SODIUM FLUORIDE
CASRN: 7681-49-4 For other data, click on the Table of Contents
Human Health Effects:
Evidence for Carcinogenicity:
The IARC Working Group concluded that sodium fluoride
(Group 3) are not classifiable as to their carcinogenicity
to humans. /Sodium fluoride was reviewed
by the IARC Working Group. Data for it are published in the IARC Monograph
on sodium fluoride. No evaluation
of the carcinogenicity for sodium fluoride is
given; Fluorides (inorganic, used in drinking-water/ [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk
of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency
for Research on Cancer,1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).,p. S7 63 (1987)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Human Toxicity Excerpts:
Symptomatology: A. Ingestion of soluble fluoride salts. 1. Salty or soapy
taste, salivation, nausea. Repeated small doses (as in drinking water) may
produce no other symptoms, but polyuria and polydipsia have also been reported.
2. Large doses lead promptly to burning or crampy abdominal pain, intense
vomiting and diarrhea, often with hematemesis and melena. Dehydration and
thirst. 3. Muscle weakness, tremors and rarely transient epileptiform convulsions,
preceded or followed by progressive central nervous depression (lethargy,
coma, and respiratory arrest, even in the absence of circulatory failure).
4. Shock characterized by pallor, weak and thready pulse (sometimes irregular),
shallow unlabored respiration, weak heart sounds, wet cold skin, cyanosis,
anuria, dilated pupils, followed almost invariably by death in 2 to 4 hours.
5. Even in the absence of shock, arrhythmias may occur, especially multiple
episodes of ventricular fibrillation leading eventually to cardiac arrest.
6. If the victim survives a few hours, paralysis of the muscles of deglutition,
carpopedal spasm and painful spasms of the extremities. 7. Occasionally localized
or generalized urticaria. 8. The above signs and symptoms are related to a
variety of metabolic disorders that may occur in acute fluoride poisoning,
including hypocalcemia (which may be the only invariable finding), hypomagnesemia,
metabolic and/or respiratory acidosis and sometimes hyperkalemia. /Fluoride/
[Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology
of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p.
III-190]**PEER REVIEWED**
Acute poisoning: Ingestion of neutral fluorides such as sodium
fluoride ... causes salivation, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea,
and abdominal pain. Later, weakness, tremors, shallow respiration, carpopedal
spasm, and convulsions occur. Death is by respiratory paralysis. If death
does not occur immediately, jaundice and oliguria may appear. Experience with
oral fluoride supplements used to prevent tooth decay has been reassuring;
no adverse effects occur unless enormous amounts are ingested. [Dreisbach, R.H. Handbook of Poisoning. 12th ed. Norwalk, CT:
Appleton and Lange, 1987. 217]**PEER REVIEWED**
... THE MAJOR MANIFESTATIONS OF CHRONIC INGESTION OF EXCESSIVE AMT OF FLUORIDE
ARE OSTEOSCLEROSIS & MOTTLED ENAMEL. CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO EXCESS FLUORIDE
CAUSES INCR OSTEOBLASTIC ACTIVITY. ... DENSITY AND CALCIFICATION OF BONE ARE
INCREASED; IN THE CASE OF FLUORIDE INTOXICATION, IT IS THOUGHT TO REPRESENT
THE REPLACEMENT OF HYDROXYAPATITE BY THE DENSER FLUOROAPATITE. /FLUORIDE SALTS/
[Gilman, A.G., L.S.Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman
and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 7th ed. New York:
Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1985. 1539]**PEER REVIEWED**
Sodium fluoride was reported to
induce unscheduled DNA synthesis in cultured human cells, and conflicting
results were obtained on the induction of chromosome aberrations; it did not
induce sister chromatid exchanges. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk
of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency
for Research on Cancer,1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).,p. S7 209]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Giant cells were discovered in the bone marrow of a woman taking 150 mg
of sodium fluoride daily for osteoporosis.
After fluoride was discontinued, these cells disappeared. [Reynolds, J.E.F., Prasad, A.B. (eds.) Martindale-The Extra
Pharmacopoeia. 28th ed. London: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1982. 700]**PEER
REVIEWED**
CLINICAL SYMPTOMS OBSERVED IN A CASE OF POISONING BY SODIUM
FLUORIDE IS DESCRIBED. AUTOPSY REVEALED GASTROINTESTINAL CHEMICAL
BURNS, VENOUS PLETHORA, & BRAIN EDEMA. HISTOLOGICAL EXAMINATION SHOWED
SWELLING OF MYOCARDIAL FIBERS. [ZINGERMAN MY; UCH ZAP PETROZAVODSK GOS UNIV 21 (4): 230-1
(1974)]**PEER REVIEWED**
A cross sectional study was performed to clarify a possible role of atopy
in the occurrence of acute bronchoconstrictive impairment observed in workers
in a plant for the electrolytic extraction of aluminum. At the time of examination,
mean hydrogen fluoride exposure was 0.56 mg/cu m, mean particulate fluoride
exposure was 0.15 mg/cu m, and mean sulfur dioxide concentration was 3.38
mg/cu m. No information on duration of exposure or employment is provided.
Of 227 workers examined (mean age 37, 43% current smokers) the percentage
of those with a history of atopy and positive skin tests for common allergens
was within the expected range. Six had a positive patch test with 2% sodium
fluoride. Among 7 workers with paroxysmal wheezing and dyspnea,
of whom 3 were light smokers, 3 had positive skin tests with common allergens
but only 1 had an increased IgE value. The same worker also had a positive
patch test with 2% sodium fluoride. Two
had symptoms defined as chronic bronchitis. Forced expiratory volumes, with
2 exceptions, measured at the beginning of the workshift were within normal
limtis. In 5 of the 7 workers, nonspecific bronchoprovocative tests with histamine
or metacholine indicated objectively the presence of bronchial hyperreactivty.
[Saric M et al; Am J Ind Med 9: 239-42 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Two percent solutions of sodium fluoride may
kill intestinal mucosal cells and result in severe hemorrhagic gastroenteritis.
... Fluorosis affecting bone is not detectable until the water concentration
exceeds at least 4 ppm. [Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis
and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing
Co., Inc. 1988. 531]**PEER REVIEWED**
Numerous reports of accidental and intentional poisonings with flouride
were tabulated and concluded that a dose range of 5 to 10 grams of sodium
fluoride can be cited as a reasonable estimate of a "certainly
lethal (single) dose" for a 70 kg man. They noted that this corresponds from
70 to 140 mg/kg. [Hodge HD et al; Fluorine Chemistry Vol IV: p.3-518 (1965)
as cited in USEPA; Drinking Water Criteria Document for Fluoride p.VI-11 (1985)
EPA Contract No. 68-03-3279]**PEER REVIEWED**
The toxicity of sodium fluoride in
relation to the beneficial effects of fluoride therapy in the treatment of
malignant neoplasia was examined. They described the effects of fluoride administered
to more than 70 patients for periods of 5 to 6 months. Most of these subjects,
suffering from malignant neoplastic disease, were being treated with metabolic
inhibitors. Some were leukemic children 3 to 6.5 years old, while others were
adults including elderly individuals. Doses for the children were 20 to 50
mg sodium fluoride (9.0 to 22.5 mg
fluoride) four times daily. Doses for adults were 80 mg sodium
fluoride (36.3 mg fluoride) four times daily. The material
was administered orally with an antacid containing 4 percent aluminum oxide
or as an enteric coated tablet to avoid gastric irritation. No evidence of
systemic toxicity or of parenchymatous damage was seen which could be attributed
to fluoride, even though some patients had received more than 27 g of sodium
fluoride over a period of 3 months. Criteria evaluated included
growth and development in the children, mottled enamel, eruption of permanent
teeth, hematopoisis, liver function, albumin-globulin ratio, blood sugar and
cholesterol concentrations and kidney function. Postmortem data from 4 cases
showed no parenchymatous degeneration attributable to fluoride. In hypertensive
patients a tendency was noted for decreased diastolic and systolic blood pressure.
In two patients with functioning colostomies there was no apparent effect
of the fluoride on the exposed mucosa of the colon. [Black MM et al; NY State J Med 49: 1187-88 (1949) as cited
in USEPA; Drinking Water Criteria Document for Fluoride p.VI-9-10 (1985) EPA
Contract No. 68-03-3279]**PEER REVIEWED**
33 post-menopausal women with 100 mg sodium fluoride
daily for two years and another 23 similar patients with 50
mg sodium fluoride daily for two years
were treated. A decrese of cortical bone was evident at both dose levels.
However, cancellous bone was increased to some extent in half of those receiving
the higher dose. The findings also suggested that two years of treatment at
the lower dose or one year at the higer dose avoided new vertebral fractures.
Gastrointestinal discomfort sometimes combined with nausea was encountered
chiefly at the higher dose, but was of minor clinical importance. Osteoarticular
pain was the major side effect of fluoride therapy and was seen in about 60
percent of the patients at both dose levels. The maximum effect was seen after
6 to 12 months of treatment and then gradually disappeared. In 18% of the
patients, treatment had to be discontinued. [Dambacher MA; Centre d'etude des Maladies Osted-Articulaires
de Geneve: 238-41 (1978) as cited in USEPA; Drinking Water Criteria Document
for Fluoride p.VI-4 (1985) EPA Contract No. 68-03-3279]**PEER REVIEWED**
Chronic poisoning: Intake of more than 6 mg of fluoride per day results
in fluorosis. Symptoms are weight loss, brittleness of bones, anemia, weakness,
general ill health, stiffness of joints. ... /Fluoride/ [Dreisbach, R. H. Handbook of Poisoning. 9th ed. Los Altos,
California: Lange Medical Publications, 1977. 207]**PEER REVIEWED**
Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:
Dust inhalation and skin or eye contact may cause irritation of the skin,
eyes or respiratory tract ... [Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed.,
Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984.,p. 10(80) 798]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Drug Warnings:
... Sodium fluoride is used in tablets
and drops to supplement intake in children and is also contained in mouth
washes at such high levels, 200 to 900 ppm as to represent ... a hazard if
large volumes are ingested. [Haddad, L.M. and Winchester, J.F. Clinical Management of Poisoning
and Drug Overdosage. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1983. 691]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Food and Environmental Agents: Effect on Breast-Feeding: Reported Sign or
Symptom in Infant or Effect on Lactation: Fluorides: None. /from Table 7/
[Report of the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on
Drugs in Pediatrics 93 (1): 142 (1994)]**QC REVIEWED**
Medical Surveillance:
Fluoride levels in urine should be checked periodically and all workers
should be subjected to periodical skeletal X-ray exam particularly of the
pelvis. /Fluoride and cmpd/ [International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational
Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour
Office, 1983. 894]**PEER REVIEWED**
Populations at Special Risk:
Populations that appear to be at increased risk from the effects of fluoride
are individuals that suffer from diabetes insipidus or some forms of renal
impairment. These high risk populations represent a relatively small segment
of the general populations. /Fluoride/ [USEPA; Drinking Water Criteria Document for Fluoride p.I-5
(1985) EPA Contract No. 68-03-3279]**PEER REVIEWED**
Probable Routes of Human Exposure:
ACUTE FLUORIDE POISONING IS NOT RARE. IT USUALLY RESULTS FROM ACCIDENTAL
INGESTION OF INSECTICIDES AND RODENTICIDES CONTAINING FLUORIDE SALTS. /FLUORIDES/
[Gilman, A.G., L.S.Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman
and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 7th ed. New York:
Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1985. 1539]**PEER REVIEWED**
Sodium fluoride ... source of toxic
fluoride ions which cannot be detoxified. Thus, precautions must be taken
to insure that /this/ material does not enter a water supply in large amounts
... [Sittig, M. (ed.) Pesticide Manufacturing and Toxic Materials
Control Encyclopedia. park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation. 1980. 679]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Emergency Medical Treatment:
Emergency Medical Treatment:
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The following Overview, *** FLUORIDE ***, is relevant for this HSDB record
chemical.
Life Support:
o This overview assumes that basic life support measures
have been instituted.
