). In both laboratory and field gas-phase photolysis studies the same
products were produced(4-5). The half-life for the gas-phase photolysis of trifluralin
in the laboratory was 1 hour(6). The observed half-life for trifluralin when
irradiated by July sunlight ranged from 25-60 min(7). Trifluralin was found
to photodegrade to 50% of applied concn after 30 min irradiation to light of
wavelengths above 290 nm(8). Vapor-phase photolysis rates for trifluralin were
determined by sunlight irradiation; half-lives were found to range from 19 to
74 minutes. Simultaneous irradiation of methanolic solutions produced half-lives
of 17 to 25 min(9). Sunlight photolysis of trifluralin adsorbed to soil TLC
plate resulted in 18.4% removal in 7 days(10), although in the field it is not
believed that direct photolysis on the soil surface can compete with volatilization(11,12).
The rate of the gas-phase photolysis of trifluralin was found to increase in
the presence of ozone(13). The experimental half-life for the direct photolysis
of trifluralin in near surface water, latitude 40 deg N in the summer is 22
min(14). No change in the loss rate of trifluralin from soil was observed with
changing pH, indicating that pH dependent hydrolysis was not occurring(15).
[(1) Helling CS; J Environ Qual 5: 1-15 (1976) (2) Leitis E,
Crosby DG: J Agric Food Chem 22: 842-8 (1974) (3) Crosby DG, Leitis E; Bull
Environ Contam Toxicol 10: 237-41 (1973) (4) Soderquist CJ et al; J Agric Food
Chem 23: 304-9 (1975) (5) Crosby DG; pp. 835-90 in Herbicides Chemistry, Degradation
and Mode of Action 2 NY, NY: Marcel Dekker (1976) (6) Draper WM; Chemosphere
14: 1195-1203 (1985) (7) Mongar K, Miller GC; Chemosphere 17: 2183-8 (1988)
(8) Bossan D et al; Chemosphere 30: 21-29 (1995) (9) Mongar K, Miller GC; Chemosphere
17: 2183-8 (1988) (10) Parochetti JV, Dec GW Jr; Weed Sci 26: 153-6 (1978) (11)
Parochetti JV, Hein ER; Weed Sci 21: 469-73 (1973) (12) Plimmer JR; Bull Environ
Contam Toxicol 20: 87-92 (1978) (13) Woodrow JE et al; Res Rev 85: 111-25 (1983)
(14) Zepp RC, Cline DM; Environ Sci Tech 11: 359-66 (1977) (15) Corbin FT, Upchurch
RP; Weeds 15: 370-7 (1967)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental Bioconcentration:
Fish bioconcentration factors estimated from field data were: sauger (Stizostedion
canadense), 5,421, shorthead redhorse (Moxostoma macrolepidolum), 2,832, and
golden redhorse (M. erthrurum), 1,689, and an experimental value of 3,261 for
fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas)(1). An experimental fish bioconcentration
factor of 4,570, species not stated, has been reported for trifluralin(2). The
bioconcentration factor for trifluralin in topmouth gudgeon (Pseudorasbora parva)
has been reported as 3,162(3). Mean bioconcentration factors accumulated in
bluegill sunfish exposed to 0.0059 ppm trifluralin ranged from 2,041 to 9,586(4).
According to a classification scheme(3), these BCF values suggest the potential
for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high(SRC). [(1) Spacie A; Diss Abstr Int B 36: 4367 (1975) (2) Kenaga EE;
Ecotox Environ Safety 4: 26-38 (1980) (3) Devillers J et al; Chemosphere 33:
1047-1065 (1996) (4) USEPA; Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document - Trifluralin.
Washington, DC: USEPA, Off Pest Prog. USEPA 738-R-95-040, April 1996. Available
from Database Query page at http://www.epa.gov/REDs/ as of October 1, 2000.
(5) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29:1501-14 (1994)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Soil Adsorption/Mobility:
Koc values of trifluralin have been experimentally determined to range from
397 to 16,851(1-7). According to a classification scheme(8), this range of Koc
values suggests trifluralin is expected to be moderately mobile to immobile
in soil. An experimental soil adsorption coefficient of 30,550 was determined
for trifluralin using Georgia pond sediment(9). Trifluralin was immobile in
soil TLC experiments using 14 different soils that ranged from sandy loam to
silty clay(10). In a laboratory screening study, trifluralin did not leach past
30 cm in 100 days(11-12). It was estimated that it would take 1580 yrs for trifluralin
to leach through soil to a depth of 3 m(12). Trifluralin was detected at 86%
of 28 agrochemical dealership sites in Iowa at a max concn of 14,200 ug/l(13).
