Fluoroacetamide (CAS
No. 640-19-7). Hazardous Substances Data Bank.
from Hazardous Substances Data Bank
downloaded October 2003 from Toxnet
FLUOROACETAMIDE
CASRN: 640-19-7
Human Toxicity Excerpts:
At about 1130 hr,
an 18-month old girl removed a 120 ml bottle of 1% fluoroacetamide
form a low drawer in the family kitchen & drank some of the contents.
On the advice of a pharmacist, the child was given olive oil, the white of
an egg, & milk at about noon & was made slightly sick. The child remained
lively & played in the garden until her usual bedtime, 1830 hr. At about
2330 hr that evening the child vomited but was put back to bed when she appeared
all right. Apparently the child was not checked until 1030 hr next morning,
when she was found in a semiconscious state. On a physician's orders, she
was taken to hospital, but convulsions occurred on the way & the patient
arrived about 1130 hr in a shocked state. The child was given about 10 ml
acetamide in water once, 3.7 ml of brandy in water each hour, & symptomatic
treatment. She continued to have occasional convulsions & remained unconscious
until she died almost 96 hr after ingesting the poison. Both the heart &
kidney contained 6.3 mg of organic fluoride/g of dry tissue; the citrate content
(108 ppm in heart & 23.9 in kidney) was not considered significantly high.
From the evidence available, it was estimated that the baby had consumed about
300 mg of fluoroacetamide or 23 mg/kg.
[Hayes, W.J., Jr., E.R. Laws, Jr., (eds.). Handbook of Pesticide
Toxicology. Volume 3. Classes of Pesticides. New York, NY: Academic Press,
Inc., 1991. 1279]**PEER REVIEWED**
Probable Routes
of Human Exposure:
Occupational exposure
to fluoroacetamide may have occurred
through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where
fluoroacetamide was produced or used.
(SRC) **PEER REVIEWED**
Emergency Medical
Treatment
Emergency Medical
Treatment:
EMT
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The following Overview, ***
FLUOROACETAMIDE ***, is relevant
for this HSDB record chemical.
Life
Support:
o This overview assumes that basic life support measures
have been instituted.
Clinical
Effects:
0.2.1 SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
0.2.1.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A. Fluoroacetamide is a fluoro ester compound used as a
rodenticide, insecticide, miticide, and aphicide. Few
specific data were available specifically about the
toxicity of fluoroacetamide in humans; its toxicity is
predicted to be similar to that of FLUOROACETATE, with
convulsions, coma, nausea, and vomiting.
1. In one experimental animal study, FLUOROACETAMIDE
caused coma and death, but NOT convulsions. In two
human poisoning cases, serious cardiac arrhythmias
were noted; grand mal seizures occurred in one case.
a. Fluoroacetamide may be absorbed and cause systemic
poisoning after ingestion or dermal contact. It is
unclear whether or not fluoroacetamide can be
absorbed by the inhalation route.
2. Fluoroacetamide is a colorless crystalline powder
solid which is freely soluble in water. It is
synthesized from fluoroacetyl chloride by a variety of
processes. The use of fluoroacetamide is restricted
to licensed pesticide applicators.
3. The following review discusses the toxicity and
treatment of poisoning with FLUOROACETATE.
B. Clinical effects are usually seen within 1/2 hour of
exposure. Nausea, vomiting, excessive salivation,
abdominal pain, numbness, a tingling sensation, and
apprehension are seen initially, and may last for up to
6 hours. Muscular twitching, blurred vision, and
hypotension may develop.
1. Coma, convulsions, and cardiac arrhythmias may be
delayed in onset for as long as 20 hours. One death
due to subacute fluoroacetate poisoning has been
reported.
2. Cardiac effects may include tachycardia, ventricular
fibrillation, and sudden onset of asystole.
3. Death may occur from respiratory depression and
hypoxia during convulsions or cardiac arrest.
4. Neurologic sequelae and acute renal failure have been
described after acute poisoning.
5. Metabolic acidosis, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia,
elevated serum levels of hepatic transaminases, and
elevated serum creatinine levels may occur.
C. Severe poisoning with numbness and tingling of the
face, excessive salivation, blurred vision, peripheral
paresthesias, convulsions, and coma followed inhalation
and dermal contact with fluoroacetate. Fluoroacetate
can be absorbed following ingestion and inhalation, but
not through intact skin.
D. Fluoroacetate mimics acetic acid and reacts with
coenzyme A and oxaloacetic acid, forming fluorocitric
acid which enters and blocks the Kreb's cycle, allowing
accumulation of citric acid.
E. Fluoroacetamide releases toxic and irritating fumes of
fluoride and oxides of nitrogen when heated to
decomposition. Inhalation of such combustion products
would be predicted to result in respiratory tract
irritation with bronchospasm, chemical pneumonitis, or
noncardiogenic pulmonary edema.
0.2.3 VITAL SIGNS
0.2.3.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A. Respiratory depression, hypothermia, tachycardia, and
hypotension may occur.
0.2.4 HEENT
0.2.4.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A. Blurred vision, facial paresthesias, and
hypersalivation may be noted.
0.2.5 CARDIOVASCULAR
0.2.5.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A. Tachycardia, ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation,
and sudden onset of asystole may occur.
0.2.6 RESPIRATORY
0.2.6.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A. Respiratory depression and cyanosis may develop. Death
may be due to hypoxia and respiratory depression during
seizures.
B. Fluoroacetamide releases toxic and irritating fumes of
fluoride and oxides of nitrogen when heated to
decomposition. Inhalation of such combustion products
would be predicted to result in respiratory tract
irritation with bronchospasm, chemical pneumonitis, or
noncardiogenic pulmonary edema.
0.2.7 NEUROLOGIC
0.2.7.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A. Apprehension, diaphoresis, disorientation, agitation,
paresthesias, muscle twitching, hyperactive behavior,
tingling, coma, and convulsions may develop. Status
epilepticus has been described.
B. Neurologic sequelae have been noted following acute
poisoning, including hypertonicity with arm and leg
spasms, severe mental deficits, and moderate residual
paresis. Severe cerebellar dysfunction, ataxia, and
depression were described in a 15-year-old patient who
survived acute fluoroacetate poisoning.
0.2.8 GASTROINTESTINAL
0.2.8.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A. Nausea, vomiting, hypersalivation, abdominal or
epigastric pain, and diarrhea may be seen.
0.2.9 HEPATIC
0.2.9.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A. Increased serum levels of hepatic transaminases may be
noted.
0.2.10 GENITOURINARY
0.2.10.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A. Acute renal failure may be a sequelae of acute
poisoning. Elevated serum levels of creatinine and
uric acid may be noted.
0.2.11 ACID-BASE
0.2.11.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A. Metabolic acidosis may be seen.
0.2.12 FLUID-ELECTROLYTE
0.2.12.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A. Hypocalcemia may occur.
0.2.15 MUSCULOSKELETAL
0.2.15.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A. Muscle twitching may be an early effect.
0.2.17 METABOLISM
0.2.17.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A. Fluoroacetate mimics acetic acid and reacts with
coenzyme A and oxaloacetic acid, forming fluorocitric
acid which enters and blocks the Kreb's cycle, allowing
accumulation of citric acid.
B. Elevated blood glucose levels may be seen in
fluoroacetate poisoning.
0.2.20 REPRODUCTIVE HAZARDS
A. At the time of this review, no data were available to
assess the teratogenic potential of this agent.
B. Observed paternal toxic effects in rats following
chronic dietary administration on fluoroacetamide
included changes in the testes, epididymis, sperm duct,
and in sperm morphology and spermatid development.
0.2.21 CARCINOGENICITY
0.2.21.2 HUMAN OVERVIEW
A. At the time of this review, no data were available to
assess the carcinogenic potential of this agent.
0.2.22 GENOTOXICITY
A. Cytogenetic analysis detected chromosome aberrations in
the rat in vivo and in mammal lung cells. In Red
Muntjac in vitro, fluoroacetamide caused chromosomal
breakage, increased rate of sister chromatid exchanges,
and a lag in the cell cycle.
Laboratory:
A. Fluoroacetate levels are not clinically useful.
B. Monitor serum calcium, magnesium, and potassium
concentrations.
C. Monitor EKG and vital signs frequently.
Treatment
Overview:
0.4.2 ORAL EXPOSURE
A. Do NOT induce emesis.
B. GASTRIC LAVAGE: Consider after ingestion of a
potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can
be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1
hour). Protect airway by placement in Trendelenburg and
left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal
intubation. Control any seizures first.
1. CONTRAINDICATIONS: Loss of airway protective reflexes
or decreased level of consciousness in unintubated
patients; following ingestion of corrosives;
hydrocarbons (high aspiration potential); patients at
risk of hemorrhage or gastrointestinal perforation; and
trivial or non-toxic ingestion.
C. ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry
(240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g
in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12
years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
D. THERE IS NO KNOWN EFFECTIVE ANTIDOTE - for fluoroacetate
intoxication. Symptomatic and supportive care should be
provided.
1. Based on animal experiments, intravenous glyceryl
monoacetate (monoacetin) and ethanol administration
have been advocated to prevent or reverse the toxic
effects of fluoroacetate. However, it does not appear
that these treatments are effective in humans.
E. SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine IV; DIAZEPAM
(ADULT: 5 to 10 mg, repeat every 10 to 15 min as
needed. CHILD: 0.2 to 0.5 mg/kg, repeat every 5 min
as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg; CHILD: 0.05
to 0.1 mg/kg).
1. Consider phenobarbital if seizures recur after diazepam
30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children > 5 years).
2. Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory
depression, and need for endotracheal intubation.
Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances,
hypoxia.
F. REFRACTORY SEIZURES: Consider continuous infusion of
midazolam, propofol, and/or pentobarbital.
Hyperthermia, lactic acidosis and muscle destruction may
necessitate use of neuromuscular blocking agents with
continuous EEG monitoring.
G. MONITOR ECG AND VITAL SIGNS - frequently.
H. CALCIUM SALTS - Calcium gluconate or calcium chloride
should be administered parenterally in patients with
documented hypocalcemia.
I. HYPOTENSION -
1. HYPOTENSION: Infuse 10 to 20 mL/kg isotonic fluid. If
hypotension persists, administer dopamine (5 to 20
mcg/kg/min) or norepinephrine (ADULT: begin infusion
at 0.5 to 1 mcg/min; CHILD: begin infusion at 0.1
mcg/kg/min); titrate to desired response.
J. MONITORING PARAMETERS -
1. Monitor EKG and VITAL SIGNS frequently; ventricular
arrhythmias may occur suddenly. Monitor serum
electrolytes, including calcium, magnesium, and
potassium. Monitor blood sugar, liver and renal
function tests, and urinalysis.
K. OBSERVATION CRITERIA -
1. As DELAYED ONSET of SERIOUS or LIFE-THREATENING
TOXICITY may occur, all patients with possible
significant exposure should be observed for up to 24
hours in a controlled setting.
0.4.3 INHALATION EXPOSURE
A. INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for
respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing
develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation,
bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and
assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with
inhaled beta2 agonist and oral or parenteral
corticosteroids.
B. SYSTEMIC ABSORPTION -
1. Systemic poisoning has occurred following inhalation
exposure to fluoroacetate.
C. THERE IS NO KNOWN EFFECTIVE ANTIDOTE - for fluoroacetate
intoxication. Symptomatic and supportive care should be
provided.
1. Based on animal experiments, intravenous glyceryl
monoacetate (monoacetin) and ethanol administration
have been advocated to prevent or reverse the toxic
effects of fluoroacetate. However, it does not appear
that these treatments are effective in humans.
D. SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine IV; DIAZEPAM
(ADULT: 5 to 10 mg, repeat every 10 to 15 min as
needed. CHILD: 0.2 to 0.5 mg/kg, repeat every 5 min
as needed) or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg; CHILD: 0.05
to 0.1 mg/kg).
1. Consider phenobarbital if seizures recur after diazepam
30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children > 5 years).
2. Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory
depression, and need for endotracheal intubation.
Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances,
hypoxia.
E. REFRACTORY SEIZURES: Consider continuous infusion of
midazolam, propofol, and/or pentobarbital.
Hyperthermia, lactic acidosis and muscle destruction may
necessitate use of neuromuscular blocking agents with
continuous EEG monitoring.
F. MONITOR ECG AND VITAL SIGNS - frequently.
G. CALCIUM SALTS - Calcium gluconate or calcium chloride
should be administered parenterally in patients with
documented hypocalcemia.
H. HYPOTENSION -
1. HYPOTENSION: Infuse 10 to 20 mL/kg isotonic fluid. If
hypotension persists, administer dopamine (5 to 20
mcg/kg/min) or norepinephrine (ADULT: begin infusion
at 0.5 to 1 mcg/min; CHILD: begin infusion at 0.1
mcg/kg/min); titrate to desired response.
I. MONITORING PARAMETERS -
1. Monitor ECG and VITAL SIGNS frequently; ventricular
arrhythmias may occur suddenly. Monitor serum
electrolytes, including calcium, magnesium, and
potassium. Monitor blood sugar, liver and renal
function tests, and urinalysis.
J. COMBUSTION PRODUCTS -
1. Fluoroacetamide releases toxic and irritating fumes of
fluoride and oxides of nitrogen when heated to
decomposition. Inhalation of such combustion products
would be predicted to result in respiratory tract
irritation with bronchospasm, chemical pneumonitis, or
noncardiogenic pulmonary edema.
2. Respiratory tract irritation, if severe, can progress
to pulmonary edema which may be delayed in onset up to
24 to 72 hours after exposure in some cases.
3. If respiratory tract irritation is present, monitor
arterial blood gases and chest x-ray.
4. If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment
with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.
5. ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and
oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood
gas or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP
and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
K. PATIENT DISPOSITION -
1. As DELAYED ONSET of SERIOUS or LIFE-THREATENING
TOXICITY may occur, all patients with possible
significant exposure should be observed for up to 24
hours in a controlled setting.
0.4.4 EYE EXPOSURE
A. DECONTAMINATION: Irrigate exposed eyes with copious
amounts of room temperature water for at least 15
minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or
photophobia persist, the patient should be seen in a
health care facility.
B. SYSTEMIC TOXICITY -
1. There is no evidence that fluoroacetate can be absorbed
in toxic quantities following ocular exposure. Should
systemic symptoms develop following exposure by this
route:
2. Treatment should include recommendations listed in the
INHALATION EXPOSURE section when appropriate.
0.4.5 DERMAL EXPOSURE
A. DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and
jewelry. Wash the skin, including hair and nails,
vigorously; do repeated soap washings. Discard
contaminated clothing.
B. SYSTEMIC ABSORPTION -
1. There is little evidence that fluoroacetate can be
absorbed systemically in toxic amounts through intact
skin; however, FLUOROACETAMIDE may be absorbed by this
route. Should systemic symptoms develop following
dermal contact with this material:
2. Treatment should include recommendations listed in the
INHALATION EXPOSURE section when appropriate.
Range
of Toxicity:
A. A milligram of the pure compound is probably enough to
cause severe toxicity, and less may be toxic.
Extrapolation of experimental animal toxicity data to
humans suggests that a dose of 2 to 10 mg/kg may be fatal.
[Rumack BH POISINDEX(R) Information System Micromedex, Inc.,
Englewood, CO, 2003; CCIS Volume 118, edition expires Nov, 2003. Hall AH &
Rumack BH (Eds): TOMES(R) Information System Micromedex, Inc., Englewood,
CO, 2003; CCIS Volume 118, edition expires Nov, 2003.]**PEER REVIEWED**
Antidote and
Emergency Treatment:
REMOVAL OF THE MATERIAL
FROM GI TRACT & SUPPORTIVE THERAPY ARE ONLY MEASURES THAT MIGHT BE BENEFICIAL
IN CASES OF INGESTION OF SUBLETHAL DOSES IN ANIMALS. [EGYED MN; FLUORIDE 6 (3): 215 (1973)]**PEER REVIEWED**
EXPTL THERAPY (VET):
THE ANTIDOTAL EFFECT OF ACETAMIDE WAS STUDIED IN CHICKENS. ADMIN ORALLY AT
DOSE RATES OF 0.5 & 2.5 G/KG, ONLY AT HIGHER DOSAGE RATE DID ACETAMIDE
PREVENT LETHAL ACTION OF FLUOROACETAMIDE
(10 MG/KG) WHEN GIVEN 1 HR BEFORE, AT THE SAME TIME OR 10 OR 20 MIN AFTER
ADMIN OF FLUOROACETAMIDE. [EGYED MN, SHLOSBERG A; FLUORIDE 10 (1): 34 (1977)]**PEER REVIEWED**
1. IF THIS SUBSTANCE
HAS BEEN INGESTED, EMPTY THE STOMACH IMMEDIATELY BY INTUBATION, ASPIRATION,
& LAVAGE, USING 5% SODIUM BICARBONATE. BEFORE WITHDRAWING THE LAVAGE TUBE,
INSTILL A SLURRY OF 30-50 G ACTIVATED CHARCOAL /SRP: IN CHILDREN, 60-100 G
IN ADULTS/. 2. MONITOR CARDIAC RHYTHM BY CONTINUOUS ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY. 3.
