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Trichlorotrifluoromethane. TOXNET profile from Hazardous Substances Data Bank.


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1,1,2-TRICHLORO-1,2,2-TRIFLUOROETHANE
CASRN: 76-13-1
For other data, click on the Table of Contents

Human Health Effects:

Human Toxicity Excerpts:

HUMAN ... EXPOSURES LIMITED TO 2.75 HOURS AT CONCENTRATIONS FROM 1500 TO 4500 PPM /TRICHLOROTRIFLUOROETHANE/ ... RESULTED IN NO SIGNIFICANT DETERIORATION OF PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE AT 1500 PPM, SLIGHT DETERIORATION AT 2500 PPM, AND INCREASING DECREMENT AT 4500 PPM.
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air. Third Edition, 1971. Cincinnati, Ohio: AmericanConference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1971. (Plus supplements to 1979) 267]**PEER REVIEWED**

EXPOSURE OF HUMAN VOLUNTEERS INDICATE THAT THE THRESHOLD CONCENTRATION FOR IMPAIRMENT OF PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE (LOSS OF ABILITY TO CONCENTRATE, MILD LETHARGY) IS ABOUT 2500 PPM. DAILY SIX-HR EXPOSURES AT 500 OR 1000 PPM, 5 DAYS A WK FOR 2 WEEKS, YIELDED NO COMPLAINTS OF ANY ADVERSE EFFECTS EXCEPT MILD THROAT IRRITATION ONLY ON THE FIRST DAY. NO ADVERSE CHANGES WERE SEEN IN PERFORMANCE OF COMPLEX MENTAL TASKS, CLINICAL STATUS OR RESULTS OF BIOCHEMICAL TESTS.
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I,II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991. 1603]**PEER REVIEWED**

... CARDIOTOXIC EFFECTS, MANIFESTED IN ARRHYTHMIAS ... ARE ASSOCIATED WITH PULMONARY EXPOSURE TO FLUOROCARBONS, ESPECIALLY ... FLUOROCARBON 113 ... .
[Hamilton, A., and H. L. Hardy. Industrial Toxicology. 3rd ed. Acton, Mass.: Publishing Sciences Group, Inc., 1974. 293]**PEER REVIEWED**

TEN WOMEN & THREE MEN WERE OCCUPATIONALLY EXPOSED TO 1,1,2-TRICHLORO-1,2,2-TRIFLUOROETHANE. EVALUATION OF CLINICAL CHEM PARAMETERS SHOWED NO INDICATION OF SOLVENT-CAUSED ADVERSE EFFECTS.
[TRIEBIG G, BURKHARDT K; INT ARCH OCCUP ENVIRON HEALTH 42 (2): 129-36 (1978)]**PEER REVIEWED**

... There is no evidence indicating that human health effects are likely to occur at ambient mixing ratios (18 parts-per-trillion) found or expected in the general environment or even at higher levels (<4,160 parts-per-trillion). ... Available experimental data do not indicate that any adverse health effects are directly induced in humans at TLV of /500/ ppm due to exposure to CFC-113.
[USEPA; Health Assessment Document for 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-Trifluoroethane p.1 (1983) EPA-600/58-82-002F]**PEER REVIEWED**

... A single case /was reported/ of sensorimotor neuropathy in a woman who had worked as a laundress with trichlorotrifluoroethane (Freon 113) for several years. Weakness, pain, and paresthesias were most severe distally in the legs. Electrodiagnostic testing was consistent with axonal damage. Removal from exposure to trichlorotrifluoroethane resulted in gradual recovery.
[O'Donoghue, J.L. (ed.). Neurotoxicity of Industrial and Commercial Chemicals. Volume II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc., 1985. 110]**PEER REVIEWED**

A patient who ingested 1 liter of Freon 113 experienced transient cyanosis and suffered rectal irritation and diarrhea. /No other effects were noted/.
[Haddad, L.M., Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. 1282]**PEER REVIEWED**

Propellant /fluorocarbon/ gases were generated from commercial aerosol units and applied to the from distance of 50 cm for periods of 15 to 60 sec. At a measured concn of 95,000 mg/cu m (1700 ppm), there was a biphasic change in ventilation capacity, the first reduction occurring within a few minutes after exposure, and second delayed until 13 to 30 min after exposure, and second delayed until 13 to 30 min after exposure. Most subjects developed bradycardia, and inversion of the T-wave. /Propellant gases/
[Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1201]**PEER REVIEWED**

... The combination of CFC with a sympathomimetic bronchodilator is potentially dangerous for the treatment of bronchial asthma. For the same reason, sympathomimetic drugs are contraindicated in cardiac resuscitation of patients suffering from CFC poisoning. /Fluorocarbon poisoning/
[Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1183]**PEER REVIEWED**

Fluorocarbon vapors are 4 to 5 times heavier than air. Thus high concn tend to accumulate in low-lying areas, resulting in hazard of inhalation of concentrated vapors, which may be fatal. /Fluorocarbons/
[Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1195]**PEER REVIEWED**

Under certain condition, fluorocarbon vapors may decompose on contact with flames or hot surfaces, creating potential hazard of inhalation of toxic decomposition products. /Fluorocarbons/
[Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1195]**PEER REVIEWED**

Freons are toxic to humans by several mechanisms. Inhaled fluorocarbons sensitize the myocardium to catecholamines, frequently resulting in lethal ventricular arrhythmias. Because they are gases heavier than air, fluorocarbons can displace atmospheric oxygen, thus resulting in asphyxiation. These compounds also have a central nervous system anesthetic effect analogous to a structurally similar general anesthetic, halothane. Pressurized refrigerant or liquid fluorocarbons with a low boiling point have a cryogenic effect on exposed tissues, causing frostbite, laryngeal or pulmonary edema, and gastrointestinal perforation. /Freons/
[Haddad, L.M., Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. 1281]**PEER REVIEWED**

Fluorocarbons were initially believed to be compounds low in toxicity. In the late 1960s there were early reports of deaths caused by intentional inhalation abuse of various aerosols. Victims frequently discharged the aerosol contents into a plastic bag and then inhaled the gaseous contents. Suffocation was initially considered to be the cause of death. In 1970, 110 cases of "sudden sniffing death" /were reviewed/ without finding evidence of suffocation. The majority of those deaths (59) involved fluorocarbon propellants. He noted that in several cases sudden death followed a burst of emotional stress or exercise. No significant findings were noted at autopsy. /Fluorocarbons/
[Haddad, L.M., Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. 1281]**PEER REVIEWED**

A worker died while assisting three workers who were cleaning out a Freon 113 vapor degreaser at a chemical fuel plant. During this procedure solvent was drained off and the residue on the bottom of the degreaser was cleaned out. The company had written instruction for cleaning out the degreasing tank. All but about 1 gallon of the solvent had been drained off. After taking a break for lunch, the three men returned, picking up the fourth worker who was experienced in the cleaning operation. Using removable wooden stairs two men, including the experienced worker, climbed into the tank. Shortly thereafter both men had trouble breathing and exited the tank. the experienced worker collapsed to the floor and died shortly. The other worker experienced no ill effects. The men were using air purifying respirators designed for limited use with organic solvents. The cause of death had not been determined.
[NIOSH; FACE Report: Worker Dies While Cleaning Freon 13 Degreasing Tank in Virginia, November 21, 1986 Report No. FACE-87-17, 6pp (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

There are isolated reports of poisoning from exposure to refrigerants and solvents, and some studies showing a higher incidence of coronary heart disease among hospital personnel are required to establish causal relationship between fluorine containing organic compounds, and cardiovascular and bronchopulmonary diseases among exposed workers. The high incidence of cancer among hospital personnel repeatedly exposed to fluorine-containing general anesthetics raises a fundamental need to examine other chlorofluorocarbon-exposed workers for similar effects. /Fluorocarbons/
[Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1209]**PEER REVIEWED**

Clinical pathologists exposed to fluorocarbons in the preparation of frozen tissue sections have been seen to develop coronary heart disease. /Fluorocarbons/
[Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1209]**PEER REVIEWED**

The toxicity of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) had been considered to be low; it is absorbed via the lungs and undergoes little subsequent biotransformation. In the United States when sudden unexplained deaths of aerosol "sniffers" were reported they were considered to be possibly due to cardiac arrhythmias induced by the CFC propellants. /CFCs/
[Rom, W.N. (ed.). Environmental and Occupational Medicine. 2nd ed. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company, 1992. 1299]**PEER REVIEWED**

... Working with high conc of CFC-113 or other chlorofluorocarbons in confined spaces has the potential to cause death by cardiac arrhythmia, asphyxiation, or both. ... 4 reports of 12 fatalities resulting from occupational exposure to CFC-113 under conditions typical of situations in which CFC-113 can cause death. In most of the reports, the conc of CFC-113 was not specified. However, in one of the deaths from cardiac arrhythmia, the exposure was for 1 min & the CFC-113 concn measured 24 hr after exposure was 7600 ppm. In a death from asphyxiation, the CFC-113 conc was estimated to be 300,000 ppm, but the duration of exposure was not stated; however from the description of the incident, the exposure was relatively brief.
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I,II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991. 1633]**PEER REVIEWED**

Psychomotor performance was evaluated using CFC-113 at concentrations of 0.15% (12 g/cu m), 0.25% (19 g/cu m), 0.35% (27 g/cu m) or 0.45% (35 g/cu m) for 165 min. There was no effect at the lowest concentration, but there was difficulty in mental concentration and some decrease in test scores beginning at 0.35% (27 g/cu m).
[WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons p.19 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Human Toxicity Values:

TCLO HUMAN INHALATION 4500 PPM; TOXIC EFFECT: CNS EFFECTS
[Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 6th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1984. 1458]**PEER REVIEWED**


Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:

... May cause irritation of eyes & throat. ... 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane on prolonged or repeated contact with skin may cause skin irritation.
[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 1]**PEER REVIEWED**


Medical Surveillance:

Employees should be screened for history of certain medical conditions (listed below) which might place the employee at increased risk from ... exposure. ... 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane is a defatting agent and can cause dermatitis on prolonged exposure. Persons with existing skin disorders may be more susceptible to the effects of this agent. ... In persons with impaired cardiovascular function, especially those with a history of cardiac arrhythmias, the breathing of 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane might cause exacerbation of symptoms due to its sensitizing properties. ... Any employee developing the above-listed conditions should be referred for further medical examination.
[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 1]**PEER REVIEWED**


Populations at Special Risk:

Persons with existing skin disorders may be more susceptible to the effects of this agent. ... In persons with impaired cardiovascular function, especially those with history of cardiac arrhythmias, the breathing of 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane might cause exacerbation of symptoms due to its sensitizing properties.
[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981.]**PEER REVIEWED**


Probable Routes of Human Exposure:

Routes of entry inhalation, ingestion, skin & eye contact.
[Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 1985. 2nd ed. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation, 1985. 889]**PEER REVIEWED**

... 50 workers at the Kennedy Space Center exposed to levels ranging from 46 to 4700 ppm for an overall average duration of 2.77 yr /were examined/. There were no signs or symptoms of adverse effects.
[Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. 3092]**PEER REVIEWED**

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 250,773 workers (79,790 of these are female) are potentially exposed to 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane in the US(1). Occupational exposure to 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where it is produced or used. Due to its long atmospheric residence time, the general population is exposed to 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane through inhalation of ambient air. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may also be exposed to 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane via ingestion of contaminated water, and via inhalation and dermal contact with this compound and other consumer products containing this compound(SRC).
[(1) NIOSH; National Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES) (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Average Daily Intake:

The average daily in take of 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane in air, (assume 13-31 parts/trillion(1,2)) is 2.0-4.8 ug/day(SRC).
[(1) Fabian P et al; J Geophys Res 90: 13091-3 (1985) (2) Brodzinsky R, Singh HB; pp. 23-184 in Volatile Organic Chemicals in the Atmosphere: An Assessment of Available Data Menlo Park, CA: SRI International (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Emergency Medical Treatment:

Emergency Medical Treatment:

EMT Copyright Disclaimer:
Portions of the POISINDEX(R) database are provided here for general reference. THE COMPLETE POISINDEX(R) DATABASE, AVAILABLE FROM MICROMEDEX, SHOULD BE CONSULTED FOR ASSISTANCE IN THE DIAGNOSIS OR TREATMENT OF SPECIFIC CASES. Copyright 1974-1998 Micromedex, Inc. Denver, Colorado. All Rights Reserved. Any duplication, replication or redistribution of all or part of the POISINDEX(R) database is a violation of Micromedex' copyrights and is strictly prohibited.