[(1) Gerstl Z, Mingelgrin U; J Environ Sci Health B19: 297-312
(1984) (2) Kanazawa J; Environ Tox Chem 8: 477-84 (1989) (3) Kenaga EE; Ecotox
Environ Safety 4: 26-38 (1980) (4) Ahrens WH, ed; Herbicide Handbook of the
Weed Sci Soc Amer. 7th ed. Champaign, IL: Weed Sci Soc Amer p. 297 (1994) (5)
Smith AE et al; J Agric Food Chem 45: 1473-1478 (1997) (6) Senseman SA et al;
Environ Sci Technol 31:283-288 (1997) (7) McConnell LL et al; Environ Toxicol
Chem 17: 1908-1916 (1998) (8) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983) (9) Brown
DS, Flagg EW; J Environ Qual 10: 382-6 (1981) (10) Helling CS; J Environ Qual
5: 1-15 (1976) (11) Jury WA et al; Ecosystem 99: 119-64 (1987) (12) Jury WA
et al; J Environ Qual 16: 422-8 (1987) (13) Anderson TA et al; 87th Annual Meeting
and Exhibition in Cincinnati, OH. June 19-24. Air and Waste Management Assoc,
94-TP45B.08 (1994)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Volatilization from Water/Soil:
The Henry's Law constant for trifluralin is 1.0X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(1). This
Henry's Law constant indicates that trifluralin is expected to volatilize from
water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life
from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3)
is estimated as 12 hours if adsorption is neglected(SRC). The volatilization
half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of
0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 12 days if adsorption is neglected(SRC). The volatilization
from a model pond is about 8 yrs when adsorption is considered(4). Trifluralin's
Henry's Law constant(1) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces
may occur(SRC). In a laboratory study, trifluralin underwent 24% volatilization
loss from a Lakeland soil in 3 hours; the rate of volatilization increased with
increasing soil moisture(5).Volatilization losses for trifluralin amounted to
approx 16% after 32 days in dry soil, approx 28% loss in moist soil and 40%
loss in flooded soil(6). In an ecosystem model mimicking a Northern prairie
wetland, trifluralin underwent approx 15% loss due to volatilization in 42 days(7).
In a laboratory study, trifluralin underwent 5% evaporative losses in 10 days
when incorporated to 10 cm depth in soil samples(8). The measured rate for volatilization
of trifluralin from nonadsorbent sand was 3 kg/ha/day(9). [(1) Rice CP, Chernyak SM; pp. 439-44 in Organohalogen Compd
Vol 24 (Dioxin 95, 15th Inter Symp Chlor Dioxins Relat Cmpds). Edmonton, Canada,
August 21-25 (1995) (2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation
Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990) (3) Tomlin CDS,
ed; The Pesticide Manual. 11th ed. Farnham, UK: British Crop Prot Council, Crop
Prot Pub p. 1248 (1997) (4) USEPA; EXAMS II Computer Simulation (1987) (5) Parochetti
JV, Hein ER; Weed Sci 21: 469-73 (1973) (6) Brewer F et al; Weed Science 30:
531-9 (1982) (7) Huckins JN et al; Chemosphere 15: 563-88 (1986) (8) Jury WA
et al; Ecosystem 99: 119-64 (1987) (9) Lewis RG, Lee RE; pp. 5-51 in Air Pollut
From Pestic and Agric Processes Lee RE, ed Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc (1976)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Environmental Water Concentrations:
TRIFLURALIN WAS DETECTED IN FINISHED WATER IN US ... [National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health Volume
1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977. 548]**PEER REVIEWED**
GROUNDWATER: Trifluralin was detected in well water samples at a concn of
41 ug/l in 1 out of 179 wells from farms in an agricultural area in Ontario,
Canada, 1984-86(1,2). Trifluralin has been qualitatively detected in groundwater
samples in 4 states(3). It was detected in 1 of 1443 wells monitored in NE,
at a concn of 0.42 ppb(4). In a survey of U.S. groundwater quality, trifluralin
was detected in samples from KS, MD, MS, and NE as a result of normal use at
a mean and maximum concn of 2.20 ppb and 0.40 ppb, it was detected in ND as
a result of a point source contamination at 0.03 ppb and in KS from unknown
origin at a maximum and mean concn of 5.40 ppb and 3.09 ppb(5). Trifluralin
was detected in 3 groundwater samples collected from a small residential community
in South-Central Connecticut, the average detected concn was 0.04 ug/l(6). Trifluralin
was detected in 1 of 62 lake and river/stream sites sampled from 1989 to 1991
in a 4 county region of Arkansas at a maximum concn of 1.3 ug/l(7). Trifluralin