MONOACETIN (GLYCERYL MONOACETATE) HAS ANTIDOTAL PROPERTIES IN EXPERIMENTAL
ANIMALS. THE LIBERATED ACETATE COMPETES SUCCESSFULLY WITH FLUOROCITRATE IN
THE TRICARBOXYLIC ACID CYCLE. HOWEVER, THERE IS NO STERILE PHARMACEUTICAL
PREPN OF THIS CMPD: HIGH-QUALITY, FRESH LAB GRADE MATERIAL MUST BE USED. A.
IF VICTIM IS FULLY CONSCIOUS & NOT CONVULSING, ADMIN 100 ML OF MONOACETIN
IN 500 ML OF WATER, BY MOUTH. REPEAT IN 1 HR. B. IF VICTIM IS OBTUNDED, UNCONSCIOUS,
OR CONVULSING, GIVE 0.1-0.5 ML/KG OF UNDILUTED MONOACETIN BY DEEP IM INJECTION
EVERY HALF HR FOR 4-6 HR, ROTATING THE INJECTION SITES TO MINIMIZE PAIN &
SWELLING. MONOACETIN CAN ALSO BE GIVEN IV ON THE SAME SCHEDULE, USING A 1:5
DILUTION IN STERILE ISOTONIC SALINE. /SODIUM FLUOROACETATE/ [Morgan, D.P. Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings.
EPA 540/9-80-005. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1982.
62]**PEER REVIEWED**
4. CONTROL CONVULSIONS
A. ADMIN 100% OXYGEN BY POSITIVE PRESSURE TO PROVIDE AS MUCH PULMONARY GAS
EXCHANGE AS POSSIBLE, DESPITE SEIZURES. B. ANTICONVULSANT DRUGS ... (A) DIAZEPAM
(VALIUM) USUALLY CONTROLS MILD CONVULSIONS. FOR ADULTS, GIVE 5-10 MG, SLOWLY,
IV; FOR CHILDREN UNDER 6 YR OR 23 KG BODY WT, GIVE 0.1 MG/KG BODY WT, SLOWLY,
IV. REPEAT IN 4-6 HR IF NECESSARY. (B) PENTOBARBITAL MAY BE NEEDED IN ADDN
TO CONTROL SEVERE CONVULSIONS. DOSAGE: 5 MG/KG BODY WT, OR 0.20 ML/KG BODY
WT, USING THE USUAL 2.5% SOLN. IF POSSIBLE, INJECT SOLN IV, AT A RATE NOT
EXCEEDING 25 MG (1 ML) PER MIN UNTIL CONVULSIONS ARE CONTROLLED. IF IV ADMIN
IS NOT POSSIBLE, GIVE TOTAL DOSE BY DEEP IM INJECTION, NOT EXCEEDING 5 MG/KG
BODY WT (0.20 ML/KG OF 2.5% SOLN). /SODIUM FLUOROACETATE/ [Morgan, D.P. Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings.
EPA 540/9-80-005. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1982.
63]**PEER REVIEWED**
4. CONTROL CONVULSIONS
(C) PHENYTOIN (DILANTIN) HAS PROLONGED ANTICONVULSANT ACTION. DOSAGE: LOADING
DOSE 15-18 MG/KG. MAINTENANCE DOSE 4-8 MG/KG.../EVERY/ 4-24 HR AS NEEDED.
IM ADMIN IS NOT RECOMMENDED. GIVE IV SLOWLY AT NO MORE THAN 20% TOTAL DOSE
PER MIN. (D) THIOPENTAL (PENTOTHAL), BY CONTINUOUS IV INFUSION, MAY HELP TO
CONTROL SEVERE SEIZURES. DISSOLVE 1 G IN 500 ML OF GLUCOSE SOLN, & INFUSE
AT A RATE JUST SUFFICIENT TO STOP SEIZURES. ... (E) IN SOME INSTANCES, CURARIZATION
WITH SUCCINYLCHOLINE OR A SIMILAR AGENT IS REQUIRED TO STOP CONVULSIONS. THIS
REQUIRES TRACHEAL INTUBATION OR TRACHEOSTOMY & MECHANICAL PULMONARY VENTILATION,
WITH REGULAR MONITORING OF BLOOD GASES & PH. /SODIUM FLUOROACETATE/ [Morgan, D.P. Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings.
EPA 540/9-80-005. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1982.
63]**PEER REVIEWED**
5. MANY OTHER AGENTS
TESTED IN FLUOROACETATE POISONING ARE NOT EFFECTIVE: SODIUM ACETATE, CALCIUM
CHLORIDE, ETHANOL, PROPYLENE GLYCOL, DIGITALIS GLYCOSIDES, DI- & TRI-ACETATES
OF GYLCEROL. 6. ADMIN IV ELECTROLYTE SOLN CAUTIOUSLY TO AVOID FLUID OVERLOAD
IN PRESENCE OF A WEAK & IRRITABLE MYOCARDIUM. /SODIUM FLUOROACETATE/ [Morgan, D.P. Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings.
EPA 540/9-80-005. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1982.
64]**PEER REVIEWED**
EXPTL THERAPY: CALCIUM
CHLORIDE THERAPY RESTORED TO NORMAL THE MARKEDLY PROLONGED QT INTERVAL IN
TWO CASES OF SEVERE ACUTE FLUOROACETAMIDE
POISONING IN MAN. [TAITELMAN U ET AL; ARCH TOXICOL, SUPPL 6: 228 (1983)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
EXPTL THERAPY: A 5-YR-OLD
BOY POISONED BY FLUOROACETAMIDE SUBMITTED
TO TESTING A FIXED-BED UNCOATED CHARCOAL DEVICE TO BE USED IN HEMOPERFUSION.
CHARCOAL HEMOPERFUSION MAY BE USEFUL IN TREATING PATIENTS POISONED WITH CHEMICALS
CHARACTERIZED BY AN APPARENT VOLUME OF DISTRIBUTION SMALLER THAN TOTAL BODY
WATER. [DE TORRENTE A ET AL; NEPHRON 24 (2): 71 (1979)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Basic treatment: Establish
a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency
and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask
at 10 to 15 L/min. Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye
contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously
with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion,
rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the
patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer
activated charcoal ... . /Monofluoroacetate and related compounds/ [Bronstein, A.C., P.L. Currance; Emergency Care for Hazardous
Materials Exposure. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO. Mosby Lifeline. 1994. 307]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Advanced treatment: Consider
orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who
is unconscious or in respiratory arrest. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat
arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start an IV D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal
flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Treat
seizures with diazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye
irrigation ... . /Monofluoroacetate and related compounds/ [Bronstein, A.C., P.L. Currance; Emergency Care for Hazardous
Materials Exposure. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO. Mosby Lifeline. 1994.,p. 307-8]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Animal Toxicity
Studies:
Non-Human Toxicity
Excerpts:
... APPARENT SPECIES
DIFFERENCES IN QUALITY OF SYMPTOMS THAT LEAD TO DEATH. DOGS DIE OF CONVULSIONS
OR RESP PARALYSIS, BUT IN ... MONKEYS, HORSES, & RABBITS CNS ACTIONS ARE
USUALLY INCIDENTAL, & DANGEROUS FATAL COMPLICATION IS VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION.
[Doull, J., C.D.Klassen, and M.D. Amdur (eds.). Casarett and
Doull's Toxicology. 3rd ed., New York: Macmillan Co., Inc., 1986. 565]**PEER
REVIEWED**
... FLUOROACETAMIDE
... /IS/ HIGHLY TOXIC SUBSTANCE ... TO MOST ANIMAL SPECIES, EXCEPT FROGS &
TOADS. [Parke, D. V. The Biochemistry of Foreign Compounds. Oxford:
Pergamon Press, 1968. 210]**PEER REVIEWED**
CATS & DOGS WERE
VERY SUSCEPTIBLE TO DIRECT POISONING WITH FLUOROACETAMIDE
WHILE BARN OWLS (TYTO ALBA), BUZZARDS (BUTEO BUTEO) & BLACK KITES (MILVUS
MIGRANS) WERE RESISTANT. IN SECONDARY POISONING EXPT, 2 PALESTINE VIPERS (VIPERA
PALESTINAE), A SYRIAN BLACK SNAKE (COLUBER JUGULARIS) & 2 MONTPELLIER
SNAKES (MALPOLON MONSPESSULANUS) WERE RESISTANT. A MONGOOSE (HERPESTES ICHNEUMON)
& A HYENA (HYAENA HYAENA) WERE SUSCEPTIBLE TO POISONING. APPARENTLY FLUOROACETAMIDE
CONSTITUTES HEALTH HAZARD TO CARNIVORES SUCH AS DOGS, CATS & MONGOOSES
BUT WOULD NOT AFFECT BIRDS OF PREY. [BRAVERMAN Y; J WILDL DIS 15 (2): 319 (1979)]**PEER REVIEWED**
ANIMALS ACUTELY POISONED
BY ... /FLUOROACETAMIDE/ SHOW LISTLESSNESS,
IRRITABILITY, CLONIC CONVULSIONS, ABASIA, PILOERECTION, & IRREGULAR RESPIRATION.