The following Overview, *** FLUORINATED HYDROCARBONS ***, is relevant for this HSDB record chemical.

Life Support:
  o   This overview assumes that basic life support measures
      have been instituted.                           
Clinical Effects:
  SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
   0.2.1.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
     o   LOW CONCENTRATION - Inhalations such as those caused by
         leaking air conditioners or refrigerators usually
         result in transient eye, nose, and throat irritation.
         Palpitations,  light headedness, and headaches are also
         seen.
     o   HIGH CONCENTRATION - Inhalation associated with
         deliberate abuse, or spills or industrial use occurring
         in poorly ventilated areas has been associated with
         ventricular arrhythmias, pulmonary edema and sudden
         death.
  HEENT
   0.2.4.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
     o   EYES - Eye irritation occurs with ambient exposure.
         Frostbite of the lids may be severe.  Ocular
         instillation results in corneal burns in rabbits.
     o   NOSE - Nasal irritation occurs with ambient exposure.
     o   THROAT - Irritation occurs.  Frostbite of the lips,
         tongue, buccal  mucosa and hard palate developed in a
         man after deliberate inhalation.
  CARDIOVASCULAR
   0.2.5.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
     o   Inhalation of high concentrations is associated with
         the development of refractory ventricular arrhythmias
         and sudden death, believed to be secondary, primarily,
         to myocardial sensitization to endogenous
         catecholamines.  Some individuals may be susceptible to
         arrhythmogenic effects at lower concentrations.
  RESPIRATORY
   0.2.6.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
     o   Pulmonary irritation, bronchial constriction, cough,
         dyspnea, and chest tightness may develop after
         inhalation.  Chronic pulmonary hyperreactivity may
         occur.  Adult respiratory distress syndrome has been
         reported following acute inhalational exposures.
         Pulmonary edema is an  autopsy finding in fatal cases.
  NEUROLOGIC
   0.2.7.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
     o   Headache, dizziness, and disorientation are common.
         Cerebral edema may be found on autopsy.  A syndrome of
         impaired psychomotor speed, impaired memory and
         learning, and emotional lability has been described in
         workers with chronic occupational exposure to
         fluorinated hydrocarbons.
  GASTROINTESTINAL
   0.2.8.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
     o   Nausea may develop.  Ingestion of a small amount of
         trichlorofluoromethane resulted in necrosis and
         perforation of the stomach in one patient.
  HEPATIC
   0.2.9.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
     o   Jaundice and mild elevations in transaminases may
         develop after  inhalational exposure or ingestion.
         Hepatocellular coagulative necrosis has been observed
         on liver biopsy.
  DERMATOLOGIC
   0.2.14.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
     o   Dermal contact may result in defatting, irritation or
         contact dermatitis.  Severe frostbite has been reported
         as an effect of freon exposure.  Injection causes
         transient pain, erythema and edema.
  MUSCULOSKELETAL
   0.2.15.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
     o   Rhabdomyolysis has been reported in a worker
         susceptible to malignant hyperthermia after exposure to
         fluorinated hydrocarbons and also following intentional
         freon inhalation.  Compartment syndrome is a rare
         complication of severe exposure.
  REPRODUCTIVE HAZARDS
    o   Dichlorodifluoromethane was not teratogenic in rats and
        rabbits.
    o   The reproductive effects of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane
        were studied in rats.  No adverse effects on
        reproductive performance was noted or on the
        development, maturation or reproductive performance of
        up to two successive generations.
  GENOTOXICITY
    o   The hydrochlorofluorocarbons, HCFC-225ca and HCFC-225cb,
        were not mutagenic in the Ames reverse mutation assay,
        or clastogenic in the chromosomal  aberration assay with
        Chinese hamster lung cells.  Neither induced unscheduled
        DNA synthesis in liver cells.  Both of these agents were
        clastogenic in the chromosomal aberration assay with
        human lymphocytes.                        
Laboratory:
  o   Fluorinated hydrocarbons plasma levels are not clinically
      useful.
  o   No specific lab work (CBC, electrolyte, urinalysis) is
      needed unless otherwise indicated.
  o   Obtain baseline pulse oximetry or arterial blood gas
      analysis.
Treatment Overview:
  SUMMARY EXPOSURE
    o   Monitor EKG and vital signs carefully.  Cardiopulmonary
        resuscitation may be necessary.
  ORAL EXPOSURE
    o   These substances may cause frostbite to the upper airway
        and gastrointestinal  tract after ingestion.  Administer
        oxygen and manage airway as clinically  indicated.
        Emesis, activated charcoal, and gastric lavage are not
        recommended.
  INHALATION EXPOSURE
    o   MONITOR ECG and VITAL SIGNS carefully.  Cardiopulmonary
        resuscitation may be necessary.  AVOID CATECHOLAMINES.
    o   PROVIDE A QUIET CALM ATMOSPHERE to prevent adrenaline
        surge if the patient is seen before the onset of cardiac
        arrhythmias.  Minimize physical exertion.
    o   MONITOR pulse oximetry or arterial blood gases.
    o   Provide symptomatic and supportive care.
    o   These substances may cause frostbite of the upper airway
        with the potential for  severe edema.  Administer oxygen
        and manage airway early in patients with evidence  of
        upper airway injury.
    o   PULMONARY EDEMA (NONCARDIOGENIC):  Maintain ventilation
        and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial
        blood gas or pulse oximetry monitoring.  Early use of
        PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
  EYE EXPOSURE
    o   DECONTAMINATION:  Irrigate exposed eyes with copious
        amounts of tepid water for at least 15 minutes.  If
        irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia
        persist, the patient should be seen in a health care
        facility.
    o   Ophthamologic consultation should be obtained in any
        symptomatic patients.
  DERMAL EXPOSURE
    o   DECONTAMINATION:  Remove contaminated clothing and wash
        exposed  area thoroughly with soap and water.  A
        physician may need to  examine the area if irritation or
        pain persists.
    o   If frostbite has occurred, refer to dermal treatment in
        the main body of this document for rewarming.
Range of Toxicity:
  o   Freons are very toxic when inhaled in high concentrations
      and/or for extended periods.  At lower concentrations or
      brief exposure, freons may cause transient eye, nose, and
      throat irritation.  There is significant interpatient
      variation and it is difficult to predict which patient
      will exhibit symptoms following exposure.            

[Rumack BH: POISINDEX(R) Information System. Micromedex, Inc., Englewood, CO, 2001; CCIS Volume 110, edition exp November, 2001. Hall AH & Rumack BH (Eds):TOMES(R) Information System. Micromedex, Inc., Englewood, CO, 2001; CCIS Volume 110, edition exp November, 2001.] **PEER REVIEWED**

Antidote and Emergency Treatment:

... IF INHALATION OCCURS, EPINEPHRINE OR OTHER SYMPATHOMIMETIC AMINES & ADRENERGIC ACTIVATORS SHOULD NOT BE ADMIN SINCE THEY WILL FURTHER SENSITIZE HEART TO DEVELOPMENT OF ARRHYTHMIAS.
[Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1201]**PEER REVIEWED**

... In persons who are intoxicated with fluorocarbons, steps can be taken to lessen the risk of arrhythmias. ... Before evaluation at the hospital, patients should be advised to avoid strenuous exercise. In the hospital, patients can be placed in a quiet, nonthreatening environment and sedated if necessary. If hypoxic, oxygen should be administered and metabolic abnormalities corrected. Sympathomimetic drugs should be avoided. Ventricular arrhythmias are best treated with beta-blocking agents. /Fluorocarbons/
[Haddad, L.M., Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. 81]**PEER REVIEWED**

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations as needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Minimize physical activity and provide a quiet atmosphere. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. Rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Treat frostbite with rapid rewarming techniques ... . /Chlorinated fluorocarbons (CFCs) and related compounds/
[Bronstein, A.C., P.L. Currance; Emergency Care for Hazardous Materials Exposure. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO. Mosby Lifeline. 1994. 192]**PEER REVIEWED**

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or in respiratory arrest. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Treat seizures with diazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Chlorinated fluorocarbons (CFCs) and related compounds/
[Bronstein, A.C., P.L. Currance; Emergency Care for Hazardous Materials Exposure. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO. Mosby Lifeline. 1994. 192]**PEER REVIEWED**


Animal Toxicity Studies:

Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts:

THE CHIEF EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO ... /TRICHLOROTRIFLUOROETHANE/ ARE DEPRESSION OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND IRRITATION OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT. SUCH EFFECTS OCCUR IN ANIMALS AT CONCENTRATIONS ABOVE 12000 PPM. MILD LIVER CHANGES HAVE BEEN NOTICED AT LEVELS SOMEWHAT BELOW THIS.
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air. Third Edition, 1971. Cincinnati, Ohio: AmericanConference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1971. (Plus supplements to 1979) 267]**PEER REVIEWED**

GUINEA PIGS EXPOSED ... FOR PERIODS OF 5 MINUTES TO 2 HOURS SHOWED INCREASING SIGNS OF IRRITATION AND /CNS DEPRESSION/; NASAL IRRITATION WAS APPARENT IN 5 MINUTES AT 25000 PPM, AND LOSS OF COORDINATION AT 50000 PPM AFTER 30 MINUTES; DEATHS OCCURRED AFTER 1 HOUR AT THIS LEVEL.
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air. Third Edition, 1971. Cincinnati, Ohio: AmericanConference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1971. (Plus supplements to 1979) 267]**PEER REVIEWED**

SUBACUTE EXPOSURES OF RATS FOR 30 DAYS DURATION, SEVEN HOURS DAILY, FIVE DAYS EACH WEEK AT 2520 PPM SHOWED NO MORTALITY OR OTHER EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE. A SIMILAR STUDY ... AT 5000 PPM, ALTHOUGH SHOWING NO MORTALITY, INDICATED SOME EFFECTS ON THE LIVER.
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air. Third Edition, 1971. Cincinnati, Ohio: AmericanConference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1971. (Plus supplements to 1979) 267]**PEER REVIEWED**

/TRICHLOROTRIFLUOROETHANE/ ... PRODUCED NO IRRITATION ON THE ABRADED OR INTACT SKIN OF GUINEA PIGS, AND NO CORNEAL INJURY OR IRRITATION DURING A SUBSEQUENT 72-HOUR PERIOD.
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air. Third Edition, 1971. Cincinnati, Ohio: AmericanConference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1971. (Plus supplements to 1979) 267]**PEER REVIEWED**

