No data are available in humans. Inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity
in animals. OVERALL EVALUATION: Group 3: The agent is not classifiable as
to its carcinogenicity to humans. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk
of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency
for Research on Cancer,1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).,p. S7 63 (1987)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Human Toxicity Excerpts:
... Mild cholinesterase inhibitor & /causes/ ... an increased leukocyte
count in circulating blood in exposed agricultural workers. [Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology
of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p.
II-331]**PEER REVIEWED**
No data on humans was available. No evaluation of the carcinogenicity
of fluormeturon in humans can be made. ... No data on humans was available.
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk
of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency
for Research on Cancer,1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).,p. V30 251 (1983)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
A frequency of 5.8% of aberrant metaphases was observed in peripheral
leukocytes from sowers exposed to an air concn of 4.28-10.90 mg/cu m of
a commercial fluometron; a frequency of 4.3% was seen in leukocytes of tractor
drivers exposed to concn or 0.64-7.4 mg/cu m, compared with 2.5 % prior
to exposure. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk
of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency
for Research on Cancer,1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).,p. V30 250 (1983)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
DUST MAY BE IRRITATING TO THE EYE ... . [Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 5th
ed. Champaign, Illinois: Weed Science Society of America, 1983. 240]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:
DUST MAY BE IRRITATING TO THE EYE ... . [Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 5th
ed. Champaign, Illinois: Weed Science Society of America, 1983. 240]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Medical Surveillance:
Medical Testing: If symptoms develop or overexposure is suspected, the
following may be useful: Liver function tests. Complete blood count. Evaluation
by a qualified allergist, including careful exposure history and special
testing, may help diagnose skin allergy. Any evaluation should include a
careful history of past and present symptoms with an exam. Medical tests
that look for damage already done are not a substitute for controlling exposure.
[Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials Reports.
New York: Van Nostrand Rheinhold, 1987.,p. 11:4/1991]**PEER REVIEWED**
Probable Routes of Human Exposure:
NIOSH (NOES Survey 1983) has statistically estimated that 645 workers
are potentially exposed to fluometuron in the USA(1). The NOES Survey does
not include farm workers. Occupational exposure to fluometuron may occur
through inhalation of dust particles and dermal contact with this compound
at workplaces where fluometuron is produced or used(SRC). Field air samples
taken from a farm in Tashkent, Uzbekistan in the 1970's indicated that tractor
operators were exposed to 0.64-7.4 mg/cu m and seeders to 4.28-10.98 mg/cu
m of fluometuron(2). [(1) NIOSH; National Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES),
Cincinnati, OH: National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health
(1989) (2) IARC; IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk
of Chemicals to Humans 30: 245-53 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Emergency Medical Treatment:
Emergency Medical Treatment:
EMT Copyright Disclaimer:
Portions of the POISINDEX(R) database are provided here for
general reference. THE COMPLETE POISINDEX(R) DATABASE, AVAILABLE FROM MICROMEDEX,
SHOULD BE CONSULTED FOR ASSISTANCE IN THE DIAGNOSIS OR TREATMENT OF SPECIFIC
CASES. Copyright 1974-1998 Micromedex, Inc. Denver, Colorado. All Rights
Reserved. Any duplication, replication or redistribution of all or part
of the POISINDEX(R) database is a violation of Micromedex' copyrights and
is strictly prohibited.
The following Overview, *** HERBICIDES: UREA-SUBSTITUTED ***, is relevant
for this HSDB record chemical.
Life Support:
o This overview assumes that basic life support measures
have been instituted.
Clinical Effects:
SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
0.2.1.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o On the basis of animal feeding studies these agents
appear to have low systemic toxicity. Severity of
intoxication should be based on clinical findings.
Methemoglobinemia may be noted in large ingestions.
o If severe symptoms or signs of poisoning are evident,
other than methemoglobinemia, the operation of an
alternative or additional toxicant should be suspected.
HEENT
0.2.4.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Eye exposure may result in ocular irritation.
Irritation of the respiratory mucous membranes may be
noted following prolonged heavy contact.
CARDIOVASCULAR
0.2.5.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o CNS depression and hypoxemia may be noted if
methemoglobinemia is present.
GASTROINTESTINAL
0.2.8.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea may be noted following
ingestion.
GENITOURINARY
0.2.10.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Some metabolites may cause irritation of the urinary
tract.
HEMATOLOGIC
0.2.13.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Sulfhemoglobin has been observed in the blood of rats
and dogs given repeated large doses of diuron, and in
one human overdose of monolinuron. Methemoglobinemia
may result from effects of metabolites of some
urea-based herbicides.
DERMATOLOGIC
0.2.14.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Cyanosis unresponsive to oxygen therapy may be noted in
patients with methemoglobinemia due to absorption of
excessive amounts of these agents.
Laboratory:
o Plasma levels are not clinically useful.
o Obtain methemoglobin concentrations in all cyanotic
patients and patients demonstrating dyspnea or other signs
of respiratory difficulty.
Treatment Overview:
ORAL EXPOSURE
o ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as slurry (240
mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in
adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12
years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
o DECONTAMINATION - Remove contaminated clothing and wash
affected areas including the hair thoroughly with soap
and water.
o NATIONAL PESTICIDE TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORK -
1. Provides consultation to poison centers and other
health professionals for the management of pesticide
poisoning. Calls regarding emergency cases requiring
immediate medical response will be transferred to the
Oregon Poison Center. The National Pesticide
Telecommunications Network has a toll-free number,
1-800-858-7378, or if outside the U.S., the
non-toll-free number is 541-737-6094. Hours are 6:30
AM to 4:30 PM Pacific time 7 days/week excluding
holidays. FAX: 1-541-737-0761. email:
nptn@ace.orst.edu
o TREATMENT IS PRIMARILY symptomatic and supportive.
o METHEMOGLOBINEMIA: Administer 1 to 2 mg/kg of 1%
methylene blue slowly IV in symptomatic patients.
Additional doses may be required.
INHALATION EXPOSURE
o INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for
respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing
develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation,
bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and
assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with
beta2 agonist and corticosteroid aerosols.
EYE EXPOSURE
o DECONTAMINATION: Irrigate exposed eyes with copious
amounts of tepid water for at least 15 minutes. If
irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia
persist, the patient should be seen in a health care
facility.
DERMAL EXPOSURE
o DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash
exposed area thoroughly with soap and water. A
physician may need to examine the area if irritation or
pain persists.
Range of Toxicity:
o Insufficient data in the literature to accurately assess
the minimal toxic or lethal dose. Severity of
intoxication should be based on clinical findings.
o On the basis of animal studies these agents appear to have
a low order of systemic toxicity.
Skin decontamination: Skin contamination should he treated promptly by
washing with soap and water. Contamination of the eyes should be treated
immediately by prolonged flushing of the eyes with large amounts of clean
water. If dermal or ocular irritation persists, medical attention should
be, obtained without delay. [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Prevention,
Pesticides, and Toxic Substances. Reigart, J.R., Roberts, J.R. Recognition
and Management ofPesticide Poisonings. 5th ed. 1999. EPA Document No. EPA
735-R-98-003, and available in electronic format at: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/safety/healthcare
123]**PEER REVIEWED**
Gastrointestinal decontamination: Ingestion of these herbicides are likely
to be followed by vomiting and diarrhea due to their irritant properties.
Management depends on: (1) the best estimate of the quantity ingested, (2)
time elapsed since ingestion, and (3) the clinical status of the subject.
Activated charcoal is probably effective in limiting irritant effects and
reducing absorption of most or all of these herbicides. Aluminum hydroxide
antacids may be useful in neutralizing the irritant actions of more acidic
agents. Sorbitol should be given to induce catharsis if bowel sounds are
present and if diarrhea has not already commenced. Dehydration and electrolyte
may be severe enough to require oral or intravenous fluids. There are no
specific antidotes for poisoning by these herbicides. In the case of suicidal
ingestions, particularly, the possibility must always be kept in mind that
multiple toxic substances may have been swallowed. If large amounts of herbicide
have been ingested and the patient is seen an hour of the ingestion, gastrointestinal
decontamination should be considered. If the amount of ingested herbicides
was small, if effective emesis has already occurred, or if treatment is
delayed, administer activated charcoal and sorbitol mouth. [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Prevention,
Pesticides, and Toxic Substances. Reigart, J.R., Roberts, J.R. Recognition
and Management ofPesticide Poisonings. 5th ed. 1999. EPA Document No. EPA
735-R-98-003, and available in electronic format at: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/safety/healthcare
123]**PEER REVIEWED**
Intravenous fluids: If serious dehydration and electrolyte depletion have
occurred as a result of vomiting and diarrhea, monitor blood electrolytes
and fluid balance and administer intravenous infusions of glucose, normal
saline, Ringer's solution, or Ringer's lactate to restore extracellular
fluid volume and electrolytes. Follow this with oral nutrients as soon as
fluids can be retained. [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Prevention,
Pesticides, and Toxic Substances. Reigart, J.R., Roberts, J.R. Recognition
and Management ofPesticide Poisonings. 5th ed. 1999. EPA Document No. EPA
735-R-98-003, and available in electronic format at: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/safety/healthcare
123]**PEER REVIEWED**
Animal Toxicity Studies:
Evidence for Carcinogenicity:
No data are available in humans. Inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity
in animals. OVERALL EVALUATION: Group 3: The agent is not classifiable as
to its carcinogenicity to humans. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk
of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency
for Research on Cancer,1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).,p. S7 63 (1987)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts:
DERMAL APPLICATIONS TO RABBITS AT 400 MG/KG (10 DAY EXPOSURE) HAD NO EFFECT;
RATS FED 12 MO @ 10 MG/KG/DAY ... & DOGS @ 15 MG/KG/DAY LEVEL WERE UNAFFECTED.
