Abstracts
Fluorapatite
CAS No. 1306-05-4
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Adverse Effects

ACTIVITY: Pesticide. Solid diluent, carrier, US EPA Inert

See also
The Phosphate Fertilizer Industry: An Environmental Overview
• Abstracts on Phosphate Fertilizers that cite effects or levels of fluoride


About: Apatite is a member of the Apatite group, a group of isomorphous hexagonal minerals. Apatite may be regarded as a single mineral, but is usually divided into three more minerals: Fluorapatite, Chlorapatite, and Hydroxylapatite. Since it is hard to distinguish between these minerals, and since they may partially replace each other, a distinction between them is rarely made, and they are simply called "Apatite". However, most Apatite is Fluorapatite, the most common member by far.

Apatite is the most common phosphate mineral, and is the main source of the phosphorus required by plants. The bones and teeth of most animals, including humans, are of the same material as Apatite.

Apatite is named from the Greek word apate, which means "deceit", since Apatite has a similar appearance to so many minerals.

Uses: Apatite is the main source of phosphorus. Phosphorus was previously extracted from crystalline Apatite, but nowadays is extracted from enormous deposits of Apatite-rich rock. Apatite is essential in the manufacture of phosphate fertilizers, and is very important in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Apatite is also a popular collectors mineral, and some transparent specimens are faceted for collectors.

Noteworthy Localities: Apatite is a common mineral, and fine localities are worldwide. Enormous deposits are in the Kola Peninsula, Russia, containing both crystals and botryoidal material. Some of the finest crystals came from Ehrenfriedersdorf, Saxony Germany, where they are blue to purple in color. Colorless, hexagonal crystals were found in the Tyrol, Austria, and excellent material from Panasqueira, Portugal. Deep blue crystals are found in Campo Formosa, Bahia, Brazil, and in Sri Lanka. Enormous deposits mined for industrial use exist in Nauru [see box below], Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt, and Israel ...

Ref: http://www.minerals.net/mineral/phosphat/apatite/apatite.htm


Nauru - this map and description is from "CIA - The World Factbook" website for Nauru.

Background: Nauru's phosphate deposits began to be mined early in the 20th century by a German-British consortium; the island was occupied by Australian forces in World War I. Nauru achieved independence in 1968 and joined the UN in 1999. Nauru is the world's smallest independent republic.

Location: Oceania, island in the South Pacific Ocean, south of the Marshall Islands

Area - comparative: about 0.1 times the size of Washington, DC

Population: 12,809 (July 2004 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 10.14 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 12.76 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 7.39 deaths/1,000 live births
(2004 est.)

Economy - overview: Revenues of this tiny island have traditionally come from exports of phosphates, but reserves are now depleted. Few other resources exist with most necessities being imported, mainly from Australia, its former occupier and later major source of support. The rehabilitation of mined land and the replacement of income from phosphates are serious long-term problems...

Environment - current issues: limited natural fresh water resources, roof storage tanks collect rainwater, but mostly dependent on a single, aging desalination plant; intensive phosphate mining during the past 90 years - mainly by a UK, Australia, and NZ consortium - has left the central 90% of Nauru a wasteland and threatens limited remaining land resources

Geography - note: Nauru is one of the three great phosphate rock islands in the Pacific Ocean - the others are Banaba (Ocean Island) in Kiribati and Makatea in French Polynesia; only 53 km south of Equator


Table 2. Fluoride concentration of a range of phosphate rocks and fertilisers that have been used in New Zealand.
Material F concentration (%) Reference
Phosphate rocks
Arad (Israel) 4.0 Syersetal. (1986)
Christmas Island -A 2.2 Evans et al. (1971)
Chatham Rise phosphorite 3.0 Syersetal. (1986)
Gafsa (Tunisia) 4.1 Syersetal. (1986)
Jordan 3.8 Syersetal. (1986)
Makatea Island 3.2 Syersetal. (1986)
Mexican 4.1 Syersetal. (1986)
Khouribga (Morocco) 4.0 Anon. (1990)
Nauru Island 3.0 Syersetal. (1986)
North Carolina 3.5 Syersetal. (1986)
North Florida 4.0 Syersetal. (1986)
Sechura (Peru) 3.4 Syersetal. (1986)
Fertilisers
Single superphosphate 1.08-1.84 Evans et al. (1971); P. Loganathan et al. unpubl. data; McLaughlin et al. (1997)
Triple superphosphate 1.3-2.4 Mordvedt & Sikora (1992); Evans et al. (1971)
Monoammonium phosphate 1.6-2.2 Mordvedt & Sikora (1992); Evans et al. (1971)
Diammonium phosphate 1.2-3.0 Mordvedt & Sikora (1992); Manoharan et al. (1996)

Ref: New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 2000, Vol 43: 295-321
Fluoride: A review of its fate, bioavailability, and risks of fluorosis in grazed-pasture systems in New Zealand
by S. J. CRONIN, V. MANOHARAN, M. J. HEDLEY, P. LOGANATHAN.
Online at http://www.rsnz.org/publish/nzjar/2000/29.pdf
Keywords cattle; fluoride; pasture; fluoride bioavailability; fluorosis; phosphate fertilisers; sheep; soil ingestion; volcanic ash


From Toxline at Toxnet

FLUORIDE; 14 (2). 1981. 69-74.

Hydro-geochemical aspects of endemic skeletal fluorosis in India: An epidemiologic study.

TEOTIA S PS, TEOTIA M, SINGH RK

Department of Human Metabolism and Endocrinology, L.L.R.M. Medical College, Meerut, India.

The most common F-bearing minerals which constitute the natural source for fluoride in drinking water are fluorite, apatite, rock phosphate and topaz. The epidemiologic prevalence of endemic fluorosis (human) was directly related to the distribution of fluoride-bearing minerals in the various endemic areas.