Clinical Effects:
SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
0.2.1.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Following ingestion, sodium fluoride probably reacts
with gastric acid to produce highly corrosive HF which
may cause the nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal
pains, and acute hemorrhagic gastroenteritis reported
following massive overdose.
o In most instances, gastrointestinal signs and symptoms
predominate. Other effects include headache, numbness,
carpopedal spasm, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and
hyperkalemia. In severe poisoning hypotension and
dysrhythmias may develop. Death usually occurs from
cardiac failure or respiratory paralysis.
o Respiratory and mucous membrane irritation may develop
after inhalation.
CARDIOVASCULAR
0.2.5.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Cardiac arrhythmias consistent with hyperkalemia may be
noted. Fatal cardiac arrest occurred in several
patients with renal failure exposed to fluoride during
hemodialysis.
RESPIRATORY
0.2.6.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Respirations are first stimulated then depressed.
Death is usually from respiratory paralysis. Following
inhalation, coughing and choking may be noted.
NEUROLOGIC
0.2.7.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Hyperactive reflexes, painful muscle spasms, weakness
and tetanic contractures may be noted due to fluoride
induced hypocalcemia.
GASTROINTESTINAL
0.2.8.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Epigastric pain, nausea, dysphagia, salivation,
hematemesis, and diarrhea may be noted. These effects
may be delayed for several hours following exposure.
GI symptoms are noted when 3 to 5 mg/kg of fluoride are
ingested.
FLUID-ELECTROLYTE
0.2.12.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Hyperkalemia may be noted. Hypocalcemia is likely.
DERMATOLOGIC
0.2.14.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Urticaria and pruritus have been reported following
exposure to fluoride.
REPRODUCTIVE HAZARDS
o Prenatal fluoride supplementation (2.2 mg NaF or 1 mg
fluoride daily) during the last two trimesters of
pregnancy has been reported to be safe.
OTHER
0.2.23.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o CHRONIC EXPOSURE - Prolonged exposure to fluorinated
water may cause fluorosis. Signs and symptoms of
fluorosis include brittle bones, calcified ligaments,
and other crippling changes.
Laboratory:
o Monitor serum calcium, potassium, and magnesium levels
regularly in symptomatic patients.
o No other specific lab work (CBC, electrolyte, urinalysis)
is needed unless otherwise indicated.
o Monitor EKG in significant intoxications.
Treatment Overview:
ORAL EXPOSURE
o ADMINISTER milk, calcium gluconate, or calcium lactate
to bind fluoride ion in the gastrointestinal tract.
o ANTACIDS (aluminum and/or magnesium based) should be
administered.
o IV calcium (gluconate or chloride) and magnesium may be
necessary to correct serum deficits of these divalent
metals in serious overdosage.
o Monitor EKG and vital signs.
INHALATION EXPOSURE
o INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for
respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing
develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation,
bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and
assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with
beta2 agonist and corticosteroid aerosols.
EYE EXPOSURE
o DECONTAMINATION: Irrigate exposed eyes with copious
amounts of tepid water for at least 15 minutes. If
irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia
persist, the patient should be seen in a health care
facility.
DERMAL EXPOSURE
o DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash
exposed area thoroughly with soap and water. A
physician may need to examine the area if irritation or
pain persists.
Range of Toxicity:
o The estimated toxic dose is 5 to 10 mg/kg of fluoride (not
sodium fluoride). GI symptoms have occurred following
ingestion of 3 to 5 mg/kg of fluoride. Accidental
ingestion of sodium fluoride by children usually does not
present serious risk if the amount of fluoride ingested is
less than 5 mg/kg. Death has been reported following
ingestion of 16 mg/kg of fluoride. Fluoride toothpaste
typically contains a maximum of 1 milligram of fluoride
per gram of toothpaste.
The IARC Working Group concluded that sodium fluoride
(Group 3) are not classifiable as to their carcinogenicity
to humans. /Sodium fluoride was reviewed
by the IARC Working Group. Data for it are published in the IARC Monograph
on sodium fluoride. No evaluation
of the carcinogenicity for sodium fluoride is
given; Fluorides (inorganic, used in drinking-water/ [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk
of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency
for Research on Cancer,1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).,p. S7 63 (1987)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts:
Experimentally, sodium fluoride has
been tested on rabbit eyes in several different ways. Application of a 2%
aqueous solution to the eye caused corneal epithelial defects and necrotic
areas in the conjunctiva. Injection subconjunctivally or into the anterior
chamber caused corneal edema and a severe inflammatory reaction in the eye
with hemorrhages in the iris. [Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL:
Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986. 435]**PEER REVIEWED**
/ACUTE POISONING/ IF SUFFICIENT FLUORIDE IS ABSORBED ... FLUORIDE ION INCREASES
CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY AND ALSO PRODUCES A COAGULATION DEFECT. THESE ACTIONS
LEAD TO HEMORRHAGIC GASTROENTERITIS & HEMORRHAGES, CONGESTION, & EDEMA
IN VARIOUS ORGANS INCL THE BRAIN. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS INCLUDE EXCITABILITY,
MUSCLE TREMORS, WEAKNESS, URINATION, DEFECATION, SALIVATION, EMESIS, SUDDEN
COLLAPSE, CLONIC CONVULSIONS, COMA, & DEATH DUE TO RESP & CARDIAC
FAILURE. CYANOSIS & EARLY RIGOR MORTIS ... /FLUORIDE/ [Booth, N.H., L.E. McDonald (eds.). Veterinary Pharmacology
and Therapeutics. 5th ed. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1982. 1014]**PEER
REVIEWED**
SHEEP RECEIVING WATER CONTAINING 10 PPM OF FLUORINE AS SODIUM
FLUORIDE OVER A SEVEN YEAR PERIOD SHOWED A DECREASE IN WOOL
PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERISTIC CHANGES IN THE TEETH; THE AVG DAILY INTAKE OF
FLUORINE WAS 14 MG. [Clarke, M. L., D. G. Harvey and D. J. Humphreys. Veterinary
Toxicology. 2nd ed. London: Bailliere Tindall, 1981. 51]**PEER REVIEWED**
FLUOROSIS /CHRONIC POISONING/ CAN OCCUR IN MILD FORM IN CATTLE IF DIET CONTAINS
40 PPM AS SODIUM FLUORIDE. ... THERE
IS A 6 MONTH TO 1 YR OR MORE ONSET OF PERIODIC LAMENESS; PAINFUL, STIFF GAIT
OR POSTURE; DECREASED FEED INTAKE; ANOREXIA; ROUGH HAIRCOAT; EMACIATION; AND
DECR MILK PRODUCTION. BONY EXOSTOSES MAY BE SEEN OR FELT ON THE LEGS, &
THE TEETH HAVE A CHARACTERISTIC MOTTLING AND PATCHY LOSS OF DENTINE. THE TEETH
ALSO BECOME STAINED BROWN AROUND ERODED AREAS, AND THEY WEAR UNEVENLY. SPONTANEOUS
FRACTURES MAY OCCUR. DENTAL LESIONS ... MOST SEVERE IN DEVELOPING TEETH ...
BEGIN BILATERALLY ON THE MEDIAL SIDE OF THE PROXIMAL THIRD OF THE METATARSAL
OF CATTLE ... CONSIST OF HYPEROSTOSIS, POROSIS, ENLARGEMENT, CHALKY WHITE
APPEARANCE, & ROUGHENING. LESIONS PROGRESS TO THE MANDIBLE, METACARPALS,
RIBS AND SPINE. [Booth, N.H., L.E. McDonald (eds.). Veterinary Pharmacology
and Therapeutics. 5th ed. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1982. 1045]**PEER
REVIEWED**
ADENYLATE CYCLASE ACTIVITY OF HOMOGENATES OF MONKEY FRONTAL CORTEX WAS STIMULATED
BY SODIUM FLUORIDE. [AHN HS ET AL; BRAIN RES 116 (3): 437-541 (1976)]**PEER REVIEWED**
PLASMA POLYPS WERE FOUND AT END OF A NORMAL PREGNANCY IN GUINEA PIGS. FOLLOWING
SODIUM FLUORIDE INTOXICATION, THERE
WAS AN EXTREME INCR OF PLASMA POLYPS IN PLACENTA. THIS ACCELERATED FORMATION
WAS PREVENTED BY INJECTION OF SODIUM PYRUVATE. [THORN W ET AL; ARCH GYNAEKOL 221 (3): 203-10 (1976)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
SODIUM FLUORIDE DID NOT INDUCE REVERSE
MUTATIONS IN SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM STRAINS TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, TA98,
OR TA100 WHEN TESTED AT UP TO 500 UG/PLATE IN THE ABSENCE, OR AT UP TO 2000
UG/PLATE IN THE PRESENCE, OF A LIVER ACTIVATION SYSTEM FROM AROCLOR 1254 INDUCED
RATS. IT DID NOT INDUCE GENE CONVERSION IN SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE STRAIN
D4 IN THE SAME STUDY. NO SEX LINKED RECESSIVE LETHALS WERE INDUCED IN DROSOPHILA
MELANOGASTER WHEN SODIUM FLUORIDE WAS
ADMIN BY INJECTION OF A 1X10-3 MOLAR SOLUTION ... [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk
of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency
for Research on Cancer,1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).,p. V27 275 (1982)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Sodium fluoride did not induce DNA
strand breaks in testicular cells of rats treated in vivo and did not cause
chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow or testicular cells or sister chromatid
exchanges in bone marrow cells of mice treated in vivo. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk
of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency
for Research on Cancer,1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).,p. S7 209 (1987)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
CYTOLOGICAL CHANGES HAVE BEEN OBSERVED IN THE CHROMOSOMES OF COW AND EWE
OOCYTES WHEN CULTURED IN THE PRESENCE OF UP TO 0.1 AND 0.2 MG/ML SODIUM
FLUORIDE, RESPECTIVELY & IN CULTURES OF MOUSE OOCYTES
AT CONCN BELOW 0.4 MG/ML. THE EFFECTS WERE NOT DOSE RELATED. NO CYTOGENETIC
EFFECTS WERE INDUCED IN OOCYTES OF MICE EXPOSED TO SODIUM
FLUORIDE AS A SINGLE, ACUTE DOSE (500 UG INTRAVENOUSLY) OR
CHRONICALLY (250 UG SUBCUTANEOUSLY DAILY FOR 16 DAYS). [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk
of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency
for Research on Cancer,1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).,p. V27 275 (1982)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
GROUPS OF 54 MALE & 54 WEANLING FEMALE SWISS CD1 MICE WERE GIVEN 10
MG/L SODIUM FLUORIDE IN DOUBLY DEIONIZED
DRINKING WATER FOR LIFE, TO GIVE A DOSE OF ABOUT 70 UG/DAY FLUORINE. AN EQUAL
NUMBER OF ANIMALS SERVED AS MATCHED CONTROLS. NO FLUORINE WAS DETECTED IN
THE DIET OF THE ANIMALS. DEAD ANIMALS WERE WEIGHED & NECROPSIED, GROSS
LESIONS WERE RECORDED, & VISIBLE TUMORS & TISSUES WERE EXAMINED HISTOLOGICALLY.
THE BODY WEIGHT OF MALES WAS NOT AFFECTED, BUT THAT OF FEMALES WAS SOMEWHAT
INCREASED WHEN COMPARED WITH THE CORRESPONDING CONTROLS. MALES GIVEN SODIUM
FLUORIDE SURVIVED ONE TO TWO MONTHS LONGER THAN CONTROLS;
THE LIFE SPANS OF TREATED & CONTROL FEMALE MICE WERE SIMILAR. TUMORS WERE
OBSERVED IN 24/71 CONTROLS & 22/72 TREATED MICE, IN SIMILAR LOCATIONS
& OF SIMILAR TYPES. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk
of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency
for Research on Cancer,1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).,p. V27 271 (1985)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
A GROUP OF FEMALE DBA MICE, 7-10 WK OF AGE, WERE FED 900 MG/KG OF DIET SODIUM
FLUORIDE UNTIL THE SURVIVING ANIMALS WERE 97-100 WEEKS OF
AGE. /MATCHED CONTROLS USED/. ... MAMMARY GLAND CARCINOMAS OCCURRED IN 37/47
CONTROLS & IN 20/40 TREATED ANIMALS (TANNENBAUM & SILVERSTONE, 1949).