[Martin, H. and C.R. Worthing (eds.). Pesticide Manual. 4th
ed. Worcestershire, England: British Crop Protection Council, 1974. 277]**PEER
REVIEWED**
IT HAS LOW TOXICITY TO BIRDS; THERE WAS NO MORTALITY OF RAINBOW TROUT,
GAMMARUS AND TUBIFEX SPECIES, EXPOSED TO CONCN OF 60 PPM. [Martin, H. and C.R. Worthing (eds.). Pesticide Manual. 4th
ed. Worcestershire, England: British Crop Protection Council, 1974. 277]**PEER
REVIEWED**
SKIN SENSITIZATION (GUINEA PIG): NOT A SENSITIZER. SYMPTOMS OF POISONING:
DEPRESSION, HYPERPNEA, EMESIS, COMA, DEATH. [Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 4th
ed. Champaign, IL: Weed Science Society of America, 1979. of America, 1979.
217]**PEER REVIEWED**
FLUOMETURON IS CONSIDERED TO BE RELATIVELY NONTOXIC TO ... WILDLIFE, &
BEES. ... IN 90 DAY FEEDING STUDIES, A DIETARY LEVEL OF 1000 PPM (75 MG/KG/DAY)
FLUOMETURON TECHNICAL WAS DETERMINED TO BE WITHOUT EFFECT IN RATS ... .
[Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 5th
ed. Champaign, Illinois: Weed Science Society of America, 1983. 242]**PEER
REVIEWED**
/ACUTE SYMPTOMS IN MALLARDS AFTER ORAL ADMIN ARE/ ATAXIA, WING DROP OR
WINGS CROSSED HIGH OVER BACK, TAIL POINTED UPWARD, FLUFFED FEATHERS, HYPEREXCITABILITY,
PHONATION, FALLING. SIGNS APPEARED 15 MIN AFTER-TREATMENT & PERSISTED
FOR UP TO ONE WK. [U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service.
Handbook of Toxicity of Pesticides to Wildlife. Resource Publication 153.
Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984. 44]**PEER REVIEWED**
Groups of 50 male and 50 female B6C3F1 hybrid mice, seven wk old, were
fed diets containing 500 or 1000 mg/kg fluometuron (99% pure; impurities
not specified) mixed with corn oil for 103 wk; 25 female and 25 male matched
controls received a diet containing 2% corn oil. The mice were observed
for another wk before they were killed. Survival to the end of the study
among male mice was 14/25 (56%) of the controls, 33/50 (66%) of the low
dose and 32/50 (64)% of the high dose group; among females, 16/25 (64%)
of the controls, 38/50 (76%) of the low dose and 33/50 (66%) of the high
dose group were still alive at that time. Mean body weights of dosed and
control mice were comparable throughout the study. Neoplastic and non-neoplastic
lesions occurred in similar incidences among control and dosed mice, with
the exception of tumors of the liver & of the hematopoietic system in
male mice: there were 3/21 (14%) hepatocellular carcinomas in controls,
8/47 (17%) in the low-dose group, and 15/49 (31%) in the high dose group.
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk
of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency
for Research on Cancer,1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).,p. V30 248 (1983)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Groups of 50 male and 50 female Fischer 344 rats, seven wk old, were fed
diets containing 0, 125 or 250 mg/kg fluometuron (99% pure; impurities not
specified) with corn oil for 103 wk. Corn oil was also added to control
diet at a concn of 2%. Animals were observed for an additional wk. Mean
body weights of dosed and control rats were comparable throughout the study.
Of the male rats, 38/50 (76%) of the controls, 37/50 (74%) fed 125 mg/kg
and 44/50 (88%) fed 250 mg/kg were still alive at 90 wk; at that time, of
the females, 44/50 (88%) of controls, 47/50 (94%) fed 125 mg/kg and 48/50
(96%) fed 250 mg/kg were still alive. Although a number of tumors were noted
in controls as well as dosed rats, no statistically significant difference
was observed between exposed and control animals. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk
of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency
for Research on Cancer,1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).,p. V30 248 (1983)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
In 90 day feeding studies with Fischer 344 rats, a two fold increase in
the weight of the spleen was seen in males fed 4000 mg/kg of diet and in
females fed 2000 or 4000 mg/kg of diet. A dose related increase in the incidence
of red blood cells with polychromasia & anisocytosis was also observed.
Mean body weight gain of females was depressed more than 10% by doses of
4000 mg/kg in the diet. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk
of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency
for Research on Cancer,1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).,p. V30 249 (1983)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Treatment of Vicia faba root tips with up to 90 mg/l of a commercial formulation
for 24 & 72 hr induced low levels of mitotic aberration. ... Treatment
of cotton seeds with 0.01-1% of a commercial formulation resulted in dose
and time dependent increases in chromosomal aberrations ... . [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk
of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency
for Research on Cancer,1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).,p. V30 249 (1983)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Differential metabolism is one of the major factors responsible for the
selectivity of phenylurea herbicides. In particular, cotton exhibited a
remarkable ability to degrade ... fluometron. /Phenylurea herbicides/ [Kearney, P.C., and D. D. Kaufman (eds.) Herbicides: Chemistry,
Degredation and Mode of Action. Volumes 1 and 2. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel
Dekker, Inc., 1975. 272]**PEER REVIEWED**
Fluometuron tested negatively for mutagenicity in Salmonella assays. [NTP; Fiscal Year 1985 Annual Plan p.65 (1985) NTP-85-055]**PEER
REVIEWED**
The available data are inadequate to evaluate the carcinogenicity of fluometuron
in experimental animals. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk
of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency
for Research on Cancer,1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).,p. V30 251 (1983)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Slightly irritating to skin and mildly irritating to eye of rabbit. May
be a skin sensitizer. [Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 5th
ed. Champaign, Illinois: Weed Science Society of America, 1983. 242]**PEER
REVIEWED**
In 90 day feeding trials, no effect level for rats was 100 mg/kg diet,
and for dogs 400 mg/kg diet. [Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook.
2nd ed. Lechworth, Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.,p.
A581/Aug 87]**PEER REVIEWED**
When diuron and fluometuron were added to a nutrient solution in a concn
of 2X10-5 M, they severely inhibited carbon dioxide uptake in carrot plants.
[Kearney, P.C., and D. D. Kaufman (eds.) Herbicides: Chemistry,
Degredation and Mode of Action. Volumes 1 and 2. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel
Dekker, Inc., 1975. 270]**PEER REVIEWED**
A commercial formulation of fluometron was ineffective in inducing mitotic
gene conversion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain D4 without exogenous
metabolic activation. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk
of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency
for Research on Cancer,1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).,p. V30 249 (1983)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
National Toxicology Program Studies:
Groups of 50 /B6C3F1/ mice of each sex were fed diets containing 500 or
1,000 ppm of fluometuron for 103 weeks. Matched controls consisted of groups
of 25 untreated mice of each sex. All surviving animals were killed at 103
to 105 weeks. Mean body weights of the dosed groups of male and female mice
were essentially the same as those of the corresponding control groups.