CAS Registry Numbers:
16984-48-8 - Fluoride (F)
14542-23-5 - Fluorite (CaF2)
14265-44-2 - Phosphate (O4-P)
1306-05-4 - Fluorapatite (Ca10-F2-O4-P and Ca5-F-O12-P3) - (also called phosphate rock)
1302-59-6 - Topaz (Al2(F0.5-1(OH)0-0.5)2SiO4)


Bureau of Mines, Avondale, MD. Avondale Research Center. 1982.

Available from NTIS: Order Number: NTIS/PB82-176330, 23p

Fluorine and Uranium in Phosphate Rock Processing and Waste Materials

Haynes BW, Kramer GW, Jolly JA

Materials from phosphate rock mining and processing were analyzed for fluorine and uranium content as part of the Bureau of Mines program to more effectively recover resources from mining and mineral processing reject materials. The analysis of both feed and waste materials generated in the beneficiation and acidulation of phosphate rock was performed to obtain information on the disposition and concentration of these elements in phosphate rock processing streams. Fluorine was determined by a distillation-titration method and by ion chromatography. Uranium was determined by the dibenzoylmethane (DBM) method, the reliability being confirmed by roundrobin analysis of samples within Bureau of Mines research centers. National Bureau of Standards (NBS) Standard Reference Material (SRM) 120b-Phosphate Rock was also analyzed for fluorine and uranium to verify procedures and results. Fluorine values ranged from 0.3 wt-pct in gypsum filter cake to 3.7 wt-pct in phosphate rock concentrate.


Placentia Bay, Newfoundland

The contamination of a fishery and resulting high mortality of herring, cod, and lobsters are reported for Long Harbour, Placentia Bay, Newfoundland, following discharge of wastes containing phosphorus (7723140) from a nearby fluorapatite (1306-05-4) ore pelletizing plant. Waste effluents contain cyanide (57125), ammonium (14798039) ions, sulfur-dioxide (7446095), calcium-phosphate (7757939), and calcium-fluoride (7789-74-4). Measures are described for preventing toxic pollutants from entering the bay, reducing effluents to non-toxic forms, and removal of deposited phosphorus from bottom sediments by dredging.
Ref: Coexistence of a Fishery and a Major Industry in Placentia Bay, by Idler DR. Chemistry in Canada, Vol. 21, pages 16-21, 1969.


... Late in 1969 a number of massive fishkills occurred in Long Harbour and neighboring regions of Placentia Bay in Newfoundland. The fish kills were attributed to the startup of a phosphorus producing plant at Long Harbour. A study was undertaken by the Fisheries Research Board of Canada to determine the toxicity of yellow phosphorus to marine life. Results of the research were reported in a book entitled "Effects of Elemental Phosphorus on Marine Life," compiled and edited by P. J. Jangaard, Circular No. 2, November 1972, Atlantic Regional Office, Research and Development, Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
The book is a compilation of technical papers which describe the pollution problem at Long Harbour, give results of research on toxicity of elemental phosphorus and describe methods used to clean up Placentia Bay. An abstract of one of the technical papers is given below as an example to show the relative sensitivity of marine life to small concentrations of elemental phosphorus in water. The paper abstracted is "Yellow Phosphorus Pollution: Its Toxicity to Seawater-Maintained Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and smelt (Osmerus mordax)," by G. L. Fletcher, R. J. Hoyle, and D. A. Horne, Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Halifax Laboratory, Halifax, Nova Scotia...
Ref: Processes for the disposal and recovery of phossy water. United States Patent 5549878.

... In 1969, a massive fish kill that turned Placentia Bay, Newfoundland into "a biological desert" was traced to fluoride effluent from a plant that produced elemental phosphorus for metal finishing and consumer goods. Some 22,800 pounds of fluoride effluent poured into the bay each day, primarily in the form of hydrofluosilicic acid - the same substance used to fluoridate city water supplies...
Ref: Why Fluoride Is an Environmental Issue, by Gar Smith. Earth Island Journal. 1998.

... People who lived near the ERCO [Electric Reduction Company of Canada] facility had had first-hand experience with pollution. In 1968 liquids flowing from the plant poisoned the waters around Long Harbour. Great numbers of dead fish ”some of which had turned a strange red colour” washed up on beaches. Both the plant and the fishery were closed immediately while an investigation took place.

When vegetation and trees around the ERCO plant died mysterious1)', the Department of Health advised people not to have vegetable gardens or to pick berries within three kilometres of the facility When the plant closed in 1989 it was estimated that it would take 25 years and more than $100 million to clean up the mess its owners had left behind.

From Newfoundland writer Greg Whelan's history of the ERCO plant:

Threats to the environment were apparent almost from the beginning. The Red Herring Scare occurred in December when it was discovered that fish exposed to phosphorous effluent from the plant suffered internal bleeding and were washing up dead throughout Placentia Bay. Other wildlife in the area were affected as well. A moose and two rabbits were found to be deformed due to excess bone fluoride levels. The mysterious death of vegetation within a 3 km radius of the facility prompted the provincial department of health to warn residents not to grow vegetable gardens or pick berries in the region.

Measures introduced over the years by ERCO and the subsequent owner Albright and Wilson Americas, reduced the pollution to "acceptable" levels, and the most common concern voiced by Long Harbour residents was a slight annoyance with the yellow dust that continuously covered their homes and cars.

Today, the phosphorous plant is gone, and the town and the province must deal with two problems: the loss of nearly 300 jobs, and what to do with the contaminated areas left behind.

... In 1991 there was a belief among the residents of the region that they had a much higher rate of cancer than normal. As a result the Placentia Area Cancer Group had been formed. Bruce Gilbert was a member. He had arranged that blood samples be taken from a group of local residents. The samples had been sent to world-renowned environmental scientist Dr. Rosalie Bertell in Toronto for analysis...
Ref: Taking the Lead. Volume 3: Taking On the Fight. A project of the Writer's Alliance of Newfoundland and Labrador.


