Abstracts
Fluometuron
CAS No. 2164-17-2

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Adverse Effects

ACTIVITY: Herbicide (phenylurea)

CAS Name: N,N-dimethyl-N?-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]urea

Structure:


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Natl Toxicol Program Tech Rep Ser. 1980 Aug;195:1-99.

Bioassay of Fluometuron for Possible Carcinogenicity
(CAS No. 2164-17-2).


National Toxicology Program.

Fluometuron is a phenylurea herbicide used in agriculture to control broad- leaved and grass weeds in cotton and sugarcane fields. The area of heaviest use is the Mississippi delta. Applications of low concentrations selectively kill weeds. A bioassay of the phenylurea herbicide fluometuron for possible carcinogenicity was conducted by administering the test chemical in feed to F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. Groups of 50 rats of each sex were fed diets containing 125 or 250 ppm of fluometuron for 103 weeks, and groups of 50 mice of each sex were fed diets containing 500 or 1,000 ppm of fluometuron for 103 weeks. Matched controls consisted of groups of 50 untreated rats and 25 untreated mice of each sex. All surviving animals were killed at 103 to 105 weeks. Splenomegaly observed in rats in the subchronic studies influenced selection of the doses for the chronic study; however, no splenic effects were observed in the chronic study. Mean body weights of the dosed groups of male and female rats and mice were essentially the same as those of the corresponding control groups. Survival of dosed groups of rats and mice was similar to that of the corresponding control groups. Similarities between mean body weights and survival between dosed and control animals in thechronic study suggest that these animals could have tolerated higher doses. The only possible carcinogenic effects from compound administration were in male mice. Incidences of hepatocellular carcinomas or adenomas in male mice were dose related, and the incidence in the high-dose group was marginally higher than that in the corresponding matched controls or pooled controls from concurrent studies. Under the conditions of this bioassay, fluometuron was not carcinogenic for F344 rats or for female B6C3F1 mice. Equivocal results were obtained for male B6C3F1 mice which may have had an increased incidence of hepatocellular tumors. Because of the equivocal findings and because both rats and mice may have been able to tolerate higher doses, it is concluded that additional testing of fluometuron for carcinogenicity is warranted. Levels of Evidence of Carcinogenicity: Male Rats: Negative Female Rats: Negative Male Mice: Equivocal Female Mice: Negative Synonym: 1,1-dimethyl-3-(a,a,a-trifluoro-m-tolyl) urea

PMID: 12778184 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]



From Toxline at Toxnet

Veterinary Medical Journal, Vol. 33, No. 2, pages 301-319, 28 references, 1985

Pathological And Enzymatological Alteration Of The Cumulative Effect Of Herbicide Cotoran In Rats

Arif H, Lotfy MM, Sakr EE, Nounou AH

The enzymatic and histopathological effects of the herbicide cotoran (2164172) were studied in 60 white albino-rats weighing from 200 to 250 grams (g). Animals of both sexes received a daily oral dose, by stomach tube, of 0.411g/kilogram cotoran, equal to 0.10 of the median lethal dose for 12 continuous weeks. Blood samples were collected from the inner canthus of the eyes of each animal until the test period ended. Samples were used to assess glutamic-oxaloacetic-transaminase (GOT), glutamic-pyruvic-transaminase (GPT) and cholinesterase. Some animals were sacrificed at 4, 8, or 12 weeks after the dose period, and their tissues were examined. Cotoran administration affected the heart, lungs, kidneys, spleen, and liver. By the end of the 12 week treatment, animals exhibited hepatic necrosis, glomerular lymphocytic aggregation, blood vessel congestion and swollen myofibers showing granular degeneration, prominent hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles, and advanced lesions in most of the tissues. Serum GPT of the treated animals showed a gradual and marked significant increase while the serum GOT was not significantly changed except at the end of week 12, when a slight elevation was observed. The cholinesterase of treated rats showed a marked and significant increase by week 5, and it continued to elevate throughout the remainder of the exposure period. The authors conclude that the progressive pathological and enzymological alterations observed could be the hazard of the cumulative effect of cotoran.



From Toxline at Toxnet

Med. Zh. Uzb. (10): 65-67 1980 (10 References)

[Cytogenetic analysis of peripheral blood in workers exposed to the herbicide Cotoran.]