Survival of dosed groups of mice were similar to that of the corresponding
control groups. Similarities between mean body weights and survival between
dosed and control animals in the chronic study suggest that these animals
could have tolerated higher doses. ... The only possible carcinogenic effects
from compound administration were in male mice. Incidences of hepatocellular
carcinomas or adenomas in male mice were dose related, and the incidence
in the high-dose group was marginally higher than that in the corresponding
matched controls or pooled controls from concurrent studies. ... Under the
conditions of this bioassay, fluometuron was not carcinogenic for female
B6C3F1 mice. Equivocal results were obtained for male B6C3F1 mice which
may have had an increased incidence of hepatocellular tumors. [DHEW/NCI; Bioassay of Fluometuron for Possible Carcinogenicity
p.V (1980) Technical Rpt Series No. 195 DHEW Pub No. (NIH) 80-1751]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Groups of 50 /F344/ rats of each sex were fed diets containing 125 or
250 ppm of fluometuron for 103 weeks ... Matched controls consisted of groups
of 50 untreated rats of each sex. All surviving animals were killed at 103
to 105 weeks. Splenomegaly observed in rats in the subchronic studies influenced
selection of doses for the chronic study; however, no splenic effects were
observed in the chronic study. Mean body weights of the dosed groups of
male and female rats ... were essentially the same as those of the corresponding
control groups. Survival of dosed groups of rats ... was similar to that
of the corresponding control groups. Similarities between mean body weights
and survival between dosed and control animals in the chronic study suggest
that these animals could have tolerated doses. Under the conditions of this
bioassay, fluometuron was not carcinogenic for F344 rats. [DHEW/NCI; Bioassay of Fluometuron for Possible Carcinogenicity
p.V (1980) Technical Rpt Series No. 195 DHEW Pub No. (NIH) 80-175]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Non-Human Toxicity Values:
LD50 Rat oral 6416-8900 mg/kg [Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook.
2nd ed. Lechworth, Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.,p.
A581/Aug 87]**PEER REVIEWED**
LD50 Rat percutaneous >2000 mg/kg [Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook.
2nd ed. Lechworth, Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.,p.
A581/Aug 87]**PEER REVIEWED**
LD50 Rabbit percutaneous >10,000 mg/kg [Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook.
2nd ed. Lechworth, Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.,p.
A581/Aug 87]**PEER REVIEWED**
LD50 Rat oral 6416 mg/kg [Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials.
9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996. 1368]**PEER
REVIEWED**
LD50 Rat ip 685 mg/kg [Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials.
9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996. 1368]**PEER
REVIEWED**
LD50 Mouse oral 900 mg/kg [Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials.
9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996. 1368]**PEER
REVIEWED**
LD50 Mouse ip 522 mg/kg [Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials.
9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996. 1368]**PEER
REVIEWED**
LD50 Rabbit oral 2500 mg/kg [Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials.
9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996. 1368]**PEER
REVIEWED**
LD50 Guinea pig oral 810 mg/kg [Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials.
9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996. 1368]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Ecotoxicity Values:
LC50 Salmo gairdneri (Rainbow trout) 3.0 mg/l/96 hr @ 12 deg C (95% confidence
interval 2.0- 4.5 mg/l), wt 0.7 g. Static bioassay without aeration, pH
7.2-7.5, water hardness 40-50 mg/l as calcium carbonate and alkalinity of
30-35 mg/l. [U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service.
Handbook of Acute Toxicity of Chemicals to Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates.
Resource Publication No. 137. Washington, DC: U.S. Government PrintingOffice,
1980. 83]**PEER REVIEWED**
LC50 Ictalurus punctatus (Channel catfish) 0.6 mg/l/96 hr @ 18 deg C (95%
confidence interval 0.3-1.3 mg/l), wt 0.8 g. Static bioassay without aeration,
pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 40-50 mg/l as calcium carbonate and alkalinity
of 30-35 mg/l. [U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service.
Handbook of Acute Toxicity of Chemicals to Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates.
Resource Publication No. 137. Washington, DC: U.S. Government PrintingOffice,
1980. 83]**PEER REVIEWED**
LD50 Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard) oral >2000 mg/kg [U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service.
Handbook of Toxicity of Pesticides to Wildlife. Resource Publication 153.
Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984. 44]**PEER REVIEWED**
Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics:
Metabolism/Metabolites:
... FLUOMETURON WAS METABOLIZED IN VIVO, PRIMARILY BY LIVER, TO N-DESMETHYL
& N-DEMETHYLATED ANALOGS ... A SMALL AMT WAS EXCRETED AS ANILINE ANALOG.
NO LABELED CO2 WAS DETECTED DURING FIRST 48 HR. AFTER TREATMENT OF CUCUMBERS
& COTTON WITH FLUOMETURON, (14)C-METABOLITES WERE DETERMINED BY AUTORADIOGRAPHY.
MONOMETHYLATED, DEMETHYLATED, & ANILINE DERIVATIVES WERE IDENTIFIED
FROM COTTON. ONLY MONO- & DE-METHYLATED DERIVATIVES WERE IDENTIFIED
FROM CUCUMBER. [Menzie, C.M. Metabolism of Pesticides. U.S. Department of
the Interior, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Publication 127. Washington,
DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969. 338]**PEER REVIEWED**
FLUOMETURON HAS BEEN SHOWN TO UNDERGO A 3 STEP DEGRADATION PROCESS IN
PLANTS. THE FIRST TWO STEPS ARE DEMETHYLATION TO A MONOMETHYL THEN TO A
DEMETHYLATED INTERMEDIATE. THE THIRD STEP IS DEAMINATION-DECARBOXYLATION
STEP THAT PRODUCES AN ANILINE MOLECULE. [Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 5th
ed. Champaign, Illinois: Weed Science Society of America, 1983. 240]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Ring hydroxylation of phenylureas in animal tissues ... has been observed
with fluometuron. [Kearney, P.C., and D. D. Kaufman (eds.) Herbicides: Chemistry,
Degredation and Mode of Action. Volumes 1 and 2. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel
Dekker, Inc., 1975. 246]**PEER REVIEWED**
Cmpd that are rapidly translocated to aerial parts, such as ... fluometuron
... would be expected to be metabolized in the leaves. [Kearney, P.C., and D. D. Kaufman (eds.) Herbicides: Chemistry,
Degredation and Mode of Action. Volumes 1 and 2. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel
Dekker, Inc., 1975. 236]**PEER REVIEWED**
Human embryonic lung cell homogenate metabolized small amounts of fluometuron
through oxidative pathways to N-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-N'-formyl-N'-methylurea,
N-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-N'-methylurea, and N-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)urea.
[Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook.
2nd ed. Lechworth, Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.,p.
A581/AUG 87]**PEER REVIEWED**
The metabolism of fluometuron in corn (Zea mays variety Dixie 18) and
wheat (Triticum aestivum variety Wakeland) was studied. In both species,
metabolism involved two step demetted. Further metabolism of the aniline
derivative into numerous metabolites occurred with an indication of formation
of the hydroxyaniline derivative. [Menzie, C.M. Metabolism of Pesticides, Update II. U.S. Department
of the Interior, Fish Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report - Wildlife
No. 2l2.Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1978. 294]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Sour orange (Citrus auranthium Leguminatae) or sweet lime (Citrus limetioides
Tanaka) were exposed to (14)C fluometuron. After 4 days, analyses showed
the presence of desmethylfluometuon, 3-trifluoromethylphenyl urea, and 3-trifluoromethylaniline.
[Menzie, C.M. Metabolism of Pesticides, Update II. U.S. Department
of the Interior, Fish Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report - Wildlife
No. 2l2.Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1978. 294]**PEER
REVIEWED**
After incubation of fluometuron with Rhizopus japonicus, desmethylfluometuron
was observed. [Menzie, C.M. Metabolism of Pesticides, Update II. U.S. Department
of the Interior, Fish Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report - Wildlife
No. 2l2.Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1978. 294]**PEER
REVIEWED**
When (14)C fluometuron was incubated with human embryonic lung (HEL) cells,
more than 95% was recovered unchanged. Three metabolites were identified:
1-formyl-1-methyl-3-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)urea; 1-methyl-3- (3-trifluoromethylphenyl)urea;
and 3-trifluoromethylphenylurea. [Menzie, C.M. Metabolism of Pesticides-Update III. Special
Scientific Report- Wildlife No. 232. Washington, DC: U.S.Department of the
Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1980. 558]**PEER REVIEWED**
Absorption, Distribution & Excretion:
... UPTAKE BY ROOTS & TRANSLOCATION TO AERIAL PARTS OF (14)C-LABELED
... FLUOMETURON IN FRENCH DWARF BEAN SEEDLINGS, CULTURED IN NUTRIENT SOLN
SUPPLIED WITH 2.5 PPM (AND EQUAL CONCN OF RADIOACTIVITY) OF ... HERBICIDE
/WAS STUDIED/. ... FLUOMETURON ... /WAS/ RAPIDLY TRANSLOCATED INTO LEAVES.