was detected in groundwater samples at 65% of 28 agrochemical dealership sites
in Iowa at a max concn of 58 ug/l(8). [(1) Frank R et al; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 16: 1-8 (1987)
(2) Frank R et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 44: 410-9 (1990) (3) Ritter WF;
J Environ Sci Health 25: 1 (1990) (4) Spalding RF et al; Ground Wat Monit Rev
9: 126-33 (1989) (5) Williams WM et al; Pesticides in Groundwater Data Base:
1988 Interim Report. NTIS PB89-164230-AS (1988) (6) Eitzer BD, Chevalier A;
Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 62: 420-427 (1999) (7) Senseman SA et al; Environ
Sci Technol 31: 283-288 (1997) (8) Anderson TA et al; 87th Annual Meeting and
Exhibition in Cincinnati, OH. June 19-24. Air and Waste Management Assoc, 94-TP45B.08
(1994)]**PEER REVIEWED**
SURFACE WATER: The concn of trifluralin in the Ochre and Turtle River, Canada,
1984, ranged from <0.6 to 3.3 ug/cu m and <0.5 to 5.2 ug/cu m(1). Water
samples taken from the Wabash River, IN, 1974, 8 km downstream from a pesticide
manufacturing facility contained 874 parts/per trillion trifluralin(2). It was
detected in Mississippi River water samples obtained 20 miles below Memphis,
TN, 1984, at a concn of 19 ng/l(3). Trifluralin has been detected in water from
Lake Erie and Lake Michigan watersheds(4). Its concn in the Wabash River, 1975,
ranged from 3.12 ug/l to 548 ug/l <1 mile from a pesticide manufacturing
facility(5). The concn of trifluralin in the Shell Creek, NE, 1988, after a
spring storm event ranged from trace to 0.5 ug/l(6). Trifluralin was detected
in 3 of 69 samples of natural waters from various regions of Greece, at concns
ranging from <0.005 to 0.01 ug/l(7). Trifluralin was detected in seawater,
ice and fog condensate samples taken from the Bering and Chukchi Seas during
the summer of 1993(8). Trifluralin concns ranged from <0.34 to 1150 pg/l
in seawater and ice samples while fog condensate concns ranged from <0.1
to <0.3 ng/l. Trifluralin was detected in air and surface water samples at
different elevations in California's Sequoia National Park during the summer
of 1996; trifluralin concn ranges detected for air and surface waters were 0.03
to 0.64 ng/cu m and non-detectable to 108.12 ng/l, respectively(9). [(1) Muir DCG, Grift NP; J Environ Sci Health B22: 259-84 (1987)
(2) Spacie A; Diss Abstr Int B 36: 4367 (1975) (3) DeLeon IR et al; Chemosphere
15: 795-805 (1986) (4) Great Lakes Water Quality Board; An Inventory of Chemical
Substances Identified in the Great Lakes Ecosystem Vol 1 Windsor, Ontario, Canada
(1983) (5) Spacie A, Hamelink JL; Environ Sci Tech 13: 817-21 (1979) (6) Spalding
RF, Snow DD; Chemosphere 19: 1129-40 (1989) (7) Miliadis GE; Bull Environ Contam
Toxicol 61: 255-260 (1998) (8) Chernyak SM et al; Mar Poll Bull 32: 410-419
(1996) (9) Lenoir JS et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 18: 2715-2722 (1999)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
DRINKING WATER: Trifluralin was qualitatively detected in raw and finished
drinking water obtained from the Llobregat River, Barcelona, Spain(1). [(1) Rivera J et al; Int J Environ Anal Chem 24: 183-91 (1986)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
RAIN/SNOW: The concn of trifluralin in "brown snow", snow contaminated by
a long range transport event, 1988, was 764 pg/l(1). Trifluralin was detected
in winter-spring rain/snow precipitation from Sequoia National Park and Lake
Tahoe Basin at concns ranging from 0.5 to 2 ng/l(2). [(1) Welch HE et al; Environ Sci Tech 25: 280-6 (1991) (2) Mcconnell
LL et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 17: 1908-1916 (1998)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Effluent Concentrations:
The concn of trifluralin in wastewater samples from a pesticide manufacturer
in Barcelona, Spain, 1984, was 2 ppm(1). The estimated total discharges of trifluralin
into the Ochre and Turtle Rivers, Canada, 1984, from the surrounding watershed
are 119 and 37 g/yr(2). [(1) Rivera J et al; Chemosphere 14: 395-402 (1985) (2) Muir
DCG, Grift NP; J Environ Sci Health, B22: 259-84 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Sediment/Soil Concentrations:
SOIL: Trifluralin was detected in soil samples from the corn belt states IL,
IA, MN, MO, and OH, 1970, at concns of 0.01-0.08 ppm, 0.02-0.06 ppm, 0.09-0.33
ppm, 0.03 ppm and 0.08 ppm, respectively(1). Trifluralin was detected in 52
of 1533 soil samples from 37 states during the Natl Soils Monitoring Program,
FY 1972, at 0.01-1.29 ppm, mean concn <0.01 ppm(2). During FY 1973, it was
