See short description and defintions on bone
The
use of high doses increases the likelihood that potentially
significant toxic effects will be identified. Findings of
adverse effects in any one species do not necessarily indicate
such effects might be generated in humans. From a conservative
risk assessment perspective however, adverse findings in
animal species are assumed to represent potential effects
in humans, unless convincing evidence of species specificity
is available.
--
Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations
|
Note:
This is not an exhaustive list.
When time allows more information will be added.
Fipronil
- Acaricide,
Insecticide
- CAS No. 120068-37-3
Acute
neurotoxicity. The
NOEL was 2 mg/kg, based on decreases in body weight gain and food
consumption in
males and females during the week following treatment, decreases
in locomotor activity, hind-limb splay and rectal temperature
6-hour post dosing in males and females, and decreases in the
proportion of males with an immediate righting reflex on days
7 and 14, at 12 mg/kg/day. In a
rat developmental toxicity study, the NOEL was 1 mg/kg/day,
based on the slight increase in fetal
and litter incidence of reduced ossification of several bones
at 2.5 mg/kg/day.
Ref: August 24, 2005.
Federal Register. Fipronil; Notice of Filing a Pesticide Petition
to Establish a Tolerance for a Certain Pesticide Chemical in or
on Food.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/fipronil.fr.aug.24.2005.html
The Developmental Toxicity
LOEL was 2.5 mg/kg/day and the NOEL was 1.0 mg/ kg/day based on
the slight increase in fetal and litter incidence of reduced ossification
of several bones... (hyoid,
5th/6th sternebrae, 1st thoracic vertebral body, pubic bone, and
one or two metatarsi)...
Ref: Federal Register. July 17, 1998. Fipronil;
Pesticide Tolerance. Final Rule.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/fipronil.fr.july.17.1998.htm
Flazasulfuron
- Herbicide - CAS No. 104040-78-0
• Target / critical effect - Developmental toxicity: Developmental
effects at maternal toxic doses (foetal mortality, reduced foetal
weight, skeletal variations) in rats.
Lowest relevant developmental NOAEL / 100 mg/kgbw/day.
Flonicamid
- Insecticide - CAS No. 158062-67-0
-- Reproductive
and developmental toxicity. A developmental toxicity study
in rats resulted in the maternal and developmental no observed
adverse effect levels (NOAELs) of 100 mg/kg/day. The maternal
lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) was 500 mg/kg/day
based on the treatment-related effects observed on the
liver and kidney of the dams in the highest dose group.
The developmental LOAEL was 500 mg/kg/ day based on the
increases in placental weights and incidences
of fetal skeletal variations seen only at maternally toxic
doses of 500 mg/kg/ day.
-- In a 13-week mouse
study, the NOAEL was 100 ppm (15.25 mg/kg/day in males and 20.1
mg/kg/day in females). The LOAEL is 1,000 ppm (153.9 mg/kg/day
in males and 191.5 mg/kg/day in females) based on hematology
effects and changes in glucose, creatinine, bilirubin,
sodium, chloride and potassium levels, increased
liver and spleen weights and histopathology findings in
the bone marrow, spleen
and kidney.
-- In the 18-month mouse
study, effects were observed in the lung,
liver, spleen and bone marrow at 250 ppm or higher.
Findings included, centrilobular
hepatocellular hypertrophy, extramedullary hematopoiesis and pigment
deposition in the spleen and decreased cellularity (hypocellularity)
in the bone marrow...
Ref:
Federal Register: May 23, 2003 (Volume 68, Number 100)] [Notices]
[Page 28218-28222]. Flonicamid; Notice of Filing a Pesticide Petition
to Establish a Tolerance for a Certain Pesticide Chemical in or
on Food.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/flonicamid.fr.may23.2003.htm
-- Developmental.