IN CONTRAST /TO BEING/ ... CONFINED TO TRACHEAL VEINS, FLUOMETURON HAD ALMOST
COMPLETELY MOVED OUT INTO THE MESOPHYLL TISSUES. [Kearney, P.C., and D. D. Kaufman (eds.) Herbicides: Chemistry,
Degredation and Mode of Action. Volumes 1 and 2. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel
Dekker, Inc., 1975. 234]**PEER REVIEWED**
FLUOMETURON IS MORE READILY ABSORBED BY ROOTS FROM SOIL APPLICATION THAN
FROM FOLIAR APPLICATION. FOLIAR ABSORPTION IS AIDED BY ADDING SURFACTANT
OR NONPHYTOTOXIC OIL TO SPRAY SOLN. ... TRANSLOCATION OF ROOT ABSORBED.
... IS VIA APOPLAST TO UPPER PLANT PARTS. FOLIAR APPLICATIONS ARE ALSO TRANSLOCATED
IN APOPLAST ... . [Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 5th
ed. Champaign, Illinois: Weed Science Society of America, 1983. 240]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Mechanism of Action:
THE PRIMARY SITE OF FLUOMETURON ACTION IS INHIBITION OF THE HILL REACTION.
THIS INVOLVES THE OXYGEN EVOLUTION SITE IN THE PHYTOSYSTEM II. THE INHIBITION
PREVENTS THE FORMATION OF ATP & NADPH WHICH ARE NECESSARY FOR CARBON
DIOXIDE FIXATION. [Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 5th
ed. Champaign, Illinois: Weed Science Society of America, 1983. 240]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Pharmacology:
Environmental Fate & Exposure
Environmental Fate/Exposure Summary:
Fluometuron's use as an herbicide for the control of broadleaf weeds and
grass is expected to result in its direct release to the environment. If
released to air, a vapor pressure of 9.38X10-7 mm Hg at 25 deg C indicates
fluometuron will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient
atmosphere. Vapor-phase fluometuron will be degraded in the atmosphere by
reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life
for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2.1 days. Particulate-phase
fluometuron will be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition.
Fluometuron may photodegrade in the atmosphere based upon its photolysis
in water. The photolysis half-life of 10 mg/l aqueous solution of fluometuron
with natural sunlight was 1.2 days. If released to soil, fluometuron is
expected to have high mobility based upon its Koc ranging from 29 to 173.
Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important
fate process based upon its Henry's Law constant of 2.6X10-9 atm-cu m/mole.
In soil, fluometuron is transformed primarily through biodegradation. Depending
on the nature of soil and climatic conditions, the field half-lives of fluometuron
in soil ranged from 10-171 days with an average half-life of 85 days. The
major degradation product under aerobic and anaerobic conditions was mono-N-demethylated
fluometuron. Fluometuron residues often dissipate to nondetectable levels
by four months after application of labeled rates. Half-lives in dissipation
studies conducted in cotton fields and sampling at 0 to 15 cm were: 103
days for a loamy sand with 0.9% organic matter and pH 6.4 in Georgia; and
171 days for a sandy loam with 1.3% organic matter and pH 7.3 in California.
If released into water, fluometuron is not expected to adsorb to suspended
solids and sediment based upon its Koc values. Volatilization from water
surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this
compound's Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of 15 suggests the potential
for bioconcentration of fluometuron in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis
is not expected to be an important fate process based upon its hydrolysis
half-lives in water of 2.4 yrs (pH 5) and 2.8 yrs (pH 9). Occupational exposure
to fluometuron may occur through inhalation of dust particles and dermal
contact with this compound at workplaces where fluometuron is produced or
used. (SRC) **PEER REVIEWED**
Probable Routes of Human Exposure:
NIOSH (NOES Survey 1983) has statistically estimated that 645 workers
are potentially exposed to fluometuron in the USA(1). The NOES Survey does
not include farm workers. Occupational exposure to fluometuron may occur
through inhalation of dust particles and dermal contact with this compound
at workplaces where fluometuron is produced or used(SRC). Field air samples
taken from a farm in Tashkent, Uzbekistan in the 1970's indicated that tractor
operators were exposed to 0.64-7.4 mg/cu m and seeders to 4.28-10.98 mg/cu
m of fluometuron(2). [(1) NIOSH; National Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES),
Cincinnati, OH: National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health
(1989) (2) IARC; IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk
of Chemicals to Humans 30: 245-53 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Natural Pollution Sources:
Fluometuron is not known to occur naturally(1). [(1) IARC; IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic
Risk of Chemicals to Humans 30: 245-53 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Artificial Pollution Sources:
Fluometuron's use as an herbicide(1) is expected to result in its direct
release to the environment(SRC). [(1) Tomlin CDS, ed; The Pesticide Manual World Compendium.
11th ed., Surrey, England: British Crop Protection Council pp. 578-80 (1997)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Environmental Fate:
TERRESTRIAL FATE: IT IS OF INTERMEDIATE PERSISTENCE WITH A HALF-LIFE OF
60-75 DAYS ACCORDING TO SOIL CONDITIONS. [Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide Manual
- A World Compendium. 8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British Crop Protection
Council, 1987. 412]**PEER REVIEWED**
Terrestrial Fate: Fluometuron decreased from 6 ppm to < 0.5 ppm in
approximately 165 days in the 0 to 5 cm layer of a plant-free Swiss clay
loam under field conditions. Soil compostion: 18% clay, 12% silt, 67% sand,
< 1% humus; pH 5.7. Herbicide applied at the rate of 4 kg active ingredient/ha.
/From figure/ [Kearney, P.C., and D. D. Kaufman (eds.) Herbicides: Chemistry,
Degredation and Mode of Action. Volumes 1 and 2. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel
Dekker, Inc., 1975. 254]**PEER REVIEWED**
TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), experimental Koc
values ranging from 29 to 173(2-7), indicates that fluometuron is expected
to have very high to moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of fluometuron
from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC)
given a Henry's Law constant of 2.6X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(8). Fluometuron is
not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor
pressure of 9.38X10-7 mm Hg(9). Biodegradation will be the major process
by which fluometuron will be lost from most soils(5). Depending on the nature
of soil and climatic conditions, the field half-lives of fluometuron in
soil ranged from 10-171 days(5,10-12) with an average half-life of 85 days(7).
Some loss of fluometuron from soil surface may occur as a result of photolysis
by sunlight(13). The photolysis half-life was 9.7 days on a sandy loam soil
at 10 to 36 deg C under natural light; the major photolysis product was
the mono-N-demthylated metabolite [N-methyl-N'-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]urea](13).
Based on its slow rate of hydrolysis in water (half-lives ranging from 2.4
to 2.8 years)(10), hydrolysis of fluometuron in moist soil is not expected
to be important(SRC). [(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983) (2) Kenaga
EE; Ecotox Environ Safety 4: 26-38 (1980) (3) Di Toro DM; Chemosphere 14:
1503-38 (1985) (4) Gerstl Z, Helling CS; J Environ Sci Health B22: 55-69
(1987) (5) Mueller TC et al; J Agric Food Chem 40: 2517-22 (1992) (6) Hance
RJ et al; Weed Res 21: 289-97 (1981) (7) Wauchope RD et al; Rev Environ
Contam Toxicol 123: 1-155 (1992) (8) Ahrens WH; Herbicide Handbook of the
Weed Science Society of America. 7th ed. Champaign, IL: Weed Sci Soc Amer,
p. 136 (1994) (9) Tomlin CDS, ed; The Pesticide Manual World Compendium.
11th ed., Surrey, England: British Crop Protection Council pp. 578-80 (1997)
(10) Worthing CR; The Pesticide Manual 8th ed. The Lavenham Press Ltd.,
Lavenham, Suffolk p. 412 (1987) (11) Domsch KH; Plant and Soil 76: 367-78
(1984) (12) Horowitz M; Weed Res 9: 314-21 (1969) (13) WSSA; Herbicide Handbook
of the Weed Science Society of America. 6th ed. Champaign, IL: Weed Sci
Soc Amer pp. 136-7 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**
TERRESTRIAL FATE: Fluometuron residues often dissipate to nondetectable
levels by four months after application of labeled rates. Half-lives in
dissipation studies conducted in cotton fields and sampling at 0 to 15 cm
were: 103 days for a loamy sand with 0.9% organic matter and pH 6.4 in Georgia;
and 171 days for a sandy loam with 1.3% organic matter and pH 7.3 in California(1).
Application rate and weather conditions can significantly impact half-life.
In field experiments conducted in cotton grown in Georgia and California,
no quantifiable fluometuron residues (limit of detection = 10 ppb) were
found below 30 cm (12 inches)(1). Volatilization of fluometuron is negligible(1).