found in 81 of 1483 sites at 0.01-1.86 ppm, mean concn 0.01 ppm(3) and FY 1970
it was found in 8 of 178 sites, 0.01-0.09 ppm mean concn <0.01 ppm(4). Residues
of trifluralin in soil samples from a pesticide disposal pit in CA, 1985, ranged
from <10-1104 ppm(5). Trifluralin was detected in and around 20 Illinois
retail agrichemical facilities that were flooded in 1993 at median on and off-site
concns of 0.71 mg/kg and 0.04 mg/kg, respectively(6). Trifluralin was detected
at 86% of 28 agrochemical dealership sites in Iowa at a max concn of 14,200
ug/l(7). [(1) Carey AE et al; Pest Monit J 6: 369-76 (1973) (2) Carey
AE et al; Pest Monit J 12: 117-36 (1978) (3) Carey AE et al; Pest Monit J 12:
209-29 (1979) (4) Crockett AB et al; Pest Monit J 8: 69-87 (1974) (5) Winterlin
W et al; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 18: 734-47 (1989) (6) Roy WR et al; J Environ
Quality 24: 1034-1038 (1995) (7) Anderson TA et al; 87th Annual Meeting and
Exhibition in Cincinnati, OH. June 19-24. Air and Waste Management Assoc, 94-TP45B.08
(1994)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Atmospheric Concentrations:
SOURCE DOMINATED: Trifluralin was found in 5 of 56 air samples 275 m from
a formulation plant in TN at a mean concn of 10.2 ng/cu m (range 0-30.3 ng/cu
m)(1). [(1) Lewis RG, Lee RE; pp. 5-51 in Air Pollut From Pestic and
Agric Processes Lee RE, ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc (1976)]**PEER REVIEWED**
SUBURBAN/RURAL: Trifluralin was detected in 3 of 11 air samples taken from
Pekin, IL, 1980, at concns ranging from 1.3 to 5.0 ng/cu m(1). In a survey of
14 U.S. states, trifluralin was not detected in 787 samples taken in 1970, 7.9%
of 667 samples in 1971 (mean concn 0.2 ng/cu m), and 4.59% of 1025 samples in
1972 (mean concn 0.1 ng/cu m)(2). [(1) Carey AE, Kutz FW; Environ Monit Assess 5: 155-63 (1985)
(2) Kutz FW et al; pp. 95-137 in Air Pollut From Pestic and Agric Processes
Lee RE, ed Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc (1976)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Food Survey Values:
IN ANNUAL MARKET BASKET SURVEYS CONDUCTED BY FOOD AND DRUG ADMIN, TRIFLURALIN
RESIDUES HAVE NEVER BEEN DETECTED... [National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health Volume
1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977. 547]**PEER REVIEWED**
Trifluralin was qualitatively detected in domestic and imported agricultural
commodities in the FDA's pesticide residue monitoring program, FY 83-86(1).
The FDA found residues of trifluralin in 3 of 6391 domestic agricultural commodity
samples and 1 of 12044 imported samples, 1981-6, at concns ranging from 0.10
to 1.0 ppm and 1.0 ppm, respectively(2-3). For 1988, trifluralin was found in
4 of 13980 samples but it was not detected in 13085 samples from 1989(4). [(1) Yess NJ et al; J Assoc Anal Chem 74: 273-80 (1991) (2) Hundley
ET et al; J Assoc Off Anal Chem 71: 875-92 (1988) (3) Luke MA et al; J Assoc
Off Anal Chem 71: 415-20 (1988) (4) Minyard JP Jr, Roberts WE; J Assoc Anal
Chem 74: 438-52 (1991)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Fish/Seafood Concentrations:
Trifluralin was qualitatively detected in dead carp taken from the Llobregat
River, Barcelona, Spain, 1984(1). Fish obtained from the Wabash River, IN, had
the following mean trifluralin levels: sauger, 10.2 ppm, shorthead redhorse,
5.38 ppm, and golden redhorse, 3.21 ppm(2). [(1) Rivera J et al; Int J Environ Anal Chem 24: 183-91 (1986)
(2) Spacie A; Diss Abstr Int B 36: 4367 (1975)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental Standards & Regulations:
FIFRA Requirements:
Tolerances are established for residues of the herbicide and plant growth
regulator trifluralin (alpha, alpha, alpha- trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toludine)
in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: Alfalfa, hay; asparagus;
barley, hay; barley, straw; bean, mung, sprouts; carrot, roots; corn, field,
grain; corn, field, stover; corn, field, forage; cotton, undelinted seed; cress,
upland; flax, seed; fruit, citrus, group; fruit, stone group; grain, crops,
except corn, sweet and rice grain; grapes; hops; legumes, forage; nut, tree,
group; peanut; peppermint, tops; rapeseed; safflower seed; sorghum, fodder;
sorghum, forage; spearmint, tops; sugarcane, cane; sunflower seed; vegetable,
curcurbit, group; vegetable, fruiting, group; vegetables, leafy; vegetables,
root (exc. carrots); vegetables, seed and pod; wheat, grain; and wheat, straw.