ONE CHARACTERISTIC USUALLY OBSERVED IN ANIMALS DYING FROM ACUTE POISONING
WITH FLUOROACETAMIDE AS WELL AS WITH
SODIUM FLUOROACETATE IS POSTMORTEM RIGIDITY. DEATH GENERALLY OCCURS IN COMA
AFTER CONVULSIONS HAVE STOPPED. SUBACUTELY POISONED ANIMALS SHOW ANOREXIA,
EMACIATION, ALOPECIA, & ABSCESS FORMATION. [Hayes, W.J., Jr., E.R. Laws, Jr., (eds.). Handbook of Pesticide
Toxicology. Volume 3. Classes of Pesticides. New York, NY: Academic Press,
Inc., 1991. 1278]**PEER REVIEWED**
... MALE RATS THAT RECEIVED
A DIETARY LEVEL OF 50 PPM (USUALLY CALCULATED AS ABOUT 2.5 MG/KG/DAY BUT SAID
TO BE ABOUT 3.4 MG/KG/DAY IN THESE RATS) SHOWED MARKED MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES
IN THE NUCLEUS OF STEP-13 SPERMATIDS WITHIN 24 HR, & EFFECTS BECAME MORE
PRONOUNCED & THE ENTIRE CELL BECAME DISTORTED IN 5 DAYS. AFTER 10 DAYS
OF TREATMENT, EARLIER STEP SPERMATIDS SHOWED DEGENERATIVE CHANGES & GIANT
CELL FORMATION. EVENTUALLY, EVEN SPERMATOCYTES WERE AFFECTED. DIETARY LEVELS
OF 20, 10, & 5 PPM, PRODUCED CHARACTERISTIC CHANGES IN LATE STAGE SPERMATIDS
BUT NO EFFECT ON SPERMATOCYTES. ... SC ADMIN ... AT A RATE OF ABOUT 1.0 MG/KG/DAY
PRODUCED THE CHARACTERISTIC CHANGES IN STAGE-13 SPERMATIDS WITHIN 4 DAYS &
A 50% REDUCTION IN THE WT OF THE TESTES IN 28 DAYS. [Hayes, W.J., Jr., E.R. Laws, Jr., (eds.). Handbook of Pesticide
Toxicology. Volume 3. Classes of Pesticides. New York, NY: Academic Press,
Inc., 1991. 1279]**PEER REVIEWED**
SELECTIVE DESTRUCTION
OF THE GERMINAL EPITHELIUM OF THE TESTES OF MALE RATS WAS REPORTED ... SINGLE
DOSAGE LEVEL RESULTING FROM A DIETARY LEVEL OF 50 PPM. ON THIS DIET, THE BODY
WT OF 150 TO 160 G RATS INCR BY 88% IN 90 DAYS, BUT THE TESTES WERE REDUCED
TO SLIGHTLY LESS THAN 1/3 THE WT OF CONTROLS. AFTER 64 DAYS, THE TUBULES WERE
ALMOST COMPLETELY LACKING IN SEMINAL CELLS ... PECULIAR GIANT CELLS WERE OBSERVED.
[Hayes, W.J., Jr., E.R. Laws, Jr., (eds.). Handbook of Pesticide
Toxicology. Volume 3. Classes of Pesticides. New York, NY: Academic Press,
Inc., 1991. 1278]**PEER REVIEWED**
FLUOROACETAMIDE
AT AN ORAL DOSAGE OF 15 MG/KG ... INTERFERES WITH REPRODUCTION IN FEMALE MICE,
WHETHER ADMIN 2 DAYS BEFORE OR 10 DAYS AFTER FERTILIZATION; PREGNANCY WAS
PROLONGED, PRENATAL MORTSEITY WAS INCR, & THE YOUNG SUFFERED FROM CYANOSIS,
RESPIRATORY DISTRESS, REDUCED GROWTH, & DECR SURVIVAL. [Hayes, W.J., Jr., E.R. Laws, Jr., (eds.). Handbook of Pesticide
Toxicology. Volume 3. Classes of Pesticides. New York, NY: Academic Press,
Inc., 1991. 1279]**PEER REVIEWED**
STUDY OF CULTURED CELLS
OF RED MUNTJAC IN VITRO INDICATED THAT FLUOROACETAMIDE
CAN CAUSE CHROMOSOMAL BREAKAGE, INCREASE SISTER CHROMATID EXCHANGE & LAG
CELL CYCLE. [HE W ET AL; HUANJING KEXUE XUEBAO 3 (2): 94 (1983)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
RESULTS OF LAB INVESTIGATIONS
ARE REPORTED IN MASS POISONING IN WHICH ABOUT 800 DOGS DIED SHORTLY AFTER
CONSUMING PURCHASED POULTRY MEAT. THE TOXICOLOGICAL & PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS
OF MASS POISONING ARE DISCUSSED. [EGYED MN; FLUORIDE 12 (2): 76 (1979)]**PEER REVIEWED**
... FLUORINE DERIVATIVES
WHICH ARE ONLY SLOWLY CONVERTED INTO FLUOROCITRATE & HENCE DO NOT PRODUCE
THE TONIC CONVULSIONS SEEN IN FLUOROACETATE POISONING, BUT CAUSE UNCONSCIOUSNESS
FOLLOWED BY DEATH IN COMA. THE ONLY DERIVATIVE OF IMPORTANCE IN THIS RESPECT
IS FLUOROACETAMIDE. ... AFFECTS POISONED
ANIMALS MORE SLOWLY & WITH LESS NEUROLOGICAL SYMPTOMS THAN DOES SODIUM
FLUOROACETATE. [Clarke, M. L., D. G. Harvey and D. J. Humphreys. Veterinary
Toxicology. 2nd ed. London: Bailliere Tindall, 1981. 162]**PEER REVIEWED**
MOST POTENT RODENTICIDES
KNOWN & ARE ALSO HIGHLY TOXIC TO OTHER ANIMALS. [Doull, J., C.D. Klaassen, and M. D. Amdur (eds.). Casarett
and Doull's Toxicology. 2nd ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1980.
395]**PEER REVIEWED**
FLUOROACETAMIDE
RATED "GOOD" WHEN TESTED FOR ACCEPTABILITY BY MALE ADULT WISTAR RATS USING
OSAKA UNIVERSITY TYPE SKINNER-BOX. [KUSANO T; J FAC AGRIC, TOTTORI UNIV 10: 15 (1975)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Non-Human Toxicity
Values:
LD50 Rat oral 4 to 15
mg/kg [Doull, J., C.D.Klassen, and M.D. Amdur (eds.). Casarett and
Doull's Toxicology. 3rd ed., New York: Macmillan Co., Inc., 1986. 565]**PEER
REVIEWED**
LD50 Mouse ip 85 mg/kg
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals,
Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 652]**PEER REVIEWED**
LD50 Mouse oral 30.62
mg/kg /FROM TABLE/ [Hayes, W.J., Jr., E.R. Laws, Jr., (eds.). Handbook of Pesticide
Toxicology. Volume 3. Classes of Pesticides. New York, NY: Academic Press,
Inc., 1991. 1278]**PEER REVIEWED**
LD50 Rabbit oral 1.5-2.0
mg/kg /from table/ [Hayes, W.J., Jr., E.R. Laws, Jr., (eds.). Handbook of Pesticide
Toxicology. Volume 3. Classes of Pesticides. New York, NY: Academic Press,
Inc., 1991. 1278]**PEER REVIEWED**
LD50 Rabbit iv 0.25 mg/kg
/from table/ [Hayes, W.J., Jr., E.R. Laws, Jr., (eds.). Handbook of Pesticide
Toxicology. Volume 3. Classes of Pesticides. New York, NY: Academic Press,
Inc., 1991. 1278]**PEER REVIEWED**
LD50 Chicken oral 4.25
mg/kg /from table/ [Hayes, W.J., Jr., E.R. Laws, Jr., (eds.). Handbook of Pesticide
Toxicology. Volume 3. Classes of Pesticides. New York, NY: Academic Press,
Inc., 1991. 1278]**PEER REVIEWED**
LD50 Rattus norvegicus
oral 13 mg/kg [Tomlin, C.D.S. (ed.). The Pesticide Manual - World Compendium.