Source: JANGAARD, P.M. (ED.). FISHERIES RESEARCH BOARD OF CANADA ARO (ATLANTIC REGIONAL OFFICE) CIRCULAR NO. 2. EFFECTS OF ELEMNTAL PHOSPHORUS ON MARINE LIFE. COLLECTED PAPERS RESULTING FROM THE 1969 POLLUTION CRISIS, PLACENTIA BAY, NEWFOUNDLAND. I+313P. ILLUS. MAPS. FISHERIES RESEARCH BOARD OF CANADA: HALIFAX, NOVA SCOTIA.; 1972 (RECD 1973) 239-258

EXAMINATION OF BOTTOM DEPOSITS LONG-HARBOUR NEWFOUNDLAND FOR ELEMENTAL PHOSPHORUS AND FOR FLUORIDES

ACKMAN RG, ADDISON RF, KE PJ, SIPOS JC

CAS Registry Numbers:
16984-48-8 - (Fluoride)
7723-14-0 - (Phosphorus)


From Toxline at Toxnet

ZH VSES KHIM O-VA IM D I MENDELEEVA; 24 (1). 1979. 42-48.

Ecological problems of the production and use of fluorine compounds.

RODIN VI

Div. Technol. Recovery Sec. Mater. Ind., D.I. Mendeleev Mosc. Chem.-Technol. Inst., Moscow, USSR.

Literature on source of environmental pollution with F and its compounds is reviewed. Studies are cited on the accumulation of F in the soil and in plants (carrots, beets, cabbage, cucumbers, potatoes, grains, e.g. wheat and corn, fruit trees, e.g. apricots, plums, peaches and apples, pines, grasses, tea, camellias, gladioli); this leads to F accumulation in livestock (cows and pigs) fed with fodder yeast or other feed containing high F levels. Problems of endemic fluorosis and osteosclerosis in humans living in certain areas are mentioned and the negative effects of occupational exposure to F compounds on various organs and systems of the human body. A mutagenic action in rats was also indicated. In addition to increasing efforts at environmental protection and improving working conditions in industries involving F or its compounds, serious consideration should be given to lowering quantities of F in the drinking water.

CAS Registry Numbers:
16984-48-8 - Fluoride (F)
15096-52-3 - Cryolite ( Al-F6.3Na)
14542-23-5 - Fluorite (CaF2)
1318-94-1 - Muscovite ( Al.H4-O4-Si.1/3K)
1306-05-4 - Fluorapatite (Ca10-F2-O4-P and Ca5-F-O12-P3)
1302-27-8 - Biotite ( Al.F.Fe.H-O.K.Mg.O3-Si.O)


Project Title: Evaluation of Fluorapatite as a Waste-Form Material

Principal Investigator: Dennis W. Lindle (Chemistry, UNLV, Nevada)

International Collaborators: V.G. Khlopin Radium Institute St. Petersburg, Russia (KRI)

Excerpts:

• Fluorapatite, fluorinated calcium phosphate, has been identified as a potential matrix for the entombment of the zirconium fluoride fission product waste stream from the proposed FLEX process. If the efficacy of fluorapatite based waste-storage can be demonstrated, then new and potentially more-efficient options for handling and separating high-level wastes, based on fluoride-salt extraction, will become feasible. This proposal is for renewal of the UNLV portion of a dual-path research project to develop a process to fabricate a synthetic fluorapatite waste ...

• The Fabrication path, lead by the KRI team, will examine and evaluate various techniques for the fabrication of synthetic fluorapatite, will synthesize fluorapatite, and will begin the examination of waste loading and fabrication process factors on the synthetic fluorapatite. The Characterization path, led by the UNLV team [Nevada], has been performing baseline spectroscopic studies of natural and pristine (no artificially added impurities) amaterials as a prelude to applying the same techniques to more-complex fluorapatite-based waste forms.

• The characterization effort will expand our understanding of molecular structure of fluorapatite and other fluoride-bearing mineral and ceramic phases, and will deepen our understanding of bulk and surface processes during environmental degradation of these materials.

• State-of-the-art x-ray spectroscopy and spectromicroscopy techniques will be employed to characterize molecular structure of both natural fluorapatite and fluoride-bearing minerals and the fluorapatite-based ceramic waste forms.

• Data will be incorporated into student theses and peer-reviewed publications.

 

From Toxline at Toxnet

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, Vol. 7, No. 2, pages 119-124, 20 references, 1994

Assessment of the Respiratory System in Workers Occupationally Exposed to Phosphorite and Apatite Dusts

Mikulski T, Podraza H, Steciuk W, Swiech Z

In a study of the effects of phosphorite and apatite (1306-05-4) dusts on respiratory function, industrial hygiene monitoring of workplace total and respirable dusts was performed on a cohort of 118 males, mean age 37.3 years, who had been employed in processing phosphorite and apatite ores for a mean of 8.6 years. The comparisons consisted of 149 healthy males, mean age 35.6 years, who had never been exposed to phosphorite or apatite dusts. Approximately 67% of the subjects in each group were smokers. The subjects completed a respiratory symptom questionnaire, pulmonary function testing was performed, and chest X-rays were obtained. Total workplace dust concentrations ranged from 14 to 228 milligrams per cubic meter. The respirable fraction accounted for approximately 18% of the total dust concentrations and consisted primarily of calcium-oxide (1305788), phosphorus oxides, silica (14808607), and fluorides. Both the cohort and comparisons reported similar prevalences of chronic cough, excess sputum production, and dyspnea, 15 and 12%, respectively. The chest X-ray films of both groups were similar. Group mean values of forced vital capacity (FVC), 1 second forced expiratory volume (FEV1), and maximum expiratory flow at 25% (MEF25) and 75% of FVC (MEF75) were significantly lower in nonsmoking phosphorite and apatite workers than in nonsmoking comparisons. Mean transit times (MTTs) were significantly longer in the nonsmoking exposed workers than in nonsmoking comparisons. These changes were not significantly associated with duration of phosphorite or apatite exposure. FVC, FEV1, MEF25, maximum expiratory flow at 50% FVC, MEF75, and MTT were significantly decreased in smoking comparisons relative to smokers in the cohort. No smoking related changes in these parameters were seen in the exposed workers. The authors conclude that occupational exposure to phosphorite and apatite dusts causes decrements in pulmonary function in nonsmoking workers.