Kukunbaev RU

Dep. Ind. Hyg., Med. Inst., Tashkent, USSR

Cytogenetic analysis of peripheral blood leukocytes was conducted in 44 clinically healthy agricultural workers prior to, immediately after, and on day 40 after termination of application of the herbicide Cotoran (fluometuron). The concentration of Cotoran in the air of the working zone was 4.28-10.98 mg/m3 for the sowers and 0.64-7.4 mg/m3 for the tractor drivers (MPC for Cotoran is 5.0 mg/m3). Immediately after termination of Cotoran application, the frequency of aberrant metaphases in sowers and tractor drivers was 5.8% and 4.3%, respectively, compared with 2.5% prior to the exposure. On day 40 after exposure, the frequency of aberrant cells was 3.01% and 3.29%, respectively.

CAS Registry Numbers:
2164-17-2



From Toxline at Toxnet

Med. Zh. Uzb. 2: 17-20; 1974.

Hygienic features of labor conditions and prophylactic measures for work with cotoran.

Plakhova AG, Vengerskaya KhYa, Mayorova TN

PESTAB. Data on the toxicity of fluometuron is presented, and studies of the hygienic features of the labor conditions and prophylactic measures for work with this pesticide are described. The oral LD50 was determined to be 810 mg/kg, and the no-effect and toxic concentrations in the air were found to be 558 and 1,345 mg/m3. The toxic concentration in repeated inhalation for 4 hr periods is 250-263 mg/m3. Fluometuron has weak cumulative properties, and it does not penetrate through the skin. Inhibition of the cholinesterase activity, increased leukocyte count, and pronounced thyreotropic effect were observed in subjects exposed to fluometuron. Analyses of air samples from different places during the preparation of fluometuron suspension and application during sowing revealed concentrations of 12-60 mg/m3 during the solution preparation, and lower concentrations in the zone of respiration of the tractor driver and sowers. The findings indicate that the solution preparation operation must be mechanized, and that special working clothes, gloves, and goggles should be worn during the handling of fluometuron. Persons exposed to this pesticide should be under medical supervision.

 

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J Environ Qual. 2004 Nov-Dec;33(6):2122-31.
 
Fluometuron and pendimethalin runoff from strip and conventionally tilled cotton in the southern atlantic coastal plain.

Potter TL, Truman CC, Bosch DD, Bednarz C.

USDA-ARS, Southeast Watershed Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 946, Tifton, GA 31793, USA. tpotter@tifton.usda.gov

In the Atlantic Coastal Plain region of southern Georgia (USA), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) acreage increased threefold in the past decade. To more effectively protect water quality in the region, best management practices are needed that reduce pesticide runoff from fields in cotton production. This study compared runoff of two herbicides, fluometuron [N,N-dimethyl-N'-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-phenyl]-urea] and pendimethalin [N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitro-benzenamine], from plots in strip-tillage (ST) and conventional-tillage (CT) management near Tifton, GA. Rainfall simulations were conducted one day after preemergence herbicide applications to 0.0006-ha plots and runoff from 0.15-ha plots due to natural rainfall following preemergence pendimethalin and fluometuron and postemergence fluometuron use was monitored. Pendimethalin runoff was greater under CT than ST due to strong pendimethalin soil sorption and higher erosion and runoff under CT. The highest losses, 1.3% of applied in CT and 0.22% of applied in ST, were observed during rainfall simulations conducted 1 DAT. Fluometuron runoff from natural rainfall was substantially lower from ST than from CT plots but the trend was reversed in rainfall simulations. In all studies, fluometuron runoff was also relatively low (<1% of applied), and on plots under natural rainfall, desmethylfluometuron (DMF) represented about 50% of total fluometuron runoff. Fluometuron's relatively low runoff rate appeared linked to its rapid leaching, and high DMF detection rates in runoff support DMF inclusion in fluometuron risk assessments. Results showed that ST has the potential to reduce runoff of both herbicides, but fluometuron leaching may be a ground water quality concern.

PMID: 15537934 [PubMed - in process]


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Chemosphere. 2004 Nov;57(8):853-62.
 
Laboratory assessment of atrazine and fluometuron degradation in soils from a constructed wetland.

Weaver MA, Zablotowicz RM, Locke MA.