10th ed. Surrey, UK: The British Crop Protection Council, 1994. 492]**PEER
REVIEWED**
LD50 Rat skin 80 mg/kg
[Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials.
9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996. 1661]**PEER
REVIEWED**
LD50 Rat ip 12 mg/kg
[Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials.
9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996. 1661]**PEER
REVIEWED**
LD50 Mouse oral 25 mg/kg
[Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials.
9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996. 1662]**PEER
REVIEWED**
LD50 Mouse skin or sc
34 mg/kg [Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials.
9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996. 1662]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics:
Metabolism/Metabolites:
INVESTIGATORS ARE AGREED
THAT FLUOROACETAMIDE IS LESS TOXIC
THAN FLUOROACETATE. THIS HAS BEEN ATTRIBUTED TO THE FACT THAT METABOLISM OF
THE FORMER TO THE LATTER IS SLOW. ... RECOVERED, FROM THE URINE OF RATS RECEIVING
FLUOROACETAMIDE AT A RATE OF 3 MG/KG/DAY,
62% OF THE TOTAL INTAKE UNMETABOLIZED ... . [Hayes, W.J., Jr., E.R. Laws, Jr., (eds.). Handbook of Pesticide
Toxicology. Volume 3. Classes of Pesticides. New York, NY: Academic Press,
Inc., 1991. 1278]**PEER REVIEWED**
2,4-Dinitrofluorobenzene
reacts with glutathione to form a stable product similar to that formed with
the model glutathione-S-transferase substrate, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene.
... Fluoroacetamide, like fluoroacetate,
undergoes no discernable chemical defluorinantion. Its enzymatic defluorination
is approx 10% of that observed for fluoroacetate and only 0.2% of the rate
for 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene. An antibody raised to the fluoroacetate specific
dehalogenase precipitated both fluoroacetate ad fluoroacetamide
defluorinating activity but had no effect on either 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene
or 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene activity. ... 2,4-Dinitrofluorobenzene is metabolized
by the glutathione-S-transferase while fluoroacetamide
is metabolized by the fluoroacetate specific dehalogenase. [Kostyniak PJ, Soiefer AI; Toxicol Let 22 (920): 217-22 (1984)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Fluoroacetate administered
ip to rats and mice is defluorinated to give fluoride ion evident in urine
and kidney by (19)F NMR. The use of 2-(13)C-, 1,2-(13)C-, and 1,2-(14)C-fluoroacetate,
... reveals a complex mixture of urinary metabolites including an S-(carboxymethyl)
conjugate complex in rats and mice and sulfoxidation products ... in rats.
... Bile, following treatment with 2-(13)C- fluoroacetate, shows the presence
of S-(carboxymethyl)glutathione or a related conjugate and an O-conjugate
of fluoracetate. Incubation of (13)C-fluoroacetate with rat and mouse liver
cytosol involves formation of S-((13)C-carboxymethyl) glutathione and fluoride
ion. Fluorocitrate is also /detected in/ fluoracetate incubations with mouse
liver cytosol. Fluoroacetamide administered
ip to rats and mice yields urinary fluoride ion formed via fluoroacetate which
is liberated on hydrolysis by an organophosphate-sensitive amidase. (19)F
NMR ... of other metabolites of fluoroacetamide
are consistent with fluoroacetohydroxamic acid in the liver of mice and fluorocitrate
in the urine of rats. Fluoroethanol gives rinary fluoroacetate and fluoride
ion in rats and mice and is converted to fluoroacetaldehyde by mouse and rat
liver microsomes. (-)- and (+)-erythro- fluorocitrates administered ip to
rats yield mostly the parent compounds in urine at 6 hr with increasing amounts
of fluoride ion thereafter. ... Rat and mouse liver cytosols defluorinate
(-)-erythro-fluorocitrate. Metabolic defluorination and pig heart aconitase
also defluorinates (-)-erythro- fluorocitrate. Metabolic defluorination of
fluoracetate and its progenitors, fluoroacetamide
and fluoroethanol, is therefore attributable to both conjucation of fluoracetate
with glutathione and conversion to (-)-erythro-fluorocitrate, which is both
an inhibitor of and a substrate for aconitase. ... Urine of rats and mice
poisoned with fluoroacetate or (-)-erythro-fluorocitrate show elevated citrate
and glucose and diminished urea consistent with disruptions in the tricarboxylic
acid cycle and ammonia metabolism. [Tecle B, Casida JE; Chem Res Toxicol 2 (6): 429-35 (1989)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Absorption, Distribution
& Excretion:
THE CMPD IS ABSORBED
BY THE SKIN. [Hayes, W.J., Jr., E.R. Laws, Jr., (eds.). Handbook of Pesticide
Toxicology. Volume 3. Classes of Pesticides. New York, NY: Academic Press,
Inc., 1991. 1278]**PEER REVIEWED**
Mechanism of
Action:
FLUOROACETATE PRODUCES
ITS TOXIC ACTION BY INHIBITING THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE. THE FLUORINE SUBSTITUTED
ACETATE BECOMES INCORPORATED, AS A NORMAL ACETATE, INTO FLUOROACETYL COENZYME
A, WHICH CONDENSES WITH OXALOACETATE TO FORM FLUOROCITRATE. FLUOROCITRATE
INHIBITS THE ENZYME ACONITASE & THEREBY INHIBITS THE CONVERSION OF CITRATE
TO ISOCITRATE. AS A RESULT THERE IS AN ACCUMULATION OF LARGE QUANTITIES OF
CITRATE IN THE TISSUE, & THE CYCLE IS BLOCKED. ... THE HEART & CNS
ARE THE MOST CRITICAL TISSUES INVOLVED IN POISONING BY GENERAL INHIBITION
OF OXIDATIVE ENERGY METABOLISM. /FLUOROACETATE/ [Doull, J., C.D.Klassen, and M.D. Amdur (eds.). Casarett and
Doull's Toxicology. 3rd ed., New York: Macmillan Co., Inc., 1986. 565]**PEER
REVIEWED**
FLUOROACETAMIDE
... /IS/ TOXIC TO MAMMALS PRESUMABLY BECAUSE OF METABOLIC ... /HYDROLYSIS/
TO FLUOROACETATE. [Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology
of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p.
III-193]**PEER REVIEWED**
Moderately fast-acting
rodenticide which is less likely to lead to poison shyness because of sublethal
dosing. It acts chiefly on the heart, with secondary effects on CNS. [Tomlin, C.D.S. (ed.). The Pesticide Manual - World Compendium.
10th ed. Surrey, UK: The British Crop Protection Council, 1994. 492]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Interactions:
TOXIC EFFECTS OF SUCROSE-CONTAINING
SODIUM FLUOROSILICATE FED TO HOUSEFLIES IS DELAYED WHEN DIFLUBENZURON IS ADDED.
A SIMILAR, THOUGH LESS PRONOUNCED, EFFECT IS EXERTED BY DFB IN FLUOROACETAMIDE
TOXICITY. [ASCHER KR S, NEMNY NE; PHYTOPARASITICA 8 (3): 217 (1980)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Pharmacology:
Interactions:
TOXIC EFFECTS OF SUCROSE-CONTAINING
SODIUM FLUOROSILICATE FED TO HOUSEFLIES IS DELAYED WHEN DIFLUBENZURON IS ADDED.
A SIMILAR, THOUGH LESS PRONOUNCED, EFFECT IS EXERTED BY DFB IN FLUOROACETAMIDE
TOXICITY. [ASCHER KR S, NEMNY NE; PHYTOPARASITICA 8 (3): 217 (1980)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Environmental
Fate & Exposure:
Environmental
Fate/Exposure Summary:
Fluoroacetamide's
production and former use as an insecticide and rodenticide may have resulted
in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, an estimated
vapor pressure of 0.99 mm Hg at 25 deg C indicates fluoroacetamide
will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase fluoroacetamide
will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced
hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to
be 7.8 days. If released to soil, fluoroacetamide
is expected to have very high mobility based upon a Koc of 6.4. Volatilization
from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based
upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.2X10-8 atm-cu m/mole. Fluoroacetamide
may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. If released
into water, fluoroacetamide is not
expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc. It
has been suggested that fluoroacetamide
should be degradable by biological sewage treatment provided suitable acclimatization
can be achieved; field studies in soil show loss of toxicity in 3 to 11 weeks
at 10 and 50 ppm, respectively. Volatilization from water surfaces is not
expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated
Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration
in aquatic organisms is low. The neutral hydrolysis half-life is 2.4 yr at
pH 7 which indicates that hydrolysis is slow. Occupational exposure to fluoroacetamide
may have occurred through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound
at workplaces where fluoroacetamide
was produced or used. (SRC) **PEER REVIEWED**
Probable Routes
of Human Exposure:
Occupational exposure
to fluoroacetamide may have occurred
through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where
fluoroacetamide was produced or used.
