http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7903603&dopt=Abstract
Carcinogenesis
1993 Dec;14(12):2531-5
Enhancement
of altered hepatic foci in rat liver and inhibition of
intercellular communication in vitro by the pyrethroid
insecticides fenvalerate, flucythrinate
and cypermethrin.
Hemming H, Flodstrom S,
Warngard L.
Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska
Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Male Sprague-Dawley rats dosed with N-nitrosodiethylamine
(NDEA) 24 h after two-thirds partial hepatectomy were
treated with the pyrethroid insecticides fenvalerate,
flucythrinate or cypermethrin
in the diet for 20 weeks. Altered hepatic foci were analyzed
by quantitative stereology from paraffin-embedded sections
stained for gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) or glutathione
S-transferase P (GST-P). The present results demonstrate
that the pyrethroids tested all enhance the development
of NDEA-initiated, GGT-positive foci in rat liver at non-hepatotoxic
doses. On the contrary, the volume fractions of GST-P-positive
foci were not elevated as compared to the control group.
The three pyrethroids tested all inhibited the transfer
of Lucifer Yellow CH between WB-F344 rat liver epithelial
cells in culture, supporting the increase of GGT-positive
foci and suggesting
that these substances can act as tumour promoters.
The discrepancy between the results from analyses using
GGT or GST-P as markers emphasizes the importance of understanding
the mechanism underlying the expression of different markers
for preneoplastic lesions and the importance of such effects
in tumour promotion.
PMID: 7903603 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
|
From
Toxline at Toxnet
Cell
Biology and Toxicology, Vol. 5, No. 1, pages 67-75, 27
references, 1989
Effects of Tetradecanoyl Phorbol Acetate, Pyrethroids
and DDT in the V79
Warngard
L, Flodstrom S
Department
of Toxicology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
The effects of the pyrethroids flucythrinate
(70124775), cyfluthrin (68359375), bioallethrin
(584792) and resmethrin (10453868) were compared with
the effects of tetradecanoyl-phorbol-acetate (TPA) and
DDT on metabolic cooperation between Chinese-hamster-V79
cells to determine if pyrethroid structure was associated
with ability to inhibit intercellular communication. Addition
of flucythrinate (structurally
related to fenvalerate and DDT) to cocultures
of 6-thioguanine resistant cells and 6-thioguanine sensitive
cells significantly increased mutant cell recovery, indicating
inhibition of intercellular communication; other
tested pyrethroids produced no such effect. Addition of
TPA, together with increasing doses of flucythrinate or
fenvalerate, produced a synergistic response. Various
combinations of fenvalerate, flucythrinate, and DDT exposure
indicated additive responses. The
authors conclude that flucythrinate inhibits intercellular
communication
and that the p-substituted phenyl group
may play an important role; there appear to be different
pathways of action for TPA and the halogenated insecticides
investigated in this study.
|
Available
from The National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
- at http://www.ntis.gov/ |
| Order
No. |
Title |
Authors |
Abstract |
NTIS/PB91-115931
47p |
1989 - Comparative
Toxicology of the Pyrethroid Insecticides. |
Bradbury
SP, Coats JR
Environmental
Research Lab.-Duluth, MN.
Iowa State Univ., Ames. Dept. of Entomology. |
Synthetic
pyrethroid insecticides are photostable analogs of the natural
pyrethrins of botanical origin. Their structures range from
very similar to the original (e.g., allethrin) to highly dissimilar
compounds (e.g., flucythrinate). Directed synthesis by groups
in Japan (Sumitomo Chemical Co.) and England (NRDC) resulted
in very potent insecticides and a commercial success for the
synthetic pyrethroids. (Copyright (c) 1989 by Springer-Verlag
New York Inc.) Journal article. Pub. in Reviews of Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology, v108 1989. Prepared in cooperation
with Iowa State Univ., Ames. Dept. of Entomology. |
NTIS/PB89-109292
13 p |
1987 - Effects
of Type I and II Pyrethroids on Motor Activity and the Acoustic
Startle Response in the Rat (Journal Version). |
Crofton
KM, Reiter LW
Health
Effects Research Lab., Research Triangle Park, NC. Neurotoxicology
Div. |
Two behavioral
tests, locomotor activity and the acoustic startle response
(ASR), were utilized to separate the behavioral actions of
Type I and II pyrethroids using permethrin, RU11679, cypermethrin,
RU26607, fenvalerate, cyfluthrin, flucythrinate, fluvalinate
and p,p'-DDT. Dosage-effect functions for all compounds were
determined for both figure-8 maze activity and the ASR in
the rat. All compounds were administered po in 1 ml/kg corn
oil 1.5 - 3 hr prior to testing. The Type I compounds permethrin
RU11679, along with p,p'-DDT, increased amplitude and had
no effect on latency to onset of the ASR. In contrast, the
Type II pyrethroids cypermethrin, cyfluthrin, and flucythrinate
decreased amplitude and increased the latency to onset the
ASR. Fenvalerate increased the amplitude, had no effect on
latency, but unlike the other compounds tested, increased
ASR sensitization. Fluvalinate had no effect on any measure
of the ASR. The data provide further evidence of the differences
between the in vivo |
NTIS/PB85-104933
Pub.