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk
of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency
for Research on Cancer,1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).,p. V27 271 (1985)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
GROUPS OF 94 C3H & 46 DBA FEMALE MICE, 4-12 MO OF AGE, WERE GIVEN 0.4,
1.0 OR 4.0 MG/L SODIUM FLUORIDE IN
DISTILLED DRINKING-WATER FOR 7-12 MONTHS. GROUPS OF 96 C3H & 45 DBA FEMALES
... AS MATCHED CONTROLS ... ALSO FED DIET CONTAINING 20-38 MG/KG FLUORINE.
/OTHER GROUPS OF/ 65 & 36 C3H MICE AND 66 & 66 DBA MICE, 2-9 MONTHS
OF AGE, RECEIVED 1.0 & 10.0 MG/L, RESPECTIVELY, SODIUM
FLUORIDE IN DISTILLED WATER FOR 10-17 MONTHS. ALL ... FED
MIXED GRAIN DIET CONTAINING NEGLIGIBLE AMT OF FLUORINE. ... AMONG MICE THAT
RECEIVED 10.0 MG/L FLUORIDE, 63% DIED OF MAMMARY GLAND CARCINOMAS, COMPARED
WITH 50% OF CONTROLS (TAYLOR, 1954). [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk
of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency
for Research on Cancer,1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).,p. V27 271 (1985)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Sodium fluoride was evaluated for
mutagenicity in the Salmonella/microsome assay using strains TA97a, TA98,
TA100, TA102, and TA1535. Sodium fluoride was
tested at nine concentrations ranging from 0.44 to 4421 ug/plate both in the
presence and absence of Aroclor induced rat liver microsomes. Sodium
fluoride was negative in these tests and the highest ineffective
dose tested was 4421 ug/plate. [Li Y et al; Mutat Res 190: 229-36 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**
After intraperitoneal administration of a single large dose of fluoride
(sodium fluoride, 35 mg/kg body weight),
the calcium contents of the renal cortex and medulla of fluoride intoxicated
rats were increased by 33 and 10 times, respectively. [Suketa Y et al; Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 39: 313-19 (1977) as
cited in WHO; Environ Health Criteria: Fluorine and Fluorides p.54 (1984)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
The ionic fluoride levels in plasma following intraperitoneal administration
of 15, 20, or 25 mg of fluoride per kg body weight to 200 g rats /was studied/.
In animals given 25 mg/kg, the mean ionic fluoride level in plasma was 38
mg/liter after 10 min and the animals invariably died within 1 hr. All animals
receiving 15 or 20 mg/kg survived, despite mean ionic fluoride levels in plasma
of 22.9 and 29.2 mg/l, respectively. [Singer L et al; Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 157: 363-68 (1978) as
cited in WHO; Environ Health Criteria: Fluorine and Fluorides p.53 (1984)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Fish exposed to poisonous amounts of sodium fluoride
become apathetic, lose weight, have periods of violent movement,
and wander aimlessly. Finally, there is a loss of equilibrium accompanied
by tetany and death. Mucous secretion increases, accompanied by proliferation
of mucous producing cells in the respiratory and integumentary epithelium.
[Neuhold JM et al; Trans Am Fish Soc 89: 358-70 (1960) as cited
in WHO; Environ Health Criteria: Fluorine and Fluorides p.49 (1984)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Typical symptoms of acute toxicity are reduction or loss of appetite, local
or general congestion, and sub-mucosal haemorrhages of the gastrointestinal
tract. Such acute responses were recognized when chickens were fed for 10
days on a diet containing 6786 mg fluoride/kg (as sodium
fluoride). Roosters receiving sodium
fluoride at 200 mg/kg body weight, twice in 24 hr, developed
gastroenteritis with edema of the mucosa of the stomach and upper bowels,
subcutaneous edema, hepatomegaly, and atrophy of the pancreas. [Cass JS; J Occup Med 3: 471-77, 527-43 (1966) as cited in
WHO; Environ Health Criteria: Fluorine and Fluorides p.49 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**
No effect of sodium fluoride in
drinking water on the frequency of sister chromatid exchange in mice /were
found/. Twelve week old mice were taken from colonies which had been maintained
for at least the seven prior generations on a low fluoride diet (estimated
to equal less than 0.1 mg/kg/day) or a high fluoride diet (50 ppm-estimated
to equal 10 mg/kg/day). Sodium fluoride was
added to the drinking water of the group exposed to 50 ppm fluoride. Sister
chromatid exchange status was identified in a separate laboratory with no
knowledge of the fluoride status of the animals. No significant differences
in sister chromatid exchange status were found between the low and high fluoride
groups. [Kram D et al; Mutat Res 57: 51-55 (1978) as cited in WHO;
Environ Health Criteria: Fluorine and Fluorides p.V-29 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**
In a chronic study, mice (female, CSE mice, 3 to 4 weeks old, initially
weighing 22.5 to 25.5 grams) were given drinking water containing 1 to 6 mg
fluoride (as sodium flouride)/l for six months. No histological effects attributable
to fluoride were seen in the heart, stomach, intestines, or bones. [Hansen K; Bios 19: 51-55 (1978) as cited in USEPA; Drinking
Water Criteria Document for Fluoride p.V-27 (1985) EPA Contract No. 68-03-3279]**PEER
REVIEWED**
The mutagenicity of sodium fluoride in
Salmonella typhimurium and in Saccharomyces cerevisiae /was evaluated/. Sodium
fluoride was added to plates at 0.1, 1, 10, 100 and 500 ug/plate;
with and without microsomal enzyme preparatins from rats treated with Aroclor
1254. There was no indication of mutagenic activity in this experiment. On
test which gave an elevated result (TA100) was repeated. There was no repetition
of the elevated result. [Martin GR; Mutat Res 66: 159-67 (1979) as cited in USEPA;
Drinking Water Criteria Document for Fluoride p.V-31 (1985) EPA Contract No.
68-03-3279]**PEER REVIEWED**
Holstein calves /were exposed/ to dietary sodium
fluoride. At the start of the experiment the calves were 6
to 27 weeks old. Sodium fluoride was
added to their diet to supply 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, and 2.0 mg fluoride/kg/day.
The majority of the cattle were removed from the experiment either during
or at the end of the second lactation period. Length of exposure in calendar
time was not specified and varied from animal to animal. Severe fluorosis
(characterized by rapid weight loss, general deterioration of condition, intermittent
lameness and stiffness) was consistently associated with a skeletal fluoride
concentration greater than 5,500 ppm. This concentration was reached by the
first lactation in cows receiving 2.0 mg fluoride/kg/day and by the second
lactation in cows receiving 1.6 mg fluoride/kg/day. The authors stated that
a fluoride level in bone in excess of 5,500 ppm is one of the most reliable
indices of fluoride toxicosis. [USEPA; Drinking Water Criteria Document for Fluoride p.VI-4
(1985) EPA Contract No. 68-03-3279]**PEER REVIEWED**
The effect of sodium flouride on reproductive performance in Hereford heifers
was studied. These animals were free from tuberculosis and Bang's disease
and were immunized against brucellosis. Sodium fluoride
was added to feed so that over the nine year period of exposure,
groups of three calves received 0.17, 0.39, 0.59, 0.91, 1.03, 1.24, 1.56 and
1.96 mg fluoride/kg/day. The cows were yearlings at the start of the experiment.
They were bred first when two years old, then at yearly intervals for nine
years. Breeding records of these animals were kept. ... It is apparent that
there was some deficit in reproductive performance associated with exposure
to 1.56 and 1.96 mg/kg/day. Exposure to less than 1.56 mg/kg/day did not have
an obvious effect on reproductive performance. [Hobbs CS et al; Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station
Bulletin 235: (1962) as cited in USEPA; Drinking Water Criteria Document for
Fluoride p.V-19 (1985) EPA Contract No. 68-03-3279]**PEER REVIEWED**
The acute and subacute physiological and pathological effects of fluoride
(as sodium fluoride) administered
intravenously and orally to male and female dogs /were described/. When fluoride
was infused intravenously in four dogs at the rate of 5.4 mg Fluoride/min,
the mean acute lethal dose was 36.0 + or - 0.5 mg Fluoride/kg with death occurring
after 59 to 64 minutes of infusion. The principal effects observed were a
progressive decline in blood pressure, heart rate, central nervous system
activity (pupil size, response to light, tendon reflexes) with vomiting and
defecation. [Leone NC et al; Public Health Rep 71: 459-67 (1956) as cited
in USEPA; Drinking Water Criteria Document for Fluoride p.III-9 (1985) EPA
Contract No. 68-03-3279]**PEER REVIEWED**
Sodium fluoride test for mutagenicity
in mouse lymphoma cells was positive. [NTP; Fiscal Year 1988 Annual Plan p.84 (1988) NTP-87-200]**PEER
REVIEWED**
... LAMENESS; PAINFUL, STIFF GAIT OR POSTURE; DECR FEED INTAKE; ANOREXIA;
ROUGH HAIRCOAT; EMACIATION; & DECR MILK PRODUCTION. BONY EXOSTOSES ...
TEETH HAVE ... MOTTLING & PATCHY LOSS OF DENTINE. ... SPONTANEOUS FRACTURES
MAY OCCUR. ... LESIONS CONSIST OF HYPEROSTOSIS, POROSIS, ENLARGEMENT ... ROUGHENING.
/FLUORIDE/ [Jones, L.M., et al. Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics.
4th ed. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1977. 1275]**PEER REVIEWED**
... Conclusions: Under the conditions of these 2 year dosed water studies,
there was equivocal evidence of carcinogenic activity of sodium
fluoride in male F344/N rats, based on the occurrence of a
small number of osteosarcomas in dosed animals. "Equivocal evidence" is a
category for uncertain findings defined as studies that are interpreted as
showing a marginal increase of neoplasms that may be related to chemical administration.
There was no evidence of carcinogenic activity in female F344/N rats receiving
sodium fluoride at concentrations
of 25, 100, or 175 ppm (11, 45, or 79 ppm fluoride) in drinking water for
2 years. There was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of sodium
fluoride in male or female mice receiving sodium
fluoride at concentrations of 25, 100, or 175 ppm in drinking
water for 2 years. [Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies of Sodium Fluoride
in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Drinking water Studies). Technical Report
Series No. 393 (1990) NIH Publication No. 91-2848 U.S. Department of Health
and Human Services, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental
Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709]**QC REVIEWED**
National Toxicology Program Studies:
... Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies were conducted with F344/N rats
and B6C3F1 mice of each sex by incorporating sodium
fluoride into the drinking water in studies lasting ... 2
yr. ... The sodium fluoride concentrations
selected for the 2 yr studies in both rats and mice were 0, 25, 100, and 175
ppm in the drinking water. These concn were selected based on the decr weight
gain of rats at 300 ppm and of mice at 200 ppm and above, on the incidence
of gastric lesions in rats at 300 ppm in the 6 month studies, and on the absence
of significant toxic effects at sodium fluoride concentrations
as high as 100 ppm in an earlier 2 year study. Conclusions: Under the conditions
of these 2 year dosed water studies, there was equivocal evidence of carcinogenic
activity of sodium fluoride in male
F344/N rats, based on the occurrence of a small number of osteosarcomas in
dosed animals. "Equivocal evidence" is a category for uncertain findings defined
as studies that are interpreted as showing a marginal increase of neoplasms
that may be related to chemical administration. There was no evidence of carcinogenic
activity in female F344/N rats receiving sodium fluoride
at concentrations of 25, 100, or 175 ppm (11, 45, or 79 ppm
fluoride) in drinking water for 2 years. There was no evidence of carcinogenic
activity of sodium fluoride in male
or female mice receiving sodium fluoride at
concentrations of 25, 100, or 175 ppm in drinking water for 2 years. [Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies of Sodium Fluoride
in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Drinking water Studies). Technical Report
Series No. 393 (1990) NIH Publication No. 91-2848 U.S. Department of Health
and Human Services, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental
Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709]**QC REVIEWED**
Non-Human Toxicity Values:
LD50 Mice oral 44.3 mg/kg (Admin via stomach tube, under light ether anaesthesia)
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk
of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency
for Research on Cancer,1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).,p. V27 273 (1982)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
LD50 Mice intraperitoneal 17.2 mg/kg [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk
of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency
for Research on Cancer,1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).,p. V27 273 (1982)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
LD50 Mice oral 46.0 mg/kg [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk
of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency
for Research on Cancer,1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).,p. V27 273 (1982)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
LD50 Mice intravenous 23.0 mg/kg [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk
of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency
for Research on Cancer,1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).,p. V27 273 (1982)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
LD50 rats oral 51.6 mg/kg (Admin via stomach tube, under light ether anaesthesia)
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk
of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency
for Research on Cancer,1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).,p. V27 273 (1982)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
LD50 Rats oral 32.0 mg/kg [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk
of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency
for Research on Cancer,1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).,p. V27 273 (19820]**PEER
REVIEWED**
LD50 Rats intravenous 11.8 mg/kg [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk
of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency
for Research on Cancer,1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).,p. V27 273 (1982)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
LD50 Rats intraperitoneal 24 mg/kg [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk
of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency
for Research on Cancer,1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).,p. V27 273 (1982)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics:
Absorption, Distribution & Excretion:
/Studies in man revealed/ peak serum levels are reached within a half hour,
and levels fall promptly, with 20% of a given dose being excreted in the urine
within 4 hr. [Haddad, L.M. and Winchester, J.F. Clinical Management of Poisoning
and Drug Overdosage. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1983. 691]**PEER
REVIEWED**
FLUORIDES ARE ABSORBED FROM GI TRACT, LUNG, & SKIN. GI TRACT IS MAJOR
SITE OF ABSORPTION. THE RELATIVELY SOL CMPD, SUCH AS SODIUM
FLUORIDE, ARE ALMOST COMPLETELY ABSORBED. ... FLUORIDE HAS
BEEN DETECTED IN ALL ORGANS & TISSUES EXAMINED. ... THERE IS NO EVIDENCE
THAT IT IS CONCENTRATED IN ANY TISSUES EXCEPT BONE, THYROID, AORTA, &
PERHAPS KIDNEY. FLUORIDE IS PREPONDERANTLY DEPOSITED IN THE SKELETON &
TEETH, & THE DEGREE OF SKELETAL STORAGE IS RELATED TO INTAKE AND AGE.