... ACUTE INHALATION STUDIES OF RATS TO THE VAPOR FOR 6 HOURS SHOWED PULMONARY CHANGES AROUND LEVELS OF 30000 PPM, BUT NO MORTALITY UNTIL LEVELS AROUND 87000 PPM.
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air. Third Edition, 1971. Cincinnati, Ohio: AmericanConference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1971. (Plus supplements to 1979) 267]**PEER REVIEWED**

IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS VARIABLE DEGREES OF TACHYCARDIA, MYOCARDIAL DEPRESSION, AND HYPOTENSION HAVE BEEN DESCRIBED.
[Hamilton, A., and H. L. Hardy. Industrial Toxicology. 3rd ed. Acton, Mass.: Publishing Sciences Group, Inc., 1974. 293]**PEER REVIEWED**

INHALATION OF 0.5% FREON 113 BY UNANESTHETIZED BEAGLE DOGS WAS REQUIRED FOR CARDIAC SENSITIZATION. ARTERIAL BLOOD LEVEL ASSOC WITH EFFECT WAS 12.5 UG/L & VENOUS LEVEL WAS 4.9 UG/L.
[TROCHIMOWICZ HJ ET AL; J AM IND HYG ASSOC 35 (10): 632-9 (1974)]**PEER REVIEWED**

FREON 113 WAS INVESTIGATED FOR ITS ACTION ON PULMONARY SURFACTANT IN RATS. IN VITRO VENTILATION OF RAT LUNG WITH VAPORS PRODUCED ALVEOLAR INSTABILITY & ATELECTASIS. IT CAN DISSOLVE & DISPLACE LIPID PORTION OF ALVEOLAR SURFACTANT CAUSING ALVEOLAR INSTABILITY.
[ALARIE Y ET AL; TOXICOL APPL PHARMACOL 31 (2): 233-42 (1975)]**PEER REVIEWED**

TRICHLOROTRIFLUOROETHANE CAUSED TACHYCARDIA, HYPOTENSION IN ANESTHETIZED RHESUS MONKEYS WHEN INHALED @ 2.5-5%.
[AVIADO DM, SMITH DG; TOXICOL 3 (2): 241-52 (1975)]**PEER REVIEWED**

TRICHLOROTRIFLUOROETHANE @ 2.5 & 5% DEPRESSED VENTRICULAR FUNCTION IN HEART-LUNG PREPN FROM DOG.
[AVIADO DM, BELEJ M; TOXICOLOGY 3 (1): 78-86 (1975)]**PEER REVIEWED**

RABBITS WERE USED TO STUDY IRRITANT POWERS OF PRINCIPAL ALIPHATIC SOLVENTS ON SKIN & OCULAR MUCOSA. SOLVENTS TESTED WERE FOUND TO BE PRIMARY IRRITANTS WITH EXCEPTION OF TRICHLOROTRIFLUORO-1,1,2-ETHANE BUT THEIR EFFECTS ON SKIN & OCULAR MUCOSA DIFFER.
[DUPRAT ET AL; EUR J TOXICOL ENVIRON HYG 9 (3): 171-7 (1976)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Animal studies indicate low acute toxicity when FC-113 is inhaled. The LC50 for 4 hr exposure of rats range from 52000 to 68000 ppm, while 2 hr lethal concn for rats, guinea pigs, mice, and rabbits ranged from 50000 to 120000 ppm. FC 113 act like a weak ... /CNS depressant/ and has relatively strong sensitization potential compared to homologous fluorocarbons. ... In another study, rotobar-trained rats exposed at 11000-13000 ppm for 6 hr showed no decrement in performance; dogs showed vomiting, lethargy, nervousness, and tremors, all reversible within 15 min after exposure.
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I,II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991. 1631]**PEER REVIEWED**

When studied at doses below those causing maternal toxicity, FC 113 caused no changes in the offspring from pregnant rabbits exposed either by the oral or by nine daily two hr exposures at levels as high as 20000 ppm.
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I,II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991. 1632]**PEER REVIEWED**

Studies of 4 to 6-weeks duration, conducted at concn <25,000 ppm, reported variable findings. After 19 seven-hr exposures at 5000 ppm, some rats developed slight, diffuse, degenerative fatty infiltration; no such changes or other pathological findings were observed in three subsequent similar studies. No clinical, biochemical, or pathologic changes developed after twenty 3.5 hr daily exposures of rats & guinea pigs, or rats & dogs after 20 six-hr exposures at 5100 ppm or in rats after 30 seven-hr exposures at 2520 ppm; however, after inhaling 5000 ppm, 7 hr/day for 30 days, body-weight gain was depressed in the rat. After 14 days of continuous exposure of monkeys, dogs, mice, and rats at 2000 ppm, no adverse effects could be detected. The only morphologic & biochemical changes noted in male Wistar rats inhaling 1000 or 2000 ppm CFC-113, 6 hr/day, 5 days/week were proliferation of hepatic smooth endoplasmic reticulum & induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes.
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I,II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991. 1632]**PEER REVIEWED**

Instillation of undiluted CFC-113 produced no significant irritation in the rabbit eye. Topical application of 11,000 mg/kg was required to kill rabbits, but it was not irritating to the skin.
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I,II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991. 1631]**PEER REVIEWED**

CFC-113 is of low acute oral toxicity; it was necessary to give multiple doses in order to determine an LD50 value of 43 g/kg in male rats. Pulmonary hemorrhage & mottled livers were noted in rats that died; death occurred with in 5 to 24 hr. ... Rabbits appeared more susceptible; two of eight died after three doses of 1 g/kg/day, half the group died after one or four doses.
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I,II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991. 1631]**PEER REVIEWED**

An Ames bacterial mutagen test was negative.
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH:American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1986. 603]**PEER REVIEWED**

Various animal studies (non-human primates and dogs) have indicated that acute exposure to high concn of CFC-113 (as low as 2,000 ppm or 15,400 mg/cu m in a 6 hr exposure period) followed by a large injected dose of epinephrine resulted in cardiac arrhythmias.
[USEPA; Health Assessment Document for 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-Trifluoroethane p.2 (1983) EPA-600/58-82-002F]**PEER REVIEWED**

Preliminary data from ... a two yr chronic inhalation study in rats indicate no hepatotoxic effects attributable to CFC-113.
[USEPA; Health Assessment Document for 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-Trifluoroethane p.2 (1983) EPA-600/58-82-002F]**PEER REVIEWED**

... Chlorofluorocarbons could sensitize the canine myocardium to adrenaline, resulting in serious cardiac arrhythmias. /CFCs/
[Rom, W.N. (ed.). Environmental and Occupational Medicine. 2nd ed. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company, 1992. 1300]**PEER REVIEWED**

In most inhalation toxicity studies, CFC-113 caused no adverse effects, even after a 90 day exposure of rats to 155 g/cu m (20,000 ppm) and dogs to 40 g/cu m (5,000 ppm). However, effects in rats after 30 exposures (each of 7 hours) to 40 g/cu m (5,000 ppm) /were reported/.
[WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons p.66 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**

A pad saturated with CFC-113 was applied to an area corresponding to 10% of the body surface for 5 min, twice daily, for 10, 20, or 40 days. No changes occurred in the group exposed to 10 days. Increased vacuolization of liver endoplasmic reticulum was seen after 20 days exposure, which was less pronounced after 40 days, whereas swollen mitrochondria were only found after 20 days exposure.
[WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons p.73 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**

CFC-113 applied to rabbit skin at 5 g/kg per day for 5 days caused gross and histological damage to the skin as well as slight changes in the liver.
[WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons p.73 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Non-Human Toxicity Values:

LD50 Rat oral 43 g/kg
[Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996. 1698]**PEER REVIEWED**


Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics:

Absorption, Distribution & Excretion:

Arterial and venous concn of 3 C2 fluorocarbons were obtained in unanesthetized beagle dogs during and after 10 min of exposures. Blood concn increased rapidly during the 1st 5 min of exposure and more slowly or not at all thereafter. At termination of exposure, fluorocarbon blood concn decreased rapidly at 1st, followed by a more prolonged decline. An arterial-venous difference, observed during and after exposure, suggested a tissue uptake of fluorocarbon. Although a wide range of inspired concn 0.5% fluorocarbon 113, 2.5% fluorocarbon 114, and 15.0% fluorocarbon 115, is needed to produce cardiac sensitization, arterial or venous fluorocarbon concn associated with these sensitizing levels differ only slightly among the cmpds tested: 12.5, 13.8, and 5.8 ug/ml arterial and 4.9, 7.2 and 3.9 ug/ml venous respectively. Sensitizing blood levels from 25-35 ug/ml arterial and from 18-23 ug/ml venous were reported for C1 fluorocarbons 11 and 12.
[Trochimowicz et al; J Am Ind Hyg Assocc 35 (10): 632-9 (1974)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Human exposure to CFC 113 is predominantly by inhalation and most of it is rapidly cleared from the body by exhalation.
[USEPA; Health Assessment Document for 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-Trifluoroethane p.2 (1983) EPA-600/58-82-002F]**PEER REVIEWED**

Animal exposure studies indicate that CFC 113 partitions preferentially into lipid-rich tissues and is poorly metabolized. Loss of CFC 113 from all tissues is rapid during post-exposure periods with virtually 100% clearance within 24 hr after cessation of acute exposure.
[USEPA; Health Assessment Document for 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-Trifluoroethane p.2 (1983) EPA-600/58-82-002F]**PEER REVIEWED**

Human & animal studies indicate rapid excretion of inhaled FC-114. In a study with radiolabeled FC-114, 30 min retention of the dose inhaled in a single breath was 12% versus 23%, 10%, & 20% for comparable doses of FC-11, FC-12, and FC-113, respectively.
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I,II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991. 444]**PEER REVIEWED**

... MAIN FACTOR AFFECTING FATE OF FLUOROCARBONS IS BODY FAT, WHERE THEY ARE CONCENTRATED & SLOWLY RELEASED INTO BLOOD @ CONCN THAT SHOULD NOT CAUSE ANY RISK OF CARDIAC SENSITIZATION. /FLUOROCARBONS/
[National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health Volume 1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977. 781]**PEER REVIEWED**

There is a significant accumulation of fluorocarbons in brain, liver and lung compared to blood levels, signifying a tissue distribution of fluorocarbons similar to that of chloroform.
[Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1203]**PEER REVIEWED**

Abosrption of fluorocarbons is much lower after oral ingestion (35-48 times) than after inhalation. ... The lung generally have the highest fluorocarbon concentrations on autopsy. /Fluorocarbons/
[Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 1988. 884]**PEER REVIEWED**

Although fluorocarbons cause cardiac sensitization in certain animal species, rapid elimination prevents the development of cardiotoxic concentrations from aerosol bronchodilator use except at exceedingly high doses (12 to 24 doses in 2 minutes). /Fluorocarbons/
[Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 1988. 884]**PEER REVIEWED**

FLUOROCARBON COMPOUNDS ARE LIPID-SOLUBLE AND THUS ARE GENERALLY WELL ABSORBED THROUGH LUNG. ABSORPTION AFTER INGESTION IS 35 TO 48 TIMES LOWER THAN AFTER INHALATION. ... FLUOROCARBONS ARE ELIMINATED BY WAY OF LUNG. /FLUOROCARBON COMPOUNDS/
[National Research Council. Drinking Water and Health. Volume 3. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1980. 101]**PEER REVIEWED**