USDA, ARS, Southern Weed Science Research Unit, 141 Experiment Station Road, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA. mweaver@ars.usda.gov

Constructed wetlands offer promise for removal of nonpoint source contaminants such as herbicides from agricultural runoff. Laboratory studies assessed the potential of soils to degrade and sorb atrazine and fluometuron within a recently constructed wetland. The surface 3 cm of soil was sampled from two cells of a Mississippi Delta constructed wetland; one shallow area disturbed only hydrologically, and the second excavated to provide greater water-holding capacity. The excavated area was more acidic on average (pH 4.85 versus 5.21), but otherwise the physical properties and general microbial enzyme activities in the two areas were similar. Soils were treated with 84 and 68 microg kg(-1) soil (14)C-ring labeled atrazine and fluometuron, respectively, and incubated under either saturated (88% moisture, w:w) or flooded (1cm standing water) conditions. Soils were sampled over 32 days and extracted for herbicide and metabolite analysis. Under saturated conditions, fluometuron metabolized to desmethylfluometuron (DMF) with a half-life equal 25-27 days. However, under flooded conditions, the half-life of fluometuron was more than 175 days. Atrazine dissipated rapidly in saturated and flooded soil with a half-life of approximately 23 days, but only 10% of atrazine was mineralized to CO(2). The overall atrazine and fluometuron dissipation rates were similar between the two cells, but each area had a different pattern of metabolite accumulation. The major route of atrazine dissipation was incorporation of atrazine residues into methanol-nonextractable (soil-bound) components, with minimal extractable metabolite accumulation. A mixed-mode extractant (potassium phosphate:acetonitrile) recovered greater amounts of (14)C-residues from atrazine-treated soils, suggesting that hydrolysis of atrazine to hydroxylated metabolites was a major component of the bound residues. These studies indicate the potential for herbicide dissipation in wetland soils and a differential effect of flooding on the fate of these herbicides.

PMID: 15488576 [PubMed - in process]


From Toxline at Toxnet

Document Number: NTIS/02550174 - 2002

Source: Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 23, 2002

Water Quality of the Flint River Basin, Alabama and Tennessee, 1999-2000.

Hoos AB, Garrett JW, Knight RR

Geological Survey, Reston, VA.

Water resources investigations rept.
This document is color dependent and/or in landscape layout. It is currently only available on CD-ROM.
The U.S. Geological Survey monitored eight stream sites in the Flint River Basin during the period January 1999 through May 2000, to characterize patterns in the occurrence of pesticides, fecal-indicator bacteria, and nutrients in relation to season and streamflow conditions and to land-use patterns. This study is part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program, which was designed to assess water quality as it relates to various land uses. Every water sample collected from the Flint River Basin had detectable levels of at least two pesticides; 64 percent of the samples contained mixtures of at least five pesticides. In general, pesticides detected most frequently and at highest concentrations in streams corresponded to the pesticides with the highest rates of use in the watersheds. Detections of fluometuron, nonflurazon, and atrazine were more frequent (by a margin of 15 percent or more) in samples from the Flint River when compared with the frequencies of pesticide detections at 62 agricultural stream sites across the Nation.

Order Number: 52p
Available on CD-ROM and in paper copy. Product reproduced from digital image. Order this product from NTIS by: phone at 1-800-553-NTIS (U.S. customers); (703)605-6000 (other countries); fax at (703)605-6900; and email at orders@ntis.gov. NTIS is located at 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA, 22161, USA.


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Chemosphere 1999 Feb;38(4):875-89

A field study to compare performance of stainless steel research monitoring wells with existing on-farm drinking water wells in measuring pesticide and nitrate concentrations.

Smith CN, Payne WR Jr, Pope JD Jr, Winkie JH, Parrish RS.

Ecosystems Research Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA 30605-2700, USA.

Existing drinking water wells are widely used for the collection of ground water samples to evaluate chemical contamination. A well comparison study was conducted to compare pesticide and nitrate-N data from specially designed stainless steel research monitoring wells with data from nearby existing on-farm drinking water wells. Results could help to determine whether adequate information concerning ground water contamination can be obtained from existing drinking water wells for use in making pollutant control decisions. The study was conducted during 1993-1994 in the Little Coharie Watershed, a 158 square mile area located in the coastal plain of eastern North Carolina. Statistical analysis indicated that research monitoring wells provided a greater probability of detecting pesticides in ground water than existing on-farm wells. Atrazine was the most frequently detected pesticide found in all wells, followed in order by fluometuron, carbofuran, metolachlor, alachlor, carbaryl, butylate, chlorothalonil, linuron and simazine. Ninety-seven percent of all wells had observed concentrations of nitrate-N, ranging from 0.1 to 30.1 mg/L. There was not a significant difference between research wells and existing wells for monitoring nitrate-N. Based on results of this study, existing drinking water wells can be used for monitoring nitrate; however, specialized stainless steel monitoring wells should be used for monitoring pesticides in ground water.