NOAEL is 100 mg/kg bw/day. LOAEL is 500 mg/kg bw/day, based on
the increased incidence of cervical rib
-- Carcinogenicity
(mice). NOAEL
was not established. LOAEL is 250 ppm (equivalent to 29/38mg/kg/
day [M/F]), based on minimal to moderate centrilobular
hepatocellular hypertrophy, minimal to severe extramedullary hematopoiesis,
minimal to moderate pigment deposition
in the sternal bone marrow, and increased
incidence of tissue masses/nodules in the lungs in the males,
and minimal to moderate decreased
cellularity in the femoral bone marrow and hyperplasia/hypertrophy
of the epithelial cells of the terminal bronchioles of the females
At the doses tested, the carcinogenic potential of IKI-220 (flonicamid)
is positive at 250 ppm in males and females based on the increased
incidence of alveolar/bronchiolar adenomas, carcinomas, and combined
adenomas/carcinomas. Dosing was considered adequate based
on increased incidence of tissue masses/nodules in the lungs and
microscopic findings in the liver, spleen, bone
marrow, and lungs. However, data were provided suggesting
this effect is specific to sensitive strains of mice. Carcinogenic
in mice.
-- Aggregate cancer risk for U.S.
population... The only other tumor response was nasolacrimal
duct tumors which occurred in female rats at the high dose which
were considered to be possibly treatment-related, but a clear
association with treatment could not be made. Unlike male rats,
the nasal tumor response in females could not be clearly associated
with spontaneous inflammation related to malocclusion
of incisor teeth, due to the low incidence of both the
neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions.
Ref:
August 31, 2005. Flonicamid; Pesticide Tolerance. Final Rule.
Federal Register.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/flonicamid.fr.aug.31.2005.html
“IKI-220 Technical: Combined Chronic Toxicity and Carcinogenciity
Study in Rats,” (M. Kuwahara; IET 98-0142; 8/16/04). This
volume contains discussion of questions concerning the bone/bone
marrow effects and cerebellar granular tumors observed in the
original study. This document was a response to U.S. EPA
questions about an apparent increase incidence in hematopoiesis
in bone marrow (femur). This effect was observed primarily as
a compensatory response for a decrease in blood cell components
due to spontaneous lesions at other sites and observed mainly
in animals receiving unscheduled necropsies. Tables 1 and 2 (pages
10 - 11) in the volume list the causes or probable causes for
increased hematopoiesis in the bone marrow (femur). The
U.S. EPA reviewer asked whether fluorine from flonicamid could
cause the bone effects. Metabolism studies have shown that free
fluorine is not released and therefore the bone effects were not
related to free fluorine. ... (Silva, 4/11/05)
Reference:
April 28, 2005 - Summary of toxicology data. California EPA, Department
of Pesticide Regulation, Medical Toxicology Branch.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/flonicamid.ca.epa.2005.pdf
Fluazifop-butyl
- Herbicide - CAS No. 69806-50-4
-- Fluazifop butyl
(CAS # 69806-50-4) was evaluated for developmental toxicity in
the progeny of Sprague-Dawley CD rats administered oral doses
of 0 (corn oil vehicle control), 10, 50 and 200 mg/kg/day by gavage
on gestation days 6-20... Delayed fetal
ossification and reduced fetal weight were dose-related
and evident at all treatment levels, although fetal weights in
association with dosages of 10 and 50 mg/kg/day were within the
threshold of historical controls... [ICI AMERS INC; Butyl 2-(4-(5-trifluoromethyl-2-pyridyloxy)phenoxy)
propionate butyl: Effects of Oral Administration Upon Pregnancy
in Rats; 05/23/80; EPA Doc No. 88-920006839; Fiche No. OTS0543844]
-- Fluazifop butyl was evaluated for developmental toxicity in
adult virgin Sprague-Dawley CD rats (160/group) administered oral
doses of 0, 1, 5, 10 and 200 mg/kg/day during gestation days 6-20...
Skeletal examinations further revealed retarded
ossification that was dosage-related in fetuses of gestational
treatment levels of 5 mg/kg/day and above... [ICI AMERS INC; Teratology
Study with Fluazifop Butyl in Rats; 06/03/81; EPA Doc No. 88-920007020;
Fiche No. OTS0545395]
Ref: TOXNET profile from Hazardous Substances
Data Bank for FLUAZIFOP-BUTYL.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/fluazifop-butyl.toxnet.hsdb.htm
**411-083 069476 Virgo,
D. M., "Fluazifop-butyl: 55 week oral toxicity study in beagle
dogs," Life Science Research, Stock, Essex, England, 10/15/82.