The retention and elimination of 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane was examined in seven human volunteers by measuring FC 113 in blood and breath during and after a 4 hour inhalation exposure period. In a pilot study a single volunteer was exposed to a target concentration of 7600 mg/cu m. In the main study two groups of three subjects were exposed to 1900 and 3800 mg/cu m. Low blood/breath ratios were noted which were consistent with the low solubility of FC 113 in the blood. While pulmonary retention during the exposure period was 14%, only 2.6 to 4.3% of the dose was recovered unchanged in breath after the exposure period, suggesting that FC 113 could be metabolized following inhalation. It was suggested that the measurement of end tidal breath concentrations of FC 113 could serve as the basis of a biological monitoring method. If results are normalized to the body fat content of individual workers, as estimated from height and weight measurements, the predictive value of such a measurement would be improved.
[Woollen BH et al; Internat Arch Occupat Environ Health 62 (1): 73-8 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**

... >50% of an inspired 7 mg of CFC-113 inhaled as a single dose was exhaled immediately; 19.8% was retained after 30 min. When four men inhaled 500 ppm CFC-113, 6 hr/day for 5 days, only 4 of 20 morning breath samples contained >1 ppm. When these same volunteers inhaled 1000 ppm under the same protocol the following week, 14 of 20 morning samples of exhaled air showed concn >1 ppm. No trend indicative of CFC-113 accumulation in the body could be discerned, & at 2 days after cessation of exposure, only one sample of expired air contained measurable quantities of the compound. Breath-holding trials of inspired CFC-113 found that total excretion in expired air after 1 hr was 63% of the inhaled compound, a value corresponding to an elimination half-time of 17 min. Urinary excretion accounted for <0.01%/ min. Even after exposure at 10,000 ppm, the compound was eliminated entirely within 3 months.
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I,II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991. 1633]**PEER REVIEWED**


Interactions:

The interaction of Freon 113 and hypoxia on the heart conduction system was investigated by using the isolated perfused hearts from Wistar rats. The mean preexposure heart rate was 214.8 beats per minute and the mean preexposure atrioventricular conduction time (PQ interval was 42.9 milliseconds. Freon 113 alone elicited significant change to control levels in heart rate which was enhanced by the coadministration of hypoxia. An enhanced delayed PQ interval was noted following coadministration of Freon 113 and hypoxia, although significant PQ interval changes were noted with Freon 113 alone or with hypoxia alone. In the coadministration group, a 2:1 atrioventricular block was elicited in two of four hearts. It was suggested that in occupational deaths among Freon 113 workers, there may be complex interactions between hypoxia, enhanced cardiac sensitivity to circulating epinephrine, and direct alterations of cardiac muscle cell membrane potentials which result in arrhythmias following Freon 113 exposures.
[Kawakami T et al; Toxicol Indust Health 6 (3/4): 493-8 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Pharmacology:

Interactions:

The interaction of Freon 113 and hypoxia on the heart conduction system was investigated by using the isolated perfused hearts from Wistar rats. The mean preexposure heart rate was 214.8 beats per minute and the mean preexposure atrioventricular conduction time (PQ interval was 42.9 milliseconds. Freon 113 alone elicited significant change to control levels in heart rate which was enhanced by the coadministration of hypoxia. An enhanced delayed PQ interval was noted following coadministration of Freon 113 and hypoxia, although significant PQ interval changes were noted with Freon 113 alone or with hypoxia alone. In the coadministration group, a 2:1 atrioventricular block was elicited in two of four hearts. It was suggested that in occupational deaths among Freon 113 workers, there may be complex interactions between hypoxia, enhanced cardiac sensitivity to circulating epinephrine, and direct alterations of cardiac muscle cell membrane potentials which result in arrhythmias following Freon 113 exposures.
[Kawakami T et al; Toxicol Indust Health 6 (3/4): 493-8 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Environmental Fate & Exposure:

Environmental Fate/Exposure Summary:

1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane's former production and use as solvent may have resulted in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Fully halogenated chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), such as 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane, were scheduled for production phase-out in 1987 by the Montreal Protocol. Although originally scheduled for 50% production phase-out by the year 2000 in developed countries, the worsening ozone depletion has forced acceleration of the CFC phase-out. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 363 mm Hg at 25 deg C indicates 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. This compound does not react with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals, ozone molecules or nitrate radicals in the troposphere. This compound will gradually diffuse into the stratosphere above the ozone layer where it will slowly degrade due to direct photolysis from UV-C radiation and contribute to the catalytic removal of stratospheric ozone. If released to soil, 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane is expected to have moderate mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 316. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 5.3X10-1 atm-cu m/mole. 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. If released into water, 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane is expected to adsorb slightly to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Biodegradation in water is not an important environmental fate process; however, some loss was noted under anoxic groundwater conditions. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4 hrs and 5 days, respectively. Hydrolysis is not expected to occur due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups. A BCF range of 11 to 86 suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to moderate. Occupational exposure to 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane is produced or used. Due to its long atmospheric residence time, the general population is exposed to 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane through inhalation of ambient air. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may also be exposed to 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane via ingestion of contaminated water, and via inhalation and dermal contact with this compound and other consumer products containing 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane. (SRC)
**PEER REVIEWED**


Probable Routes of Human Exposure:

Routes of entry inhalation, ingestion, skin & eye contact.
[Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 1985. 2nd ed. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation, 1985. 889]**PEER REVIEWED**

... 50 workers at the Kennedy Space Center exposed to levels ranging from 46 to 4700 ppm for an overall average duration of 2.77 yr /were examined/. There were no signs or symptoms of adverse effects.
[Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. 3092]**PEER REVIEWED**

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 250,773 workers (79,790 of these are female) are potentially exposed to 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane in the US(1). Occupational exposure to 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where it is produced or used. Due to its long atmospheric residence time, the general population is exposed to 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane through inhalation of ambient air. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may also be exposed to 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane via ingestion of contaminated water, and via inhalation and dermal contact with this compound and other consumer products containing this compound(SRC).
[(1) NIOSH; National Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES) (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Average Daily Intake:

The average daily in take of 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane in air, (assume 13-31 parts/trillion(1,2)) is 2.0-4.8 ug/day(SRC).
[(1) Fabian P et al; J Geophys Res 90: 13091-3 (1985) (2) Brodzinsky R, Singh HB; pp. 23-184 in Volatile Organic Chemicals in the Atmosphere: An Assessment of Available Data Menlo Park, CA: SRI International (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Artificial Pollution Sources:

... Common operations in which exposure to 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane may occur ...: use as selective solvent in degreasing electrical equipment, photographic films, magnetic tapes, precision instruments, plastics, glass, elastomers, or metal components; as dry cleaning solvent for all fabrics, leather, & suedes; use as refrigerant in commercial/industrial air conditioning and industrial process cooling; use as chemical intermediate for dechloronization of chemicals in the mfg of polymers, and copolymers in prodn of high-temp lubricants; use as a foaming or blowing agent in mfg of polymers for flame retardancy; use as a solvent in textile industry; and as a solvent in special lab usage.
[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 3]**PEER REVIEWED**

In cleaning and drying operations, two types of solvent losses occur: (1) escape in vapor form and (2) in liquid form when tanks are emptied for cleaning.
[USEPA; Health Assessment Document for 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-Trifluoroethane p.2 (1983) EPA-600/58-82-002F]**PEER REVIEWED**

1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane may be released to the environment as emissions from production, storage, transport; from turbine engine exhaust; from use as a foaming agent, refrigerant, and solvent, or use in the manufacture of fluoropolymers(1,2,SRC). 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane together with Freon 114, Freon 115, and Freon 13 contain about 3% of the organically bound chlorine present in the atmosphere(2). The global release rate of Freon 113 is estimated to be 9.1X10+4 tons per year, which corresponds with a 15% annual increase in the abundance of Freon 113 in the atmosphere(2). This compound may be released to soil from the disposal of products containing this compound(SRC). These products include mobile air conditioners, retail food refrigeration units, and centrifugal and reciprocating chillers(3).
[(1) Graedel TE; Chemical Compounds in the Atmosphere NY: Academic Press p. 327 (1978) (2) Fabian P; pp. 23-51 in The Handbook of Environmetal of Environmental Chemistry, Vol 4/Part A; Hutzinger O ed NY, NY: Springer-Veralg (1986) (3) Clayton GD, Clayton FE eds; pp. 3102-3 in Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology Vol IIb 3rd ed NY, NY: Wiley and Sons (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane's production and use as a solvent in dry cleaning(1) and circuit board production(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Fully halogenated chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) such as 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane were scheduled for production phase-out in 1987 by the Montreal Protocol(3). Although originally scheduled for 50% production phase-out by the year 2000 in developed countries, the worsening ozone depletion has forced acceleration of the CFC phase-out(3).
[(1) Lewis RJ Sr, ed; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. NY, NY: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. p. 1127 (1997) (2) Daigle S et al; Ullmann's Encycl Indust Chem. 5th ed. Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH Pub, A9: 290 (1987) (3) Sibley HW; Kirk-Othmer Encycl Chem Technol 4th. NY, NY: Wiley Interscience 21: 128-149 (1997)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Environmental Fate:

Because CFC 113 has very limited solubility in water and is highly volatile, all releases of CFC 113 can be expected to be eventually conveyed to the atmosphere.
[USEPA; Health Assessment Document for 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-Trifluoroethane p.2 (1983) EPA-600/58-82-002F]**PEER REVIEWED**

ATMOSPHERIC: Because it is essentially inert in the troposphere, CFC 113 is transported slowly to the stratosphere. While CFC 113 has some potential to perturb stratospheric ozone, there is presently no evidence demonstrating that any indirect effects of CFC 113 on human health has or is likely to occur as a result of ozone perturbation.
[USEPA; Health Assessment Document for 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-Trifluoroethane p.2 (1983) EPA-600/58-82-002F]**PEER REVIEWED**

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of an 316(2) indicates that 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5.26X10-1 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), based upon its vapor pressure, 363 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 170 mg/l(4). The potential for volatilization of 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(3). 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane was degraded under anaerobic landfill conditions using an anoxic landfill leachate microcosm(2), suggesting this compound may biodegrade in soils under anaerobic conditions(SRC).
[(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983) (2) Jackson RE et al; pp. 511-26 in Environ Sci Pollut Control Ser 4(Groundwater Contam Anal Haz Waste Sites). Lesage S, Jackson RE, eds. NY, NY: M Dekker (1992) (3) Boublik T et al; The Vapour Pressures of Pure Substances. 2nd Rev Ed, Amsterdam: Elsevier p. 74 (1984) (4) Horvath AL et al; J Phys Chem Ref Data 28: 395-507 (1999)]**PEER REVIEWED**