[40 CFR 180.207 (7/1/2000)]**PEER REVIEWED**
As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive
review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects
and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration
program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients
initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are
eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety
standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Trifluralin is found on
List A, which contains most food use pesticides and consists of the 194 chemical
cases (or 350 individual active ingredients) for which EPA issued registration
standards prior to FIFRA, as amended in 1988. Case No: 0179; Pesticide type:
Herbicide (growth regulator); Registration Standard Date: 04/01/87; Case Status:
RED Approved 09/95; OPP has made a decision that some/all uses of the pesticide
are eligible for reregistration, as reflected in a Reregistration Eligibility
Decision (RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): Trifluralin; Data Call-in
(DCI) Date(s): 03/03/95, 04/30/96; AI Status: OPP has completed a Reregistration
Eligibility Decision (RED) document for the case/AI. [USEPA/OPP; Status of Pesticides in Registration, Reregistration
and Special Review p.155 (Spring, 1998) EPA 738-R-98-002]**PEER REVIEWED**
Acceptable Daily Intakes:
THE FAO/WHO HAS NOT ESTABLISHED ACCEPTABLE DAILY INTAKE OF TRIFLURALIN OR
ANY OTHER DINITROANILINE HERBICIDE. [National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health Volume
1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977. 547]**PEER REVIEWED**
CERCLA Reportable Quantities:
Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National
Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated
hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity
of 100 lb or 45.4 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802; In
the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining
when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).
[40 CFR 302.4 (7/1/2000)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Atmospheric Standards:
Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to
cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs
EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions
of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance
based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed
pollutants. Trifluralin is included on this list. [Clean Air Act as amended in 1990, Sect. 112 (b) (1) Public Law
101-549 Nov. 15, 1990]**PEER REVIEWED**
Federal Drinking Water Guidelines:
EPA 5 ug/l [USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis
Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and
Guidelines (11/93)] **QC REVIEWED**
State Drinking Water Guidelines:
(AZ) ARIZONA 2 ug/l [USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis
Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and
Guidelines (11/93)] **QC REVIEWED**
(ME) MAINE 2 ug/l [USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis
Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and
Guidelines (11/93)] **QC REVIEWED**
(WI) WISCONSIN 7.5 ug/l [USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis
Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and
Guidelines (11/93)] **QC REVIEWED**
Allowable Tolerances:
Tolerances are established for residues of the herbicide and plant growth
regulator trifluralin (alpha, alpha, alpha- trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toludine)
in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: Alfalfa, hay 0.2 ppm; asparagus
0.05 ppm; barley, hay 0.05 ppm; barley, straw 0.05 ppm; bean, mung, sprouts
2.0 ppm; carrot, roots 1.0 ppm; corn, field, grain 0.05 ppm; corn, field, stover
0.05 ppm; corn, field, forage 0.05 ppm; cotton, undelinted seed 0.05 ppm; cress,
upland 0.05 ppm; flax, seed 0.05 ppm; fruit, citrus, group 0.05 ppm; fruit,
stone group 0.05 ppm; grain, crops, except corn, sweet and rice grain 0.05 ppm;
grapes 0.05 ppm; hops 0.05 ppm; legumes, forage 0.05 ppm; nut, tree, group 0.05
ppm; peanut 0.05 ppm; peppermint, tops 0.05 ppm; rapeseed 0.05 ppm; safflower
seed 0.05 ppm; sorghum, fodder 0.05 ppm; sorghum, forage 0.05 ppm; spearmint,
tops 0.05 ppm; sugarcane, cane 0.05 ppm; sunflower seed 0.05 ppm; vegetable,
curcurbit, group 0.05 ppm; vegetable, fruiting, group 0.05 ppm; vegetables,
leafy 0.05 ppm; vegetables, root (exc. carrots) 0.05 ppm; vegetables, seed and
pod 0.05 ppm; wheat, grain 0.05 ppm; and wheat, straw 0.05 ppm. [40 CFR 180.207 (7/1/2000)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Chemical/Physical Properties:
Molecular Formula:
C13-H16-F3-N3-O4 **PEER REVIEWED**
Molecular Weight:
335.28 [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals,
Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 1650]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Color/Form:
Yellow crystals [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals,
Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 1650]**PEER
REVIEWED**
YELLOW-ORANGE PRISMS [Spencer, E. Y. Guide to the Chemicals Used in Crop Protection.
7th ed. Publication 1093. Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Canada:
Information Canada, 1982. 580]**PEER REVIEWED**
Odor:
NO APPRECIABLE ODOR [Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 5th ed.
Champaign, Illinois: Weed Science Society of America, 1983. 471]**QC REVIEWED**
Boiling Point:
139-140 deg C @ 4.2 mm Hg [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals,
Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 1650]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Melting Point:
46-47 deg C [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals,
Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 1650]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Corrosivity:
Technical not corrosive [Ahrens, W.H. Herbicide Handbook of the Weed Science Society
of America. 7th ed. Champaign, IL: Weed Science Society of America, 1994. 297]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Density/Specific Gravity:
1.36 @ 22 deg C [Tomlin, C.D.S. (ed.). The Pesticide Manual - World Compendium,
11 th ed., British Crop Protection Council, Surrey, England 1997 1248]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient:
log Kow= 5.34 [Hansch, C., Leo, A., D. Hoekman. Exploring QSAR - Hydrophobic,
Electronic, and Steric Constants. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society.,
1995. 112]**PEER REVIEWED**
Solubilities:
Solubility @ 25 deg C: > 100 g/100 ml acetone; 81 g/100 ml xylene [Ahrens, W.H. Herbicide Handbook of the Weed Science Society
of America. 7th ed. Champaign, IL: Weed Science Society of America, 1994. 297]**PEER
REVIEWED**
SOLUBILITY @ 25 DEG C: 7 G/100 ML ETHANOL [Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 4th ed.