PMID: 10903118 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


From Toxline at Toxnet

CHEMOSPHERE; 37 (1). 1998. 87-101.

Degradation of 2,4-D and fluometuron in cover crop residues.

ZABLOTOWICZ RM, LOCKE MA, SMEDA RJ

Southern Weed Sci. Res. Unit, U.S. Dep. Agric., Agric. Res. Serv., PO Box 350, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA.

BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) w studied in hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) and rye (Secale cereale L.) residues. Transformation of fluometuron (1,1-dimethyl-3-(alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-m-tolyl)urea) was also evaluated in annual ryegrass (Lolium multiforum Lam) residues. Microflora associated with herbicide-desiccated hairy vetch and rye residues were 100-fold or greater than soils. Microbial activity (fluorescein hydrolysis and respiration) were 6-fold or greater in hairy vetch and rye residues than soil. In 14-d studies, 78 to 82% versus 28 to 40% of 14C-carboxyl-labelled 2,4-D and 48 to 60% versus 5 to 17% of 14C-ring-labelled 2,4-D were mn in soil and crop residues, respectively. Fluometuron can be degraded by N-demethylation in ryegrass residues at rates similar to soil, however, high moisture content was required. Degradation of herbicides in cover crop residues was most likely due to limited bioavailability rather than biological activi [abstract truncated]


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Vet Hum Toxicol 1995 Jun;37(3):214-6

Toxicity of cotoran (fluometuron) in Desert sheep.

Mohamed OS, Ahmed KE, Adam SE, Idris OF.

Veterinary Research Administration, Khartoum, Sudan.

Twelve of fifteen 6-9-mo-old clinically healthy Desert sheep were given single or repeated daily doses of 25 to 4000 mg cotoran/kg by drench. Cotoran poisoning was characterized by grinding of the teeth, ruminal tympany, mydriasis, dyspnea, staggering, paresis of the hind and forelimbs, and recumbency. Lesions were widespread congestion and hemorrhage, hepatic fatty change, catarrhal enteritis and degeneration of the epithelial cells of the renal proximal convoluted tubules. These were accompanied by significant increases in the activities of GOT, LDH and GGT and decreases in serum total protein and calcium.

PMID: 7571346 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

• Note from FAN: Mydriasis is the dilation of the pupil


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Biull Eksp Biol Med 1992 Mar;113(3):261-3

[Effects of pesticide fluometuron (cotoran) on template synthesis of RNA]

[Article in Russian]

Khamidov DKh, Mirakhmedov AK, Sagatova GA, Azimova ShS.

The experiments on the investigation of pesticide fluometuron (cotoran) influence on nuclease sensitivity and template activity of rat liver chromatin were carried out. Cotoran was found to bind specifically with non-histone proteins of chromatin. It was shown that this pesticide considerably decreases template activity of chromatin and its sensitivity to the action of nucleases. It suggests, that certain conformation changes occur in chromatin upon the action of cotoran.


PMID: 1384777 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1382691&dopt=Abstract

Biull Eksp Biol Med 1992 Jan;113(1):40-2

[RNA synthesis and transport in the rat liver under the effects of pesticide cotoran (fluometuron)]

[Article in Russian]

Khamidov DKh, Marakhmedov AK, Sagatova GA, Azimova ShS.

The experiments on the investigation of pesticide cotoran-effect on RNA synthesis and transport were carried out. Cotoran was shown to destroy considerably the processes of RNA biosynthesis in rat liver, that results in the decrease of RNA transport from nuclei into cytoplasm. By special experiments it was established that functional activity and the integrity of nuclear membrane (according to the alteration in the activity of nuclear membrane enzyme Mg2-dependent ATP-ase) was not destroyed.


PMID: 1382691 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


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Tsitologiia 1991;33(4):84-8

[The translocation and specific binding of the pesticide fluometuron (cotoran) with the proteins of rat liver nuclei]

[Article in Russian]

Khamidov DKh, Mirakhmedov AK, Aripdzhanov AA, Sagatova GA, Azimova ShS.