From Toxline at Toxnet

Environmental Research, Vol. 31, No. 1, pages 189-200, 22 references, 1983

Nonasbestos Pulmonary Mineral Fibers in the General Population

Churg A

The pulmonary nonasbestos mineral fiber content was analyzed in the lungs of 20 individuals who had no occupational exposure to fibers. Thirteen different mineral species were identified which accounted for 71 percent of the fibers counted. Among those found were apatite (1306-05-4), talc (14807966), attapulgite (1337764), gypsum (13397245), silica (7631869), rutile (13463677), kaolinite (1318747), mullite (1302767), illite (12173603), pyroxene (12174377), pyrophyllite (68136618), feldspar, vermiculite (1318009), and chlorite (1318598). The average number of nonasbestos fibers for the 20 cases was 106,000/gram wet lung. There was no significant difference recorded between smokers and nonsmokers nor was there a difference based on age. Apatite was the most frequently observed fiber with a mean of 19,000 fibers/gram wet lung, or 18 percent of the nonasbestos fibers present. Talc was the next highest in concentration and together talc and apatite constituted over one third of the total fibers present. Only silica was found in every lung sample. Eighty six percent of the fibers were between 1 and 4.9 microns in length with 3 percent being over 10 microns in length. Concerning distribution in the lungs, the mean number of fibers in the subpleural upper lobe was 30,500; in the peripheral lower lobe 37,000; in the central upper lobe 19,500; and in the central lower lobe 19,500 fibers/gram wet lung. Interstitial fibrosis did not occur in any patient unless it was explainable as a result of treatment or old infectious disease. Three of these individuals had lung cancer and one had gastrointestinal cancer but in none of these individuals were there any differences in nonasbestos fiber content in the lungs when compared to other members of the study group.


From Toxline at Toxnet

Proceedings of the VIIth International Pneumoconioses Conference, Part II. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, August 23-26, 1988. NIOSH, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 90-108 Part II, pages 1310-1311, 1990

Prevalence of Pneumoconioses among Phosphate Rock Workers in Brazil

de Capitani EM

The prevalence of pneumoconioses among phosphate (1306-05-4) rock workers in Brazil was assessed. The 73 workers evaluated in the investigation were exposed to phosphate rock extracted in the states of Goias and Minas Gerais, where the material was crushed and then transported to Paulinia for storage in underground mills. Subjects submitted to a detailed respiratory questionnaire, a physical examination emphasizing the respiratory system, pulmonary function tests, chest x-rays, and, in two cases, lung biopsies through thoracotomy. The quantity of free silica (7631869) in airborne samples was measured by colorimetric analysis. A semiquantitative analysis was performed on airborne samples using x-ray spectrometry. Twenty of the workers were noted to have pneumoconioses. Mean exposure was 46 months. The majority of the cases had no respiratory symptoms. No significant fibrosis was noted, and no pleura disease or mediastinal alterations were observed. No traces of free silica were detected by diffraction analysis. The author concludes that the high prevalence of pneumoconioses noted in this study must derive from the particularly poor working conditions at the facilities. A regular followup using lung function tests and chest x-rays should be included in the routine examination of phosphate rock workers.


From Toxline at Toxnet

SCI TOTAL ENVIRON; 49 (0). 1986. 227-234.

Fluoride distribution in the Jordan Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea).

ABU-HILAL AH

Mar. Sci. Sta., Univ. Jordan, P.O. Box 195, Aqaba, Jordan.

In order to evaluate the magnitude and effect of phosphate (fluorapatite) rock particles on the distribution of fluoride in the Jordanian sector of the Gulf of Aqaba, sea water and sediment samples were collected from six stations north and south of Aqaba Port. The fluoride concentrations of the water and sediments were determined, together with the concentrations of calcium, calcium carbonate, total phosphorus, magnesium and organic matter in the sediments. Normal fluoride concentrations were found in the sea water samples, whereas abnormally high values were found in the phosphate-polluted sediments. These findings and the correlations between fluoride concentrations and those of other measured parameters are discussed.

CAS Registry Numbers:
16984-48-8 - Fluoride
14265-44-2 - Phosphate
7723-14-0 - Phosphorus
7440-70-2 - Calcium
7439-95-4 - Magnesium
1306-05-4 - Fluorapatite
471-34-1 - Calcium carbonate


From Toxline at Toxnet

Polish Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, Vol. 6, No. 3, pages 277-285, 23 references, 1993

Assessment of the Nasal Mucosa in Workers Exposed to the Prolonged Effect of Phosphorite and Apatite Dusts

Mickiewicz L, Mikulski T. Kuzna-Grygiel W, Swiech Z

The nasal mucosae of workers subjected to prolonged exposure to phosphorite (PH) and apatite (1306-05-4) (AP) dusts were examined. A group of 131 male workers employed at the harbor quay in the transshipment, transport, and storage of PH and AP ores was selected. They had been occupationally exposed for an average of 8.6+/-4.7yr, working about 6 hours per day. The control group of 129 workers were employed in the transshipment of general dustless cargo. Laryngological and cytological examinations of nasal mucosa smears, as well as urinary examination for fluorine (F) ions were conducted. Results showed that urinary F ions in the exposed group increased from 0.8 milligrams per liter (mg/l) before work to 1mg/l after work, and was higher than that in the control group (0.63mg/l). Rhinoscopy showed that inflammatory changes corresponding to chronic, simple, or atrophic rhinitis were more frequent in the exposed group. The number of atrophic rhinitis cases increased with years in the workplace, and in those who had worked longer than 10yr, incidence was about 53%. Cytologically, exposed workers displayed stratified squamous epithelium or metaplastic cells, together with degenerative, inflammatory changes. The number of morphotic elements of epithelial and nonepithelial origin was greater than in the control group. The authors conclude that cytological screening can be used for assessing the effects of PH and AP dusts on the nasal mucosa.