in Environmental Pollution (Series A) 35, p353-365 1984.
15
p |
1984
-
Toxicity of Flucythrinate to Gammarus lacustris (Amphipoda),
Pteronarcys dorsata (Plecoptera) and Brachycentrus americanus
(Trichoptera): Importance of Exposure Duration. |
Anderson
RL, Shubat P
Environmental
Research Lab.-Duluth, MN.
Wisconsin Univ.-Superior. Center for Lake Superior Environmental
Studies. |
he effect
of the synthetic pyrethroid flucythrinate on three non-target
invertebrates was evaluated using continual and short-time
exposure methods. Both methods show toxic action at measured
concentrations 0.100 micrograms/litre. The use of both approaches
pointed toward the importance of exposure time in hazard assessment.
Exposures for a short time followed by an extended observation
period in insecticide-free water show that a lethal exposure
can occur in less time than estimated from continually exposed
animals. For example, continually exposed Gammarus lacustris
had a 72 h LC50 of 0.12 micrograms/litre. However, exposure
for only 17.6 h at 0.12 micrograms/litre will kill 50% of
the exposed animals during an extended observation time. The
use of both approaches can also provide insights into minimum
exposure times for each test concentration, and the possibility
of post-exposure mortality. Journal article, Prepared in cooperation
with Wisconsin Univ.-Superior. Center for Lake Superior En |
Toxicology Letters; Volume 88 , October 1996,
Pages 23-24
An in vitro sciatic nerve preparation for
the evaluation of pyrethroid neurotoxicity and the possible assessment
of organophosphate-induced neuropathy
G. Theophilidisa
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Laboratory of Animal Physiology,
Department of Zoology Thessaloniki, Macedonia Greece
The neurotoxic action of six pyrethroid insecticides has been
validated using an in vitro method. The method is based on a recording
chambers designed in a such way that a large part of the nerve,
can easily be exposed to various drugs. The main advantage of
the method is that it permits continuous, stable recordings of
the evoked compound action potential in the sciatic nerve of the
frog for approximately three days (70 h to 80 h) and 8 to 10 h
for the rat. The sciatic nerve was exposed to pyrethroids for
30 min. and from the plots of the amplitude of the compound action
potential vs. time it was possible to estimate, for each compound,
the minimum effective concentration which is required to reduce
the amplitude of the compound action potential to 50% of its control
value (mEC50). Using this parameter four
pyrethroids were classified according to their relative potencies
as follows: flucythrinate > deltamethrin > fluvalinate
>> trans-permethrin. An interesting
situation here is that the relative potencies of the six compounds
correspond well with their acute toxicity estimated using the
LD50.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9366040&dopt=Abstract
Comp Biochem
Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol 1997
Sep;118(1):97-103
Neurotoxic
action of six pyrethroid insecticides on the isolated sciatic
nerve of a frog (Rana ridibunda).
Theophilidis G, Benaki M, Papadopoulou-Mourkidou
E.
Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle
University, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece. theophil@bio.auth.gr
The neurotoxic action of six pyrethroid insecticides,
four type II, (flucythrinate, deltamethrin,
fenvalerate, fluvalinate) and two type I (cis- and trans-permethrin)
was compared on the isolated sciatic nerve of frog. The nerve
was exposed to pyrethroids for 30 min and action potentials were
recorded for more than 45 hr after exposure. From the plots of
the amplitude of the compound action potential vs time, it was
possible to estimate, for each compound, the minimum effective
concentration, the concentration which is required to reduce the
amplitude of the compound action potential to 50% of its control
value (mEC50). Flucythrinate was
the most toxic compound, while toxicity decreased in the value:
deltamethrin > fenvalerate > fluvalinate >> cis-permethrin
> trans-permethrin. Low neurotoxicity of cis-permethrin and
trans-permethrin (type I pyrethroids) was expected. The neurotoxicity
of type I pyrethroids is mainly due to an action at the synapse,
which are not present in the frog sciatic nerve preparation. The
relative potencies of the four type II compounds agree with their
acute toxicity estimated using the LD50.