... MAJOR ROUTE OF ... EXCRETION IS BY WAY OF KIDNEYS; ... ALSO EXCRETED IN
SMALL AMT BY SWEAT GLANDS, LACTATING BREAST, & GI TRACT. ... ABOUT 90%
OF FLUORIDE ION FILTERED BY GLOMERULUS IS REABSORBED BY RENAL TUBULES. /FLUORIDE/
[Gilman, A.G., L.S.Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman
and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 7th ed. New York:
Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1985. 1539]**PEER REVIEWED**
Sodium fluoride is almost 100% absorbed
through the stomach and small intestine. Absorption may be retarded if calcium
salts, milk, or antacids are taken simultaneously. ... A 1.5 mg dose produces
a peak blood level of 6 ug/dL. [Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis
and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing
Co., Inc. 1988. 532]**PEER REVIEWED**
After sodium fluoride solution (1.5
mg orally) was administered to a mother, plasma fluoride levels increased
but there was no corresponding increase in the fluoride concentration in the
breast milk; 2 to 8 ng/ml appeared in the breast milk. [Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis
and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing
Co., Inc. 1988. 532]**PEER REVIEWED**
/RENAL CLEARANCE/ 1. VIRTUALLY ALL FLUORIDE IN PLASMA ... IS ULTRAFILTERABLE.
2. RENAL EXCRETION OF RADIOFLUORIDE DEPENDS ON GLOMERULAR FILTRATION &
VARIABLE TUBULAR REABSORPTION. 3. PROBABLY, REABSORPTION IS LARGELY PASSIVE
... 4. FLUORIDE EXCRETION INCR WHEN PLASMA CONCN IS INCREASED. 5. PROCEDURES
THAT INCREASE URINARY FLOW RATE (EG, ADMIN OF OSMOTIC DIURETICS, HYPERTONIC
SALINE, OR DIURETIC DRUGS) INCREASE THE CLEARANCE OF FLUORIDE. /FLUORIDE/
[National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health Volume
1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977. 376]**PEER REVIEWED**
IN FEMALE RATS, POISONED BY ORAL ADMIN OF SODIUM
FLUORIDE, THE SKELETONS OF YOUNGER RATS APPARENTLY ARE MORE
EFFICIENT AT REMOVING FLUORIDE FROM CIRCULATION THAN ARE THOSE OF OLDER RATS.
[DE LOPEZ OH ET AL; TOXICOL APPL PHARMACOL 37 (1): 75-83 (1976)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
RATS GIVEN (18)FLUORIDE ION AS A RADIOTRACER BY CONTINUOUS IV INFUSION OF
SODIUM FLUORIDE FOR 3 HR SHOWED AT
SUBLETHAL DOSE RATES, BLOOD FLUORIDE CONCN NEARS STEADY STATE PROPORTIONAL
TO FLUORIDE INFUSION RATE. BLOOD, KIDNEY, & LUNG HAD HIGHEST CONCN @ DOSES
UP TO 3 MG FLUORIDE/KG/HR, BUT @ 6 MG/KG/HR THE FLUORIDE OF THE LIVER, SPLEEN
& HOLLOW ORGANS INCR SHARPLY. AMT ABOVE THIS WAS NOT WELL PROCESSED BY
EXCRETORY MECHANISM. RATS INFUSED 3 HR WITH 6 MG FLUORIDE/KG/HR: DURING INFUSION
FLUORIDE CONCN OF BONE & OTHER TISSUES WAS HIGH, BONE THE HIGHEST. OF
SOFT TISSUES, LUNG HAD THE HIGHEST, BRAIN, TESTES, & FAT PADS THE LEAST
CONCN. DURING DEPLETION PHASE, TISSUE FLUORIDE CONCN DECR, BONE FLUORIDE REMAINED
CONSTANT, & SUBSTANTIAL AMOUNT REMAINED IN THE LUNG. [KNAUS RM ET AL; TOX APPL PHARM 38 (2): 335-43 (1976)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
FOLLOWING ORAL ADMIN OF SODIUM FLUORIDE TO
RABBITS, THE FLUORIDE CONCN OF PLASMA ROSE RAPIDLY FROM A RANGE OF 0.01 TO
0.07 PPM TO A MAXIMAL LEVEL USUALLY WITHIN 1 HR AND THEN USUALLY DECLINED
WITH A HALF-LIFE OF 4 OR 5 HR. DOSES OF 100 TO 140 MG/KG GAVE 1 HR CONCN OF
12 TO 14 PPM. [Hayes, Wayland J., Jr. Pesticides Studied in Man. Baltimore/London:
Williams and Wilkins, 1982. 58]**PEER REVIEWED**
Following ingestion, soluble fluorides are rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal
tract at least to the extent of 97%. Absorbed fluoride is distributed throughout
the tissues of the body by the blood. Fluoride concentrations in soft tissues
fall to pre-exposure levels within a few hours of exposure. Fluoride exchange
with hydroxyl radicals of hydroxyapatite (the inorganic constituent of bone)
to form fluorohydroxyapatite. Fluoride that is not retained is excreted rapidly
in urine. In adults under steady state intake conditions, the urinary concentration
of fluoride tends to approximate the concentration of fluoride in the drinking
water. This reflects the decreasing retention of fluoride (primarily in bone)
with increasing age. Under certain conditions perspiration may be an important
route of fluoride excretion. The concentration of fluoride retained in bones
and teeth is a function of both the concentration of fluoride intake and the
duration of exposure. Periods of excessive fluoride exposure will result in
increased retention in the bone. However, when the excessive exposure is eliminated,
the bone fluoride concentration will decrease to a concentration that is again
reflective of intake. /Fluoride/ [USEPA; Drinking Water Criteria Document for Fluoride p.III-19
(1985) EPA Contract No. 68-03-3279]**PEER REVIEWED**
Biological Half-Life:
FOLLOWING ORAL ADMIN OF SODIUM FLUORIDE TO
RABBITS, THE FLUORIDE CONCN OF PLASMA ROSE RAPIDLY FROM A RANGE OF 0.01 TO
0.07 PPM TO A MAXIMAL LEVEL USUALLY WITHIN 1 HR AND THEN USUALLY DECLINED
WITH A HALF-LIFE OF 4 OR 5 HR. [Hayes, Wayland J., Jr. Pesticides Studied in Man. Baltimore/London:
Williams and Wilkins, 1982. 58]**QC REVIEWED**
Mechanism of Action:
The mechanism of action of orally and topically administered fluorides in
reducing tooth decay are not fully understood. Fluoride ions are incorporated
into and stabilize the apatite crystal of teeth and bone. /Fluorides/ [American Hospital Formulary Service-Drug Information 88. Bethesda,
MD: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, 1988 (Plus supplements). 21580]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Acidification of sodium fluoride solutions
increases fluoride uptake by dental enamel ... [American Hospital Formulary Service-Drug Information 88. Bethesda,
MD: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, 1988 (Plus supplements). 2158]**PEER
REVIEWED**
FLUORIDE IS VERY REACTIVE AND CAPABLE OF INHIBITING A NUMBER OF ENZYMES,
INCL PREGLYCOLYTIC ENZYMES, PHOSPHATASES, AND CHOLINESTERASE. THE RESULT IS
INHIBITION OF CELLULAR GLUCOSE PHOSPHORYLATION (HENCE SUBSEQUENT GLYCOLYSIS)
AND RESPIRATION AND INCR SENSITIVITY OF CHOLINERGIC MECHANISMS TO ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.
[Booth, N.H., L.E. McDonald (eds.). Veterinary Pharmacology
and Therapeutics. 5th ed. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1982. 1014]**PEER
REVIEWED**
INHIBITION OF ONE OR MORE ENZYMES CONTROLLING CELLULAR GLYCOLYSIS (&
PERHAPS RESP) MAY RESULT IN A CRITICAL LESION. ... BINDING OR PRECIPITATION
OF CALCIUM AS CALCIUM FLUORIDE ... SUGGESTED AS MECHANISM UNDERLYING MANY
DIVERSE SIGNS & SYMPTOMS IN FLUORIDE POISONING, PARTICULARLY IF DEATH
IS DELAYED. ... AT LEAST IN SOME SPECIES FLUORIDE INTERFERES WITH BOTH CONTRACTILE
POWER OF HEART AND THE MECHANISM OF BEAT IN A WAY THAT CANNOT BE ASCRIBED
TO HYPOCALCEMIA. /FLUORIDE/ [Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology
of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p.
II-112]**PEER REVIEWED**
... PRETREATMENT OF RATS WITH FLUORIDE INCR THEIR SENSITIVITY TO SUCCINYLCHOLINE,
DEMETON & PARATHION. /FLUORIDE/ [Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology
of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p.
II-112]**PEER REVIEWED**
Pharmacology:
Therapeutic Uses:
Fluorides, Topical [National Library of Medicine's Medical Subject Headings online
file (MeSH, 1999)]**QC REVIEWED**
... A CONCN OF ABOUT 1 PPM OF /SODIUM/ FLUORIDE
IN WATER SUPPLY RESULTS IN A 50-66% REDUCTION IN INCIDENCE
OF DENTAL CARIES IN PERMANENT TEETH. INGESTED FLUORIDE IS EFFECTIVE ONLY WHILE
TEETH ARE BEING FORMED. THE FLUORIDE IS INCORPORATED INTO TOOTH SALTS AS FLUOROAPATITE.