[(1) Ahrens WH; Herbicide Handbook of the Weed Science Society
of America, 7th ed. Champaign, IL: Weed Sci Soc Amer, p. 136 (1994)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values ranging
from 29-173(2-7), indicate that fluometuron is not expected to adsorb to
suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is
not expected(8) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 2.6X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(9).
According to a classification scheme(10), an estimated BCF of 15(SRC), from
its log Kow of 2.42(11) and a regression-derived equation(12), suggests
the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Based on
its observed biodegradation rate in soil (half-lives ranging from 10-171
days)(13-15), biodegradation of fluometuron in water is expected to be an
important fate process(SRC). Photolysis in water is expected to occur based
upon an experiment in which 10 mg/l of fluometuron had a half-life of 1.2
days with exposure to natural sunlight(16). Based on its slow rate of hydrolysis
in water (half-life ranging from 2.4 to 2.8 years)(15), hydrolysis of fluometuron
in water is not expected to be important(SRC). [(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983) (2) Kenaga
EE; Ecotox Environ Safety 4: 26-38 (1980) (3) Di Toro DM; Chemosphere 14:
1503-38 (1985) (4) Gerstl Z, Helling CS; J Environ Sci Health B22: 55-69
(1987) (5) Mueller TC et al; J Agric Food Chem 40: 2517-22 (1992) (6) Hance
RJ et al; Weed Res 21: 289-97 (1981) (7) Wauchope RD et al; Rev Environ
Contam Toxicol 123: 1-155 (1992) (8) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical
Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-9, 15-1
to 15-29 (1990) (9) Ahrens WH; Herbicide Handbook of the Weed Science Society
of America. 7th ed. Champaign, IL: Weed Sci Soc Amer, p. 136 (1994) (10)
Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994) (11) Hansch C et al; Exploring
QSAR. Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. ACS Prof Ref Book.
Heller SR, consult. ed., Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 70 (1995) (12)
Meylan WM et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 18: 664-72 (1999) (13) Domsch KH;
Plant Soil 76: 367-78 (1984) (14) Horowitz M; Weed Res 9: 314-21 (1969)
(15) Worthing CR; The Pesticide Manual. 8th ed. The Lavenham Press Ltd.,
Lavenham, Suffolk p. 412 (1987) (16) WSSA; Herbicide Handbook of the Weed
Science Society of America. 6th ed. Champaign, IL: Weed Sci Soc Amer pp.
136-7 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of
semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), fluometuron, which
has a vapor pressure of 9.38X10-7 mm Hg at 25 deg C(2), will exist in both
the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase
fluometuron is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced
hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated
to be 2.1 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 7.6X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec
at 25 deg C(SRC) determined using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase
fluometuron may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC).
Fluometuron may photolyze in the atmosphere based upon its photolysis in
water. At a concentration of 10 mg/l in water, fluometuron had a half-life
of 1.2 days with exposure to natural sunlight(4). [(1) Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-367 (1988)
(2) Tomlin CDS, ed; The Pesticide Manual World Compendium. 11th ed., Surrey,
England: British Crop Protection Council pp. 578-80 (1997) (3) Meylan WM,
Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993) (4) WSSA; Herbicide Handbook of
the Weed Science Society of America. 6th ed. Champaign, IL: Weed Sci Soc
Amer pp. 136-7 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental Biodegradation:
The 3-trifluoromethyl moiety of fluometuron seems to be accessible to
some extent to biochemical transformation reactions. A slight but measurable
amount of radioactivity (< 5% of the dose applied) evolved as carbon
dioxide during the 52 day observation period on incubation of the (14)C
trifluoromethyl-labeled herbicide in soils. Oxidation of the trifluoromethyl
carbon represents a minor pathway of degradation for fluometuron in the
soil. [Kearney, P.C., and D. D. Kaufman (eds.) Herbicides: Chemistry,
Degredation and Mode of Action. Volumes 1 and 2. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel
Dekker, Inc., 1975. 247]**PEER REVIEWED**
THE PATHWAY OF DEGRADATION OF FLUOMETURON IN A SANDY LOAM SOIL INVOLVED
2 STEP DEALKYLATION ... FOLLOWED BY HYDROLYSIS TO FORM ANILINE DERIVATIVE
... SOME ... (14)CO2 WAS OBSERVED. MONO- AND DI-DEMETHYL COMPD ... /AND/
ANILINE PRODUCT WERE OBSERVED. [Menzie, C. M. Metabolism of Pesticides, An Update. U.S.
Department of the Interior, Fish, Wild-life Service, Special Scientific
Report - Wildlife No. 184, Washington, DC: U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office,
l974. 381]**PEER REVIEWED**
After 35 days incubation, Rhizoctonia solani degraded 88% of (14)C- fluometuron
to polar and water-soluble metabolites. No (14)CO2 was observed. Two major
metabolites were identified by TLC and UV as 1-methyl-3-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)urea
and 3-trifluoromethylphenylurea. Five other metabolites were not identified.
[Menzie, C.M. Metabolism of Pesticides-Update III. Special
Scientific Report- Wildlife No. 232. Washington, DC: U.S.Department of the
Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1980. 558]**PEER REVIEWED**
AEROBIC: Several pure cultures of microorganisms degrade fluometuron(1-2).
The biodegradation proceeds by two successive dealkylation to the corresponding
3-(trifluoromethylphenyl) urea which then hydrolyze to the corresponding
aniline(1,3). Mixed populations of microorganisms from two soils also metabolized
fluometuron in a similar way and the 3-(trifluoromethyl) aniline formed
was immediately acetylated to the corresponding acetanilide(4). The release
of carbon dioxide observed during the biodegradation of fluometuron(5) may
at least be partly the result of the hydrolysis of phenylurea to the aromatic
amine and not from ring cleavage(4). The half-life of fluometuron in unsterilized
surface soil in the dark was 18 days compared to 315 days in sterilized
soil(6). Biodegradation has also been observed in cover crop residues on
the soil surface(7). In annual ryegrass, fluometuron was demethylated, at
rates similar to those in soils, when the crop had high (78%) moisture conditions(7).
The half-life of fluometuron was 189 days for aerobic microbial metabolism
in a sandy loam soil at 25 deg C(8). The major degradation product under
aerobic and anaerobic conditions was mono-N-demethylated fluometuron. Microbial
metabolism is the most important contributor to field dissipation, but rates
are moderate(8). In soil, microbial degradation is significant and rapid,
with continual liberation of carbon dioxide(9). [(1) Weinberger M, Bollag JM; Appl Microbiol 24: 750-4 (1972)
(2) Murray DS et al; Weed Sci 17: 52-5 (1969) (3) Kaufman DD; Soil Biol
Biochem 9: 49-57 (1977) (4) Ross JA, Tweedy BG; Soil Biol Biochem 5: 739-46
(1973) (5) WSSA; Herbicide Handbook of the Weed Science Society of America.
6th ed. Champaign, IL: Weed Sci Soc Amer p. 136-7 (1989) (6) Mueller TC
et al; J Agric Food Chem 40: 2517-22 (1992) (7) Zablotowicz RM et al; Chemosphere
37(1):87-101 (1998) (8) Ahrens WH; Herbicide Handbook of the Weed Science
Society of America, 7th ed. Champaign, IL: Weed Sci Soc Amer, p. 136 (1994)
(9) Tomlin CDS, ed; The Pesticide Manual World Compendium. 11th ed., Surrey,
England: British Crop Protection Council pp. 578-80 (1997)]**PEER REVIEWED**
ANAEROBIC: The half-life of fluometuron was 378 days in a sandy loam soil
at 25 deg C under anaerobic conditions(1). [(1) Ahrens WH; Herbicide Handbook of the Weed Science Society
of America, 7th ed. Champaign, IL: Weed Sci Soc Amer, p. 136 (1994)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Environmental Abiotic Degradation:
The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of fluometuron with photochemically-produced
hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 7.6X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at
25 deg C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to
an atmospheric half-life of about 2.1 days at an atmospheric concentration
of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The hydrolysis half-life of fluometuron
in water is 2.4 yrs at pH 5 and 2.8 yrs at pH 9(2,3). Therefore, hydrolysis
of fluometuron in water is not expected to be important degradation pathway.
When irradiated by a Rayonet photoreactor fitted with sunlamps, the photolysis
half-life of a 90 mg/l aqueous solution of fluometuron at 50 deg C was 4.2
hr(4).The photolysis is also sensitized by methylene blue, particularly
at basic pH(5). The photolysis half-life of 10 mg/l aqueous solution of
fluometuron with natural sunlight was 1.2 days(6). The photolysis half-life
was 9.7 days on a sandy loam soil at 10 to 36 deg C under natural light;
the major photolysis product was the mono-N-demethylated metabolite [N-methyl-N'-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]urea](6).
