Lambda-cyhalothrin
CAS No. 91465-08-6
 
 

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ACTIVITY: Insecticide (pyrethroid)

Note: The unresolved isomeric mixture of this substance has the ISO common name cyhalothrin.

CAS Name: rel-(R)-cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl (1S,3S)-3-[(1Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propenyl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate

Structure:

Adverse Effects:

Ataxia
Body Weight Decrease
Bone
Brain

Cholesterol
CNS
Cytotoxic
Endocrine: Breast
Endocrine: Suspected Disruptor
Endocrine: Testes
Endocrine:
Thyroid
Eye

Genotoxic / Clastogenic / Cytotoxic
Liver
Reproductive
Salivary Glands
Tremors/Convulsions

Environmental Effects:

Highly Toxic to Fish, Aquatic Invertebrates, and Honeybees

Persistent in aquatic sediment

Groundwater pollutant

Regulatory Information
(only comprehensive for the US)
US EPA Registered: Yes 
US EPA PC Code: 128897  
California Chemical Code 2297  
US EPA Permit Date
and Registrant:
1988, ICI 
European Commission: Not allowed to be used as an active ingredient after July 25, 2003. 
Registered use in
(includes only a limited list of countries)

Australia, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands, New Zealand, Philippines, Portugal, UK, US
Africa: Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Chad, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda 
US Maximum Residue Levels permitted in food commodities

Lambda-cyhalothrin and its isomer Gamma-cyhalothrin have more than 380 food tolerances, including:

Alfalfa, Egg, Garlic, Barley, Brassica, Cattle, Corn, Cotton, Goat, Hog, Horse, Lettuce, Milk, Onion, Peanut, Poultry, Rice,Sheep, Sorghum, Soybean, Sugarcane, Sunflower Seeds, Tomato, Wheat 

There is a separate food additive tolerance of 0.01 ppm for residues of Lambda-cyhalothrin in or on all food items (other than those already covered by a higher tolerance as a result of use on growing crops) in food-handling establishments where food products are held, processed, or prepared.

Other Information
Molecular Formula: C23H19Cl F3 NO3 
Entry Year: 1986 
Manufacturers: Syngenta, Zeneca 
Other Names: Karate, Warrior, Charge, Excaliber, Grenade, Hallmark, Icon, Matador, OMS 0321, PP 321, Saber, Samurai, Sentinel, Demand, ICI-A0321  
Manufacture site:

UK:
Zeneca Agrochemicals, Huddersfield  

Of special interest:
PAN Data
Material Safety Data Sheets & Labels
August 10, 2005 - City gets 5 more mistblowers to combat dengue. The Freeman (Cebu, Phillipines).
2004-2006 - US EPA CHEERS study in Jacksonville, Duval County, Florida. This 2-year study of children's exposure to selected pesticides and chemicals has ignited enormous controversy. Lambda-cyhalothrin was one of 16 pesticides selected to be monitored in children (ages 0-3 years). See FAN's updates on this study.
March 14, 2005: Upswing in Lesser Used, but More Potent Pesticides in California's Central Valley.
University of California-Berkeley researchers have conducted a study to determine the harmful effects of pyrethroid pesticides on aquatic organisms through sediment residues. What they have found is a trend toward using newer compounds that can be more toxic to aquatic life. The team of researchers studied six pyrethroids in three sediments taken from California’s Central Valley, where two-thirds of the state’s cropland is found. Study results showed acute toxicity and growth impairment in the amphipod Hyalella azteca, a sensitive test species. Animal biomass was roughly 38% below that of the control group when exposed to pyrethroid levels that were one-third to one-half of the lethal concentration. Except for permethrin, most pyrethroids would be acutely toxic to H. azteca at concentrations only slightly above detection limits. The six compounds tested in order of decreasing toxicity were bifenthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin, esfenvalerate, cyfluthrin and permethrin.
To read the entire study, click here: http://www.allenpress.com/pdf/entc_24_414_966_972.pdf
April 1, 2004 - Canada. Proposed Regulatory Decision Document PRDD2004-02. The end-use product, Saber Insecticide Ear Tags (containing 10% w/w lambda-cyhalothrin), for the control of horn and face flies on beef and non-lactating dairy cattle, is proposed for full registration under Section 13 of the Pest Control Products (PCP) Regulations. This proposed regulatory decision document (PRDD) provides a summary of data reviewed and the rationale for the proposed full registration of this product.
Sept 30, 2003. PFOS / PFOAS. September 30, 2003. Federal Register. Candidate Chemicals for Possible Inclusion in Future Releases of the National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals.
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
-- Two fluorinated pesticides were included:

Group 2
Lambda cyhalothrin and Trifluralin
February 27, 2003 - Canada. Proposed Regulatory Decision. Lambda-Cyhalothrin Demand CS Insecticide. Pest Management Regulatory Agency.
US Map of Pesticide Use: 1992-1995
April 29, 2000. UK Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs in the online report, "Design of a Tax or Charge Scheme for Pesticides. " Annex C3: Overview of Pesticide Industry
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/pesticides.ranks.uk.2000.htm
January 25, 2001 - European Commission (EC) pesticide profile 
Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. NIOSH. 
April 2002 - Beer in the UK: 23 organofluorine pesticides approved for use on malting barley. Published by the British Beer and Pubs Association and Brewing Research International.
2000 - "P" is for Poison. Update on Pesticide Use in California Schools, by TM Olle. A report by Californians for Pesticide Reform. Also available at: http://www.calpirg.org/healthyschools/PDFs/healthyschools.pdf
The fluorinated pesticides cited in this report are:
Benefin (Benfluralin), Bifenthrin, Bromethalin, Cyfluthrin, Fipronil, Fluazifop-butyl, Hydramethylnon, Lambda-cyhalothrin, Sulfuryl fluoride (Vikane), Trifluralin
Pesticide Profile - EXTOXNET, Cornell University. 
October 1998 - Structural Pest Management pesticides. FAN's compilation of information cited on fluorine and organofluorine pesticides published in General Pest Management, Category 7A. A Guide for Commercial Applicators. Prepared by: Carolyn Randall, MSU Pesticide Education Program. Published by MSU Pesticide Education (Michigan State University). MSU manual number: E-2048.  
Insecticide Products - partial list 
Abstracts 
April 2000 - Food and Drug Administration Pesticide Residue Monitoring. - Table 3. Pesticides detectable by methods used in 1999 regulatory monitoring.  
1997 USDA article on temperature effects. 
Brief description of its manufacture. 
August 2001 - IR-4: New Products/Transitional Solution List - This list contains brief descriptions of numerous new pest control materials that have been introduced over the last several years. Additionally, it contains information on some "older" crop protection chemicals that are believed to have room for new uses. This List includes: lambda-Cyhalothrin
See also
Cyhalothrin
Gamma-Cyhalothrin
October 2001 - Glossary of Pesticide Chemials. A listing of pesticides subject to analysis of residues in foods and feeds by the US Food and Drug Administration. 

Table 6-1. Trends of National Pyrethroid Use

September 2001. Draft Toxicological Profile for Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids. US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Organofluorine pyrethroids discussed in the Profile: Bifenthrin (Type 1), Cyfluthrin (Type 2), Cyhalothrin (Type 2), Flucythrinate (Type 2), Flumethrin (Type 2), Fluvalinate (Type 2), Tefluthrin (Type 1).

The following 4 organofluorine pesticides were included in a list of 11 pesticides.

Pyrethroid Amounts applied
(pounds) 1992
Amounts applied
(pounds) 1997
Percent change
Bifenthrin 116,716 110,246 -5
Cyfluthrin 124,360 177,782 +43
lambda Cyhalothrin 205,329 321,284 +57
Tefluthrin 238,429 576,865 +142

Lambda-cyhalothrin ranked number 21 for "Most Widely used pesticides in the UK (by Area Treated)"

Rank Formulation Method Area treated (ha) Weight applied (kg ai)
21 Lambda-cyhalothrin Spray 485,072 2,445

Ref: April 29, 2000. UK Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs in the online report, "Design of a Tax or Charge Scheme for Pesticides. " Annex C3: Overview of Pesticide Industry
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/pesticides.ranks.uk.2000.htm


Table D1: Details of Residues Exceeding non-harmonised MRLs,
including national MRLs

Surveillance sampling
Reporting country: Germany
Year of sampling: 2003
http://www.bvl.bund.de/lebensmittel/dateien/eg03-642d1_v2.pdf
Pesticide Food item Point of sampling (*) Country of origin Residue in mg/kg national MRL (mg/kg) Follow-up (**)
lambda-cyhalothrin Kale O DE 0.028 0.02 -
lambda-cyhalothrin Kale O DE 0.092 0.02 A
lambda-cyhalothrin Rapeseed O DE 0.27 0.02 -
lambda-cyhalothrin Spinach O DE 0.045 0.02 A
lambda-cyhalothrin Spinach R DE 0.16 0.02 A
lambda-cyhalothrin Table Grapes O TR 0.4 0.2 -

(*) Point of sampling in distribution: F = farmgate, R = retail, W = wholesale, O = other

(**) A: Administrative consequences have followed, e.g. prohibiting for sale, prosecutions, the levying of penalties or fines



US Federal Register

•• Note: Due to length, the following is a partial list. Click here to see full list of FR entries.