[Osol, A. (ed.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 16th
ed. Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1980. 732]**PEER REVIEWED**
Sodium fluoride is used orally to
increase bone density and relieve bone pain in the treatment of various metabolic
and neoplastic bone diseases. [American Hospital Formulary Service-Drug Information 88. Bethesda,
MD: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, 1988 (Plus supplements). 2160]**PEER
REVIEWED**
MEDICATION (VET): ... USE ... AS AN ANTHELMINTIC AGAINST ROUND WORMS (ASCARIS)
& STOMACH WORMS (HYOSTRONGYLUS) IN PIG. FOR THIS PURPOSE ... USUALLY MIXED
WITH DRY FOOD IN CONCENTRATION NOT EXCEEDING 1%. [Clarke, M. L., D. G. Harvey and D. J. Humphreys. Veterinary
Toxicology. 2nd ed. London: Bailliere Tindall, 1981. 49]**QC REVIEWED**
EXPTL USE: PRETREATMENT OF MICE WITH ATROPINE (17.4 MG/KG) & SODIUM
FLUORIDE (5 OR 15 MG/KG) HAD A SIGNIFICANT ANTIDOTAL EFFECT
OVER ATROPINE ALONE AGAINST THE LETHALITY PRODUCED BY SOMAN & SARIN. ATROPINE
& SODIUM FLUORIDE (15 MG/KG) WAS
EFFECTIVE AGAINST TABUN, WHEREAS THE LOWER DOSE OF NAF WAS NOT. AN EFFECT
OF SODIUM FLUORIDE ON ORGANOPHOSPHATE
INHIBITED ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE COULD NOT ACCOUNT FOR THE ANTIDOTAL ACTION
OF SODIUM FLUORIDE. SODIUM
FLUORIDE HAD NO EFFECT ON LIVER SOMANASE ACTIVITY BUT INHIBITED
ALIESTERASE ACTIVITY. ALIESTERASE ACTIVITY IN SODIUM
FLUORIDE PRETREATED SOMAN POISONED MICE WAS SIGNIFICANTLY
HIGHER THAN IN THOSE RECEIVING ATROPINE ALONE. THE ANTIDOTAL EFFECT OF SODIUM
FLUORIDE VERSES ORGANOPHOSPHATE POISONING APPEARED TO BE DUE
TO ITS ANTIDESENSITIZING ACTION AT NICOTINIC RECEPTORS IN THE NEUROMUSCULAR
JUNCTION &/OR SYMPATHETIC GANGLIA IN ADDITION TO THE PROPOSED INCREASED
HYDROLYSIS OF SARIN & DIRECT DETOXIFICATION OF TABUN. [CLEMENT JG, FILBERT M; LIFE SCI 32 (16): 1803-10 (1983)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
MEDICATION (VET): ANTHELMINTIC, PEDICULICIDE, ACARICIDE [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk
of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency
for Research on Cancer,1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).,p. V27 244 (1982)]**QC
REVIEWED**
Drug Warnings:
... Sodium fluoride is used in tablets
and drops to supplement intake in children and is also contained in mouth
washes at such high levels, 200 to 900 ppm as to represent ... a hazard if
large volumes are ingested. [Haddad, L.M. and Winchester, J.F. Clinical Management of Poisoning
and Drug Overdosage. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1983. 691]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Food and Environmental Agents: Effect on Breast-Feeding: Reported Sign or
Symptom in Infant or Effect on Lactation: Fluorides: None. /from Table 7/
[Report of the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on
Drugs in Pediatrics 93 (1): 142 (1994)]**QC REVIEWED**
Interactions:
... PRETREATMENT OF RATS WITH FLUORIDE INCR THEIR SENSITIVITY TO SUCCINYLCHOLINE,
DEMETON & PARATHION. /FLUORIDE/ [Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology
of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p.
II-112]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental Fate & Exposure:
Probable Routes of Human Exposure:
ACUTE FLUORIDE POISONING IS NOT RARE. IT USUALLY RESULTS FROM ACCIDENTAL
INGESTION OF INSECTICIDES AND RODENTICIDES CONTAINING FLUORIDE SALTS. /FLUORIDES/
[Gilman, A.G., L.S.Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman
and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 7th ed. New York:
Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1985. 1539]**PEER REVIEWED**
Sodium fluoride ... source of toxic
fluoride ions which cannot be detoxified. Thus, precautions must be taken
to insure that /this/ material does not enter a water supply in large amounts
... [Sittig, M. (ed.) Pesticide Manufacturing and Toxic Materials
Control Encyclopedia. park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation. 1980. 679]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Natural Pollution Sources:
... The natural concentration of fluoride in ground-water depends on such
factors as the geological, chemical, and physical characteristics of the water-supplying
area, the consistency of the soil, the porosity of rocks, the pH and temperature,
the complexing action of other elements, and the depth of wells. ... /Fluoride/
[WHO; Environ Health Criteria: Fluorine and Fluorides p.25
(1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**
At Lake Magadi Kenya, raw trona is dredged from encrustations on the lake,
crushed, washed, and calcined to convert the sodium sesquicarbonate to soda
ash. The calcined material is crushed and screened to produce a dense product
with ... a characteristically high (1.0%) sodium fluoride
content. [Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed.,
Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984.,p. 1(78) 877]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Fluorine ranks 13th among the elements in the order of abundance in the
Earth's crust. /Fluorine/ [WHO; Environ Health Criteria: Fluorine and Fluorides p.25
(1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Because it is so reactive, fluorine rarely, if ever, occurs naturally in
the elementary state, existing instead in the ionic form or as a variety of
inorgainc and orgainc fluorides. Rocks, soil, water, air, plants, and animals
all contain fluoride in widely-varying concentrations. /Fluoride and fluorine/
[WHO; Environ Health Criteria: Fluorine and Fluorides p.11
(1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Artificial Pollution Sources:
FROM FACTORIES, PROCESSING FLUORINE CONTAINING ORES, DUSTS MAY CONSIST OF
SODIUM FLUORIDE VOLATILIZED .../AND/...
THEN CONDENSED BY COOLER SURROUNDING AIR. LEAVES OF PLANTS MAY COLLECT SOME
OF THE DUST. EXTENT OF CONTAMINATION WILL DEPEND UPON TOPOGRAPHY OF SURROUNDING
TERRAIN & ESPECIALLY DIRECTION OF PREVAILING WIND. [Garner's Veterinary Toxicology. 3rd ed., rev. by E.G.C. Clarke
and M.L. Clarke. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1967. 83]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental Water Concentrations:
...Fluoride concentrations in ground-water fluctuate within wide limits
e.g. from <1 to 25 mg or more per litre. ... In surface fresh fluoride
content is usually low, 0.01-0.3 mg/l. ... Fluoride concentrations are higher
in sea ... averaging 1.3 mg/l. ... /Fluoride/ [WHO; Environ Health Criteria: Fluorine and Fluorides p.26
(1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental Standards & Regulations:
FIFRA Requirements:
Sodium fluoride (not more than 0.25%
pesticide formulation) is exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when
used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally
active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops. [40 CFR 180.1001 (7/11/88)]**PEER REVIEWED**
TSCA Requirements:
Section 8(a) of TSCA requires manufacturers of this chemical substance to
report preliminary assessment information concerned with production, use, and
exposure to EPA as cited in the preamble of the 51 FR 41329. [40 CFR 712.30 (7/1/88)]**PEER REVIEWED**
CERCLA Reportable Quantities:
Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National
Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated
hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity
of 1000 lb or 454 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802; In
the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining
when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).
[40 CFR 302.4 (7/1/88)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Clean Water Act Requirements:
Designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments
of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance. [40 CFR 116.4 (7/1/88)] **QC REVIEWED**
Federal Drinking Water Standards:
EPA 4,000 ug/l /Fluoride ion/ [USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis
Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and
Guidelines (11/93)] **QC REVIEWED**
Federal Drinking Water Guidelines:
EPA 2,000 ug/l /Fluoride ion/ [USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis
Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and
Guidelines (11/93)] **QC REVIEWED**
State Drinking Water Standards:
(CA) CALIFORNIA 2,000 ug/l /Fluoride/ [USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis
Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and
Guidelines (11/93)] **QC REVIEWED**
(DE) DELAWARE 1800 ug/l /Fluoride ion/ [USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis
Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and
Guidelines (11/93)] **QC REVIEWED**
(HI) HAWAII 1,400-2,400 ug/l /Fluoride ion/ [USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis
Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and
Guidelines (11/93)] **QC REVIEWED**
(NC) NORTH CAROLINA 4,000 ug/l /Fluoride ion/ [USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis
Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and
Guidelines (11/93)] **QC REVIEWED**
(PA) PENNSYLVANIA 2,000 ug/l /Fluoride ion/ [USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis
Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and
Guidelines (11/93)] **QC REVIEWED**
State Drinking Water Guidelines:
(AZ) ARIZONA 4,000 ug/l /Fluoride ion/ [USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis
Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and
Guidelines (11/93)] **QC REVIEWED**
(ME) MAINE 2,400 ug/l /Fluoride ion/ [USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis
Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and
Guidelines (11/93)] **QC REVIEWED**
FDA Requirements:
Sodium fluoride is an indirect food
additive for use only as a component of adhesives. For use only as a bonding
agent for aluminum foil stabilizer, or preservative. Total fluoride for all
sources not to exceed 1 percent by weight of the finished adhesive. [21 CFR 175.105 (4/1/88)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Bottled water packaged in the USA to which no fluoride is added shall not
contain fluoride in excess of 1.8 mg/l at 63.9-70.6 deg F. Bottled water packaged
in the USA to which fluoride is added shall not contain fluoride in excess of
1.2 mg/l at 63.9-70.6 deg F. Imported bottled water to which no fluoride is
added and imported bottled water to which fluoride is added shall not contain
fluoride in excess of 1.4 mg/l and 0.8 mg/l, respectively. /Fluoride/ [21 CFR 103.35 (4/1/88)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Allowable Tolerances:
Sodium flouride (not more than 0.25% pesticide formulation) is exempted from
the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural
practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations
applied to growing crops. [40 CFR 180.1001 (7/11/88)]**PEER REVIEWED**
COLORLESS, CUBIC OR TETRAGONAL CRYSTALS [Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed.
Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988-1989.,p. B-130]**PEER REVIEWED**
WHITE CRYSTALLINE POWDER [Hayes, Wayland J., Jr. Pesticides Studied in Man. Baltimore/London:
Williams and Wilkins, 1982. 58]**PEER REVIEWED**
White powder or colorless crystals [Note: Pesticide grade is often dyed blue].
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication No. 94-116. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, June
1994. 282]**QC REVIEWED**
Odor:
Odorless. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication No. 94-116. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, June
1994. 282]**QC REVIEWED**
Taste:
SALTY [Hayes, Wayland J., Jr. Pesticides Studied in Man. Baltimore/London:
Williams and Wilkins, 1982. 58]**PEER REVIEWED**
5X10-3 moles/l in water (Taste detection) [Fazzalari, F.A. (ed.). Compilation of Odor and Taste Threshold
Values Data. ASTM Data Series DS 48A (Committee E-18). Philadelphia, PA: American
Society for Testing and Materials, 1978. 150]**PEER REVIEWED**
Boiling Point:
1704 DEG C [The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc.,
1983. 1235]**PEER REVIEWED**
Melting Point:
993 DEG C [The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc.,
1983. 1235]**PEER REVIEWED**
Very slightly sol in alcohol [Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed.
Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988-1989.,p. B-130]**PEER REVIEWED**
Solubility in water 4.0 g/100 ml water @ 15 deg C [The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc.,
1983. 1235]**PEER REVIEWED**
Solubility in water 4.3 g/100 ml water @ 25 deg C [The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc.,
1983. 1235]**PEER REVIEWED**
Solubility in water 5.0 g/100 ml water @ 100 deg C [The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc.,
1983. 1235]**PEER REVIEWED**
Spectral Properties:
INDEX OF REFRACTION: 1.336 [Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed.
Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988-1989.,p. B-130]**PEER REVIEWED**
Vapor Pressure:
1 MM HG @ 1077 DEG C [Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 6th
ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1984. 2430]**PEER REVIEWED**
Other Chemical/Physical Properties:
AQ SOLN HAVE ALKALINE REACTION CAUSED BY PARTIAL HYDROLYSIS; AQ SOLN ETCH
GLASS [The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc.,
1983. 1235]**PEER REVIEWED**
All alkali fluorides, with the exception of the lithium salt, absorb hydrogen
fluoride to form acid fluorides of the type MHF2 where M is the alkali metal.
[Banks RE et al; Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology 20 (1):
608 (1966) as cited in WHO; Environ Health Criteria: Fluorine and Fluorides
p. 16 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Chemical Safety & Handling:
DOT Emergency Guidelines:
Health: TOXIC, inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause
severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns
to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may
be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff
from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause
pollution. /Sodium fluoride; Sodium
fluoride, solid; Sodium fluoride, solution/
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency
Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase
of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation
(U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials
Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-154]**QC REVIEWED**
Fire or explosion: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may
decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Some are oxidizers
and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Contact with
metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated.