Intracellular distribution of labeled cotoran was studied. 3H-cotoran was shown to penetrate through the nuclear membrane to accumulate uneventfully in the intranuclear components. An insignificant amount of 3H-cotoran was associated with the nucleoplasm and the outer nuclear membrane. At the same time, essential radioactivity was observed in the proteins of the nuclear matrix (up to 30%) and in non-histone proteins of chromatin (up to 60%). Acception of 3H-cotoran on metaphase chromosomes of cultured cells as well as specificity of cotoran binding with non-histone proteins of chromatin in vivo and in vitro was studied by radioautography. It was revealed that cotoran was translocated into the interphase nuclei to be accepted by metaphase chromosomes of the HeLa line cells and fibroblasts in human embryo, and specifically, in receptor-like manner, bound to chromatin proteins.

PMID: 1803705 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


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Gig Sanit 1989 May;(5):7-9

No Abstract available

[The role of various pesticides in nitrosamine-induced carcinogenesis]

[Article in Russian]

Ponomareva LA, Dimant IN, I'lina VA, Tadzhibaeva NS.

PMID: 2527788 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


From Toxline at Toxnet

MUTAT RES 204:17-115,1988

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE, SALMONELLA MUTAGENICITY AND EXTENT OF CARCINOGENICITY AS INDICATORS OF GENOTOXIC CARCINOGENESIS AMONG 222 CHEMICALS TESTED IN RODENTS BY THE U.S. NCI/NTP

ASHBY J, TENNANT RW

• Too many CAS Nos. to list, but was 2164-17-2 included


From Toxline at Toxnet

EUROPEAN DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY CONGRESS, HELSINKI, FINLAND, JUNE 14-18, 1987. CELL DIFFER; 20 (SUPPL.). 1987. 98S.

THE ALTERATION IN CONFORMATION OF RAT LIVER CHROMATIN UPON THE ADMINISTRATION OF FLUOMETURON AND BUTIPHOS

MIRAKHMEDOV AK, SAGATOVA G, KIMSANBAEV K, KHAKIMOVA D, AZIMOVA S


BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM ABSTRACT PESTICIDE MICROCOCCAL NUCLEASE RNA POLYMERASE

CAS Registry Numbers:
2164-17-2
2164-17-2
78-48-8


From Toxline at Toxnet

ENVIRON MUTAGEN 8(SUPPL 6):54,1986

RESULTS OF L5178Y MOUSE LYMPHOMA CELL MUTAGENESIS EXPERIMENTS WITH CODED COMPOUNDS

MCGREGOR DB, BROWN A, CATTANACH P, EDWARDS I, MCBRIDE D, CASPARY WJ

Taxonomic Name: MUS
Test Object: MAMMAL,MOUSE CELL CULTURE
Tissue Cultured: L5178Y CELLS
Cells Observed: SOMATIC CELLS

Name of Agent (CAS RN):

MICROSOMES,RAT LIVER,S9
FLUOMETURON ( 2164-17-2 )
SODIUM DODECYL SULFATE ( 151-21-3 )
5-CHLORO-O-TOLUIDINE ( 95-79-4 )
2-CHLOROETHANOL ( 107-07-3 )
1,4-DICHLOROBENZENE ( 106-46-7 )
BROMODICHLOROMETHANE ( 75-27-4 )
DIMETHYL HYDROGEN PHOSPHITE ( 868-85-9 )


From Toxline at Toxnet

CYTOL GENET(ENGL ED) 19(3):61-63,1985

MUTAGENIC CONSEQUENCE OF LONG-TERM SOIL APPLICATION OF THE HERBICIDES COTORAN AND TOLUIN

ABDULLAEV AA, SULTANOV AS, KAMILOVA RM, AZIMOVA M

Taxonomic Name: GOSSYPIUM HIRSUTUM
Test Object: PLANT,COTTON
Control: NEGATIVE
Cells Observed: SOMATIC CELLS, ROOT TIPS

Name of Agent (CAS RN):
TOLUIN-TREATED SOIL ( 50563-41-2 )
COTORAN-TREATED SOIL ( 2164-17-2 )
DURATION OF PRIOR PESTICIDE APPLICATION

Assay:
Test Category: EFFECTS ON CHROMOSOMES
Specific Test/Endpoint: CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS
Test Category: MITOTIC OR MEIOTIC EFFECTS
Specific Test/Endpoint: MITOTIC INDEX
Test Category: FERTILITY AND STERILITY STUDIES
Specific Test/Endpoint: GERMINATION

Control Agent: UNTREATED SOIL
CAS Registry Numbers:
50563-41-2
2164-17-2


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Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 1983 May;30(5):628-31

No Abstract available

Toxicity of fluometuron and diuron on the intermediate snail host (Lymnea spp.) of Fasciola hepatica.