CAS Registry Numbers:
1306-05-4 - Fluorapatite

• Definition: Atrophic rhinitis Atrophic rhinitis is characterised by squamous metaplasia followed by atrophy. The nose becomes filled with foul smelling crusts. The smell from these crusts may cause the child to be ostracized... The cause of atrophic rhinitis is unknown, although bacterial infection frequently plays a role. The mucous membrane changes from ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium, and the lamina propria is reduced in amount and vascularity. Anosmia results, and epistaxis may be recurrent and severe. Atrophic rhinitis is differentiated from other forms of chronic rhinitis by the abnormal patency of the nasal cavities, caused by atrophy of the blood vessels and the seromucinous glands in the lamina propria.
Ref: http://www.herbchina2000.com/therapies/JRS.shtml


From Toxline at Toxnet

83RD ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MICROBIOLOGY, NEW ORLEANS, LA., USA, MAR. 6-11, 1983. ABSTR ANNU MEET AM SOC MICROBIOL; 83 (0). 1983. Q69.

Document Number: HEEP/84/05478

EFFECT OF APATITE ON MICROBIAL BIOMASS AND ACTIVITY IN SEDIMENTS OF THE GULF OF AQABA JORDAN

HASHWA FA, MADI EA

BACTERIA SHIP LOADED PHOSPHATE SPILL ACRIDINE ORANGE DIRECT COUNT TOTAL VIABLE HETEROTROPHIC COUNT ATP DNA PROTEIN ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE

CAS Registry Numbers:
14265-44-2 - Phosphate
1306-05-4 - Fluorapatite


From Toxline at Toxnet

INT ARCH ARBEITSMED; 28 (3). 1971 271-282

(Investigation on the effects of a singly intratracheal application of apatite-nepheline and apatite-concentrate dust to rat lungs.)

HOLLENBACH K, KERSTEN E, PATZELT K, SCHWESINGER G

Fifty mg of apatite-concentrate and apatite-nepheline (apatite ore), suspended in 1 ml of physiological saline solution, were applied once intratracheally to female albino rats. Twenty-six, 39 and 52 wk later the animals were sacrificed and a histological examination of the macroscopically affected parts of the lungs and the paratracheal lymph nodes was done. In all 52 wk animals a histocytical and fibrocytical formation of nodules in the lungs with a desquamation of the epithelia and metaplastic modifications of the plateepithelium of the bronchial mucous membrane was observed. Application of apatite-concentrate resulted in a lympho-plasmacellular reaction with subsequent leucocytical infiltration. In both dust samples the examined lymph nodules showed the symptoms of a chronic lymphadenitis. Apatite-ore causes a fibrous injury of the parenchyma of the lungs. This damage was not observed in the case of apatite-concentrate.

CAS Registry Numbers:
1302-72-3 - Nepheline: (Na, K)AlSiO4 , Sodium Potassium Aluminum Silicate
1306-05-4 - Fluorapatite


From Toxline at Toxnet

HUM PATHOL; 14 (8). 1983. 688-693.

Small-airway lesions in patients exposed to nonasbestos mineral dusts.

CHURG A, WRIGHT JL

Dep. of Pathol., Univ. of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1W5, Canada.

Small-airway lesions were identified in histologic sections from the lungs of 7 workers with histories of exposure to nonasbestos dusts. The lesions consisted of deposits of fibrous tissue, often accompanied by pigment, in the walls of membranous and respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts. Comparison with a matched population of persons with no dust exposure revealed that the changes in the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts were morphologically distinctive and could be used to diagnose the lesions. Structurally, these lesions were similar to those described in the airways of asbestos workers, although comparison with the authors' previous results indicated that the number of severely affected airways was less in the nonasbestos dust group. Mineralogic analysis indicated that these abnormalities were produced by a variety of different dusts including silica, iron oxide and aluminum oxide, and that occult asbestos exposure, although possible in 3 cases, was most likely not a primary cause of disease. This lesion, called mineral dust airways disease, was a nonspecific reaction of the small airways to inorganic particulates. The presence of such changes cast doubt on the theory that small-airway abnormalities in asbestos workers were the earliest form of asbestosis.

CAS Registry Numbers:
17068-78-9 - Anthophyllite asbestos
14567-73-8 - Tremolite
12172-73-5 - Asbestos, amosite
12001-28-4 - Asbestos, crocidolite
12001-26-2 - Mica
7631-86-9 - Siliceous earth, purified
1344-28-1 - Aluminum oxide
1318-74-7 - Kaolinite (Al2(OH)4(Si2O5))
1317-80-2 - Rutile (TiO2)
1306-05-4 - Fluorapatite


From Toxline at Toxnet

J GEOL SOC INDIA; 31 (6). 1988. 575-583.

WATER AND SEDIMENT LOAD IN STREAMS DRAINING MUSSOORIE INDIA PHOSPHATE MINING AREAS

SINGH BK, SUBRAMANIAN V

BIOL ABS. RRM CARBONATE APATITE HYDROXY APATITE FLUORAPATITE FLUORIDE COPPER CHROMIUM DRINKING WATER MALDEOTA DURMALA BANDAL RIVER

CAS Registry Numbers:
16984-48-8 - Fluoride
14265-44-2 - Phosphate
7440-70-2 - Calcium
7440-50-8 - Copper
7440-47-3 - Chromium
7440-23-5 - Sodium
7440-22-4 - Silver
7440-09-7 - Potassium
7439-95-4 - Magnesium
1306-06-5 - Durapatite; sny. Hydroxyapatite
1306-05-4 - Fluorapatite


From Toxline at Toxnet

AQUAT SCI; 52 (3). 1990. 221-235.

Seasonal delivery of the particulate forms of phosphorus to Lake Geneva from the upper Rhone river.

BURRUS D, THOMAS RL, DOMINIK J, VERNET JP

Inst. F. A. Forel, Univ. Geneva, 10 route de Suisse, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland.