/Sodium fluoride; Sodium
fluoride, solid; Sodium fluoride, solution/
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency
Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase
of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation
(U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials
Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-154]**QC REVIEWED**
Public safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper
first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone
number listed on the inside back cover. Isolate spill or leak area immediately
for at least 25 to 50 meters (80 to 160 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized
personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas.
/Sodium fluoride; Sodium
fluoride, solid; Sodium fluoride, solution/
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency
Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase
of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation
(U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials
Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-154]**QC REVIEWED**
Protective clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus
(SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing which is specifically recommended
by the manufacturer. Structural firefighters' protective clothing is recommended
for fire situations ONLY, it is not effective in spill situations. /Sodium
fluoride; Sodium fluoride, solid;
Sodium fluoride, solution/ [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency
Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase
of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation
(U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials
Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-154]**QC REVIEWED**
Evacuation: Spill: See the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action
Distances for highlighted substances. For non-highlighted substances, increase,
in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown under
"PUBLIC SAFETY". Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire,
ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial
evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. /Sodium
fluoride; Sodium fluoride, solid;
Sodium fluoride, solution/ [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency
Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase
of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation
(U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials
Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-154]**QC REVIEWED**
Fire: Small fires: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray. Large fires: Dry chemical,
CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. Move containers from fire area if
you can do it without risk. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not
scatter the material. Fire involving tanks or car/trailer loads: Fight fire
from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Do not
get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water
until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from
venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from the ends
of tanks. /Sodium fluoride; Sodium
fluoride, solid; Sodium fluoride, solution/
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency
Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase
of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation
(U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials
Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-154]**QC REVIEWED**
Spill or leak: ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks
or flames in immediate area). Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material
unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without
risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb
or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer
to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. /Sodium
fluoride; Sodium fluoride, solid;
Sodium fluoride, solution/ [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency
Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase
of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation
(U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials
Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-154]**QC REVIEWED**
First aid: Move victim to fresh air. Call emergency medical care. Apply artificial
respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if
victim ingested or inhaled the substance; induce artificial respiration with
the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory
medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate
contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately
flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin
contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin. Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may
be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved,
and take precautions to protect themselves. /Sodium
fluoride; Sodium fluoride, solid;
Sodium fluoride, solution/ [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency
Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase
of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation
(U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials
Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-154]**QC REVIEWED**
Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:
Dust inhalation and skin or eye contact may cause irritation of the skin,
eyes or respiratory tract ... [Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes
1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984.,p. 10(80) 798]**PEER REVIEWED**
NFPA Hazard Classification:
Health: 2. 2= Materials hazardous to health, but areas may be entered freely
with self-contained breathing apparatus. [National Fire Protection Association. Fire Protection Guide
on Hazardous Materials. 9th ed. Boston, MA: National Fire Protection Association,
1986.,p. 49-82]**PEER REVIEWED**
Flammability: 0. 0= Materials that will not burn. [National Fire Protection Association. Fire Protection Guide
on Hazardous Materials. 9th ed. Boston, MA: National Fire Protection Association,
1986.,p. 49-82]**PEER REVIEWED**
Reactivity: 0. 0= Materials which are normally stable even under fire exposure
conditions and which are not reactive with water. Normal fire fighting procedures
may be used. [National Fire Protection Association. Fire Protection Guide
on Hazardous Materials. 9th ed. Boston, MA: National Fire Protection Association,
1986.,p. 49-82]**PEER REVIEWED**
Fire Fighting Procedures:
Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire (material
itself does not burn or burns with difficulty). Use water in flooding quantities
as fog; Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water; Apply
water from as far a distance as possible. /Sodium fluoride
solution/ [Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous
Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, D.C.: Assoc. of American Railroads,Hazardous
Materials Systems (BOE), 1987. 629]**PEER REVIEWED**
Hazardous Reactivities & Incompatibilities:
Strong oxidizers. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
282]**QC REVIEWED**
Hazardous Decomposition:
When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /hydrogen fluoride and
disodium oxide/. [Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials.
9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996. 2965]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health:
250 mg/cu m (as F) [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
282]**QC REVIEWED**
Protective Equipment & Clothing:
WEAR SELF CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS; WEAR GOGGLES IF /OTHER/ EYE PROTECTION
NOT PROVIDED. [National Fire Protection Association. Fire Protection Guide
on Hazardous Materials. 9th ed. Boston, MA: National Fire Protection Association,
1986.,p. 49-82]**PEER REVIEWED**
Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, and boots. /Sodium
fluoride solution/ [Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous
Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, D.C.: Assoc. of American Railroads,Hazardous
Materials Systems (BOE), 1987. 629]**PEER REVIEWED**
Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
283]**QC REVIEWED**
Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
283]**QC REVIEWED**
Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 12.5 mg/cu m.
Respirator Class(es): Any dust and mist respirator. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
283]**QC REVIEWED**
Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 25 mg/cu m. Respirator
Class(es): Any dust and mist respirator except single-use and quarter-mask respirators.
May require eye protection. Any supplied-air respirator. May require eye protection.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
282]**QC REVIEWED**
Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 62.5 mg/cu m.
Respirator Class(es): Any supplied-air respirator operated in a continuous flow
mode. May require eye protection. Any powered, air-purifying respirator with
a dust and mist filter. May require eye protection. May need gas acid sorbent.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
283]**QC REVIEWED**
Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 125 mg/cu m.
Respirator Class(es): Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator with a high-efficiency
particulate filter. May need acid gas sorbent. Any self-contained breathing
apparatus with a full facepiece. Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
283]**QC REVIEWED**
Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 250 mg/cu m.
Respirator Class(es): Any supplied-air respirator that has a full facepiece
and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
283]**QC REVIEWED**
Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: Emergency or planned
entry into unknown concn or IDLH conditions: Respirator Class(es): Any self-contained
breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand
or other positive-pressure mode. Any supplied-air respirator that has a full
facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode
in combination with an auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus operated
in pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
283]**QC REVIEWED**
Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: Escape from suddenly
occurring respiratory hazards: Respirator Class(es): Any air-purifying, full-facepiece
respirator with a high-efficiency particulate filter. May need acid gas sorbent.
Any appropriate escape-type, self-contained breathing apparatus. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
283]**QC REVIEWED**
Preventive Measures:
If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and
other sources of ignition away; Keep material out of water sources and sewers;
Build dikes to contain flow as necessary; Neutralize spill material with crushed
limestone, soda ash, or lime. /Sodium fluoride solution/
[Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous
Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, D.C.: Assoc. of American Railroads,Hazardous
Materials Systems (BOE), 1987. 629]**PEER REVIEWED**
Avoid breathing vapors; Keep upwind; Avoid bodily contact with the material.
... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective
equipment; ... any material which may have contacted the body /should be removed
by washing/ with copious amounts of water or soap and water. /Sodium
fluoride solution/ [Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous
Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, D.C.: Assoc. of American Railroads,Hazardous
Materials Systems (BOE), 1987. 629]**PEER REVIEWED**
Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical. **PEER REVIEWED**
SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is
conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend
not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance,
characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection
equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances
whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact
lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses
should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should
be worn even when contact lenses are in place. **PEER REVIEWED**
The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
283]**QC REVIEWED**
Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed
and replaced. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
283]**QC REVIEWED**
Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated
clothing before leaving the work premises. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
283]**QC REVIEWED**
Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
283]**QC REVIEWED**
Shipment Methods and Regulations:
No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation
in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous
material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition
for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations
(49 CFR 171-177)./ [49 CFR 171.2 (7/1/96)]**QC REVIEWED**
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations
are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions
618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed
by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. [IATA. Dangerous Goods Regulations. 38th ed. Montreal, Canada
and Geneva, Switzerland: International Air Transport Association, Dangerous
Goods Board, January, 1997. 213]**QC REVIEWED**
The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles
for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual
substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in
the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names
has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting
to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance
or article. [IMDG; International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code; International
Maritime Organization p.6228 (1988)]**QC REVIEWED**
Storage Conditions:
SOLN /USP TOPICAL FLUORIDE SOLN/ SHOULD BE STORED IN PLAX (PLASTIC), PARAFFIN
LINED, OR PYREX BOTTLES. [Osol, A. (ed.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 16th ed.
Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1980. 1890]**PEER REVIEWED**
PROTECT FROM PHYSICAL DAMAGE. STORE IN DRY LOCATION. DO NOT STORE ADJACENT
TO ACIDS OR ALKALIES. [National Fire Protection Association. Fire Protection Guide
on Hazardous Materials. 9th ed. Boston, MA: National Fire Protection Association,
1986.,p. 49-82]**PEER REVIEWED**
Cleanup Methods:
Environmental considerations-land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding
area to contain liquid or solid material; /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds,
lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible
membrane liner./ Dike a surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane,
or foamed concrete; Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash or cement powder; Neutralize
with agricultural lime , crushed limestone or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). /Sodium
fluoride solution/ [Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous
Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, D.C.: Assoc. of American Railroads,Hazardous
Materials Systems (BOE), 1987. 629]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental considerations-water spill: Neutralize with agricultural lime,
crushed limestone (CaCO3) or sodium bicarbonate; Use mechanical dredges or lifts
to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates; Adjust pH to neutral
(pH= 7). /Sodium fluoride solution/
[Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous
Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, D.C.: Assoc. of American Railroads,Hazardous
Materials Systems (BOE), 1987. 629]**PEER REVIEWED**
Disposal Methods:
SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary
landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing
land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental
regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. **PEER REVIEWED**
Group III Containers (both combustible and non-combustible) that previously
held organic mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic, or inorganic pesticides should
be triple rinsed, punctured and disposed of in a sanitary landfill. Non-rinsed
containers should be encapsulated and buried at a specially designated landfill
site. /Organic mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic, or inorganic pesticides/ [40 CFR 165.9 (c) (7/1/88)]**PEER REVIEWED**
A suggested disposal method converts the soluble fluoride ions to insoluble
calcium fluoride ... a naturally occurring mineral (fluorspar) which can safely
be added to a landfill. The method is as follows: add slowly to a large container
of water. Stir in slight excess of Na2CO3 /sodium carbonate/. If fluoride is
present add Ca(OH)2 /calcium hydroxide/ also. Let stand 24 hr. Decant or siphon
into another container and neutralize with 6 m HCl /hydrochloric acid/ before
washing down with large cxcess of water. The sludge may be added to landfill.
Recommendable methods: Precipitation & landfill. [United Nations. Treatment and Disposal Methods for Waste Chemicals
(IRPTC File). Data Profile Series No. 5. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations
Environmental Programme, Dec. 1985. 279]**QC REVIEWED**
Precipitation & landfill: Industry wastes with a high fluoride concn are
treated in two phases. By adding CaO /calcium oxide/, the soluble fluorides
are precipitated as CaF2 /calcium fluoride/ until the concn has been reduced
to 10 mg/l. The compact sludge is disposed of on special waste dumps. [United Nations. Treatment and Disposal Methods for Waste Chemicals
(IRPTC File). Data Profile Series No. 5. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations
Environmental Programme, Dec. 1985. 280]**QC REVIEWED**
Occupational Exposure Standards:
OSHA Standards:
Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 2.5 mg/cu m.
/Fluorides, as F/ [29 CFR 1910.1000 (7/1/98)]**QC REVIEWED**
Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-2 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 2.5 mg/cu m.
/Fluoride as dust/ [29 CFR 1910.1000 (7/1/98)]**QC REVIEWED**
Threshold Limit Values:
8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA) 2.5 mg/cu m /Fluorides (as F)/ [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold
Limit Values (TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents Biological Exposure
Indices for 1998. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1998. 39]**QC REVIEWED**
Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed
three times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 min during a work day,
and under no circumstances should they exceed five times the TLV-TWA, provided
that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded. /Fluorides (as F)/ [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold
Limit Values (TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents Biological Exposure
Indices for 1998. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1998. 6]**QC REVIEWED**
Biological Exposure Index adoption (1990 edition): Fluorides in urine prior
to shift is 3 mg/g creatinine. Fluorides in urine at end of shift is 10 mg/g
creatinine. The determinant is usually present in a significant amt in biological
specimens collected from subjects who have not been occupationally exposed.