Champaign, IL: Weed Science Society of America, 1979. of America, 1979. 448]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Sol at 25 deg C: > 100 g/100 ml acetonitrile; > 100 g/100 ml choloroform;
82 g/100 ml dimethylformamide; 83 g/100 ml dioxane; 5-6.7 g/100 ml hexane; 3-3.4
g/100 ml methanol; 44 g/100 ml methyl cellosolve; 88 g/100 ml methyl ethyl ketone
[Ahrens, W.H. Herbicide Handbook of the Weed Science Society
of America. 7th ed. Champaign, IL: Weed Science Society of America, 1994. 297]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Slightly sol in water (0.0024 g/100 ml) [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals,
Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 1650]**PEER
REVIEWED**
In water, 18.4 mg/l @ 25 deg C, pH= 5 [Tomlin, C.D.S. (ed.). The Pesticide Manual - World Compendium,
11 th ed., British Crop Protection Council, Surrey, England 1997 1248]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Spectral Properties:
Intense mass spectral peaks: 306 m/z (100%), 264 m/z (97%), 43 m/z (95%),
41 m/z (35%) [Hites, R.A. Handbook of Mass Spectra of Environmental Contaminants.
Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1985. 159]**PEER REVIEWED**
Vapor Pressure:
4.58X10-5 mm Hg @ 25 deg C [Tomlin, C.D.S. (ed.). The Pesticide Manual - World Compendium,
11 th ed., British Crop Protection Council, Surrey, England 1997 1248]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Other Chemical/Physical Properties:
Henry's Law constant= 1.03X10-4 atm-cu m/mol @ 20 deg C [Rice CP, Chernyak SM; pp. 439-44 in Organohalogen Compd Vol
24 (Dioxin 95, 15th Inter Symp Chlor Dioxins Relat Cmpds). Edmonton, Canada,
August 21-25 (1995)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Chemical Safety & Handling:
Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:
Cause eye irritation. May cause skin sensitization reactions in certain individuals.
[Farm Chemicals Handbook 1991. Willoughby, OH: Meister, 1991.,p.
C-312]**PEER REVIEWED**
Fire Potential:
TECHNICAL MATERIAL IS NOT FLAMMABLE. FOR FORMULATED CONCENTRATE USE ORDINARY
PRECAUTIONS FOR VOLATILE SOLVENTS. [Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 4th ed.
Champaign, IL: Weed Science Society of America, 1979. of America, 1979. 449]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Hazardous Decomposition:
When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /hydrogen fluoride
and nitrogen oxides/. [Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials.
9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996. 1378]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Susceptible to decomposition by ultraviolet radiation. [Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide Manual
- A World Compendium. 8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British Crop Protection
Council, 1987. 832]**PEER REVIEWED**
Preventive Measures:
SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is
conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend
not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance,
characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection
equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances
whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact
lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses
should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should
be worn even when contact lenses are in place. **PEER REVIEWED**
Stability/Shelf Life:
SHELF LIFE OF CONCENTRATE IS MORE THAN 2 YR [Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 4th ed.
Champaign, IL: Weed Science Society of America, 1979. of America, 1979. 449]**PEER
REVIEWED**
STABLE IN PURE STATE, IN LIQ OR IN GRANULAR FORMULATIONS [Spencer, E. Y. Guide to the Chemicals Used in Crop Protection.
7th ed. Publication 1093. Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Canada:
Information Canada, 1982. 580]**PEER REVIEWED**
Stable though susceptible to decomposition by ultraviolet radiation. [Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide Manual
- A World Compendium. 8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British Crop Protection
Council, 1987. 832]**PEER REVIEWED**
Storage Conditions:
THIS PRODUCT IS STABLE UNDER NORMAL STORAGE CONDITIONS FOR A MINIMUM OF 3
YR WHEN STORED IN ADEQUATE PACKING IN METAL CONTAINERS WITH POLYETHYLENE LINING,
AT ROOM TEMP. THE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF DIGERMIN REMAINS PRACTICALLY UNVARIED
FOR 2 YR UNDER ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS, PROVIDED THE PRODUCT IS STORED IN ITS
UNOPENED & UNDAMAGED ORIGINAL CONTAINERS, & IN SHADED & POSSIBLY
WELL-AIRED PLACES. AVOID FREEZING. STORE ABOVE 40 DEG F. DO NOT STORE NEAR HEAT
OR FLAME. [Farm Chemicals Handbook 1981. Willoughby, Ohio: Meister, 1981.,p.