(SRC) **PEER REVIEWED**
Artificial Pollution
Sources:
Fluoroacetamide's
production and former use as an insecticide and rodenticide(1) may have resulted
in its direct release to the environment(SRC). Fluoroacetamide
effluents from a manufacturing facility in Great Britain were reportedly responsible
for the poisoning of farm animals(2). [(1) Budavari S, ed; The Merck Index. 12th ed Whitehouse Station,
NJ: Merck and Co Inc. p. 706 (1996) (2) Hayes WY; pp. 499 in Pesticides Studied
in Man Bks Demand UMI (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental
Fate:
TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based
on a classification scheme(1), a Koc of 6.4(2), indicates that fluoroacetamide
is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of fluoroacetamide
from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC)
given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.2X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using
a fragment constant estimation method(3). The potential for volatilization
of fluoroacetamide from dry soil surfaces
may exist (SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 0.99 mm Hg(SRC),
determined from a fragment constant method(4). The persistence of fluoroacetamide
was studied in garden soil by determining its toxicity to aphids(5); at a
concn of 50 ppm, toxicity had ceased after 11 weeks of incubation; at a conc
of 10 ppm, toxicity lasted only 3 weeks; in a control soil that had been steam
sterilized, toxicity was still evident at both concns after 17 weeks suggesting
that the degradation was microbial in nature(5). [(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983) (2) Verschueren
K; Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. 4th ed. NY, NY: John
Wiley and Sons 1: 1165 (2001) (3) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Environ Toxicol Chem
10: 1283-93 (1991) (4) Lyman WJ; p. 31 in Environmental Exposure From Chemicals
Vol I, Neely WB, Blau GE, eds, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press (1985) (5) David
WAL, Gardiner BOC; Nature 209: 1367-8 (1966)]**PEER REVIEWED**
AQUATIC FATE: Based on
a classification scheme(1), a Koc of 6.4(2), indicates that fluoroacetamide
is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization
from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law
constant of 2.2X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant
estimation method(4). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated
BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow(6) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests
the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). The neutral
hydrolysis rate constant for fluoroacetamide
at 25 deg C was experimentally determined to be 3.3X10-5/hr which corresponds
to an aqueous hydrolysis half-life of 2.4 yr at pH 7(8). This indicates that
hydrolysis is slow(SRC). It has been suggested that fluoroacetamide
should be degradable by biological sewage treatment provided suitable acclimatization
can be achieved(9). [(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983) (2) Verschueren
K; Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. 4th ed. NY, NY: John
Wiley and Sons 1: 1165 (2001) (3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property
Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-9, 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)
(4) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Environ Toxicol Chem 10: 1283-93 (1991) (5) Franke
C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994) (6) Hansch C et al; Exploring QSAR.
Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. ACS Prof Ref Book. Heller SR,
consult. ed., Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 4 (1995) (7) Meylan WM et al;
Environ Toxicol Chem 18: 664-72 (1999) (8) Ellington JJ et al; Measurement
of Hydrolysis Rate Constants for Evaluation of Hazardous Waste Land Disposal:
Volume 2. Data on 54 Chemicals USEPA/600/53-87/019 (1987) (9) Thom NS, Agg
AR; Proc R Soc Lond B 189: 347-57 (1975)]**PEER REVIEWED**
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According
to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds
in the atmosphere(1), fluoroacetamide,
which has an estimated vapor pressure of 0.99 mm Hg at 25 deg C(SRC), determined
from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor
in the ambient atmosphere(SRC). Vapor-phase fluoroacetamide
is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl
radicals(SRC). The half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 7.8
days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.1X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec
at 25 deg C(SRC) determined using a structure estimation method(3). [(1) Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-367 (1988) (2)
Lyman WJ; p. 31 in Environmental Exposure From Chemicals Vol I, Neely WB,
Blau GE, eds, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press (1985) (3) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere
26: 2293-99 (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental
Biodegradation:
Fluoroacetamide
is reported to be a chemical that should be degradable by biological sewage
treatment provided suitable acclimatization can be achieved(1). The persistence
of fluoroacetamide was studied in
garden soil by determining its toxicity to aphids(2). At a concn of 50 ppm,
toxicity had ceased after 11 weeks of incubation and at a conc of 10 ppm,
toxicity lasted only 3 weeks(2). In a control soil that had been steam sterilized,
toxicity was still evident at both concs after 17 weeks suggesting that the
degradation was microbial in nature(2). [(1) Thom NS, Agg AR; Proc R Soc Lond B 189: 347-57 (1975)
(2) David WAL, Gardiner BOC; Nature 209: 1367-8 (1966)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental
Abiotic Degradation:
The rate constant for
the vapor-phase reaction of fluoroacetamide
with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.1X10-12
cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 deg C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1).
This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 7.8 days at an atmospheric
concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The neutral hydrolysis
rate constant for fluoroacetamide
at 25 deg C was experimentally determined to be 3.3X10-5/hr which corresponds
to an aqueous hydrolysis half-life of 2.4 yr at pH 7(2). This indicates that
hydrolysis is slow(SRC). Fluoroacetamide
is not expected to directly photolyze due to the lack of absorption in the
environmental UV spectrum (>290 nm)(SRC). [(1) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993) (2)
Ellington JJ et al; Measurement of Hydrolysis Rate Constants for Evaluation
of Hazardous Waste Land Disposal: Volume 2. Data on 54 Chemicals USEPA/600/53-87/019
(1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental
Bioconcentration:
An estimated BCF of 3
was calculated for fluoroacetamide(SRC),
using a log Kow of -1.05(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According
to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration
in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). [(1) Hansch C et al; Exploring QSAR. Hydrophobic, Electronic,
and Steric Constants. ACS Prof Ref Book. Heller SR, consult. ed., Washington,
DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 4 (1995) (2) Meylan WM et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 18:
664-72 (1999) (3) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Soil Adsorption/Mobility:
The Koc of fluoroacetamide
is 6.4(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this Koc value suggests
that fluoroacetamide is expected to
have very high mobility in soil(SRC). [(1) Verschueren K; Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic
Chemicals. 4th ed. NY, NY: John Wiley and Sons V1: 1165 (2001) (2) Swann RL
et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Volatilization
from Water/Soil:
The Henry's Law constant
for fluoroacetamide is estimated as
2.23X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1).
This Henry's Law constant indicates that fluoroacetamide
is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2). The potential
for volatilization of fluoroacetamide
from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure
of 0.99 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3). [(1) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Environ Toxicol Chem 10: 1283-93
(1991) (2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods.
Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990) (3) Lyman WJ; p. 31
in Environmental Exposure From Chemicals Vol I, Neely WB, Blau GE, eds, Boca
Raton, FL: CRC Press (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental
Standards & Regulations:
FIFRA Requirements:
In 1988, Congress amended
FIFRA to strengthen and accelerate EPA's reregistration program which applies
to each registered pesticide product containing an active ingredient initially
registered before November 1, 1984. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued
Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA '88 were divided
into three lists based upon their potential for exposure and other factors,
with List B being of highest concern and D of least. List: C; Case: fluoroacetic
acid derivatives; Case No.: 3073; Pesticide type: insecticide, rodenticide;
Case Status: RED Approved 6/95; OPP has made a decision that some/all uses
of the pesticide are eligible for reregistration, as reflected in a Reregistration
Eligibility Decision (RED) document. ; Active Ingredient (AI): fluoroacetamide;
AI Status: The active ingredient is no longer contained in any registered
products. Thus, we characterize it as "cancelled.". [USEPA/OPP; Status of Pesticides in Registration, Reregistration
and Special Review p.255 (Spring, 1998) EPA 738-R-98-002]**PEER REVIEWED**
CERCLA Reportable
Quantities:
Persons in charge of
vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center
(NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance,
in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 100 lb or
45.5 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802; In the Washington
D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining when notification
is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b). [40 CFR 302.4 (7/1/2000)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Releases of CERCLA hazardous
substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section
103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR
part 355. Fluoroacetamide is an extremely
hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in
amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 100 or 10,000
lbs. Extremely hazardous substances that are solids are subject to either
of two threshold planning quantities ... The lower quantity applies only if
the solid exists in powdered for and has a particle size less than 100 microns;
or is handled in solution or in molten form; or meets the criteria for a National
Fire Protection Association (NFPA) rating of 2, 3 or 4 for reactivity. If
the solid does not meet any of these criteria, it is subject to the upper
... threshold planning quantity ... . [40 CFR 355 (7/1/2000)]**PEER REVIEWED**
RCRA Requirements:
P057; As stipulated in
40 CFR 261.33, when fluoroacetamide,
as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or
an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical
intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to federal and/or
state hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any
container or inner liner used to hold this waste or any residue, contaminated
soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water
or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste
may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR
261.5(e)). [40 CFR 261.33 (7/1/2000)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Chemical/Physical
Properties:
Molecular Formula:
C2-H4-F-N-O **PEER REVIEWED**
Molecular Weight:
77.06 [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals,
Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996.