Date Published Docket Identification Number Details
October 11, 2006 EPA-HQ-OPP-2005-0545 Pesticide petition: 6E7077.
Proposed tolerances for Lambda-cyhalothrin and its
epimer in or on food commodity
-- pistachio at 0.05 ppm.
August 25, 2006 EPA-HQ-OPP-2006-0659 Pesticide Emergency Exemptions; Agency Decisions and State and Federal Agency Crisis Declarations
• Wyoming. Specific: EPA authorized the use of lambda-cyhalothrin on barley to
control Russian wheat aphids, cereal leaf beetles, and cutworms; April
14, 2006 to July 31, 2006.
June 7, 2006 EPA-HQ-OPP- 2006-0387

Pesticide Emergency Exemptions; Agency Decisions and State and Federal Agency Crisis Declarations.
• Colorado: EPA authorized the use of lambda-cyhalothrin on barley to control Russian wheat aphids, cereal leaf beetle, and cutworms; April 7, 2006 to July 15, 2006.
• Minnesota: Specific: EPA authorized the use of lambda-cyhalothrin on wild rice to control riceworms; August 1, 2006 to September 10, 2006.
• Montana: Specific: EPA authorized the use of lambda-cyhalothrin on barley to control the cereal leaf beetle, Russian wheat aphid, and cutworms; March 15, 2006 to July 30, 2006.

April 14, 2006 EPA-HQ-OPP-2005-0545 Syngenta. Pesticide petition: 5F6994.
for the combined residues of the insecticide
lambda-cyhalothrin and its epimer, in or on food commodity crop groupings:
-- Cucurbit vegetables (Crop Group 9) at 0.05 ppm

This group includes 19 commodities.
balsam apple • balsam pear • cantaloupe • chayote, fruit • cucumber • cucumber, chinese • cucurbits • gherkin, west indian • gourd, edible • melon • melon, citron • muskmelon • pumpkin • squash • squash, summer • squash, winter • vegetable, cucurbit, group • watermelon • waxgourd, chinese

-- grass, forage, fodder, hay (Crop Group 17) at 9.0 ppm

This group includes 360 commodities. See http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/us.epa.commodity.groups.html

-- tuberous and corm vegetables (Crop Subgroup 1-C) at 0.01 ppm

This subgroup includes 22 commodities.
arracacha • arrowroot • artichoke, chinese • artichoke, jerusalem • canna, edible • cassava • chayote root • chufa • dasheen • ginger • leren • potato • potato culls • potato granules flakes • potato peel, wet • potato processed potato waste • potato, specialty • sweet potato • tanier • turmeric • yam bean • yam, true

-- barley, buckwheat, oat, rye, grain at 0.05 ppm
-- barley, bran at 0.2 ppm
-- oat, rye, forage at 2.0 ppm
-- barley, oat, hay at 2.0 ppm
-- barley, oat, rye, straw at 2.0 ppm
-- wild rice, grain at 1.0 ppm.

Dec 21, 2005 EPA-HQ-OPP-2005-0292

Extension of Tolerances for Emergency Exemptions. FINAL RULE.

Lambda-cyhalothrin. EPA has authorized under FIFRA section 18 the use of lambda-cyhalothrin on barley for control of the Russian wheat aphid and cutworms in Idaho, Colrado, Wyoming and Montana. This regulation extends time-limited tolerances for combined residues of the pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin in or on barley grain at 0.05 ppm, barley bran at 0.2 ppm, and barley hay and straw at 2.0 ppm for an additional 3-year period. These tolerances will expire and are revoked on December 31, 2008. Time-limited tolerances were originally published in the Federal Register of October 29, 1997.

Lambda-cyhalothrin. EPA has authorized under FIFRA section 18 the use of lambda-cyhalothrin on alfalfa/clover/grass mixed stands for control of potato leafhoppers in New York. This regulation extends time-limited tolerances for combined residues of the pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin in or on Clover, forage at 5.0 ppm; Clover, hay at 6.0 ppm; Grass, forage at 5.0 ppm; and Grass, hay at 6.0 ppm for an additional 3-year period. These tolerances will expire and are revoked on December 31, 2008. Time-limited tolerances were originally published in the Federal Registers of January 3, 2003 and September 3, 2003.

Lambda-cyhalothrin. EPA has authorized under FIFRA section 18 the use of lambda-cyhalothrin on wild rice for control of rice worms in Minnesota. This regulation extends a time-limited tolerance for combined residues of the pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin in or on rice, wild at 1.0 ppm for an additional 3-year period. These tolerances will expire and are revoked on December 31, 2008. The time-limited tolerance was originally published in the Federal Register of January 3, 2003.

•• Note: Due to length, the above is a partial list. Click here to see full list of FR entries.

 
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