Photodegradation losses are substantial when little or no rainfall is received
soon after application, but are moderate to slow with adequate rainfall(6).
[(1) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993)
(2) Worthing CR; The Pesticide Manual. 8th ed. The Lavenham Press Ltd.,
Lavenham, Suffolk p. 412 (1987) (3) USGS; Pesticide 1992 Annual Use Map
on Fluometuron (2164-17-2). Available from the Database Query page at http://ca.water.usgs.gov./pnsp/use92/fluometuron
as of Oct, 2000. (4) Tanaka FS et al; J Agric Food Chem 29: 227-30 (1981)
(5) Watts RJ et al; Chemosphere 17: 2083-91 (1988) (6) WSSA; Herbicide Handbook
of the Weed Science Society of America. 6th ed. Champaign, IL: Weed Sci
Soc Amer p. 136-7 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental Bioconcentration:
An estimated BCF of 15 was calculated for fluometuron(SRC), using a log
Kow of 2.42 (1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification
scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic
organisms is low. However, in a study of unicellular green algae (Chlorella
fusca), a log BCF of 1.96(4) was determined for fluometuron, corresponding
to a BCF of 91.2 and indicating a moderate potential for bioconcentration
in algae. [(1) Hansch C et al; Exploring QSAR. Hydrophobic, Electronic,
and Steric Constants. ACS Prof Ref Book. Heller SR, consult. ed., Washington,
DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 70 (1995) (2) Meylan WM et al; Environ Toxicol Chem
18: 664-72 (1999) (3) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994) (4)
Manthey M et al; pp. 453-459 in The Sci of the Total Environ, Supp. Amsterdam,
The Netherlands: Elsevier (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Soil Adsorption/Mobility:
Experimental Koc values for fluometuron in soil range from 29 to 173(1-6).
This range of the Koc values indicate that fluometuron would have very high
to moderate mobility in soil(7). Soil thin layer chromatography studies
confirm that fluormeturon adsorbs weakly to moderately to soil based on
experimental Rf values determined in 13 soils (organic matter 0.36-10.26%)
ranging from 0.17 to 0.89(8-10). The Koc for fluometuron ranges from 29
to 200 for various soil types (including sandy and loam soils)(11). It is
moderately leachable in all but very sandy soils; the Koc value range from
31 to 117 (8 soil types); Kd = 0.15 to 1.13(12). The adsorption of fluometuron
increases with increases in organic content(13,14) and clay content of soil(14).
[(1) Kenaga EE; Ecotox Environ Safety 4: 26-38 (1980) (2)
Di Toro DM; Chemosphere 14: 1503-38 (1985) (3) Gerstl Z, Helling CS; J Environ
Sci Health B22: 55-69 (1987) (4) Mueller TC et al; J Agric Food Chem 40:
2517-22 (1992) (5) Hance RJ et al; Weed Res 21: 289-97 (1981) (6) Wauchope
RD et al; Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 123: 1-155 (1992) (7) Swann RL et al;
Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983) (8) Crisanto T et al; Toxic Environ Chem 45:97-104
(1994) (9) Weber JB, Miller CT; pp. 305-33 in Reactions and Movement of
Organic Chemicals in Soils. SSSA Special Pub No. 22 (1989) (10) WSSA; Herbicide
Handbook of the Weed Science Society of America. 6th ed. Champaign, IL:
Weed Sci Soc Amer p. 136-7 (1989) (11) USGS; Pesticide 1992 Annual Use Map
on Fluometuron (2164-17-2) Available from the Database Query page at http://ca.water.usgs.gov./pnsp/use92/fluometuron
as of Oct, 2000. (12) Tomlin CDS, ed; The Pesticide Manual World Compendium.
11th ed., Surrey, England: British Crop Protection Council pp. 579 (1997)
(13) Gaston LA, Locke MA; J Environ Qual 24: 29-36 (1995) (14) Hubbs CW,
Lavy TL; Weed Sci 38: 81-8 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Volatilization from Water/Soil:
The Henry's Law constant for fluometuron is 2.6X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(1).
This Henry's Law constant indicates that fluometuron is expected to be essentially
nonvolatile from water and moist soil surfaces(2). Fluometuron is not expected
to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of
9.38X10-7 mm Hg(3). [(1) Ahrens WH; Herbicide Handbook of the Weed Science Society
of America. 7th ed. Champaign, IL: Weed Sci Soc Amer, p. 136 (1994) (2)
Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington,
DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990) (3) Tomlin CDS, ed; The Pesticide
Manual World Compendium. 11th ed., Surrey, England: British Crop Protection
Council pp. 578-580 (1997)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental Water Concentrations:
GROUNDWATER: Based on the records maintained in the STORET database of
EPA, fluometuron was not detected in any of the 156 groundwater samples
analyzed from 125 locations in the U.S.(1). Fluometuron was not detected
(detection limit 0.5 ug/l) in water from 119 wells, springs and municipal
drinking water supplies sampled throughout Arkansas, during 1985-1987(2).
In a study of groundwater sampled in 1992-1998 from 231 wells in 14 counties
in the Arkansas Delta, fluometuron was detected at high and persistent concentrations
in two of the wells, at 0.4-0.9 ug/l in a well used for a machine shop and
at 19-24 ug/l in a well designated for domestic use(3). [(1) USEPA; Drinking Water Health Advisory: Pesticides, Chelsea,
MI: Lewis Publishers, Inc. p. 427-41 (1989) (2) Cavalier TC et al; Ground
Water Monit Rev 9: 159-66 (1989) (3) Nichols T et al; Water Res Engr 98:
1242-1247 (1998)]**PEER REVIEWED**
SURFACE WATER: Based on the records maintained in the STORET database
of EPA, fluometuron was not detected in 14 surface water samples from 14
locations in the US(1). In a study of the Mississippi River and its tributaries
in July/Aug 1991, fluometuron was detected in three tributaries and at three
Mississippi River sites at concns of 9-411 ng/l(2). [(1) USEPA; Drinking Water Health Advisory: Pesticides. Chelsea,
MI: Lewis Publishers, Inc. p. 427-41 (1989) (2) Pereira WE, Hostettler FD;
Environ Sci Tech 27: 1542-1552 (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental Standards & Regulations:
FIFRA Requirements:
As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive
review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects
and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration
program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients
initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they
are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the
new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Fluometuron
is found on List A, which contains most food use pesticides and consists
of the 194 chemical cases (or 350 individual active ingredients) for which
EPA issued registration standards prior to FIFRA, as amended in 1988. Case
No: 0049; Pesticide type: herbicide; Registration Standard Date: 12/17/85;
Case Status: OPP is reviewing data from the pesticide's producers regarding
its human health and/or environmental effects, or OPP is determining the
pesticide's eligibility for reregistration and developing the Reregistration
Eligibility Decision (RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): Fluometuron;
Data Call-in (DCI) Date(s): 09/11/91, 10/13/95; AI Status: The producers
of the pesticide has made commitments to conduct the studies and pay the
fees required for reregistration, and are meeting those commitments in a
timely manner. [USEPA/OPP; Status of Pesticides in Registration, Reregistration
and Special Review p.121 (Spring, 1998) EPA 738-R-98-002]**PEER REVIEWED**
A tolerance is established for negligible residues of the herbicide fluometuron
(1,1-dimethyl-3-(alpha, alpha, alpha-trifluoro-m-toly)urea) in or on the
following raw agricultural commodity: cotton, undelinted seed. [40 CFR 180.229 (7/1/2000)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Federal Drinking Water Guidelines:
EPA 90 ug/l [USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk
Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water
Standards and Guidelines (11/93)] **QC REVIEWED**
State Drinking Water Guidelines:
(FL) FLORIDA 91 ug/l [USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk
Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water
Standards and Guidelines (11/93)] **QC REVIEWED**
(ME) MAINE 90 ug/l [USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk
Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water
Standards and Guidelines (11/93)] **QC REVIEWED**
Allowable Tolerances:
A tolerance is established for negligible residues of the herbicide fluometuron
(1,1-dimethyl-3-(alpha, alpha, alpha-trifluoro-m-toly)urea) in or on the
following raw agricultural commodity: cotton, undelinted seed, 0.1 ppm.
[40 CFR 180.229 (7/1/2000)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Chemical/Physical Properties:
Molecular Formula:
C10-H11-F3-N2-O **PEER REVIEWED**
Molecular Weight:
232.21 [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of
Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co.,
Inc., 1996. 704]**PEER REVIEWED**
Color/Form:
White crystals [Farm Chemicals Handbook 2000. Willoughby, Ohio: Meister
2000.,p. C 189]**PEER REVIEWED**
Colorless crystals [Tomlin, C.D.S. (ed.). The Pesticide Manual - World Compendium,
11 th ed., British Crop Protection Council, Surrey, England 1997 578]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Odor:
Odorless [Ahrens, W.H. Herbicide Handbook of the Weed Science Society
of America. 7th ed. Champaign, IL: Weed Science Society of America, 1994.