BIOL ABS. Large volume water samples were taken at Porte du Scex and Bouveret at the mouth of the Upper Rhone River as it enters Lake Geneva. Samples were taken every two weeks during 1982 up until August 1983. Water samples were analzyed for total phosphorus (TP), and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and were centrifuged in the field using a continuous flow centrifuge to recover the suspended solids following sieving at 63 mum. The <63 mum solids were analyzed for total particulate phosphorus (TPP), organic phosphorus (OP), apatite phosphorus (AP) and non apatite inorganic phosphorus (NAIP). The >63 mum were similarly analyzed and the weight of total solids in both size fractions recorded. Results were compared throughout the period of record to the hydrograph situated at Porte de Scex. The annual cycle of the Rhone can be divided into a low turbidity, low flow winter period (SED1)and high flow, high turbidity summer season designated (SED 2). Turbidity is well related to [abstract truncated]

Keywords:
Circadian Rhythms and Other Periodic Cycles
Ecology
Ecology
Biochemical Studies-Minerals
Public Health: Environmental Health-Air
Agronomy-General
Soil Science-Genesis
Soil Science-Physics and Chemistry (1970- )

CAS Registry Numbers:
7723-14-0 - Phosphorus
1306-05-4 - Fluorapatite


From Toxline at Toxnet

J RHEUMATOL; 19 (9). 1992. 1453-1457.

Comparison of the acute inflammation induced by calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate, apatite and mixed crystals in the rat air pouch model of a synovial space.

WATANABE W, BAKER DG, SCHUMACHER H R JR

Arthritis-Immunology Center, Veterans Administration Medical Center, University Woodland Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. 19104.

Pure monoclinic or triclinic calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystals, apatite crystals or mixtures of these crystals were injected into the synovial-like space created by the rat air pouch to compare the acute inflammation induced by these crystals. Fluids were withdrawn 6 h after injection and examined for leukocyte counts, protease, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) levels. CPPD crystals (especially monoclinic CPPD) induced higher numbers of leukocytes, and more protease, PGE2 and TNF than apatite. CPPD seemed to play a predominant role in the acute inflammation induced by mixed crystals.

CAS Registry Numbers:
17031-92-4 - Diphosphoric acid, calcium salt (1:2), dihydrate
1306-05-4 - Fluorapatite


From Toxline at Toxnet

WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY; 35 (2-3). 1997. 131-138.

Solid, slightly soluble phosphorus compounds as nutrient source in activated sludge treatment of forest industry wastewaters.
:
RANTALA P-R, WIROLA H

Regional Environ. Agency Hame, PO Box 297, FIN-33101 Tampere, Finland.

The aim of the study was to determine if solid, slightly soluble compounds can be used as nutrient source in activated sludge treatment plants instead of liquid phosphoric acid. Four different solid materials were tested in lab-scale solubility tests to find compounds which are least soluble. Two materials were chosen for further studies: apatite and raw phosphate. The use of apatite and raw phosphate as nutrient source was studied in lab-scale activated sludge reactors along with a control reactor where phosphorus was added in liquid form. The phosphorus dosage, measured as elementary phosphorus, was the same for all three reactors. The reactors were fed with pre-clarified chemi-thermomechanical pulp mill (CTMP) wastewater. There were no significant differences in the reductions of organic matter between the three reactors. The mew effluent concentration of total phosphorus was 3 mg PA in the control reactor and less than 1 mg P/l in the other two reactors. The soluble [abstract truncated]

CAS Registry Numbers:
7723-14-0 - Phosphorus
1306-05-4 - Fluorapatite


From Toxline at Toxnet

J BIOMED MATER RES; 25 (10). 1991. 1183-1200.

A mechanical investigation of fluorapatite, magnesium whitlockite, and hydroxylapatite plasma-sprayed coatings in goats.

DHERT W JA, KLEIN C P AT, WOLKE J GC, VAN DER VELDE EA, DE GROOT K, ROZING PM

Dep. Biomaterials, Building 55, Sch. Med., Univ. Leiden, Rijnsburgerweg 10, 2333 AA Leiden, Neth.

Ceramic coatings of fluoropatite (FA), magnesiumwhitlockite (MW), and hydroxylapatite (HA), and noncoated Ti-6A1-4V alloy (Ti) implants were evaluated before and after implantation in an animal study. Cylindrical plugs were coated by plasma spraying with FA, MW, and HA. X-ray-diffraction patterns showed for FA and HA a crystalline and for MW an amorphous-crystalline coating structure. The plugs were implanted into the right femora and left humeri of 16 adult goats. Follow-up periods were 12 and 25 weeks. The in vivo results were evaluated using push-out tests and scanning electron microscopy. There were significant differences in push-out strengths between femur and humerus. The FA and HA implants showed significantly higher push-out strengths than the MW and Ti alloy implants, especially for the 12 week follow-up period. Furthermore, at 12 weeks, MW showed significantly lower push-out strengths than Ti alloy. SEM-investigation of the interfaces revealed that FA did not

Keywords:
Biochemical Studies-Minerals
Biophysics-Bioengineering
Anatomy and Histology
Bones
Toxicology-General
Bovidae

CAS Registry Numbers:
52898-86-9 - (no idenfication available)
1306-06-5 - Durapatite; sny. Hydroxyapatite
1306-05-4 - Fluorapatite


From Toxline at Toxnet

MICROB ECOL; 4 (2). 1978 105-118

Naturally occurring apatite as a source of orthophosphate for growth of bacteria and algae.

SMITH EA, MAYFIELD CI, WONG P TS

Dep. Biol., Univ. Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont. N2L 3G1, Can.

Several naturally occurring Ca-phosphate apatites which varied in crystalline structure and ionic composition were added as crystals of different particle size to P-free (< 1 mug/l total P) nutrient media. Sufficient %W%000006%% was released by the partial dissolution of apatite crystals at limnetic pH levels (pH 7.8) to support growth of several unialgal-mixed bacterial culture. The biomass produced by mixed populations increased as the amount of available apatite was increased and as the pH of the media and the particle size of the apatite crystals were decreased. Although apatite characteristically displays reduced solubility under alkaline conditions, the tons of apatite which are continuously entering aquatic environments as erosion material may be contributing to the P loading of those ecosystems. (The following algae were examined: Ankistrodesmus braunii, A. falcatus, Chlorella vulgaris, C. pyrenoidosa, Scenedesmus quadricauda, S. longus, Microcystis aeruginosa, Chlamydomonas dysosmos, C. reinhardtii, Cryptomonas sp., Ochromonas sp., Golenkinia minutissima, Closterium sp. and Staurastrum sp.)