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 316(2) indicates that 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(4) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5.26X10-1 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), based upon its vapor pressure, 363 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 170 mg/l(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(5), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4 hrs and 5 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), BCFs of 11-86(7) suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to moderate. The compound is non-biodegradable under aerobic conditions(7), however biodegradation was observed in anoxic groundwater studies(8).
[(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983) (2) Jackson RE et al; pp. 511-26 in Environ Sci Pollut Control Ser 4(Groundwater Contam Anal Haz Waste Sites). Lesage S, Jackson RE, eds. NY, NY: M Dekker (1992) (3) Boublik T et al; The Vapour Pressures of Pure Substances. 2nd Rev Ed, Amsterdam: Elsevier p. 74 (1984) (4) Horvath AL et al; J Phys Chem Ref Data 28: 395-507 (1999) (5) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-9, 15-1 to 15-29 (1990) (6) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994) (7) Chemicals Inspection and Testing Institute; Biodegradation and bioaccumulation data of existing chemicals based on the CSCL Japan. Japan Chemical Industry Ecology - Toxicology and Information Center. ISBN 4-89074-101-1 p. 2-22 (1992) (8) Semprini L et al; Environ Sci Technol 26: 2454-61 (1992)]**PEER REVIEWED**

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane, which has a vapor pressure of 363 mm Hg at 25 deg C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. The moderate water solubility of 170 mg/l suggests that some loss by wet deposition occurs, but any loss by this mechanism is probably returned to the atmosphere by volatilization. 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane will not degrade in the troposphere, thus diffusion from the troposphere to the stratosphere would be the sole removal mechanism (half-life 20 years(4)). This compound will gradually diffuse into the stratosphere above the ozone layer where it will slowly degrade due to direct photolysis from UV-C radiation and contribute to the catalytic removal of stratospheric ozone. The stratospheric lifetime of this compound ranges between 63 and 122 years(5). As a result of this persistence in the atmosphere(5), this vapor-phase compound can be transported long distances and therefore, its concn should be fairly uniform throughout the globe away from known sources(SRC).
[(1) Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-367 (1988) (2) Boublik T et al; The Vapour Pressures of Pure Substances. 2nd Rev Ed, Amsterdam: Elsevier p. 74 (1984) (3) Horvath AL et al; J Phys Chem Ref Data 28: 395-507 (1999) (4) Dilling WL; pp. 154-97 in Environmental Risk Analysis for Chemicals. Conway RA, ed. NY, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co (1982) (5) Chou CC et al; J Phys Chem 82: 1-7 (1978)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Environmental Biodegradation:

AEROBIC: 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane, present at 100 mg/l, reached 0-5% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/l and the Japanese MITI test(1). Therefore this compound is not expected to biodegrade rapidly.
[(1) Chemicals Inspection and Testing Institute; Biodegradation and bioaccumulation data of existing chemicals based on the CSCL Japan. Japan Chemical Industry Ecology - Toxicology and Information Center. ISBN 4-89074-101-1 p. 2-22 (1992)]**PEER REVIEWED**

ANAEROBIC: Using a 1,1,1-trichloroethane, CFC-11, and 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane contaminated shallow sand and gravel aquifer at the Moffett Field Naval Air Station in Mountain View, CA, an average 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane concn of 0.0062 mg/l was 8, 20 , and 18% transformed along 3 well sampling sites for the period between 1450 and 1550 hrs after commencing biostimulation through the addition of acetate(1). This compound appears to be persistent in groundwater but biotransforms to a very toxic vinyl chloride analogue(2). The half-life of 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane in an anoxic landfill leachate microcosm study was 5.3 days at 21 deg C(2).
[(1) Semprini L et al; Environ Sci Technol 26: 2454-61 (1992) (2) Jackson RE et al; pp. 511-26 in Environ Sci Pollut Control Ser 4(Groundwater Contam Anal Haz Waste Sites). Lesage S, Jackson RE, eds. NY, NY: M Dekker (1992)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Environmental Abiotic Degradation:

1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(1,2). 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane is essentially inert to reaction with photochemically generated radicals and ozone molecules(3,4). This compound will not undergo direct photolysis in the troposphere(5). The stratospheric lifetime of 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane has been estimated to range from 63 and 122 years with direct photolysis being the dominant removal mechanism and reaction with singlet oxygen being the secondary removal mechanism(6). In the stratosphere this compound will slowly photolyze to release chlorine atoms which in turn participates in the catalytic removal of stratospheric ozone(5). The infrared intensity for 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane is 4,905 sq cm/atm, which, in combination with its long atmospheric lifetime(6), contribute to its greenhouse potential(7). 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane has a GWP (greenhouse warming potential) of 1.24(8).
[(1) Du Pont de Nemours Co; Freon Products Information B-2; A98825 12/80 (1980) (2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7- 4, 7-5 (1990) (3) Atkinson R; Chem Rev 85: 69-201 (1985) (4) GEMS; Graphical Exposure Modeling System. FAP Fate of Atmos Pollut (1986) (5) Makide T et al; Chem Lett 4: 355-8 (1979) (6) Chou CC et al; J Phys Chem 82: 1-7 (1978) (7) Rogers JD, Stephens RD; J Geophys Res 93: 2423-8 (1988) (8) Montague DC, Perrine RL; Atmos Environ 24A: 1331-9 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Environmental Bioconcentration:

BCFs of 11-33 and 14-86 were measured for 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane at concns of 0.198 and 0.0198 mg/l, respectively(1). According to a classification scheme(2), these BCF values suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to moderate.
[(1) Chemicals Inspection and Testing Institute; Biodegradation and bioaccumulation data of existing chemicals based on the CSCL Japan. Japan Chemical Industry Ecology - Toxicology and Information Center. ISBN 4-89074-101-1 p. 2-22 (1992) (2) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Soil Adsorption/Mobility:

The Koc of 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane has been estimated as 316(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane is expected to have moderate mobility in soil. Because of its density in both the liquid and vapor phases, 1.565 and 4.46 respectively, 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane sinks rapidly through soils to the water table(1).
[(1) Jackson RE et al; pp. 511-26 in Environ Sci Pollut Control Ser 4(Groundwater Contam Anal Haz Waste Sites). Lesage S, Jackson RE, eds. NY, NY: M Dekker (1992) (2) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Volatilization from Water/Soil:

The Henry's Law constant for 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane is estimated as 5.3X10-1 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure, 363 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 170 mg/l(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 4 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 5 days(SRC). Half-lives in ponds, lakes, and rivers were estimated at 10.3-4.9, 11.4-3.8, and 11.4-0.1 days, respectively, using an estimated transfer rate of 12.2 cm/h(4). 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane's Henry's Law constant(1,2) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).
[(1) Boublik T et al; The Vapour Pressures of Pure Substances. 2nd Rev Ed, Amsterdam: Elsevier p. 74 (1984) (2) Horvath AL et al; J Phys Chem Ref Data 28: 395-507 (1999) (3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990) (4) Okouchi S; Environ Inter 18: 389-96 (1992)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Environmental Water Concentrations:

GROUNDWATER: Because of its density in both the liquid and vapor phases, 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane rapidly sinks through soils, penetrates the water table, and pools on low permeability units(3). 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane was detected in a small percentage of 2948 groundwater samples collected from the continuous United States between 1985 and 1995 at a concn ranging from 0.4 to 10 ug/l, median 0.5 ug.l in 3.1% of 406 wells in urban areas, and at a median concn of 0.2 ug.l in 0.1% of 2,542 wells in rural areas(1). Trace amounts were detected in 6.3% of 320 groundwater samples in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, concns ranging from 0.0001-0.19 mg/l(2). 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane was detected in samples from two monitoring wells in the Gloucester landfill in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada at concns of 2725 and 200 ug/l, and 903 and 234 ug/l in 1988 and 1989, respectively(3).
[(1) Squillace PJ et al; Environ Sci Technol 33: 4176-87 (1999) (2) Itoh S et al; Kanagawa-ken Eisei Kenkyusho Kenkyu Hokoku (19): 44-6 (1989) (3) Jackson RE et al; pp. 511-26 in Environ Sci Pollut Control Ser 4(Groundwater Contam Anal Haz Waste Sites). Lesage S, Jackson RE, eds. NY, NY: M Dekker (1992)]**PEER REVIEWED**

SURFACE WATER: 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane was detected in water samples taken from the Niagara River and Cayuhoga River(1); it was not detected in water samples taken from Lake Ontario(1). 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane was detected, not quantified in Antarctic surface seawater samples collected from October to mid-December, 1987(2). The concns of dissolved 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane in seawater from the northeast Atlantic Ocean, above the Porcupine Abyssal Plain, on February 5, 1991 were 2.8 pMol/l at 0 db pressure, 1.5 pMol/l at 100 db, and 0.2 pMol/l at 1500 db(3).
[(1) Great Lakes Water Quality Board; in An Inventory of Chemical Substances Identified in the Great Lakes Ecosystem Vol.1-Summary Windsor, Ontario: Great Lakes Quality Board (1983) (2) Reifenhauser W, Heumann KG; Chemospere 24: 1293-300 (1992) (3) Haine TWN et al; J Geophys Res 100: 10,745-53 (1995)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Effluent Concentrations:

The annual emissions of 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane were estimated at 100 million kg/yr, increasing exponentially at 5% per year from 1981 through 1988(1). Of the total evaporative losses of 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane from cleaning and electronic maintenance operations at the Newark AFB, Ohio, 73% was from spraying/flushing booths, 21% was from ultrasonic cleaners, 4.3% from degreasers, and 1.7% from brushing/wiping and miscellaneous(2). 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane concns in samples from six municipal solid waste landfills in Hamburg, Germany ranged from not detected to 0.01 mg/kg(3). The range in landfill gas from seven U.K. municipal waste disposal sites was <0.5 to 74 mg/cu m(4).
[(1) Khalil MAK, Rasmussen RA; Chem Geol 70: 99 (1988) (2) Brewer PJ et al; Solvent chemical inventory of the Newark AFB Building 4 facility. Mountain View, CA: Acurex Corp. AFESC/ESL-TR-90-31, NTIS AD-A242320 pp. 44 (1990) (3) Deipser A, Stegmann R; Waste Manage Res 12: 129-39 (1994) (4) Allen MR et al; Environ Sci Technol 31: 1054-61 (1997)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Atmospheric Concentrations:

The World Meteorological Organization ... reported a current global annual emissions rate of about 91,000 metric tons.
[USEPA; Health Assessment Document for 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-Trifluoroethane p.2 (1983) EPA-600/58-82-002F]**PEER REVIEWED**

The World Meteorological Organization reported that ambient air levels are in the range of 12 to 25 parts/trillion in the northern hemisphere and 11 to 22 parts/trillion in the southern hemisphere. Based on measurements made in the USA, CFC-113 background levels are generally less than 20 parts/trillion.
[USEPA; Health Assessment Document for 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-Trifluoroethane p.2 (1983) EPA-600/58-82-002F]**PEER REVIEWED**

The global growth rate of 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane is estimated to have averaged 3.1 parts/trillion/year from 1991 through 1993(1).
[(1) Reifenhauser W, Heumann KG; Chemospere 24: 1293-300 (1992)]**PEER REVIEWED**