PMID: 9366040 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8030177&dopt=Abstract
Vet Parasitol
1994 Mar;52(1-2):113-28
Controlled
release insecticide devices for protection of sheep against head
strike caused by Lucilia cuprina.
James PJ, Mitchell HK, Cockrum
KS, Ancell PM.
Department of Primary Industries, Adelaide, Australia.
The effectiveness of polymer matrix tags containing
(w/w) 8.5% cypermethrin, 7.5% flucythrinate,
13.7% tetrachlorvinphos or 20.0% diazinon in protecting sheep
against head strike by the sheep blowfly (Lucilia cuprina Wiedemann)
was investigated in larval implant, fly cage and field studies.
Tags impregnated with cypermethrin reduced the total number of
egg masses deposited on the heads of sheep in fly cage studies
over a 6 week period by 73.3% compared with no treatment. Tags
impregnated with flucythrinate reduced
the number of egg masses by 25.3% over 21 weeks but there were
no significant differences (P < 0.05) between treated and untreated
sheep at individual exposures. Egg masses were found on the majority
of tagged sheep and no protection was provided against implants
with first instar L. cuprina larvae by either cypermethrin or
flucythrinate tags. Tags impregnated
with diazinon gave longer protection than treatment with a liquid
formulation containing 400 ppm diazinon in larval implant, fly
cage and field studies. Over a 12 week period in field studies,
6.6% of rams treated with diazinon tags became struck compared
with 30% treated by diazinon jetting, 35.7% treated with plastic
tags not impregnated with insecticide and 24.2% of untreated rams.
When the rams were exposed to high populations of L. cuprina in
an exposure house from 13 to 18 weeks after treatment, 3.3% of
rams treated with diazinon tags, 57.1% treated by diazinon jetting,
43.8% treated with plastic tags and 23.5% of untreated rams became
struck. Most strikes in the diazinon tagged sheep occurred at
sites which were not contacted by the tags. Tags impregnated with
tetrachlorvinphos reduced the number of strikes in comparison
with no treatment in larval implant and fly cage studies but the
results were inconsistent and not as good as those from diazinon
tags. It is concluded that well designed controlled release devices
that reliably contact the wool on the heads of sheep at sites
of flystrike risk and which are able to withstand damage from
rams fighting may be able to give prolonged protection against
head strike.
Publication Types:
- Clinical
Trial
- Randomized
Controlled Trial
PMID: 8030177
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1875360&dopt=Abstract
J Med Entomol
1991 May;28(3):322-9
Stimulation
of vitellogenesis by pyrethroids in mated and virgin female adults,
male adults, and fourth instar females
of Ornithodoros moubata (Acari: Argasidae).
Taylor D, Chinzei Y, Ito K, Higuchi
N, Ando K.
Department of Medical Zoology, School of Medicine,
Mie University, Tsu, Japan.
The effects of several pyrethroids on vitellogenesis,
i.e., vitellogenin (Vg) synthesis and ovarian development in unfed
mated female adults of Ornithodoros moubata were investigated.
Survival of ticks treated with pyrethrin, resmethrin, and etophenprox
was very low. Ticks treated with cypermethrin (CyM), fenvalerate
(Fev), and flucythrinate (Flu)
survived even when high concentrations were used. Vg titer in
the hemolymph of unfed mated females was the same level on day
5 and about three times higher on day 10 after treatment with
CyM, Fev, and Flu, as that of engorged adult females. CyM was
the most effective in inducing vitellogenesis and was further
evaluated in unfed virgin females, males, and fourth instars.
CyM was shown to stimulate vitellogenesis in unfed virgin females
adults. Oviposition did not occur but ovaries were well developed.
CyM also was shown to stimulate Vg in the hemolymph of unfed and
fed adult males; however, the Vg levels were very low compared
to that of engorged adult females. Extremely high concentrations
of Vg were observed in the hemolymph of female nymphs (fourth
instar), particularly engorged nymphs, treated with CyM (10 micrograms).
No ovarian development was observed in these nymphs. Vg stimulated
by CyM was shown to be immunologically and electrophoretically
the same as that of normal engorged females.