706]**PEER REVIEWED**
Color/Form:
Colorless crystalline
powder [Tomlin, C.D.S. (ed.). The Pesticide Manual - World Compendium,
11 th ed., British Crop Protection Council, Surrey, England 1997 580]**PEER
REVIEWED**
White...solid [Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes
1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present.,p. V1 (1994) 546]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Boiling Point:
Sublimes [Lide, DR (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 81st
Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2000,p. 3-4]**PEER REVIEWED**
Melting Point:
108 deg C [Lide, DR (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 81st
Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2000,p. 3-4]**PEER REVIEWED**
Octanol/Water
Partition Coefficient:
log Kow= -1.05 [Hansch, C., Leo, A., D. Hoekman. Exploring QSAR - Hydrophobic,
Electronic, and Steric Constants. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society.,
1995. 4]**PEER REVIEWED**
Solubilities:
Freely sol in water,
sol in acetone; sparingly sol in chloroform [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals,
Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996.
706]**PEER REVIEWED**
Moderately sol in ethanol;
sparingly sol in aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons [Tomlin, C.D.S. (ed.). The Pesticide Manual - World Compendium,
11 th ed., British Crop Protection Council, Surrey, England 1997 580]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Spectral Properties:
IR: 2:389C (Aldrich Library
of Infrared Spectra, Aldrich Chemical Co, Milwaukee, WI) [Weast, R.C. and M.J. Astle. CRC Handbook of Data on Organic
Compounds. Volumes I and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985.,p. V1 641]**PEER
REVIEWED**
NMR: 3:103D (Aldrich
Library of Mass Spectra, Aldrich Chemical Co, Milwaukee, WI) [Weast, R.C. and M.J. Astle. CRC Handbook of Data on Organic
Compounds. Volumes I and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985.,p. V1 641]**PEER
REVIEWED**
IR: 3:439D (Aldrich Library
of Infrared Spectra, Aldrich Chemical Co, Milwaukee, WI) [Lide, D.R., G.W.A. Milne (eds.). Handbook of Data on Organic
Compounds. Volume I. 3rd ed. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton ,FL. 1994.,p. V1 52]**PEER
REVIEWED**
MASS: NIST 75365 (NIST/EPA/MCDC
Mass Spectral Database 1990 version) [Lide, D.R., G.W.A. Milne (eds.). Handbook of Data on Organic
Compounds. Volume I. 3rd ed. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton ,FL. 1994.,p. V1 52]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Other Chemical/Physical
Properties:
Sublimes on heating [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals,
Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996.
706]**PEER REVIEWED**
Chemical Safety
& Handling:
Hazards Summary:
The major hazards encountered
in the use and handling of fluoroacetamide
stem from its toxicologic properties. Exposure to this colorless, crystalline
powder may occur from its manufacture, formulation, and use as a rodenticide.
Effects from exposure may include nausea, convulsions, cyanosis, ventricular
fibrillation, and death. Effects may be delayed up to 20 hours following exposure.
If contact should occur, remove clothing and vigorously wash skin, hair, and
nails with soap. Fluoroacetamide should
be stored in closed containers in a cool, closed area. **PEER REVIEWED**
DOT Emergency
Guidelines:
Health: Toxic; may be
fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact
with some of these materials will irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will
produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness
or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response
Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing
Office, 2000,p. G-131]**QC REVIEWED**
Fire or explosion: Highly
flammable: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form
explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash
back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and
collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion
and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated
with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff
to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when
heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. [U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response
Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing
Office, 2000,p. G-131]**QC REVIEWED**
Public safety: Call Emergency
Response Telephone Number. ... Isolate spill or leak area immediately for
at least 100 to 200 meters (330 to 660 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized
personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces
before entering. [U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response
Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing
Office, 2000,p. G-131]**QC REVIEWED**
Protective clothing:
Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical
protective clothing which is specifically recommended by the manufacturer.
It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective
clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective
in spill situations. [U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response
Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing
Office, 2000,p. G-131]**QC REVIEWED**
Evacuation: ... Fire:
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, isolate for 800 meters
(1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters
(1/2 mile) in all directions. [U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response
Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing
Office, 2000,p. G-131]**QC REVIEWED**
Fire: CAUTION: All these
products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire
may be inefficient. Small fires: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant
foam. Large fires: Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. Move containers
from fire area if you can do it without risk. Dike fire control water for
later disposal; do not scatter the material. Use water spray or fog; do not
use straight streams. Fire involving tanks or car/trailer loads: Fight fire
from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Cool
containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or
discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. For massive
fire use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible,
withdraw from area and let fire burn. [U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response
Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing
Office, 2000,p. G-131]**QC REVIEWED**
Spill or leak: Fully
encapsulating, vapor protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks
with no fire. ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or
flames in immediate area). All equipment used when handling the product must
be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you
can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or
confined areas. A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Small
spills: Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer
to containers for later disposal. Use clean non-sparking tools to collect
absorbed material. Large spills: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later
disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed
spaces. [U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response
Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing
Office, 2000,p. G-131]**QC REVIEWED**
First aid: Move victim
to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Apply artificial respiration
if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested
or inhaled the substance; induce artificial respiration with the aid of a
pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical
device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated
clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin
or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. Wash skin with soap and
water. Keep victim warm and quiet. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion
or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel
are aware of the material(s) involved, and take precautions to protect themselves.
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response
Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing
Office, 2000,p. G-131]**QC REVIEWED**
Toxic Combustion
Products:
When heated to decomposition
it emits very toxic fumes of /flourides/ and /nitrogen oxides/. [Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials.
9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996. 1662]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Hazardous Decomposition:
When heated to decomposition
it emits very toxic fumes of /hydrogen flouride/ and /nitrogen oxides/. [Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials.
9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996. 1662]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Preventive Measures:
Use restricted to sewers,
locked warehouses, & other areas to which the public have no access. [Tomlin, C.D.S. (ed.). The Pesticide Manual - World Compendium.
10th ed. Surrey, UK: The British Crop Protection Council, 1994. 492]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Shipment Methods
and Regulations:
No person may /transport,/
offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless
that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is
properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for
shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations
(49 CFR 171-177)./ [49 CFR 171.2 (7/1/2000)]**PEER REVIEWED**
The International Air
Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by
the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and
constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all
IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. [IATA. Dangerous Goods Regulations. 42nd Ed. Montreal, Canada
and Geneva, Switzerland: International Air Transport Association, Dangerous
Goods Regulations, 2001. 206]**PEER REVIEWED**
The International Maritime
Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous
chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number
of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with
such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled.
This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate
procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. [IMDG; International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code; International
Maritime Organization p.3270, 6219, 6220, 6221 (1998)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Storage Conditions:
STORE IN CLOSED CONTAINERS
IN CLOSED AREA. [Farm Chemicals Handbook 1983. Willoughby, Ohio: Meister Publishing
Co., 1983.,p. C-107]**PEER REVIEWED**
Disposal Methods:
SRP: At the time of review,
criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices
are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of
waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory
agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. **PEER REVIEWED**
Generators of waste (equal
to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste
number P057, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation,
treatment and disposal of waste. [40 CFR 240-280, 300-306, 702-799 (7/1/2000)]**PEER REVIEWED**
A potential candidate
for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 deg C
and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids.
A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range
of 450 to 980 deg C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases,
and longer for solids. [USEPA; Engineering Handbook for Hazardous Waste Incineration
p. 3-9 (1981) EPA 68-03-3025]**PEER REVIEWED**
Occupational Exposure
Standards:
Manufacturing/Use
Information:
Major Uses:
For Fluoroacetamide
(USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 075002) there are 0 labels match. /SRP: Not registered
for current use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically
and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently
approved uses./ [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Pesticide Program's
Chemical Ingredients Database on Fluoroacetamide (640-19-7). Available from
the Database Query page at http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/epa/epamenu.htm as
of May 24, 2001.]**PEER REVIEWED**
Rodenticide, insecticide
proposed mainly for use on fruits to combat scale insects, aphids, mites.
/Former use/ [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals,
Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996.