CAS Registry Numbers:
1306-05-4 - Fluorapatite


From Toxline at Toxnet

ISRAEL JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES; 43 (3-4). 1994. 165-178.

Phosphorus cycling and phosphorus sources in Lake Kinneret: Tracing by oxygen isotopes in phosphate.

MARKEL D, KOLODNY Y, LUZ B, NISHRI A

Inst. Earth Sciences, Hebrew Univ. Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.

The isotopic composition of oxygen in phosphate (delta18Op) in sediments and suspended matter of Lake Kinneret (L.K.) serves as a tracer of phosphorus sources and sinks. delta18Op and the distribution of phosphate concentrations in different fractions of the sediments were measured at a number of stations in the lake and in its catchment basin. Sequential extracts of phosphate show that the major fraction of phosphorus in L.K. sediments is linked to calcium, either as apatite or as a surface complex on calcite crystals. A minor fraction is adsorbed on clays and iron hydroxides. No iron-phosphate or aluminum-phosphate minerals were detected. Approximately 70% of the particulate inorganic phosphate entering L.K. is from a basaltic source (delta18Op = 6). This includes the detrital sand fraction (probably fluorapatite) most of which sinks to the bottom immediately upon entering the lake and is thus mechanically removed from the cycle. Only 40% of the phosphate in the silt [abstract truncated]

CAS Registry Numbers:
14265-44-2 - Phosphate
11113-66-9 - Iron hydroxide
7723-14-0 - Phosphorus
1306-06-5 - Durapatite; sny. Hydroxyapatite
1306-05-4 - Fluorapatite


From Toxline at Toxnet

BULL INST MARIT TROP MED GDYNIA; 39 (3-4). 1988. 165-169.

IMPACT OF THE WORKING ENVIRONMENT UPON THE STATE OF HEALTH OF THE DOCKERS HANDLING DUSTY MATERIALS WITH A SPECIAL REGARD TO RESPIRATORY AND CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

WIESLAW R

BIOL ABS. RRM HUMAN OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH RISK CHRONIC NONSPECIFIC LUNG DISEASE ALUMINUM OXIDE COAL IRON ORE PHOSPHORITES APATITES SULFURS MORBIDITY RATE

Keywords:
Mathematical Biology and Statistical Methods
Social Biology
Behavioral Biology-Human Behavior
Ecology
Biochemical Studies-Minerals
Pathology
Metabolism-Minerals
Cardiovascular System-Blood Vessel Pathology
Respiratory System-Pathology
Toxicology-Environmental and Industrial Toxicology
Public Health-Public Health Administration and Statistics
Public Health: Environmental Health-Occupational Health
Public Health: Environmental Health-Air
Hominidae

CAS Registry Numbers:
82228-96-4 - Coal, activated
7704-34-9 - Sulfur, precipitated
7439-89-6 - Iron
1344-28-1 - Aluminum oxide
1306-05-4 - Fluorapatite


From Toxline at Toxnet

SCAND J DENT RES; 83 (1). 1975 13-17

Degrees of saturation with respect to apatites in fruit juices and acidic drinks.

LARSEN MJ

Some fruit juices and carbonated acidic drinks, recognized as agents causing pork erosions, were analyzed for Ca, phosphate, F-- and pH. Ionic activity/concentration products for hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite were calculated. All liquids analyzed were unsaturated with respect to both apatites, which explains their erosive effect.

CAS Registry Numbers:
16984-48-8 - Fluoride
7758-23-8 - Calcium bis(dihydrogen phosphate)
1306-06-5 - Durapatite; sny. Hydroxyapatite
1306-05-4 - Fluorapatite


From Toxline at Toxnet

SCANNING MICROSC; 2 (3). 1988. 1471-1478.

CRYSTAL ASSOCIATED DISEASES ROLE OF SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY IN DIAGNOSIS

PRITZKER K PH, CHENG P-T, GRYNPAS MD, HOLYMYARD DP

BIOL ABS. RRM REVIEW HUMAN BONE TISSUE APATITE CALCULI INFLAMMATION EXOGENOUS CRYSTALS

Keywords:
Microscopy Techniques-Electron Microscopy
Biochemical Studies-Minerals
Biophysics-Molecular Properties and Macromolecules
Pathology
Metabolism-Minerals
Metabolism-Metabolic Disorders
Bones
Dental and Oral Biology-Pathology
Toxicology-General
Hominidae

CAS Registry Numbers:
1306-05-4 - Fluorapatite


From Toxline at Toxnet

MEDEDELINGEN FACULTEIT LANDBOUWKUNDIGE EN TOEGEPASTE BIOLOGISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN UNIVERSITEIT GENT; 58 (1). 1993. 11-16.

Document Number: BIOSIS/94/13526
Language: English

RADIOACTIVITY IN AGRICULTURAL PHOSPHATE-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS

VAN CLEEMPUT O, DE VRIEND D, BAERT L, ZAPATA F, VAN MAERCKE H

BIOL ABS. RRM RESEARCH ARTICLE FERTILIZER PHOSPHATE ROCK APATITE GYPSUM ANIMAL FODDER

Medical Subject Headings (MeSH):
RADIATION
MINERALS
ANIMAL FEED
ANIMAL NUTRITION
FEEDING BEHAVIOR
RADIATION DOSAGE
FERTILIZERS
SOIL

Keywords:
Radiation-General
Biochemical Studies-Minerals
Animal Production-Feeds and Feeding
Public Health: Environmental Health-Radiation Health
Soil Science-Fertility and Applied Studies (1970- )

CAS Registry Numbers:
14265-44-2 - Phosphate
13397-24-5 - Phosphogypsum
1306-05-4 - Fluorapatite


From Toxline at Toxnet

DIRASAT; 14 (12). 1987. 137-150.