URBAN/SUBURBAN: 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane was detected in air samples collected throughout the U.S. between 1973 and 1980: rural/remote locations, 284 data points, median concn 31 parts/trillion, mean concn 28 parts/trillion; urban/suburban areas, 851 data points, median concn 170 parts/trillion, mean concn 220 parts/trillion(1). It was detected in "clean air" samples collected in central California May 1975, avg concn 19.9 parts/trillion(2), and in air samples collected in the San Francisco area during winter 1975, 274 samples, 100% pos., avg concn 16.9 parts/trillion(3). Samples from Downey, CA (February 1984), Houston, TX (March 1984), Denver, CO (March 1984), San Jose, CA (April 1985, August 1985, and Decemeber 1985) contained mean concns of 118, 58, 41, 1256, 616, and 1211 parts per trillion, respectively(6). In a study conducted in the Aichi prefecture, Japan, it was concluded that chlorofluorocarbon concns were generally higher in urban areas with more precision machine or metalworking industries than in rural areas(4). Air concns of 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane in samples from Teipei, Taiwan were uniform and close to background levels 90 and 85 parts/trillion volume, respectively, suggesting emissions were of little importance(5).
[(1) Brodzinsky R, Singh HB; p. 23, 184 in Volatile Organic Chemicals in the Atmosphere: An Assessment of Available Data Menlo Park, CA: SRI International (1982) (2) Singh HB et al; Atmos Environ 11: 819-28 (1977) (3) Singh HB et al; J Air Pollut Control Assoc 27: 332-6 (1977) (4) Otsuka H et al; Aichi-ken Kogai Chosa Senta Shoho 19: 10-7 (1991) (5) Wang JL et al; Chemosphere 36: 2391-400 (1998) (6) Singh HB et al; Atmos Environ 26A: 2929-46 (1992)]**PEER REVIEWED**

RURAL/REMOTE: During 1978, the average concn of 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane in ambient air in the Northern and Southern hemispheres was 13 and 12 parts per trillion, respectively(1). Samples from the Aichi Prefecture, Japan sampled monthly from October 1990 to March 1991 had a mean concn of 0.14 ppb. This is 5 times greater than the tropospheric background concn for the northern hemisphere(2). 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane surface level atmospheric concns in the mid-lattitude northern hemisphere in Hokkaido, Japan for the period of 1979-1991 has slowly risen from 100 parts per trillion volume in 1979 to 150 parts per trillion volume in 1991(3). Concns in Anarctica during the same time period, while lower, showed the same linear increase(3). The average global tropospheric concn of 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane was estimated at 70 parts per trillion volume in 1990(3). Mean concn from July 1984 to June 1989 at Cape Meares, OR; Ragged Point, Barbados; Cape Matatulaa, Samoa; Cape Grim, Tasmania; and archived air, Cape Grin were 53.1; 48.8; 46.2; 44.2; and 44.2 parts per trillion, respectively(4). Mean concns from July 1989 to June 1994 at Mace Head, Ireland; Ragged Point, Barbados; Cape Grim, Tasmania; and archived air, Cape Grim were 80.3; 78.5; 72.8; and 72.9 parts per trillion, respectively(4). 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane was detected, not quantified in Antarctic marine air samples collected from October to mid-December, 1987(5). The compound was detected, not quantified in air samples from the forest at Eggegebirge in North Rhine-Westfalia, Germany(6). Atmospheric concns were 0 and 0.07 ppb volume in 1960 and 1990, respectively(7). Stratospheric air sample analysis showed an average 1882 through 1984 midlatitude concn of 23 parts per trillion volume at the tropopause to 1 part per trillion at 32 km(8).
[(1) Fabian P et al; J Geophys Res 90: 13091-3 (1985) (2) Otsuka H et al; Aichi-ken Kogai Chosa Senta Shoho 19: 10-7 (1991) (3) Tominaga T; Pure Appl Chem 64: 529-536 (1992) (4) Fraser P et al; J Geophys Res 101: 12585-99 (1996) (5) Reifenhauser W, Heumann KG; Chemospere 24: 1293-300 (1992) (6) Helmig D et al; Chemopshere 19: 1399-412 (1989) (7) McCarty PL, Reinhard M; pp. 839-52 in The biogeochemistry of global change: radiative trace gases. Oremland RS, ed. NY, NY: Chapman Hall (1993) (8) Borchers R et al; Planet Space Sci 35: 657-63 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**

SOURCE DOMINATED: 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane was detected between 1978 to 1982 in factory samples collected from various industries in Germany at a 1.5% detection frequency(1).
[(1) Lehmann E et al; pp. 31-41 in Safety Health Aspects Org Solvents. Riihimake V, Ulfvarson U, eds. NY, NY: Alan R Liss, Inc (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Other Environmental Concentrations:

Average 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane concns are as follows (%hit, concn % w/w, class): 1.8, 0.1, automotive products; 1.8, 49.7, household cleaners; 1.9, 2.4, paint-related products; 4.4, 1.7, fabric and leather treatments; 20.3, 57.3 cleaners for electronic equipment; 5.4, 1.0, oils, greases, and lubricants; 2.6, 0.2, adhesive-related products; 7.0, 79.5, miscellaneous products(1).
[(1) Sack TM et al; Atmos Environ 26A: 1063-70 (1992)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Environmental Standards & Regulations:

TSCA Requirements:

Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane is included on this list.
[40 CFR 716.120 (7/1/2000)]**PEER REVIEWED**


CERCLA Reportable Quantities:

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 5000 lb or 2270 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802; In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).
[40 CFR 302.4 (7/1/2000)]**PEER REVIEWED**


RCRA Requirements:

F002; When 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane is a spent halogenated solvent, it is classified as a hazardous waste from a nonspecific source (F002), as stated in 40 CFR 261.31, and must be managed according to state and/or federal hazardous waste regulations.
[40 CFR 261.31 (7/1/2000)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Atmospheric Standards:

This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2,-trifluoroethane is produced, as an intermediate or a final product, by process units covered under this subpart.
[40 CFR 60.489 (7/1/2000)]**PEER REVIEWED**


State Drinking Water Standards:

(CA) CALIFORNIA 1200 ug/l
[USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93)] **QC REVIEWED**


State Drinking Water Guidelines:

(FL) FLORIDA 500,000 ug/l
[USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93)] **QC REVIEWED**

(MA) MASSACHUSETTS 210000 ug/l
[USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93)] **QC REVIEWED**

(MI) MICHIGAN 190,000 ug/l
[USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93)] **QC REVIEWED**

(MN) MINNESOTA 200000 ug/l
[USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93)] **QC REVIEWED**


Chemical/Physical Properties:

Molecular Formula:

C2-Cl3-F3
**PEER REVIEWED**


Molecular Weight:

187.38
[Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 79th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1998-1999.,p. 3-157]**PEER REVIEWED**


Color/Form:

Colorless gas
[Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. Vol 1-3 7th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1989. 1775]**PEER REVIEWED**

Volatile liquid
[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997. 1127]**PEER REVIEWED**

Colorless to water-white liquid ... [Note: A gas above 118 degrees F].
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 316]**PEER REVIEWED**

Clear, dense, colorless liquid
[Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol A1: Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985 to Present.,p. VA9 (87) 290]**PEER REVIEWED**


Odor:

Nearly odorless
[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997. 1127]**PEER REVIEWED**

Odor like carbon tetrachloride at high concentrations
[Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 1985. 2nd ed. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation, 1985. 888]**PEER REVIEWED**

Faint solvent odor
[Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol A1: Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985 to Present.,p. VA9 (87) 290]**PEER REVIEWED**


Boiling Point:

47.7 deg C
[Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 79th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1998-1999.,p. 3-157]**PEER REVIEWED**


Melting Point:

-35 deg C
[Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 79th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1998-1999.,p. 3-157]**PEER REVIEWED**


Corrosivity:

... 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane will attack some forms of plastics, rubber, & coatings.
[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 2]**PEER REVIEWED**


Critical Temperature & Pressure:

Critical temperature: 214.3 deg C; critical pressure: 3.42 MPa
[Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 79th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1998-1999.,p. 6-49]**PEER REVIEWED**


Density/Specific Gravity:

1.5635 @ 25 deg C/4 deg C
[Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 79th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1998-1999.,p. 3-157]**PEER REVIEWED**


Heat of Vaporization:

28.4 kJ/mol @ 25 deg C
[Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 79th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1998-1999.,p. 6-104]**PEER REVIEWED**


Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient:

log Kow= 3.16
[Hansch, C., Leo, A., D. Hoekman. Exploring QSAR - Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society., 1995. 3]**PEER REVIEWED**


Solubilities:

Soluble in ethanol. Miscible in ethyl ether and benzene.
[Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 79th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1998-1999.,p. 3-157]**PEER REVIEWED**

In water, 170 mg/l @ 25 deg C
[Horvath AL et al; J Phys Chem Ref Data 28: 395-507 (1999)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Spectral Properties:

Index of refraction: 1.3557 @ 25 deg C/D
[Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 79th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1998-1999.,p. 3-157]**PEER REVIEWED**

SADTLER REF NUMBER: 23717 (IR, PRISM); 10998 (IR, GRATING)
[Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 60th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1979.,p. C-294]**PEER REVIEWED**

UV absorbance, maxima: 1.00 at 231 nm; 0.20 at 240 nm; 0.01 at 260-400 nm. /Photrex reagent, 1.00 cm path vs distilled water/
[JT Baker Chemical Co; Reagents and Laboratory Products Catalog 860C p.143 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

IR: 1925 (Coblentz Society Spectral Collection)
[Weast, R.C. and M.J. Astle. CRC Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volumes I and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985.,p. V1 607]**PEER REVIEWED**

MASS: 1277 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons, New York)
[Weast, R.C. and M.J. Astle. CRC Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volumes I and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985.,p. V1 607]**PEER REVIEWED**


Surface Tension:

0.0196 N/m @ 20 deg C
[Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol A1: Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985 to Present.,p. VA9 (87) 51]**PEER REVIEWED**


Vapor Density:

6.5 (Air= 1)
[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 2]**PEER REVIEWED**


Vapor Pressure:

363 mm Hg @ 25 deg C
[Boublik, T., Fried, V., and Hala, E., The Vapour Pressures of Pure Substances. Second Revised Edition. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1984. 74]**PEER REVIEWED**


Relative Evaporation Rate:

>1 (Butyl acetate= 1)
[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 2]**PEER REVIEWED**

1.3 (Ether= 1)
[Flick, E.W. Industrial Solvents Handbook. 3rd ed. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Publications, 1985. 87]**PEER REVIEWED**

170 (CCl4= 100)
[Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol A1: Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985 to Present.,p. VA9 (87) 51]**PEER REVIEWED**


Viscosity:

0.497 mPa.s @ 48.9 deg C (liq); 0.0108 mPa.s @ 49 deg C (gas)
[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present.,p. V11 (94) 512]**PEER REVIEWED**


Other Chemical/Physical Properties:

Dielectric constant at 60 Hz= 2.41
[Flick, E.W. Industrial Solvents Handbook. 3rd ed. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Publications, 1985. 87]**PEER REVIEWED**

Volume resistivity= 1x10+16 ohm/cm
[Flick, E.W. Industrial Solvents Handbook. 3rd ed. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Publications, 1985. 87]**PEER REVIEWED**

Critical volume= 325 cu cm/mol; critical density= 0.576 g/cu m; density of saturated vapor at boiling point= 7.38 g/l: solubility of water in freon 113 @ 25 deg C= 0.011 (wt%)
[Lide, D.R. (ed). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 72nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1991-1992.,p. 6-172]**PEER REVIEWED**

Ozone Depleting Potential: 0.8
[Environmental Defense Fund; Environmental Defense Scorecard on 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane (76-13-1). Available from the Database Query page at http://www.scorecard.org/chemical-profiles/ as of July 27, 2000.]**PEER REVIEWED**

GWP (greenhouse warming potential) = 1.24
[Montague DC, Perrine RL; Atmos Environ 24A: 1331-9 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Chemical Safety & Handling:

Odor Threshold:

Odor detection in air: 4.5x10+1 ppm; odor recognition in air: 6.8x10+1 ppm /Purities not specified/
[Fazzalari, F.A. (ed.). Compilation of Odor and Taste Threshold Values Data. ASTM Data Series DS 48A (Committee E-18). Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials, 1978. 159]**PEER REVIEWED**

Low: 342 mg/cu m; High: 1026 mg/cu m /From table/
[Ruth JH; Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 47: A-142-51 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:

... May cause irritation of eyes & throat. ... 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane on prolonged or repeated contact with skin may cause skin irritation.
[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 1]**PEER REVIEWED**


Fire Potential:

Not combustible.
[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 2]**PEER REVIEWED**

COMBUSTIBLE WHEN EXPOSED TO HEAT OR FLAME.
[Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996. 1698]**PEER REVIEWED**


Fire Fighting Procedures:

/During fire fighting wear/ self-contained breathing apparatus with full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode.
[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 4]**PEER REVIEWED**


Toxic Combustion Products:

ALL FLUOROCARBONS WILL UNDERGO THERMAL DECOMPOSITION WHEN EXPOSED TO FLAME OR RED-HOT METAL. DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS OF THE CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS WILL INCLUDE HYDROFLUORIC & HYDROCHLORIC ACID ALONG WITH SMALLER AMOUNTS OF PHOSGENE & CARBONYL FLUORIDE. THE LAST COMPOUND IS VERY UNSTABLE TO HYDROLYSIS & QUICKLY CHANGES TO HYDROFLUORIC ACID & CARBON DIOXIDE IN THE PRESENCE OF MOISTURE. /FLUOROCARBONS/
[International Labour Office. Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety. 4th edition, Volumes 1-4 1998. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1998.,p. 104.185]**PEER REVIEWED**

IN CONTACT WITH OPEN FLAME OR VERY HOT SURFACE FLUOROCARBONS MAY DECOMP INTO HIGHLY IRRITANT & TOXIC GASES: CHLORINE, HYDROGEN FLUORIDE OR CHLORIDE, & EVEN PHOSGENE. /FLUOROCARBON REFRIGERANT & PROPELLANTS/
[Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. II-159]**PEER REVIEWED**


Hazardous Reactivities & Incompatibilities:

Reacts with chemically active metals such as calcium, powdered aluminum, zinc, magnesium, & beryllium. Contact with magnesium alloys containing more than 2% magnesium may cause decomposition.
[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 2]**PEER REVIEWED**

Mixtures /of aluminum/ with fluorotrichloroethane and with trichlorotrifluoroethane will flash or spark on heavy impact.
[Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990 25]**PEER REVIEWED**

Finely divided barium, slurried with trichlorotrifluoroethane, exploded during transfer owing to frictional initiation. Granular barium in contact with ... 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane ... is susceptible to detonation.
[Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990 78]**PEER REVIEWED**

Mixtures of lithium shavings and several halocarbons are impact sensitive and will explode, sometimes violently. Such materials include: ... 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane. ...
[Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990 1315]**PEER REVIEWED**

Mixture of powdered titanium and trichloroethylene or 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane flash or spark under heavy impact.
[Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990 1464]**PEER REVIEWED**

When two drops of trichlorotrifluoroethane were added to a sodium-potassium alloy (NaK), there was a violent explosion.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.,p. 491-184]**PEER REVIEWED**

DANGEROUS ... ON CONTACT WITH ACIDS OR ACID FUMES THEY EVOLVE HIGHLY TOXIC CHLORIDE FUMES. /CHLORIDES/
[Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996. 715]**PEER REVIEWED**

Chemically-active metals such as calcium, powdered aluminum, zinc, magnesium & beryllium [Note: Decomposes if in contact with alloys containing >2% magnesium].
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 316]**PEER REVIEWED**


Hazardous Decomposition:

... WHEN DECOMP, EMITS HIGHLY TOXIC FUMES OF FLUORIDES AND CHLORIDES.
[Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 6th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1984. 1034]**PEER REVIEWED**

Toxic gases & vapors (such as hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, phosgene, carbon monoxide) may be released when 1,1,2-trichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane decomposes.
[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 2]**PEER REVIEWED**

APPEARANCE OF TOXIC DECOMP PRODUCTS SERVES AS WARNING OF OCCURRENCE OF THERMAL DECOMP & DETECTION OF SHARP ACRID ODOR WARNS OF PRESENCE ... .
[Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. 3101]**PEER REVIEWED**


Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health:

2000 ppm
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 317]**PEER REVIEWED**


Protective Equipment & Clothing:

Employees should be provided with and required to use impervious clothing, gloves, face-shields (eight-inch minimum), and other appropriate protective clothing necessary to prevent any possibility of skin contact. Employees should be provided with and required to use splash-proof goggles where there is any possibility of liquid 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane contacting the eyes.
[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 2]**PEER REVIEWED**

Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 317]**PEER REVIEWED**

Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 317]**PEER REVIEWED**

Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 2000 ppm. Respirator Class(es): Any supplied-air respirator. Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 317]**PEER REVIEWED**

Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: Emergency or planned entry into unknown concn or IDLH conditions: Respirator Class(es): Any self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode. Any supplied-air respirator that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus operated in pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 317]**PEER REVIEWED**

Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: Escape from suddenly occurring respiratory hazards: Respirator Class(es): Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style, front- or back-mounted organic vapor canister. Any appropriate escape-type, self-contained breathing apparatus.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 317]**PEER REVIEWED**


Preventive Measures:

Workers should wash immediately when skin becomes contaminated.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 317]**PEER REVIEWED**

If the use of respirators is necessary, the only respirators permitted are those that have been approved by the Mine Safety and Health Administration (formerly Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration) or by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. In addition to respirator selection, a complete respiratory protection program should be instituted which includes regular training, maintenance, inspection, cleaning, and evaluation.
[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 2]**PEER REVIEWED**

Non-impervious clothing which becomes contaminated with liquid 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane should be removed immediately and not reworn until it is removed from the clothing.
[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 2]**PEER REVIEWED**

Skin that becomes contaminated with liquid 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane should be immediately washed or showered with soap or mild detergent and water.
[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 2]**PEER REVIEWED**

APPEARANCE OF TOXIC DECOMP PRODUCTS SERVES AS WARNING OF OCCURRENCE OF THERMAL DECOMP & DETECTION OF SHARP ACRID ODOR WARNS OF PRESENCE ... . ADEQUATE VENTILATION ALSO AVOIDS PROBLEM OF TOXIC DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS.
[Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. 3101]**PEER REVIEWED**

Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 317]**PEER REVIEWED**

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.
**PEER REVIEWED**

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.
**PEER REVIEWED**

Enclosure of process materials and isolation of reaction vessels and proper design and operation of filling heads for packaging and shipping /are administrative controls that may be instituted to limit occupational exposure to fluorocarbons during manufacture, packaging, and use/. /Fluorocarbons/
[Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1195]**PEER REVIEWED**

SUFFICIENT EXHAUST & GENERAL VENTILATION SHOULD BE PROVIDED TO KEEP VAPOR CONCN BELOW RECOMMENDED LEVELS. /FLUOROCARBONS/
[International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983. 897]**PEER REVIEWED**

Inhalation of fluorocarbon vapors should be avoided. /Fluorocarbons/
[Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1195]**PEER REVIEWED**

Many of the fluorocarbons are good solvents of skin oil, so protective ointment should be used. /Fluorocarbons/
[Zenz, C. Occupational Medicine-Principles and Practical Applications. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Yearbook, Inc, 1988. 544]**PEER REVIEWED**

Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 317]**PEER REVIEWED**


Cleanup Methods:

If ... spilled or leaked, the following steps should be taken: 1. Ventilate area of spill or leak. 2. Collect for reclamation or absorb in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or similar material.
[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 3]**PEER REVIEWED**


Disposal Methods:

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number F002, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.
[40 CFR 240-280, 300-306, 702-799 (7/1/2000)]**PEER REVIEWED**

A potential candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 deg C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 deg C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 deg C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.
[USEPA; Engineering Handbook for Hazardous Waste Incineration p.3-4 (1981) EPA 68-03-3025]**PEER REVIEWED**

Incineration, preferably after mixing with ... combustible fuel. Care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced.
[Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 1985. 2nd ed. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation, 1985. 889]**PEER REVIEWED**


Occupational Exposure Standards:

OSHA Standards:

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 1000 ppm (7600 mg/cu m).
[29 CFR 1910.1000 (7/1/2000)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Threshold Limit Values:

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA) 1,000 ppm; Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL) 1,250 ppm
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH. 2000. 69]**PEER REVIEWED**

A4: Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH. 2000. 69]**PEER REVIEWED**


NIOSH Recommendations:

Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 Hr Time-Weighted Avg: 1,000 ppm (7,600 mg/cu m).
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 316]**PEER REVIEWED**

Recommended Exposure Limit: 15 Min Short-Term Exposure Limit: 1,250 ppm (9,500 mg/cu m).
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 316]**PEER REVIEWED**


Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health:

2000 ppm
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997. 317]**PEER REVIEWED**


Manufacturing/Use Information:

Major Uses:

CHEM INT FOR POLYCHLOROTRIFLUOROETHYLENE RESINS & POLYCHLOROTRIFLUOROETHYLENE-VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE.
[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**

Fully halogenated chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) such as 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane were scheduled for production phase-out in 1987 by the Montreal Protocol. Although originally scheduled for 50% production phase-out by the year 2000 in developed countries, the worsening ozone depletion has forced acceleration of the CFC phase-out.
[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present.,p. V21 (97) 132]**PEER REVIEWED**

Dry-cleaning solvent, fire extinguishers, to make chlorotrifluoroethylene, blowing agent, polymer intermediate, solvent drying, drying electronic parts and precision equipment.
[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997. 1127]**PEER REVIEWED**

CFC-113 IS USED IN CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR SYSTEMS FOR WATER OR BRINE CHILLING.
[CHEMICAL PRODUCTS SYNOPSIS: FLUOROCARBONS (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**

INTERMEDIATE IN THE PRODUCTION OF CHLOROTRIFLUOROETHYLENE MONOMER BY REACTION WITH ZINC.
[SITTIG. HDBK TOX & HAZARD CHEM & CARCINOGENS 2ND ED (1985) p.888]**PEER REVIEWED**

It is not used in aerosol formulations as a propellant component, but is used as a solvent or active ingredient in certain aerosol formulations.
[USEPA; Health Assessment Document for 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-Trifluoroethane p.2 (1983) EPA-600/58-82-002F]**PEER REVIEWED**

... Selective solvent in degreasing electrical equipment, photographic films, magnetic tapes, precision instruments, plastics, glass, elastomers, or metal components. Dry cleaning solvent for all fabrics, leather, and suede. ... Solvent in textile industry, and ... in special laboratory usage.
[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981.]**PEER REVIEWED**

... Refrigerant in commerical/industrial air conditioning and industrial process cooling.
[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981.]**PEER REVIEWED**

... Chem intermediate for dechloronization of chemicals in the manufacture of polymers and copolymers in the production of high-temp lubricants.
[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981.]**PEER REVIEWED**

... Foaming or blowing agent in the manufacture of polymers for flame retardancy.
[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981.]**PEER REVIEWED**

Clean /semiconductor/ wafers; remove grease from printed circuit boards; in defluxing operations to remove solder flux after components are attached /to printed circuit boards/.
[Desktop Analysis Tool for Common Data Base, Report to the National Science Foundation by Chemical Abstract Services and American Chemical Society, 1968.,p. VA9 (87) 290]**PEER REVIEWED**