PMID: 1875360 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3693665&dopt=Abstract
J Econ Entomol
1987 Oct;80(5):1035-8
Effect
of cattle breed and flucythrinate-impregnated
ear tags on horn fly (Diptera: Muscidae)
control on yearling heifers.
Brethour JR, Harvey TL, Negus R,
Corah L, Patterson D.
PMID: 3693665 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3576578&dopt=Abstract
Tijdschr Diergeneeskd
1987 Apr 1;112(7):396-400
[Effectiveness
of a PVC ear tag impregnated with the insecticide flucythrinate]
[Article in Dutch]
Sol J, Prijs HJ, Counotte GH, Kommerij
R.
A PVC ear tag containing the synthetic pyrethroid flucythrinate
was tested in seventeen herds including 218 heifers. There was
a comparable control group of twelve herds including 157 heifers.
The ear tags were more effective against sucking flies than they
were against sticking flies. Varying with the species of the fly,
the effectiveness ranged from 36.2 per cent to 95.7 per cent.
The effectiveness also varied between the herds. The active constituent
was still released within approximately 5 1/2 months after introduction.
PMID: 3576578 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3950188&dopt=Abstract
J Econ Entomol
1986 Feb;79(1):152-7
Evaluation
of flucythrinate- and fenvalerate-impregnated
ear tags and permethrin ear tapes for fly (Diptera: Muscidae)
control on beef and dairy cattle in northwest Florida.
Hogsette JA, Ruff JP.
PMID: 3950188 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=4063221&dopt=Abstract
Br J Ind
Med 1985 Nov;42(11):773-6
Variation
in cutaneous perfusion due to synthetic pyrethroid exposure.
Flannigan SA, Tucker SB.
Synthetic pyrethroids are neurotoxic insecticides
with a low mammalian toxicity. Prior investigations have found
these agents to be neither cutaneous irritants nor sensitisers.
Clinically demonstrable inflammation, as judged by erythema, oedema,
or vesiculation, has not been apparent. Nevertheless, paraesthesia
does result from cutaneous exposure. In this investigation technical
grade flucythrinate was applied to
the forearms of human participants twice daily for five consecutive
days. Laser Doppler velocimeter measurements were made before
each topical application, with histamine phosphate being intradermally
injected on termination of the study. Results of both laser Doppler
velocimetry and histamine induced axon reflex vasodilatation were
not statistically significant at an alpha = 0.05 level. This investigation
suggests that the synthetic pyrethroids have little influence
on neurogenic vasodilatation on topical exposure.
PMID: 4063221 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=4082447&dopt=Abstract
Vet Parasitol
1985 Oct;18(3):229-34
Cattle
fly control using controlled-release insecticides.
Tarry DW.
Field trials were carried out from 1980 to 1984 on the use of
a controlled-release pesticidal fly control technique on farms
in Sussex, England, with a recurrent infectious keratoconjunctivitis
problem related to fly attack. Pesticide impregnated p.v.c. ear-tags
provided control of biting and disease-carrying fly species throughout
the season. Over 90% control of flies, compared with untreated
herds, was attained using 2 tags impregnated with cypermethrin,
fenvalerate or flucythrinate, although
control using a single tag was unsatisfactory. In all cases infectious
keratoconjunctivitis was almost completely eliminated.
PMID: 4082447 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=4024420&dopt=Abstract
Vet Rec 1985
May 25;116(21):566-7
Effect
of flucythrinate impregnated
ear tags on fly attack in cattle.
Taylor SM, Mallon T, Elliott CT,
Blanchflower J.
PMID: 4024420 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.epa.gov/ged/publica/c0280.htm
J Agric Food
Chem 1983 Jan-Feb;31(1):104-13
EPA-600/J-82-030.
Acute
toxicity, bioconcentration, and persistence of AC
222,705, benthiocarb, chlorpyrifos,
fenvalerate, methyl parathion, and permethrin in the estuarine
environment.
Schimmel SC, Garnas RL, Patrick
JM Jr, Moore JC.