C-243]**PEER REVIEWED**
Disposal Methods:
SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary
landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing
land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental
regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. **PEER REVIEWED**
Trifluralin is resistant to oxidation, and acid and alkaline hydrolysis. The
major environ effect of concern in the disposal of trifluralin is its toxicity
to fish. Trifluralin is known to be strongly adsorbed onto the soil and is resistant
to movement by water, and burial in specially designated landfills or isolated
areas away from water supplies is the procedure recommended for the disposal
of small quantities of trifluralin. For the decontamination of trifluralin containers,
the National Agricultural Chemical Association triple rinse and drain procedure
is recommended. Rinse soln from containers can be poured into the spray tank
for application. Trifluralin bags should be destroyed when empty and disposed
of through regular refuse collection system or buried in an isolated area away
from water supplies. Recommendable method: Landfill. Not recommendable methods:
Discharge to sewer, & thermal destruction. [United Nations. Treatment and Disposal Methods for Waste Chemicals
(IRPTC File). Data Profile Series No. 5. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations
Environmental Programme, Dec. 1985. 292]**PEER REVIEWED**
Occupational Exposure Standards:
Manufacturing/Use Information:
Major Uses:
For Trifluralin (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 036101) ACTIVE products with label
matches. /SRP: Registered for use in the U.S. but approved pesticide uses may
change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted
for currently approved uses./ [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Pesticide Program's
Chemical Ingredients Database on Trifluralin (1582-09-8). Available from the
Database Query page at http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/epa/epamenu.htm as of Sept
8, 2000.]**PEER REVIEWED**
Herbicide [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals,
Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 1650]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Manufacturers:
Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Rd., Indianapolis, IN 46268, (317) 337-3000;
Production site: not listed [SRI International. 2000 Directory of Chemical Producers -- United
States. SRI Consulting, Menlo Park: CA 2000 793]**PEER REVIEWED**
Methods of Manufacturing:
REACTION OF 4-TRIFLUORO-2,6-DINITROCHLOROBENZENE AND DIPROPYLAMINE IN THE
PRESENCE OF SODIUM CARBONATE [SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**
General Manufacturing Information:
TRIFLURALIN IS TOLERATED AT 0.05 PPM BY MOST CROPS; EXCEPTIONS ARE ALFALFA
HAY (0.2 PPM), CARROTS (1 PPM), AND MUNG BEANS (2 PPM). [National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health Volume
1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977. 547]**PEER REVIEWED**
DETERMINATION OF GAS CHROMATOGRAPH AMENABLE NITROSAMINES IN HERBICIDE FORMULATIONS.
N-NITROSODIPROPYLAMINE WAS DETECTED IN TRIFLURALIN FORMULATIONS USING THERMAL
ENERGY ANALYZER AFTER SEPARATION BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY OR HPLC. IDENTITY OF
THE CMPD WAS CONFIRMED BY MASS SPECTROMETRY. RESULTS INDICATE THAT FORMULATIONS
OF AMINE SALTS CAN FORM NITROSAMINES ON STORAGE, AND NITROSAMINES CAN BE FORMED
IN PREPN OF NITROANILINE BASED HERBICIDES. [ROSS RD ET AL; J AGRIC FOOD CHEM 25 (6): 1416 (1977)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Formulations/Preparations:
USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code 036101; Trade Names: Treflan. [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Pesticide Program's
Chemical Ingredients Database on Trifluralin (1582-09-8). Available from the
Database Query page at http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/epa/epamenu.htm as of Sept
8, 2000.]**PEER REVIEWED**
EMULSIFIABLE CONCENTRATE (4 LB TRIFLURALIN PER US GAL), GRANULAR 5%. PRODUCT
TO CONTAIN LESS THAN 1 PPM NITROSAMINE BY EPA ORDER. [Spencer, E. Y. Guide to the Chemicals Used in Crop Protection.
7th ed. Publication 1093. Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Canada:
Information Canada, 1982. 580]**PEER REVIEWED**
Consumption Patterns:
SELECTIVE HERBICIDE FOR GRASSES & BROADLEAF WEEDS, OF WHICH 52% IS USED
ON SOYBEANS, 40% ON COTTON, 8% ON OTHER FIELD CROPS, VEGETABLES, FRUIT, NUTS,
NURSERY CROPS, ALFALFA, PASTURE LAND, & SUMMER FALLOW, & 2% AS SELECTIVE
HERBICIDE IN OTHER APPLICATIONS (1972) [SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**
Analytical method for residue determination requires extraction of crop tissue
or soil with a solvent ... removal of interfering substances on florisil column,
and determination by gas chromatography utilizing electron affinity detector.
[Ahrens, W.H. Herbicide Handbook of the Weed Science Society
of America. 7th ed. Champaign, IL: Weed Science Society of America, 1994. 299]**PEER
REVIEWED**
AOAC Method 973.13. Benfluralin or trifluralin in pesticide formulations.