Major dry cleaning solvent
[Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol A1: Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985 to Present.,p. VA9 (87) 49]**PEER REVIEWED**


Manufacturers:

AlliedSignal Inc., 101 Columbia Rd., P.O. Box 1057, Morristown, NJ 07962-1057, (973) 455-2000. AlliedSignal Specialty Chemicals; Production site: Baton Rouge, LA 70805
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers - United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999. 648]**PEER REVIEWED**

DuPont, 1007 Market St., Wilmington, DE 19898, (302) 774-1000. DuPont Specialty Chemicals, DuPont Fluoroproducts ; Production site: Corpus Christi, TX 78400
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers - United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999. 648]**PEER REVIEWED**


Methods of Manufacturing:

REACTION OF PERCHLOROETHYLENE WITH A MIXTURE OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE AND CHLORINE IN THE PRESENCE OF A ZIRCONIUM FLUORIDE CATALYST
[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**

From perchloroethylene and hafnium.
[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997. 1127]**PEER REVIEWED**

... Catalytic fluorination of perhalo-olefins or alkanes with hydrogen fluoride.
[Matheson Gas Products; Matheson Gas Data Book 6th Ed p.678 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**

... By electrolysis of bromotrichloroethylene, lithium fluoride, and calcium fluoride in liquid hydrogen fluoride.
[Matheson Gas Products; Matheson Gas Data Book 6th Ed p.678 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Formulations/Preparations:

GRADES: TECHNICAL; SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC.
[Hawley, G.G. The Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 10th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1981. 1043]**PEER REVIEWED**


Impurities:

Maximum limits of impurities: Residue after evaporation: 0.0005%; Water (by Karl Fischer titrn): 0.05%. /'Photrex' reagent/
[JT Baker Chemical Co; Reagents and Laboratory Products Catalog 860C p.143 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Consumption Patterns:

MOST CFC 113 ... IS USED AS A SOLVENT /ALTHOUGH/ IT ALSO HAS REFRIGERANT APPLICATIONS (1984).
[CHEMICAL PRODUCTS SYNOPSIS: FLUOROCARBONS (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**

REFRIGERANTS, 39%; FOAM BLOWING AGENTS, 17%; SOLVENTS, 14%; FLUOROPOLYMERS, 14%; STERILANT GAS, 2%; AEROSOL PROPELLANTS, 2%; FOOD FREEZANT, 1%; OTHER, 8%; EXPORTS, 3% (1985) /FLUOROCARBONS/
[CHEMICAL PROFILE: FLUOROCARBONS (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Approximately 160-170 million lb/yr ... is consumed in the United States, particularly by the electronics industry.
[Jackson RE et al; pp. 511-26 in Environ Sci Pollut Control Ser 4(Groundwater Contam Anal Haz Waste Sites). Lesage S, Jackson RE, eds. NY, NY: M Dekker (1992)]**PEER REVIEWED**


U. S. Production:

(1974) 2.9X10+10 GRAMS
[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**

(1975) GREATER THAN 4.54X10+5 GRAMS
[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**

>35 million lbs annual capacity
[SRI. 1999 Directory of Chemical Producers - United States. Menlo Park, CA. SRI Consulting 1999. 648]**PEER REVIEWED**


Laboratory Methods:

Clinical Laboratory Methods:

SERUM FROM WORKERS EXPOSED TO 1,1,2-TRICHLORO-1,2,2-TRIFLUOROETHANE CAN BE ANALYZED BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY.
[TRIEBIG G, BURKHARDT K; INT ARCH OCCUP ENVIRON HEALTH 42 (2): 129-36 (1979)]**PEER REVIEWED**

GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR DETERMINING FLUOROCARBONS IS DESCRIBED. CONCN IN BODY FLUIDS ARE DETERMINED BY MEANS OF HEAD SPACE ANALYSIS. /FLUOROCARBONS/
[RAUWS ET AL; J PHARM PHARMACOL 25 (9): 718-22 (1973)]**PEER REVIEWED**

HEXANE EXTRACTION PROCEDURE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF COMMON FLUOROCARBON PROPELLANTS IN BLOOD WAS EVALUATED. AN ANALYSIS OF SAMPLE HEADSPACE WAS ALSO EVALUATED FOR DETERMINING CHLOROPENTAFLUOROETHANE IN BLOOD. BOTH PROCEDURES INVOLVED ANALYSIS BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY USING ELECTRON CAPTURE DETECTION. THE WIDELY USED HEXANE EXTRACTION PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING PPM LEVELS OF VOLATILE HALOCARBONS IN TISSUE WAS EVALUATED BY A COMBINATION OF RADIOCHEMICAL AND GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES. THE DATA SUGGEST THAT HEXANE EXTRACTION GIVES SIGNIFICANTLY LOW RESULTS. /FLUOROCARBONS/
[TERRILL JB; AMER IND HYG ASSOC J 33 (11): 736-44 (1972)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Analytic Laboratory Methods:

NIOSH Method 1020. Determination of 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-Trifluoroethane by Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detection. Detection limit= 1 mg/cu m.
[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. 4th ed.Methods A-Z & Supplements. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Aug 1994.]**PEER REVIEWED**

NIOSH Method 2549. Volatile Organic Compounds (Screening). Thermal desorption, gas chromatography, mass spectrometry.
[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. 4th ed.Methods A-Z & Supplements. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Aug 1994.]**PEER REVIEWED**

AREAL Method IP-1A. Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Indoor Air Using Stainless Steel Canisters. Capillary gas chromatography with low resolution mass spectrometry.
[USEPA/Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory; Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Air Pollutants in Indoor Air, Draft, September 1989, Frank McElroy, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory (MD-77), Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 as cited in USEPA; EMMI. EPA's Environmental Monitoring Methods Index. Version 1.1. PC #4082. Rockville, MD: Government Institutes (1997)]**PEER REVIEWED**

AREAL Method TO-14. Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Ambient Air using SUMMA Passivated Canister Sampling and Gas Chromatographic Analysis.
[USEPA/Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory; Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Air Pollutants in Indoor Air, Draft, September 1989, Frank McElroy, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory (MD-77), Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 as cited in USEPA; EMMI. EPA's Environmental Monitoring Methods Index. Version 1.1. PC #4082. Rockville, MD: Government Institutes (1997)]**PEER REVIEWED**

EPA Method OAQPS CTM-011. Determination of Halogenated Organics from Stationary Sources.
[USEPA; EMMI. EPA's Environmental Monitoring Methods Index. Version 1.1. PC# 4082. Rockville, MD: Government Institutes (1997)]**PEER REVIEWED**

OSW Method 0040. Sampling of Principal Organic Hazardous Constituents from Combustion Sources Using Tedlar Bags.
[USEPA; EMMI. EPA's Environmental Monitoring Methods Index. Version 1.1. PC# 4082. Rockville, MD: Government Institutes (1997)]**PEER REVIEWED**

... Detector tubes certified by NIOSH under 42 CFR part 84 or other direct-reading devices calibrated to measure 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane may be used.
[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 2]**PEER REVIEWED**


Sampling Procedures:

Measurements to determine employee exposure are best taken so that the average eight-hour exposure is based on a single eight-hour sample or two four-hour samples. Several short time interval samples (up to 30 minutes) may also be used to determine the average exposure level. Air samples should be taken in the employee's breathing zone (air that would most nearly represent that inhaled by the employee).
[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 2]**PEER REVIEWED**

NIOSH Method 1020. Analyte: Freon TF. Matrix: Air. Sampler: Solid sorbent tube (coconut shell charcoal, 100 mg/50 mg). Flow Rate: 0.01 to 0.05 l/min. Sample Size: 1.5 liter. Shipment: Refrigerated. Sample Stability: Not determined.
[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSHManual of Analytical Methods, 3rd ed. Volumes 1 and 2 with 1985 supplement, and revisions. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, February 1984.,p. 1020-1]**PEER REVIEWED**


Special References:

Special Reports:

USEPA; Health Assessment Document: 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane (1983) EPA-600/58-5-82-002F

Zakhari S, Aviado DM; Cardiovascular Toxicology of Aerosol Propellants, Refrigerants and Related Solvents; Target Organ Toxicology Series: Cardiovascular Toxicology, XII+ 388 pages; Raven Press: New York, NY 281-326 (1982). Review of the toxicology of aerosol propellants, refrigerants and related solvents on the cardiovascular system of humans.

Barlow SM, Sullivan FM; Fluorocarbons; Reproductive Hazards of Industrial Chemicals pp.326-33 (1982.).


Synonyms and Identifiers:

Related HSDB Records:

144 [FREON 112]

146 [FREON 114]

1092 [1,1,1,2-TETRACHLORO-2,2-DIFLUOROETHANE]

Synonyms:

F 113
**PEER REVIEWED**

R 113
**PEER REVIEWED**

ARCTON 63
**PEER REVIEWED**

ARKLONE P
**PEER REVIEWED**

CFC-113
**PEER REVIEWED**

Daiflon S 3
**PEER REVIEWED**

ETHANE, 1,1,2-TRICHLORO-1,2,2-TRIFLUORO-
**PEER REVIEWED**

FC 113
**PEER REVIEWED**

Flugene 113
**PEER REVIEWED**

FORANE 113
**PEER REVIEWED**

FREON R 113
**PEER REVIEWED**

FREON 113
**PEER REVIEWED**

FREON TF
**PEER REVIEWED**

FREON 113 TR-T
**PEER REVIEWED**

FRIGEN 113TR-N
**PEER REVIEWED**

FRIGEN 113TR-T
**PEER REVIEWED**

FRIGEN 113
**PEER REVIEWED**

FRIGEN 113A
**PEER REVIEWED**

FRIGEN 113TR
**PEER REVIEWED**

Genesolv D
**PEER REVIEWED**

GENETRON 113
**PEER REVIEWED**

HALOCARBON 113
**PEER REVIEWED**

Kaltron 113MDR
**PEER REVIEWED**

Khladon 113
**PEER REVIEWED**

TCTFE
**PEER REVIEWED**

Trichlorotrifluoroethane
**PEER REVIEWED**

1,2,2-TRICHLOROTRIFLUOROETHANE
**PEER REVIEWED**

TTE
**PEER REVIEWED**

UCON FLUOROCARBON 113
**PEER REVIEWED**


Formulations/Preparations:

GRADES: TECHNICAL; SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC.
[Hawley, G.G. The Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 10th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1981. 1043]**PEER REVIEWED**


EPA Hazardous Waste Number:

F002; A hazardous waste from nonspecific sources when a spent solvent.


RTECS Number:

NIOSH/KJ4000000


Administrative Information:

Hazardous Substances Databank Number: 145

Last Revision Date: 20010809

Last Review Date: Reviewed by SRP on 1/20/2001


Update History:

Complete Update on 08/09/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/23/2001, 61 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 05/16/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/12/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/28/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/02/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/21/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/26/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 07/20/1999, 7 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/25/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/24/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/20/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/27/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/12/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/02/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/17/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/26/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/09/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/11/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/16/1996, 7 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/18/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/10/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/26/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/17/1995, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/24/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 12/19/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/04/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/25/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/07/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/04/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/12/1993, 57 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 02/05/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field update on 12/11/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 10/27/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/17/1992, 51 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 04/16/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 01/13/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 01/10/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/23/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field update on 05/18/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/16/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field update on 12/29/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 12/19/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/29/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/27/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 12/09/1988, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/20/1988, 69 fields added/edited/deleted.