Such background levels are incl in the BEI value. The determinant is nonspecific,
since it is observed after exposure to some other chemicals. These nonspecific
tests are preferred because they are easy to use and usually offer a better
correlation with exposure than specific tests. In such instances, a BEI for
a specific, less quantitative biological determinant is recommended as a confirmatory
test. /Fluorides (as F)/ [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold
Limit Values (TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents Biological Exposure
Indices for 1998. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1998. 100]**QC REVIEWED**
A4. A4= Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /Fluorides, as F/ [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold
Limit Values (TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents Biological Exposure
Indices for 1998. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1998. 39]**QC REVIEWED**
NIOSH Recommendations:
Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 Hr Time-Weighted Avg: 2.5 mg/cu m. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
282]**QC REVIEWED**
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health:
250 mg/cu m (as F) [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
282]**QC REVIEWED**
Manufacturing/Use Information:
Major Uses:
IN ELECTROPLATING; IN HEAT TREATING SALT COMPOSITIONS; FOR DISINFECTING FERMENTATION
APPARATUS IN BREWERIES AND DISTILLERIES; MFR COATED PAPER; FROSTING GLASS; IN
DENTAL LAB; IN REMOVAL OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE FROM EXHAUST GASES TO REDUCE AIR
POLLUTION [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk
of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency
for Research on Cancer,1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).,p. V27 244 (1982)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Fungicide, rodenticide, glass manufacture [ITII. Toxic and Hazarous Industrial Chemicals Safety Manual.
Tokyo, Japan: The International Technical Information Institute, 1982. 477]**PEER
REVIEWED**
FLUORIDATION AGENT IN DRINKING WATER; A FLUX IN THE MANUFACTURE OF RIMMED
STEEL, ALUMINUM, AND MAGNESIUM; A FUNGICIDE; A GLASS FROSTING AGENT; A COMPONENT
OF GLUES AND ADHESIVES; AN AGENT IN ORE FLOTATION; A STAINLESS STEEL PICKLING
AGENT; A TOOTHPASTE INGREDIENT; A COMPONENT OF BITREOUS ENAMELS; AND A COMPONENT
OF WOOD PRESERVATIVES. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk
of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency
for Research on Cancer,1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).,p. V27 244 (1982)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Used in chemical cleaning, cryolite manufacture, single crystals used as windows
in UV & infrared radiation detecting systems. [Sax, N.I. and R.J. Lewis, Sr. (eds.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical
Dictionary. 11th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1987. 1060]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Used as an anti-coagulant in vitro for blood; Sodium
fluoride, 2 mg/ml blood. [Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes
1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984.,p. 4(78) 121]**PEER REVIEWED**
Used in the resmelting of aluminum, pickling of stainless steel, & component
of laundry sours. [Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes
1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984.,p. 10(80) 798]**PEER REVIEWED**
Sodium fluoride is used orally to
increase bone density and relieve bone pain in the treatment of various metabolic
and neoplastic bone diseases. [American Hospital Formulary Service-Drug Information 88. Bethesda,
MD: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, 1988 (Plus supplements). 2160]**PEER
REVIEWED**
MEDICATION (VET) **QC REVIEWED**
SODIUM FLUORIDE ... FOR CONTROLLING
ROACHES & SILVERFISH IN HOMES & INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENTS. IN THE SUSPENDED
AND CANCELLED LIST OF THE EPA (MAY 1978), SODIUM FLUORIDE
IS CANCELLED FOR HOME USE IF THE PRODUCT CONTAINS MORE THAN
40% OF THIS COMPOUND. [Osol, A. (ed.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 16th ed.
Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1980. 1199]**PEER REVIEWED**
MEDICATION **QC REVIEWED**
Manufacturers:
Chemtech Industries, Inc, Hq, 1655 Des Peres Road, PO Box 31000, St Louis,
MO 63131, (314) 966-9900; Fluoride Manufacturing Division; Production site:
East Saint Louis, IL 62202 [SRI. 1989 Directory of Chemical Producers - United States of
America. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International, 1989. 952]**QC REVIEWED**
The Procter & Gamble Co, Hq, 301 E Sixth St, PO Box 599, Cincinnati, OH
45201, (513) 983-2641; Subsidiaries: Richardson-Vicks, Inc, 10 Westport Rd,
Wilton, CT 06897, (203) 762-2222; JT Baker Inc, (201) 859-2151; Production site:
222 Red School Ln, Phillipsburg, NJ 08865 [SRI. 1989 Directory of Chemical Producers - United States of
America. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International, 1989. 953]**QC REVIEWED**
Pennwalt Corporation, Hq, Pennwalt Building, Three Parkway, Philadelphia,
PA 19102, (215) 587-7000; Chemicals Group; Subsidiary: Ozark-Mahoning Company,
1870 S Boulder Ave, Tulsa, OK 74119, (918) 585-2661 [SRI. 1989 Directory of Chemical Producers - United States of
America. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International, 1989. 953]**QC REVIEWED**
Henley Manufacturing Inc, Hq, 11255 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037,
(619) 455-9494; General Chemical Corporation, 90 E Halsey Road, Parsippany,
NJ 07054- 0393; Production site: Route 13, Claymont, DE 19703 (Delaware Valley
Works) [SRI. 1989 Directory of Chemical Producers - United States of
America. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International, 1989. 952]**QC REVIEWED**
Olin Corporation, Hq, 120 Long Ridge Road, PO Box 1355, Stamford, CT 06904-1355,
(203) 356-2000; Olin Chemicals (address same as Hq); Production site: Joliet,
IL 60434 [SRI. 1989 Directory of Chemical Producers - United States of
America. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International, 1989. 952]**QC REVIEWED**
Methods of Manufacturing:
PREPARED BY FUSING CRYOLITE WITH SODIUM HYDROXIDE [The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc.,
1983. 1235]**PEER REVIEWED**
Normally manufactured by the reaction of hydrofluoric acid with soda ash (sodium
carbonate) or caustic soda (sodium hydroxide), with control of pH essential
and proper agitation necessary to obtain the desired crystal size. [Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes
1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984.,p. 10(80) 797]**PEER REVIEWED**
General Manufacturing Information:
NOT APPROVED FOR /INSECTICIDAL/ USE IN BARNS, GRAIN BINS, POULTRY HOUSES.
[Farm Chemicals Handbook 1989. Willoughby, OH: Meister Publishing
Co., 1989.,p. C-264]**PEER REVIEWED**
PREPARED ... BY ADDING EQUIV AMT OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE OR SODIUM CARBONATE TO
40% HYDROGEN FLUORIDE (PPTN IS INSTANTANEOUS & CRYSTAL SIZE DEPENDS ON PH,
BUT TOO MUCH HYDROGEN FLUORIDE YIELDS SODIUM BIFLUORIDE,
NAHF2): MULLER, CHEM-ZTG 52, 5 (1928) ... [The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc.,
1983. 1235]**PEER REVIEWED**
SODIUM FLUORIDE ... FOR CONTROLLING
ROACHES & SILVERFISH IN HOMES & INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENTS. IN THE SUSPENDED
AND CANCELLED LIST OF THE EPA (MAY 1978), SODIUM FLUORIDE
IS CANCELLED FOR HOME USE IF THE PRODUCT CONTAINS MORE THAN
40% OF THIS COMPOUND. [Osol, A. (ed.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 16th ed.
Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1980. 1199]**PEER REVIEWED**
Only the powdered grade is authorized by and registered with the EPA for use
in pesticide formulations, with the further provison that it must be tinted
blue or green, or otherwise discolored. The word poison appears on all labels
together with first aid information. [Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes
1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984.,p. 10(80) 797]**PEER REVIEWED**
Formulations/Preparations:
Commercial grade (purity 93-99%) is used to prepare baits [Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide Manual
- A World Compendium. 8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British Crop Protection
Council, 1987. 750]**PEER REVIEWED**
TECHNICAL GRADES ARE 90% & 95% NAF, LIGHT (37 CU IN/LB) & DENSE (23
CU IN/LB), & 98% [The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc.,
1983. 1235]**PEER REVIEWED**
Sodium fluoride solution contains
not less than 95% and not more than 105.0% of the labelled amount of sodium
fluoride, USP XXI [USP Convention. The United States Pharmacopeia 21st Revision/The
National Formulary 16th ed. Rockville, MD: United States Pharmacopeial Convention,
Inc.,Jan. 1, 1985 (plus Supplements 1-6). 969]**PEER REVIEWED**
The purity of the commercial material is about 98% [Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes
1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984.,p. 10(80) 797]**PEER REVIEWED**
Commercially available as tablets or solutions for oral admin and in dentifrices
or as oral gels, pastes, or rinsing solutions for topical administration. [American Hospital Formulary Service-Drug Information 88. Bethesda,
MD: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, 1988 (Plus supplements). 2158]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Prepared by neutral neutralizing aqueous solutions of hydrofluoric acid with
sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide. [WHO; Environ Health Criteria: Fluorine and Fluorides p.16 (1984)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Sulfates & iron [CHEMICAL PRODUCTS SYNOPSIS: Sodium Fluoride, (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**
U. S. Production:
(1977) AT LEAST 4.60X10+8 G [SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**
(1986) 5.44X10+9 g /estimate/ [CHEMICAL PRODUCTS SYNOPSIS: Sodium Fluoride,(1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**
U. S. Imports:
(1977) AT LEAST 5.95X10+7 G [SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**
Laboratory Methods:
Clinical Laboratory Methods:
CHARGED PARTICLE ACTIVATION TECHNIQUE IS USEFUL IN NONDESTRUCTIVELY DETERMINING
CONCN PROFILES OF F- IN EXTRACTED TEETH. /FLUORIDE/ [RAJAN KS ET AL; J DENT RES 55 (4): 671 (1976)]**PEER REVIEWED**
NIOSH 8308: Analyte: fluoride ion (F-); Specimen: urine, pre- and post-shift;
Vol: 50 ml in chemically clean polyethylene bottles; Preservative: 0.2 g EDTA
added to bottles before collection; Stability: 2 wk @ 4 deg C, longer if frozen;
Technique: ion selective electrode; Quality control: spike urine pools, correct
for creatinine content; Range: 1-100 mg/l urine; Est LOD: 0.1 mg/l urine; Precision(Sr):
0.04; Interferences: Hydroxide, the only positive interference, is eliminated
by use of the buffer /Fluoride in urine/ [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health
Service. Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health. NIOSHManual of Analytical Methods, 3rd ed. Volumes 1 and 2 with
1985 supplement, and revisions. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
February 1984.,p. V1 8308-1]**PEER REVIEWED**
MATRIX: URINE: PROCEDURE: ION SPECIFIC ELECTRODE; RANGE: LOWER LIMIT URINE
0.19 MG/L. /TOTAL FLUORIDE/ [U.S. Department of Health, Education Welfare, Public Health
Service. Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety
Health. NIOSH Manual ofAnalytical Methods. 2nd ed. Volumes 1-7. Washington,
DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977-present.,p. V1 114-1]**PEER REVIEWED**
Analyte: Fluoride ion (F-); Matrix: urine; Procedure: Ion selective electrode;
Quality control: spike urine pools, correct for creatinine content; Range: 1-100
mg/l urine; Precision: 0.04 /Fluoride in urine/ [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health
Service. Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health. NIOSHManual of Analytical Methods, 3rd ed. Volumes 1 and 2 with
1985 supplement, and revisions. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
February 1984.,p. V1 8308-1]**PEER REVIEWED**
Analytic Laboratory Methods:
NIOSH 7902: Analyte: fluoride ion (F-); Matrix: air; Sampler: filter + treated
filter (0.8-um cellulose ester membrane followed by sodium carbonate treated
cellulose pad; Flow rate: 1-2 l/min; Vol: min: 20 l @ 2.5 mg/cu m, max: 800
l @ 2.5 mg/cu m; Stability: stable; Technique: ion-specific electrode; Range:
0.03-1.2 mg F-/sample; Est LOD (Limit of detection): 3 ug F-/sample; Precision
Rel. Std. Dev. (Sr): 0.017; Interferences: hydroxide ion greater than 1/10 fluoride
level will interfere positively. Al3+ gives a negative interference. /Fluorides,
aerosol and gas/ [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health
Service. Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health. NIOSHManual of Analytical Methods, 3rd ed. Volumes 1 and 2 with
1985 supplement, and revisions. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
February 1984.,p. V1 7902-1]**PEER REVIEWED**
Matrix: toothpaste; Technique: Dissolve in acid medium; react sodium
fluoride with trimethylchlorosilane to form trimethylfluorosilane;
extract with benzene; Gas chromatography, flame ionization detector; Limit of
detection: not given. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk
of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency
for Research on Cancer,1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).,p. V27 269 (1982)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
PRODUCT ANALYSIS IS BY DETERMINATION OF THE FLUORINE CONTENT BY TITRIMETRIC
METHODS. (AOAC METHODS, 1984, 6.019-6.024). [Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide Manual
- A World Compendium. 8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British Crop Protection
Council, 1987. 750]**PEER REVIEWED**
FLUORIDE ANALYSIS IN DIFFERENT SUBSTRATES BY FLUORIDE SPECIFIC ELECTRODE.