706]**PEER REVIEWED**
Normally it is used as
a bait /(20 g ai/kg)/ in areas to which the public has no access such as sewers
and locked warehouses. /Former use/ [Tomlin, C.D.S. (ed.). The Pesticide Manual - World Compendium,
11 th ed., British Crop Protection Council, Surrey, England 1997 580]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Manufacturers:
Atomergic Chemetals Corp,
Hq, 91 Carolyn Blvd, Farmingdale, NY 11735-1527, (516) 694-9000; ARTEL Chemical
Corporaton, PO Box 550, Nitro, WV 25143; Production site: West 19th Street,
Nitro, WV 25143 [SRI. 1989 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States of
America. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International, 1989.. 669]**PEER REVIEWED**
Methods of Manufacturing:
Fluoroacetamide
is made by reacting fluoroacetyl chloride and ammonia. [SITTIG. PESTICIDE MFG & TOX MATER CONTROL ENCYC 1980 p.421]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Made from chloroacetamide
by fluorination process using KF. [Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes
1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present.,p. V1 (1994) 417]**PEER
REVIEWED**
General Manufacturing
Information:
/FLUOROACETAMIDE/
USE IS LARGELY RESTRICTED TO LICENSED PEST CONTROL OPERATORS. [Doull, J., C.D. Klaassen, and M. D. Amdur (eds.). Casarett
and Doull's Toxicology. 2nd ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1980.
395]**PEER REVIEWED**
THE POISONING OF FARM
ANIMALS BY EFFLUENTS FROM A FACTORY THAT MFR FLUOROACETAMIDE
CAUSED THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES, & FOOD TO RECOMMEND THAT
THE CMPD SHOULD NOT BE USED AS AN INSECTICIDE IN AGRICULTURE, HOME GARDENS,
OR FOOD STORAGE IN GREAT BRITAIN, & IT WAS WITHDRAWN FROM THE MARKET.
[Hayes, W.J., Jr., E.R. Laws, Jr., (eds.). Handbook of Pesticide
Toxicology. Volume 3. Classes of Pesticides. New York, NY: Academic Press,
Inc., 1991. 1278]**PEER REVIEWED**
A rebuttable presumption
against registration was issued by EPA on November 22, 1976 on the basis of
toxicity to nontarget species ... . The RPAR was terminated on February 28,
1980 [SITTIG. PESTICIDE MFG & TOX MATER CONTROL ENCYC 1980 p.421]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Formulations/Preparations:
USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code
075002; Trade Names: Fluorkill, compound 1081, 1081. [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Pesticide Program's
Chemical Ingredients Database on Fluoroacetamide (640-19-7). Available from
the Database Query page at http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/epa/epamenu.htm as
of May 24, 2001.]**PEER REVIEWED**
BAIT, DYED CEREAL BASE
(30 G AI/KG) WHICH IS MIXED WITH WATER FOR USE. [Worthing, C. R. (ed.). Pesticide Manual. 6th ed. Worcestershire,
England: British Crop Protection Council, l979. 276]**PEER REVIEWED**
Poisoned grains; bait
pellets [Farm Chemicals Handbook 2000. Willoughby, Ohio: Meister 2000.,p.
C 190]**PEER REVIEWED**
Usually packed in 8 oz
(227 g) or 5 kg cans [Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes
1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present.,p. V1 (1994) 546]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Impurities:
Sometimes colored with
black dye, nigrosine. [Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes
1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present.,p. V1 (1994) 546]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Consumption Patterns:
ESSENTIALLY 100% AS A
RODENTICIDE. [SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**
Laboratory Methods:
Clinical Laboratory
Methods:
THE RECOVERY OF FLUOROACETAMIDE
FROM ANIMAL & HUMAN TISSUE BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY USING MASS SPECTROMETER
IN MULTIPLE ION MONITORING MODE WAS 30-35% & THE MIN DETECTABLE LEVELS
IN TISSUE WAS APPROX 0.7 UG/G. [STEVENS HM ET AL; FORENSIC SCI 8 (2): 131 (1976)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Analytic Laboratory
Methods:
PRODUCT ANALYSIS: ...
IS BY REACTION WITH SODIUM & PRECIPITATION AS LEAD CHLORIDE FLUORIDE.
[Worthing, C. R. (ed.). Pesticide Manual. 6th ed. Worcestershire,
England: British Crop Protection Council, l979. 276]**PEER REVIEWED**
Special References:
Special Reports:
USEPA; FLUOROACETAMIDE
(COMPOUND 1080): POSITION DOCUMENT 2; US NTIS PB REP PB80-216831: 23 (1980).
EPA POSITION DOCUMENT ON REGISTRATION IS PRESENTED. REGULATORY HISTORY &
BASIS OF REBUTTABLE PRESUMPTION, INCL LACK OF EMERGENCY TREATMENT, ACUTE TOXICITY
TO MAMMALIAN & AVIAN SPECIES, & SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION OF POPULATIONS
OF NONTARGET ORGANISMS & ENDANGERED SPECIES ARE CONSIDERED.
HALL RJ; EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL
CONTAMINANTS ON REPTILES: A REVIEW; US FISH WILDL SERV SPEC SCI REP WILDL
228: 12 (1980). LITERATURE ON EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS (INCL
FLUOROACETAMIDE) ON REPTILES IS REVIEWED.
SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH INCL BEHAVIORAL & REPRODUCTION STUDIES,
DETERMINATION OF SUBLETHAL EFFECTS WHICH MAY HAVE GREAT CONSEQUENCES IN NATURE,
& EXAM OF POSSIBLE CONTRIBUTION OF POLLUTANTS TO STATUS OF ENDANGERED
SPECIES.
USEPA; Chemical Profile:
Fluoroacetamide (1985). A chemical
safety information sheet.
Synonyms and Identifiers:
Synonyms:
1081 **PEER REVIEWED**
ACETAMIDE, 2-FLUORO-
**PEER REVIEWED**
AFL 1081 **PEER REVIEWED**
Baran **PEER REVIEWED**
COMPOUND 1081 **PEER REVIEWED**
Pesticide Code: 075002
**PEER REVIEWED**
FAA **PEER REVIEWED**
FLUORAKIL 100 **PEER REVIEWED**
2-FLUOROACETAMIDE **PEER REVIEWED**
FLUOROACETIC ACID AMIDE
**PEER REVIEWED**
FUSSOL **PEER REVIEWED**
MEGATOX **PEER REVIEWED**
MONOFLUOROACETAMIDE **PEER REVIEWED**
NAVRON **PEER REVIEWED**
RODEX **PEER REVIEWED**
YANOCK **PEER REVIEWED**
Formulations/Preparations:
USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code
075002; Trade Names: Fluorkill, compound 1081, 1081. [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Pesticide Program's
Chemical Ingredients Database on Fluoroacetamide (640-19-7). Available from
the Database Query page at http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/epa/epamenu.htm as
of May 24, 2001.]**PEER REVIEWED**
BAIT, DYED CEREAL BASE
(30 G AI/KG) WHICH IS MIXED WITH WATER FOR USE. [Worthing, C. R. (ed.). Pesticide Manual. 6th ed. Worcestershire,
England: British Crop Protection Council, l979. 276]**PEER REVIEWED**
Poisoned grains; bait
pellets [Farm Chemicals Handbook 2000. Willoughby, Ohio: Meister 2000.,p.
C 190]**PEER REVIEWED**
Usually packed in 8 oz
(227 g) or 5 kg cans [Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes
1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present.,p. V1 (1994) 546]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Shipping Name/
Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO:
UN 3021; Pesticide, liquid,
flammable, toxic, nos, flash point less than 23 deg C.
UN 2902; Pesticide, liquid,
toxic, nos.
UN 2903; Pesticide, liquid,
flammable, toxic, nos, flash point between 23 deg C and 61 deg C.
UN 2588; Pesticide, solid,
toxic, nos.
IMO 3.2; Pesticide, liquid,
flammable, toxic, nos, flash point less than 23 deg C.
IMO 6.1; Pesticide, liquid
or solid, toxic, nos; Pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic, nos, flash point
between 23 deg C and 61 deg C.
EPA Hazardous
Waste Number:
P057; An acute hazardous
waste when a discarded commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical
intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing
chemical intermediate.
Administrative
Information:
Hazardous Substances
Databank Number: 2880
Last Revision
Date: 20030124
Last Review Date:
Reviewed by SRP on 9/15/2001
Update History:
Complete Update on 01/24/2003,
2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 11/08/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/19/2002, 43 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 01/14/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 08/08/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/08/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/02/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/21/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/20/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/02/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/27/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/26/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/08/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/23/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/15/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 07/11/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/11/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/26/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 12/30/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/25/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/28/1993, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field update on 12/27/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/10/1991, 43 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/16/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field update on 12/29/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 12/19/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/14/1986