Six pesticides
were evaluated in laboratory studies to determine acute (96-h)
toxicity, octanol-water partition coefficients (log P), solubility,
and persistence in seawater. In addition, three of the six pesticides
(synthetic pyrethroids) were tested using the eastern oyster (Crassostrea
virginica) in long-term (28-day) tests to determine their respective
bioconcentration factors (BCF). Acute toxicity tests provided
the following decreasing order of toxicity to estuarine crustaceans
and fishes: AC 222,705, fenvalerate,
permethrin, chlorpyrifos, methyl parathion, and benthiocarb. The
estuarine mysid (Mysidopsis bahia) was consistently the most sensitive
species, with LC50 values as low as 0.008 µg/L. The sheepshead
minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus) was generally the least sensitive
(range of LC50 values = 1.1-1370 µg/L). log P values were
inversely related to solubility in seawater. The following are
the increasing order of log P values (range, 1.8-6.5) and decreasing
order of solubility (range >1000-24 µg/L): methyl parathion,
benthiocarb, chlorpyrifos, AC 222,705, fenvalerate, and permethrin.
Pesticide half-lives in sediment-water studies ranged from 1.2
to 34 days and were in the following order of increasing persistence:
methyl parathion, permethrin, benthiocarb, AC
222,705, chlorpyrifos, and fenvalerate. The steady-state
BCF's of the three synthetic pyrethroids were 1900 for permethrin,
2300 for AC 222,705 and 4700 for
fenvalerate. After termination of the exposure, each insecticide
was depurated by oysters to nondetectable concentrations within
one week.
PMID: 6681821 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Note
from EC: Flucythrinate was also known as AC 222,705
AQUAT TOXICOL 3:171-182,1983
TOXICITY OF THE SYNTHETIC PYRETHROIDS,
PERMETHRIN AND AC 222, 705 AND THEIR ACCUMULATION IN EARLY LIFE
STAGES OF FATHEAD MINNOWS AND SNAILS
SPEHAR RL, TANNER DK, NORDLING BR
Taxonomic Name: PIMEPHALES PROMELAS
Test Object: FISH, FATHEAD MINNOW
Experimental Conditions: WATERBORNE
Name of Agent (CAS RN):
PERMETHRIN ( 52645-53-1 )
AC 222,705 ( 70124-77-5 )
Assay Method:
VIABILITY, FERTILITY AND MORTALITY
GROWTH
BEHAVIOR AND PSYCHOLOGIC PROCESSES
MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Stage Treated: EMBRYO FRY
US
EPA Research Product.
1983.
EPA-600/J-83-106. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2(2):251-258. (ERL,GB
462)
(Avail. from
NTIS, Springfield, VA: PB84-117415) .
Effects of the Synthetic
Pyrethroids AC 222, 705, Permethrin,
and Fenvalerate on Sheepshead Minnows in Early Life-Stage Toxicity
Tests.
Hansen,
David J., Larry R. Goodman, James C. Moore and Peggy K. Higdon.
Sheepshead
minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) were exposed to the synthetic
pyrethroid insecticides AC 222,705, fenvalerate and permethrin
for 28 days in early life stage toxicity tests. AC
222,705 was
370 times more toxic than permethrin and 30 times more toxic than
fenvalerate with
survival and size of newly hatched fish being the most sensitive
measures of effect. AC 222,705 reduced
survival of hatched fish 0.61 µg/L and their average weight at
0.06 µg/L; no effects were detected at 0.03 µg/L. Two of the AC
222,705 concentrations that diminished weights, 0.06 and
0.12 µg/L, were below our limit of chemical detection, 0.15 µg/L.
Permethrin reduced survival of hatched fish at 22 µg/L; no effects
were detected at 10 µg/L. Fenvalerate reduced survival of hatched
fish are 3.9 µg/L and both weight and length at 2.2 µg/L; no effects
were detected at 0.56 µg/L. Permethrin reduced survival of hatched
fish at 22 µg/L and no effects were detected at
10 µg/L. The quotient of the 96-hr LC50 divided by the no-effect
concentration was 0.8 for permethrin, 9 for fenvalerate and 37
for AC 222,705. The mean bioconcentration
factors, concentrations measured in whole fish divided by concentrations
measured in exposure water, were 480 for permethrin and 570 for
fenvalerate; AC 222,705 was not detected
in fish that survived the exposure.
Note
from EC: Flucythrinate was also known as AC 222,705
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7437564&dopt=Abstract
Bull Environ
Contam Toxicol 1980 Oct;25(4):608-15
Dislodgable
insecticide residues on cotton foliage: acephate, AC
222,705, EPN, fenvalerate, methomyl, methyl parathion,
permethrin, and thiodicarb.
Ware GW, Estesen BJ, Buck NA.
PMID: 7437564 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Note
from EC: Flucythrinate was also known as AC 222,705
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