135]**PEER REVIEWED**
Boiling Point:
approx. 280 deg C @ 760 mm Hg [Ahrens, W.H. Herbicide Handbook of the Weed Science Society
of America. 7th ed. Champaign, IL: Weed Science Society of America, 1994.
135]**PEER REVIEWED**
Melting Point:
163-164.5 deg C [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of
Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co.,
Inc., 1996. 704]**PEER REVIEWED**
Density/Specific Gravity:
1.39 g/cu cm (20 deg C) [Tomlin, C.D.S. (ed.). The Pesticide Manual - World Compendium,
11 th ed., British Crop Protection Council, Surrey, England 1997 578]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient:
log Kow= 2.42 [Hansch, C., Leo, A., D. Hoekman. Exploring QSAR - Hydrophobic,
Electronic, and Steric Constants. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society.,
1995. 70]**PEER REVIEWED**
Solubilities:
Sol in N,N-dimethylformamide, acetone, ethanol, isopropanol, and other
org solvents [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of
Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co.,
Inc., 1996. 704]**PEER REVIEWED**
Sol (20 deg C): 23 g/l dichloromethane; 170 mg/l hexane; 110 g/l methanol;
22 g/l octan-1-ol. [Tomlin, C.D.S. (ed.). The Pesticide Manual - World Compendium,
11 th ed., British Crop Protection Council, Surrey, England 1997 578]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Solubility in acetone: 3 ppm [Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed.,
Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984.,p. V12 320 (1980)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
110 mg/l @ 22 deg C [USDA; Agric Res Service. ARS Pesticide Properties Database
on Fluometuron (2164-17-2). Available from the Database Query page at http://wizard.arsusda.gov/rsml/listall.html
as of Oct, 2000.]**PEER REVIEWED**
Spectral Properties:
Intense mass spectral peaks: 72 m/z (100%), 232 m/z (25%), 44 m/z (22%),
42 m/z (11%) [Hites, R.A. Handbook of Mass Spectra of Environmental Contaminants.
Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1985. 203]**PEER REVIEWED**
Vapor Pressure:
9.38X10-7 mm Hg @ 25 deg C [Tomlin, C.D.S. (ed.). The Pesticide Manual - World Compendium,
11 th ed., British Crop Protection Council, Surrey, England 1997 578]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Other Chemical/Physical Properties:
MP: ABOUT 155 DEG C; NONCORROSIVE /TECHNICAL PRODUCT/ [Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide Manual
- A World Compendium. 8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British Crop Protection
Council, 1987. 412]**PEER REVIEWED**
On hydrolysis at 20 deg C, 50% loss (calc) occurs in 1.6 yr at pH 1, 2.4
yr at pH 5, 2.8 yr at pH 9. [Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide Manual
- A World Compendium. 8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British Crop Protection
Council, 1987. 412]**PEER REVIEWED**
Henry's Law constant= 2.60X10-9 atm-cu m/mole @ 25 deg C [Ahrens, W.H. Herbicide Handbook of the Weed Science Society
of America. 7th ed. Champaign, IL: Weed Science Society of America, 1994.
136]**PEER REVIEWED**
Chemical Safety & Handling:
Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:
DUST MAY BE IRRITATING TO THE EYE ... . [Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 5th
ed. Champaign, Illinois: Weed Science Society of America, 1983. 240]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Hazardous Decomposition:
When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of /hydrogen fluoride
and nitrogen oxides/. [Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials.
9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996. 1369]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Preventive Measures:
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS FOR HANDLING & APPLICATION: (A) KEEP OUT OF REACH
OF CHILDREN & DOMESTIC ANIMALS, (B) MAY BE HARMFUL IF SWALLOWED, (C)
AVOID INHALING DUST; DUST MAY BE IRRITATING TO THE EYE, & (D) WASH HANDS
WITH SOAP & WATER BEFORE EATING, DRINKING OR SMOKING. [Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 5th
ed. Champaign, Illinois: Weed Science Society of America, 1983. 240]**PEER
REVIEWED**
SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry
is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses
depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form
of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses
of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However,
there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties
are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye.
In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event,
the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses
are in place. **PEER REVIEWED**
Stability/Shelf Life:
STABLE [Martin, H. and C.R. Worthing (eds.). Pesticide Manual. 4th
ed. Worcestershire, England: British Crop Protection Council, 1974. 277]**PEER
REVIEWED**
NO SHELF LIFE LIMITATIONS FOR COTORAN 80WP. NOT HARMED BY FREEZE-THAW
CYCLES /COTORAN 80 WP/ [Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 5th
ed. Champaign, Illinois: Weed Science Society of America, 1983. 240]**PEER
REVIEWED**
FLUOMETURON IS STABLE IN WATER @ PH VALUES RANGING FROM 1 TO 13 @ 20 DEG
C. HALF-LIFE VALUES OF FLUOMETURON AQ SOLN OF PH 5-9 ARE BETWEEN 730 &
1010 DAYS @ TEMP OF 20 DEG C. [Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook. 5th
ed. Champaign, Illinois: Weed Science Society of America, 1983. 241]**PEER
REVIEWED**
... Shelf-life of at least 3 to 5 yr when stored in a dry place and minimum
storage temp ... are observed. [Farm Chemicals Handbook 1984. Willoughby, Ohio: Meister
Publishing Co., 1984.,p. C-103]**PEER REVIEWED**
... The aqueous stability studies routinely carried out in industrial
laboratories indicate that urea herbicides are sufficiently stable under
practical temperature and soil conditions to resist hydrolytic breakdown,
oxidation, or reduction by ... chemical ... means. /Urea herbicides/ [Kearney, P.C., and D. D. Kaufman (eds.) Herbicides: Chemistry,
Degredation and Mode of Action. Volumes 1 and 2. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel
Dekker, Inc., 1975. 236]**PEER REVIEWED**
Stable in aqueous acids and alkalis at 20 deg C. [Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook.
2nd ed. Lechworth, Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.,p.
A581/Aug 87]**PEER REVIEWED**
Storage Conditions:
Store in cool, dry, well ventilated, secure area out of reach of children
and animals. [Farm Chemicals Handbook 1992. Willoughby, OH: Meister Publishing
Co., 1992.,p. C-155]**PEER REVIEWED**
Disposal Methods:
SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary
landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior
to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge),
consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable
disposal practices. **PEER REVIEWED**
Occupational Exposure Standards:
Manufacturing/Use Information:
Major Uses:
For Fluometuron (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 035503) ACTIVE products with
label matches. /SRP: Registered for use in the
U.S. but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and
so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently
approved uses./ [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Pesticide
Program's Chemical Ingredients Database on Fluometuron (2164-17-2). Available
from the Database Query page at http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/epa/epamenu.htm
as of Sept 8, 2000.]**PEER REVIEWED**
For control of many broadleaf and grass species. [Ahrens, W.H. Herbicide Handbook of the Weed Science Society
of America. 7th ed. Champaign, IL: Weed Science Society of America, 1994.
136]**PEER REVIEWED**
FLUOMETURON IS ... ESPECIALLY SUITABLE FOR CONTROL OF ANNUAL BROAD-LEAVED
AND GRASS WEEDS OF COTTON AT 1.6-2.7 KG ACTIVE INGREDIENT/HECTARE; ALSO
AS PRE- AND POST-EMERGENCE SPRAYS ON SUGAR CANE, PINEAPPLE AND COFFEE AT
RATES OF 3-4 LB ACTIVE INGREDIENT/ACRE. ... HERBICIDAL PROPERTIES ARE SHARED
BY THE 4-TRIFLUOROMETHYL DERIVATIVE BUT NOT BY N'3,5-BIS(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)PHENYL-N,N-DIMETHYLUREA.
[Spencer, E. Y. Guide to the Chemicals Used in Crop Protection.
7th ed. Publication 1093. Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa,
Canada: Information Canada, 1982. 300]**PEER REVIEWED**
Methods of Manufacturing:
REACTION OF PHOSGENE WITH M-TRIFLUOROMETHYLANILINE TO PRODUCE M-TRIFLUOROMETHYLPHENYL
ISOCYANATE, FOLLOWED BY REACTION OF THIS WITH DIMETHYLAMINE [SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**
Made by the reaction of dimethylamine on 3-trifluoromethylphenyl isocyanate.
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of
Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co.,
Inc., 1996. 704]**PEER REVIEWED**
COMPATIBLE WITH OTHER HERBICIDES. [Spencer, E.Y. Guide to the Chemicals Used in Crop Protection.