Language: English

DISTRIBUTION AND FORMS OF SEDIMENTARY PHOSPHORUS NEAR A PHOSPHATE-POLLUTED CORAL REEF AREA IN THE JORDAN GULF OF AQABA JORDAN

ABU-HILAL AH

APATITE ORGANIC CARBON CALCIUM CARBONATE

CAS Registry Numbers:
14265-44-2 - Phosphate
7723-14-0 - Phosphorus
1306-05-4 - Fluorapatite


From Toxline at Toxnet

BROMATOL CHEM TOKSYKOL; 21 (1). 1988. 56-60. (Poland

Document Number: BIOSIS/88/26433

SPECIES SENSITIVITY OF LIVING ORGANISMS TO TOXIC ACTION OF FLUORINE COMPOUNDS

ZYLUK B, MACHOY Z

Keywords:
Biochemical Studies-General
Biochemical Studies-Minerals
Toxicology-General

CAS Registry Numbers:
16961-83-4 - Hexafluorosilicic acid (F6-Si.2H )
15096-52-3 - Cryolite ( Al-F6.3Na)
14542-23-5 - Fluorite (CaF2)
7789-75-5 - Calcium fluoride (Ca-F2)
7782-41-4 - Fluorine ( F and F2)
7681-49-4 - Sodium fluoride (Na-F)
7664-39-3 - Hydrofluoric acid (F-H)
1306-05-4 - Fluorapatite


From Toxline at Toxnet

GIG SANIT; 0 (11). 1991. 21-24.

Language: Russian

SUBSTANTIATION OF THE SAFE LEVELS OF FLOTATION AGENTS BASED ON N ACYLAMINO ACIDS IN WATER RESERVOIRS

PETROVA ES

BIOL ABS. RRM RAT APATITE CONCENTRATION LILAFLOT OS-730M BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN CONSUMPTION ODOR TOXICITY FAVORABLE HYGIENIC CHARACTERISTICS

CAS Registry Numbers:
1306-05-4 - Fluorapatite


From Toxline at Toxnet

SCI TOTAL ENVIRON; 61 (0). 1987. 167-200.

LEAD IN ANCIENT HUMAN BONES AND ITS RELEVANCE TO HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS WITH LEAD

PATTERSON CC, SHIRAHATA H, ERICSON JE

BIOL ABS. RRM CALCIUM APATITE BARIUM HIGHER BRAIN FUNCTIONS GENETIC DIFFERENCES METALLURGY POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY

CAS Registry Numbers:
7440-70-2 - Calcium
7440-39-3 - Barium
7439-92-1 - Lead
1306-05-4 - Fluorapatite


From Toxline at Toxnet

GIG TR PROF ZABOL; 0 (7). 1990. 30-33.

Language: Russian

An analysis of the genotoxic effects of health related factors in chemical industry.

LUNGA IN, TRUBNIKOV VI

Inst. Med. Genet., Acad. Med. Sci. USSR, Moscow, USSR.

The article provides data on the study of occupational and non-occupational factors relating to the prevalence of early spontaneous abortions in couples engaged in fertilizer production. A higher degree prevalence of early spontaneous abortions was detected in several groups affected by specific factors. As this degree of prevalence was found in the groups in which it was only the father that had been exposed to the specific hazardous factors, it was considered that the factors in question eithe capable of their own germ cell mutagen action. It was established that lowered mutagen tolerance related to early abortions was markedly higher in groups exposed to organic substances' compounds and industrial noise.

Keywords:
Genetics and Cytogenetics-Human
Reproductive System-Pathology
Toxicology-Environmental and Industrial Toxicology
Developmental Biology-Embryology-Pathological
Public Health: Environmental Health-Occupational Health
Hominidae

CAS Registry Numbers:
53124-23-5 - Nitroammophos
13397-24-5 - Phosphogypsum
12735-97-6 - Ammophos
11104-93-1 - Nitrogen oxide (NOx)
7782-42-5 - Graphite
7699-41-4 - Silicic acid (H2SiO3)
7664-39-3 - Hydrofluoric acid (F-H)
7647-01-0 - Hydrochloric acid (Cl-H)
7646-79-9 - Cobaltous chloride
7446-09-5 - Sulfur dioxide
7440-66-6 - Zinc
7440-62-2 - Vanadium
7440-38-2 - Arsenic
7439-92-1 - Lead
1306-05-4
- Fluorapatite
1305-78-8 - Lime
108-88-3 - Toluene
75-01-4 - Vinyl chloride
74-82-8 - Methane


From Toxline at Toxnet

CRAWFORD, R. M. M. (ED.). NATO ASI SERIES SERIES 2 ENVIRONMENT, VOL. 25. DISTURBANCE AND RECOVERY IN ARCTIC LANDS: AN ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE; NATO ADVANCED WORKSHOP ON DISTURBANCE AND RECOVERY OF ARCTIC TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS, ROVANIEMI, FINLAND, SEPTEMBER 24-30, 1995. XVII+621P. KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS: DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS; NORWELL, MASSACHUSETTS, USA. ISBN 0-7923-4418-9.; 25 (0). 1997. 321-331.

SCOTS PINE NEEDLE WAX AND AIR POLLUTION IN THE SUBARCTIC

TURUNEN M, HUTTUNEN S

BOOK CHAPTER MEETING PAPER PINUS-SYLVESTRIS SCOTS PINE NEEDLE WAX AIR POLLUTION SUBARCTIC POLLUTION HEAVY METALS POLLUTANT FINLAND EUROPE RUSSIA PALEARCTIC REGION

CAS Registry Numbers:
14808-60-7 - Quartz
10101-97-0 - Nickel(II) sulfate hexahydrate (1:1:6)
7758-99-8 - Copper(II) sulfate, pentahydrate
7697-37-2 - Nitric acid
7664-93-9 - Sulfuric acid
7446-09-5 - Sulfur dioxide
1306-05-4 - Fluorapatite


 
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