/FLUORIDE/ [STAHR HM; IN ANAL TOXIC METHODS MANUAL. 65-7 (1977)]**PEER REVIEWED**
A DETERMINATION OF FLUORIDE BY SPECIFIC ION ELECTRODE AND REPORT OF A FATAL
CASE OF FLUORIDE POISONING. /FLUORIDE/ [SPEAKER, JH; J FORENSIC SCI 21: 121-6 (1976)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Method 413B: Electrode Method. This method is suitable for fluoride concn
from 0.1 to more than 10 mg/l. The fluoride electrode is a selective ion sensor.
The key element in the fluoride electrode is the laser-type doped lanthanum
fluoride crystal across which a potential is established by fluoride soln of
different concn. The crystal contacts the sample soln at one face and an internal
reference soln at the other. The fluoride electrode measures the ion activity
of fluoride in soln rather than concn. Fluoride ion activity depends on the
soln total ionic strength and pH, and on fluoride complexing species. Adding
an appropriate buffer provides a uniform ionic strength background, adjusts
pH, and breaks up complexes so that, in effect, the electrode measures concn.
A synthetic sample containing 0.850 mg fluoride ion/l in distilled water was
analyzed in 111 laboratories with relative standard deviation of 3.6% and relative
error of 0.7%. /Total fluoride/ [Franson MA (Ed); Standard Methods for the Examination of Water
and Wastewater p.357-9 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Method 413C: SPADNS Method. This method is suitable only for concn in the
range of 0.05 to 1.4 mg/l. /This is a colorimetric method based on the color
developed upon addition of SPADNs solution and Zirconyl-acid reagent to fluoride
containing sample/. The reaction rate between fluoride and zirconium ion is
influenced greatly by the acidity of the reaction mixture. If the proportion
of acid in the reagent is incr, the reaction can be made almost instantaneous.
Under such conditions, however, the effect of various ions differs from that
in the conventional alizarin method. The selection of dye for this rapid fluoride
method is governed largely by the resulting tolerance to these ions. A synthetic
sample containing 0.830 mg fluoride ion/l and no interference in distilled water
was analyzed in 53 laboratories with a relative standard deviation of 8.0% and
a relative error of 1.2%. After direct distillation of the sample, the relative
standard deviation was 11.0% and the relative error 2.4%. /Total fluoride/ [Franson MA (Ed); Standard Methods for Examination of Water and
Wastewater p.359-61 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Method 413E: Complexone Method. This method is applicable to potable, surface,
and saline waters as well as domestic and industrial wastewaters. The range
of the method, which can be modified by using the adjustable colorimeter, is
0.1 to 2.0 mg fluoride/l. The sample is distilled and the distillate is reacted
with alizarin fluorine blue-lanthanum reagent to form a blue complex that is
measured colorimetrically at 620 nm. In a single laboratory, four samples of
natural water containing from 0.40 to 0.82 mg fluoride/l were analyzed in septuplicate.
Average precision was + or - 0.03 mg fluoride/l. To two of the samples, additions
of 0.20 and 0.80 mg fluoride/l were made. Average recovery of the additions
was 98%. /Total fluoride/ [Franson MA (Ed); Standard Methods for the Examination of Water
and Wastewater p.362 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**
EPA Method 340.1 is a colorimetric method using sodium 2-(parasulfophenylazo)-
1,8-dihydroxy-3,6-naphthalene disulfonate with Bellack distillation for the
measurement of total fluoride in drinking, surface, and saline waters, and domestic
and industrial wastes. It covers a range from 0.1 to about 1.4 mg/l fluoride.
On samples containing 0.57, 0.68, and 0.83 mg/l fluoride, the mean obtained
was 0.60, 0.72, and 0.81, respectively with a standard deviation of + or - 0.103,
+ or - 0.092, and + or - 0.089 mg/l respectively. /Total fluoride/ [USEPA; Methods of Chemical Analysis or Water and Wastes p.340.1
(1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**
EPA Method 340.2 is a potentiometric method using an ion selective electrode
for the measurement of fluoride in drinking, surface, and saline waters, and
domestic and industrial wastes. Concentration of fluoride from 0.1 up to 1000
mg/l may be measured. For total or total dissolved fluoride, the Bellack distillation
is required for National Pollutent Discharge Elimination System monitoring,
but is not required for Safe Drinking Water Act. A synthetic sample prepared
by the Analytical Reference Service containing 0.85 mg/l fluoride and no interferences
had a mean of 0.84 mg/l with a standard deviation of + or - 0.03. A synthetic
sample containing 0.75 mg/l fluoride, 2.5 mg/l polyphosphate and 300 mg/l alkalinity
had a mean of 0.75 mg/l fluoride with a standard deviation of + or - 0.036.
/Fluoride/ [USEPA; Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes p.340.2
(1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**
EPA Method 340.3 is an automated complexone colorimetric method for the determination
of fluoride in drinking, surface, and saline waters, and domestic and industrial
wastes. The applicable range is 0.05 to 1.5 mg/l fluoride. For total or total
dissolved fluoride, the Bellack Distillation must be performed on the samples
prior to analysis. In a single laboratory using surface water samples concentrations
of 0.06, 0.15, and 1.08 mg/l fluoride the standard deviation was + or - 0.018,
and at concentrations of 0.14 and 1.25 mg/l fluoride, recoveries were 89% and
102% respectively. /Fluoride/ [USEPA; Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes p.340.3
(1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Sampling Procedures:
NIOSH 8308: Analyte: fluoride ion (F-); Specimen: urine, pre- and post- shift;
Vol: 50 ml in chemically clean polyethylene bottles; Preservative: 0.2 g EDTA
added to bottles before collection; Stability: 2 wk @ 4 deg C, longer if frozen;
Controls: collect 3 sets of specimens from unexposed workers pre- and post-
shift /Fluoride in urine/ [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health
Service. Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health. NIOSHManual of Analytical Methods, 3rd ed. Volumes 1 and 2 with
1985 supplement, and revisions. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
February 1984.,p. V1 8308-1]**PEER REVIEWED**
NIOSH 7902: Analyte: fluoride ion (F-); Matrix: air; Sampler: filter plus
treated filter (0.8-um cellulose ester membrane followed by sodium carbonate
treated cellulose pad; Flow rate: 1-2 l/min; Vol: min: 20 l @ 2.5 mg/cu m, max:
800 l @ 2.5 mg/cu m; Stability: stable /Fluorides, aerosol and gas/ [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health
Service. Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health. NIOSHManual of Analytical Methods, 3rd ed. Volumes 1 and 2 with
1985 supplement, and revisions. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
February 1984.,p. V1 7902-1]**PEER REVIEWED**
Special References:
Special Reports:
NEWBURN E; J AM DENT ASSOC 94: (2) 301 (1977) A REVIEW OF THE SAFETY OF WATER
FLUORIDATION.
DHHS/NTP; Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies of Sodium
Fluoride in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Drinking Water Studies)
Technical Report Series No. 393 (1990) NIH Publication No. 91-2848
DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Fluorides, Hydrogen Fluoride, and Fluorine
(F) TP-91/17 (1993)
Synonyms and Identifiers:
Synonyms:
ALCOA SODIUM FLUORIDE **PEER REVIEWED**
ANTIBULIT **PEER REVIEWED**
CAVI-TROL **PEER REVIEWED**
Chemifluor **PEER REVIEWED**
CREDO **PEER REVIEWED**
DISODIUM DIFLUORIDE **PEER REVIEWED**
FDA 0101 **PEER REVIEWED**
FLORIDINE **PEER REVIEWED**
FLOROCID **PEER REVIEWED**
FLOZENGES **PEER REVIEWED**
FLUORADAY **PEER REVIEWED**
FLUORAL **PEER REVIEWED**
T-FLUORIDE **PEER REVIEWED**
FLUORIDENT **PEER REVIEWED**
FLUORID SODNY (CZECH) **PEER REVIEWED**
FLUORIGARD **PEER REVIEWED**
FLUORINEED **PEER REVIEWED**
FLUORINSE **PEER REVIEWED**
FLUORITAB **PEER REVIEWED**
FLUOR-O-KOTE **PEER REVIEWED**
FLUOROCID **PEER REVIEWED**
FLUOROL **PEER REVIEWED**
FLUORURE DE SODIUM (FRENCH) **PEER REVIEWED**
FLURA DROPS **PEER REVIEWED**
FLURCARE **PEER REVIEWED**
FLURSOL **PEER REVIEWED**
FUNGOL B **PEER REVIEWED**
GLEEM **PEER REVIEWED**
IRADICAV **PEER REVIEWED**
KARIDIUM **PEER REVIEWED**
LEMOFLUR **PEER REVIEWED**
LURIDE **PEER REVIEWED**
Luride SF **PEER REVIEWED**
NAFPAK **PEER REVIEWED**
NATRIUM FLUORIDE **PEER REVIEWED**
NCI-C55221 **PEER REVIEWED**
OSSALIN **PEER REVIEWED**
OSSIN **PEER REVIEWED**
PERGANTENE **PEER REVIEWED**
PHOS-FLUR **PEER REVIEWED**
ROACH SALT **PEER REVIEWED**
SODIUM FLUORIDE CYCLIC DIMER **PEER REVIEWED**
SODIUM FLUORURE (FRENCH) **PEER REVIEWED**
SODIUM HYDROFLUORIDE **PEER REVIEWED**
SODIUM MONOFLUORIDE **PEER REVIEWED**
F1-TABS **PEER REVIEWED**
THERA-FLUR **PEER REVIEWED**
THERA-FLUR-N **PEER REVIEWED**
TRISODIUM TRIFLUORIDE **PEER REVIEWED**
VILLIAUMITE **PEER REVIEWED**
ZYMAFLUOR **PEER REVIEWED**
Associated Chemicals:
FLUORIDE ION;16984-48-8
Formulations/Preparations:
Commercial grade (purity 93-99%) is used to prepare baits [Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide Manual
- A World Compendium. 8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British Crop Protection
Council, 1987. 750]**PEER REVIEWED**
TECHNICAL GRADES ARE 90% & 95% NAF, LIGHT (37 CU IN/LB) & DENSE (23
CU IN/LB), & 98% [The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc.,
1983. 1235]**PEER REVIEWED**
Sodium fluoride solution contains
not less than 95% and not more than 105.0% of the labelled amount of sodium
fluoride, USP XXI [USP Convention. The United States Pharmacopeia 21st Revision/The
National Formulary 16th ed. Rockville, MD: United States Pharmacopeial Convention,
Inc.,Jan. 1, 1985 (plus Supplements 1-6). 969]**PEER REVIEWED**
The purity of the commercial material is about 98% [Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes
1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984.,p. 10(80) 797]**PEER REVIEWED**
Commercially available as tablets or solutions for oral admin and in dentifrices
or as oral gels, pastes, or rinsing solutions for topical administration. [American Hospital Formulary Service-Drug Information 88. Bethesda,
MD: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, 1988 (Plus supplements). 2158]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Prepared by neutral neutralizing aqueous solutions of hydrofluoric acid with
sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide. [WHO; Environ Health Criteria: Fluorine and Fluorides p.16 (1984)]**PEER
REVIEWED**