6th ed. Publication 1093, Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa,
Canada: Information Canada, 1973. 283]**PEER REVIEWED**
COMBINATION OF ... LOW MAMMALIAN TOXICITY & BIODEGRADABILITY /OF PHENYLUREA
HERBICIDES/ LEADS TO CONCLUSION THAT THESE CMPD ARE NOT SIGNIFICANT FACTORS
IN CONTAMINATION OF SOIL & WATER SYSTEMS, & THEIR SIGNIFICANCE AS
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS SEEMS TO BE MINIMAL. /PHENYLUREA HERBICIDES/ [Amdur, M.O., J. Doull, C.D. Klaasen (eds). Casarett and
Doull's Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: Pergamon Press, 1991. 881]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Formulations/Preparations:
USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code 035503; Trade Names: Cotoran; C-2059; Lanex;
Cottonex. [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Pesticide
Program's Chemical Ingredients Database on Fluometuron (2164-17-2). Available
from the Database Query page at http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/epa/epamenu.htm
as of Sept 8, 2000.]**PEER REVIEWED**
Fluometuron can be used preplant incorporated at 1.8 kg ai/ha (1.6 lb
ai/A) and PRE or POST at 1.12-2.24 kg ai/ha (1-2 kb ai/A) ... It can be
applied in water or liquid fertilizer. [Ahrens, W.H. Herbicide Handbook of the Weed Science Society
of America. 7th ed. Champaign, IL: Weed Science Society of America, 1994.
136]**PEER REVIEWED**
50% & 80% WETTABLE POWDERS [Spencer, E. Y. Guide to the Chemicals Used in Crop Protection.
7th ed. Publication 1093. Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa,
Canada: Information Canada, 1982. 300]**PEER REVIEWED**
TECHNICAL PRODUCT IS ABOUT 96% PURITY. [Spencer, E.Y. Guide to the Chemicals Used in Crop Protection.
6th ed. Publication 1093, Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa,
Canada: Information Canada, 1973. 283]**PEER REVIEWED**
MAY BE TANK MIXED WITH DISODIUM METHANEARSONATE OR MONOSODIUM METHANEARSONATE
FOR DIRECTED POST-EMERGENCE WEED CONTROL IN COTTON. [Farm Chemicals Handbook 1992. Willoughby, OH: Meister Publishing
Co., 1992.,p. C-155]**PEER REVIEWED**
Cotoran 50 and 80 WP, Wettable powder (500 or 800 g ai/kg); Cotoran 500
FW, suspension concentrate (500 g/l); Cotogard, (fluometuron + prometryn
(1:1)); Cotoran multi, (fluometuron + metolachlor (1:1)). [Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide Manual
- A World Compendium. 8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British Crop Protection
Council, 1987. 412]**PEER REVIEWED**
100% AS AN HERBICIDE ON COTTON (1975) [SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**
4,500,857 lbs applied on cotton in 1992. [USGS; Pesticide 1992 Annual Use Map on Fluometuron (2164-17-2).
Available from the Database Query page at http://ca.water.usgs.gov./pnsp/use92/fluometuron
as of Oct, 2000.]**PEER REVIEWED**
U. S. Production:
(1975) 1.9X10+9 G (CONSUMPTION) [SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**
U. S. Imports:
(1976) 5.50X10+8 G (PRINCPL CUSTMS DISTS) [SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**
Laboratory Methods:
Analytic Laboratory Methods:
Sample matrix: water-dispersible powders and dusts; suspensions. Assay
procedure: IR spectroscopy. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk
of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency
for Research on Cancer,1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).,p. V30 247 (1983)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Sample matrix: ... soil. Assay procedure: colorimetry & TLC confirmation.
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk
of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency
for Research on Cancer,1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).,p. V30 247 (1983)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Sample matrix: ... soil. Assay procedure: GC with ECD. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk
of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency
for Research on Cancer,1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).,p. V30 247 (1983)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Sample matrix: plants ... Assay procedure: GC with ECD. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk
of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency
for Research on Cancer,1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).,p. V30 247 (1983)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Sample matrix: vegetables, cottonseed, sugar cane ... Assay procedure:
colorimetry & TLC confirmation. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk
of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency
for Research on Cancer,1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).,p. V30 247 (1983)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Method D4861. Analysis of pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in
indoor atmospheres. Pesticides and other chemicals are extracted from diethyl
ether in hexane and determined by GC coupled with an ECD, nitrogen-phosphorus
detector, or a MS. For some pesticides HPLC coupled with UV detector may
be preferable. Under the prescribed conditions, fluometuron's estimated
detection limit is not determined. [USEPA/SCC; Environmental Monitoring Methods Index p.108
(1992)]**PEER REVIEWED**
EPA Method 632.Determination of carbamate and urea pesticides in industrial
and municipal wastewater using HPLC with UV detector. Approximately 1 liter
is solvent extracted with methylene chloride, dried and concentrated to
a volume of 10 ml or less. Under the prescribed conditions, for fluometuron
the method detection limit is 11.00 ug/l as defined by EPA. [USEPA/SCC; Environmental Monitoring Methods Index p.108
(1992)]**PEER REVIEWED**
EPA Method IP-8. Determination of organochlorine pesticides in indoor
air using GLC coupled with an ECD. Under the prescribed conditions, for
fluometuron the method detection limit is 0.20 ug/l as defined by EPA. [USEPA/SCC; Environmental Monitoring Methods Index p.108
(1992)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Determination of fluometuron in pesticide formulations using GC method
with FID. Diethyl phthalate is used as an internal standard solution. [Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods
of Analysis. 15th ed. and Supplements. Washington, DC: Association of Analytical
Chemists, 1990,p. V1 218]**PEER REVIEWED**
Analysis of products: By HPLC. Analysis of residues: By hydrolysis to
the m-trifluoromethylaniline moiety, which is then determined by spectrophotometry
or GLC with ECD. [Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook.
2nd ed. Lechworth, Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.,p.
A581/Aug 87]**PEER REVIEWED**
Special References:
Special Reports:
DHEW/NCI; Bioassay of Fluometuron for Possible Carcinogenicity (1980)
Technical Rpt Series No. 195 DHEW Pub No. (NIH) 80-1751
USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code 035503; Trade Names: Cotoran; C-2059; Lanex;
Cottonex. [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Pesticide
Program's Chemical Ingredients Database on Fluometuron (2164-17-2). Available
from the Database Query page at http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/epa/epamenu.htm
as of Sept 8, 2000.]**PEER REVIEWED**
Fluometuron can be used preplant incorporated at 1.8 kg ai/ha (1.6 lb
ai/A) and PRE or POST at 1.12-2.24 kg ai/ha (1-2 kb ai/A) ... It can be
applied in water or liquid fertilizer. [Ahrens, W.H. Herbicide Handbook of the Weed Science Society
of America. 7th ed. Champaign, IL: Weed Science Society of America, 1994.
136]**PEER REVIEWED**
50% & 80% WETTABLE POWDERS [Spencer, E. Y. Guide to the Chemicals Used in Crop Protection.
7th ed. Publication 1093. Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa,
Canada: Information Canada, 1982. 300]**PEER REVIEWED**
TECHNICAL PRODUCT IS ABOUT 96% PURITY. [Spencer, E.Y. Guide to the Chemicals Used in Crop Protection.
6th ed. Publication 1093, Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa,
Canada: Information Canada, 1973. 283]**PEER REVIEWED**
MAY BE TANK MIXED WITH DISODIUM METHANEARSONATE OR MONOSODIUM METHANEARSONATE
FOR DIRECTED POST-EMERGENCE WEED CONTROL IN COTTON. [Farm Chemicals Handbook 1992. Willoughby, OH: Meister Publishing
Co., 1992.,p. C-155]**PEER REVIEWED**
Cotoran 50 and 80 WP, Wettable powder (500 or 800 g ai/kg); Cotoran 500
FW, suspension concentrate (500 g/l); Cotogard, (fluometuron + prometryn
(1:1)); Cotoran multi, (fluometuron + metolachlor (1:1)). [Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide Manual
- A World Compendium. 8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British Crop Protection
Council, 1987. 412]**PEER REVIEWED**
Complete Update on 08/09/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/26/2001, 43 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/12/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/09/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/08/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/02/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/18/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/21/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/26/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/19/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/17/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/02/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/27/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/03/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/17/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/08/1997, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/11/1997, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/23/1997, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/21/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/04/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 12/28/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/02/1994, 53 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 03/21/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 09/02/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field update on 12/21/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/03/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/23/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/26/1991, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/04/1990, 7 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 03/06/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 03/01/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/25/1986