Ultraviolet spectroscopic method. [Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods
of Analysis. 15th ed. and Supplements. Washington, DC: Association of Analytical
Chemists, 1990 179]**PEER REVIEWED**
AOAC Method 973.4. Benfluralin or trifluralin in pesticide formulations. Gas
chromatographic method. [Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods
of Analysis. 15th ed. and Supplements. Washington, DC: Association of Analytical
Chemists, 1990 180]**PEER REVIEWED**
A QUANTITATIVE GAS LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY/MASS SPECTROMETRY PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING
TRIFLURALIN RESIDUES IN SOIL IS DESCRIBED. [DOWNER GB ET AL; J AGRIC FOOD CHEM 24 (6): 1223 (1976)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
A SENSITIVE MULTIRESIDUE METHOD IS PRESENTED FOR DETECTION OF 7 NATURAL HERBICIDES
(INCL TRIFLURALIN) IN NATURAL WATERS WITH PRACTICAL DETECTION LIMITS BETWEEN
5 & 100 NG/L. [LEE HB, CHAU AS Y; J ASSOC OFF ANAL CHEM 66 (3): 651 (1983)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
... TRIFLURALIN DETERMINATION IN FORMULATIONS BY GC, AFTER EXTRACTION WITH
WATER, WITH DIISOBUTYL PHTHALATE AS INTERNAL STD. SHOWS DATA FOR 3 TYPICAL FORMULATIONS.
[Spencer, E. Y. Guide to the Chemicals Used in Crop Protection.
7th ed. Publication 1093. Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Canada:
Information Canada, 1982. 580]**PEER REVIEWED**
A method was developed for the simultaneous extraction of trifluralin, methyl
paraoxon, methyl parathion, fenvalerate and 2,4-D dimethylamine salt in pond
water using a solid-phase C18 column. For trifluralin analysis, after elution
from the C18 column the eluate was cleaned up with activated alumina (less than
10 min contact time). A 1 ug spike of trifluralin dissolved in 5 ml solvent
and allowed to remain in contact with 2 g alumina for 30 min resulted in a 25%
loss of trifluralin. Analysis was then made on a capillary gas chromatograph
equipped with an electron-capture detector. Simultaneous extractions of trifluralin,
methyl paraoxon, methyl parathion, fenvalerate and 2,4-D dimethylamine salt
were obtained from 500 g fortified pond water (from wetlands in ND). At 1.0,
0.1, 0.01, and 0.001 ppm trifluralin, percent recoveries were 91 + or - 4.5,
90 + or - 5.3, 92 + or - 9.7 and 79 + or - 3.8%, respectively. Median recovery
for trifluralin was 91%. [Swineford DM, Belisle AA; Environ Toxicol Chem 8 (6): 465-8
(1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Product analysis is by gas liquid chromatography with FID. Residues are determined
by gas liquid chromatography with electron capture detector. [Tomlin, C.D.S. (ed.). The Pesticide Manual - World Compendium,
11 th ed., British Crop Protection Council, Surrey, England 1997 1249]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Special References:
Special Reports:
NTP; Bioassay of Trifluralin for Possible Carcinogenicity CAS No. 1582-09-8
Report # 034 (1978). NIH Pub # 78-834.
USEPA; Health Advisories for 50 Psticides (Including Trifluralin) (1988) PB88-245931.
Documents summarize health effects of 50 pesticides including trifluralin. Topics
discussed include: General effects and properties; Pharmacokinetics; Health
effects in humans and animals; Quantification of toxicological effects; Other
criteria and standards, Analytical methods and treatment technologies.
USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code 036101; Trade Names: Treflan. [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Pesticide Program's
Chemical Ingredients Database on Trifluralin (1582-09-8). Available from the
Database Query page at http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/epa/epamenu.htm as of Sept
8, 2000.]**PEER REVIEWED**
EMULSIFIABLE CONCENTRATE (4 LB TRIFLURALIN PER US GAL), GRANULAR 5%. PRODUCT
TO CONTAIN LESS THAN 1 PPM NITROSAMINE BY EPA ORDER. [Spencer, E. Y. Guide to the Chemicals Used in Crop Protection.
7th ed. Publication 1093. Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Canada:
Information Canada, 1982. 580]**PEER REVIEWED**
RTECS Number:
NIOSH/XU9275000
Administrative Information:
Hazardous Substances Databank Number: 1003
Last Revision Date: 20010809
Last Review Date: Reviewed by SRP on 1/20/2001
Update History:
Complete Update on 08/09/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/26/2001, 42 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/22/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/09/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/02/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/21/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/26/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/29/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/01/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/02/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/20/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/11/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/07/1997, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/28/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/17/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/21/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 12/22/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/15/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/08/1994, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/01/1994, 4 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 03/21/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 09/15/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field update on 12/17/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/17/1992, 3 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 07/02/1992, 55 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 09/12/1991, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 09/10/1991, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/10/1990, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/04/1990, 7 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 05/14/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 03/06/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/03/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/19/1989, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/01/1985