Christian FA, Tate TM.

PMID: 6860816 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6578183&dopt=Abstract

IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risk Chem Hum 1983 Jan;30:245-53

No Abstract available

Fluometuron.

PMID: 6578183 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


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Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 1982 Mar;28(3):353-7

No Abstract available

Effects of fluometuron on embryonic development and hatching of Fasciola hepatica's Miracidia.

Christian FA, Tate TM.

PMID: 7082878 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6905769&dopt=Abstract

Bull Narc 1980;32(1):33-43

Herbicidal treatments for control of Papaver somniferum L.

Horowitz M.

Fifty-five commercially available herbicides were evaluated for possible use to destroy illicit opium poppy crops (Papaver somniferum). In the first stage, herbicides were sprayed on poppy plants grown in containers. The following compounds killed poppy plants: (a) herbicides with typical foliar activity--amitrole, bromoxynil, 2,4-D, glyphosate, ioxynil and paraquat; and (b) herbicides with root and foliar activity--the triazines ametryn, atrazine, metribuzin, prometryn, simazine and terbutryn; the substituted ureas benzthiazuron, chloroxuron, diuron, fluometuron, linuron, methabenzthiazuron, neburon and phenobenzuron; and the miscellaneous compounds karbutilate, methazole, oxadiazon and pyrazon. Severe but sublethal injury was caused by cycloate, EPTC, molinate, pobulate, cacodylate + MSMA, ethofumesate, perfluidone and phenmedipham. Abnormal development of vegetative or reproductive parts of the plant was induced by benefin, butralin, dinitramine, pendimethalin, trifluralin, diphenamid, napropamide, dalapon and propham. Efficient herbicides with negligible persistence in soil at the doses applied were evaluated on poppy plants in the field at various stages of growth. Small plants were severely injured by 2,4-D, killed rapidly by bromoxynil, ioxynil, paraquat (in mixture + diquat), and more slowly by glyphosate and metribuzin. The resistance to herbicides increased with the age of the poppy plant. Severe damage with partial kill of developed plants was obtained with bromoxynil, ioxynil, glyphosate, and paraquat + diquat; the last treatment produced the fastest effect.

PMID: 6905769 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


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Bull Narc 1977 Jan-Mar;29(1):75-84

Herbicidal treatments for control of Cannabis sativa L.

Horowitz M.

In order to test herbicides for the destruction of illicit stands of cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) a series of commercially available herbicides were sprayed on glasshouse-grown plants having 2 to 6 leaves. The following herbicides caused complete kill or severe injury to cannabis plants: (a) herbicides with root and foliage activity--ametryn, atrazine, metribuzin, prometryn, terbutryne, diuron, fluometuron, linuron, methabenzthiazuron, phenobenzuron, ethofumesate, karbutilate, methazole and oxadiazon; and (b) foliar-acting herbicides with brief or no soil persistence--amitrole, bentazon, 2,4-D, diquat + paraquat, glyphosate and phenmedipham. In field experiments herbicides of the latter group, and ioxynil, metribuzin, and a MSMA-cacodylate mixture, caused death or severe damage to young cannabis plants. Glyphosate, ioxynil and bentazon destroyed developed cannabis plants. In glasshouse and field experiments the following herbicides applied to young cannabis plants caused marked deformations of stems, leaves and/or inflorescences: barban, butralin, dalapon, difenzoquat, dinitramine, diphenamid, IPC, napropamide, penoxalin, triffuralin, and U-27267.


PMID: 585583 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


From Toxline at Toxnet

J AGRIC UNIV P R; 58 (4). 1974; 473-482

Leaching of fluometuron and diuron in a Vega Alta Soil.

LIU LC

HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Leaching of diuron and fluometuron in field lysimeters was conducted during 1971 and 1972. Diuron and fluometuron in low concentrations leached to a maximum depth of 36 in. The highest concentrations of both herbicides were detected in water samples taken 1 wk after herbicide application. The greatest quantity of diuron lost from leaching occurred during the 1st wk of its application; fluometuron in the 2nd wk. The leaching loss of diuron was no longer detectable 16 wk after application; fluometuron, 20 wk. The leaching loss of diuron and fluometuron was estimated to be 3.6 and 5.5 percent, respectively, of the total application.

CAS Registry Numbers:
2164-17-2
330-54-1


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