LSR Report No. 81/ILK019/620. Six dogs/sex/group were dosed for
55 weeks with Fluazifop-butyl, 99.6% purity, by gelatin capsules
at dose levels of 0, 5, 25, and 125 mg/kg/day in a chronic study.
Test article within capsules was dissolved in 0.4 ml/kg corn oil
vehicle. NOEL = 5 mg/kg/day... All
other noteworthy findings were limited to the high dose group,
as follows. Seven 125 mg/kg/day dogs (5 M, 2 F) were killed in
extremis prior to term, generally after at least 29 weeks on study...
Bone
marrow samples
taken at weeks 10 and 52 for smear analyses showed "reduced
numbers of megakaryocytes •,"
suggesting reduced production as a reason for low platelet counts.
Other hematology-related findings included
increased incidence/degree of thymic involution, decreased lymphocyte
counts, increased degree of hemosiderin-laden Kupffer cells,
hypercellular sternal marrow, and severe
extramedullary hematopoiesis ••
in 4 male and 1 female decedent....
Ref: May 20, 2002. SUMMARY OF TOXICOLOGY
DATA FLUAZIFOP-P-BUTYL. California EPA. Department of Pesticide
Regulation. Medical Toxicology Branch.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/fluazifop-p-butyl.caepa.02.pdf
•
Megakaryocytes - Very large bone marrow cells which
release mature blood platelets.
••
Hematopoiesis
- The formation and development of blood cells, usually takes
place in the bone marrow.
4.2.3.2 Fluazifop-butyl - Sprague Dawley Rats In a developmental
toxicity study (MRID# 00088857, 92067047 and 92067019), fluazifop-butyl,
[PP009 (94.8% a.i., batch/lot # P14)] was administered to 22 female
CD Sprague Dawley strain rats/group in a corn oil (2 ml/kg) gavage
at dose levels of 0, 10, 50 or 200 mg/kg bw/day from days 6 through
20 of gestation. Animals were sacrificed on day 21 ... Various
parameters significant to development were affected relative to
concurrent and/or historical controls. Post
implantation loss was increased (125%) at 200 mg/kg/day.
Examination of the heads of fetuses showed
increased large fontanelles at 200 and 50 mg/kg/day (45.9%
and 11.9%, respectively, versus 3.4% in concurrent controls.
Increased incomplete and/or irregular ossification of cranial
sutures at 200 and 50 mg/kg/day (58.9% and 43.7%, respectively,
versus 14.3% in concurrent controls. The incidence of fissures
into the interparietal bone was increased at 200 mg/kg/day (2.2%
versus 0% in concurrent and historical controls. Only the
percentages of fetal anomalies were presented with no litter incidence.
No statistical analysis was presented for the fetal anomalies.
Increased incidence of incomplete ossification of thoracic vertebral
centra at 200, 50 and 10 mg/kg/day (75.`5%, 58.7, 48.4, respectively,
versus 38.5% in concurrent controls, with a historical control
range of 0-70.3%) appeared to be test material related.
An increased incidence of absent hyoid bone
at 200 and 50 mg/kg/day (23.0% and 17.2% versus 10.8% in concurrent
controls) was observed. Increased incidence of incomplete ossification
of one or more pelvic bones at 200 and 50 mg/kg/day (7.4% and
2.3%, respectively, versus 1.4% in concurrent control) was also
observed. Absent hyoid bone and incomplete and/or irregular
ossification of the cranial bones, and incomplete ossification
of one or more pelvic bones may have been increased at 50 mg/kg/day,
but since concurrent controls were higher than the mean historical
control, these effects may have been incidental. The
incidence of bilateral hydronephrosis at 200 mg/kg/day exceeded
the historical control mean but not the range. The
incidence of bilateral hydroureter at 200 mg/kg/day exceeded the
historical control range and mean. No hydronephrosis nor
hydroureter were seen in concurrent controls. In addition, subcutaneous
edema (17.7% at 200 mg/kg/day versus 3.4% in concurrent controls)
exceeded the mean of 8.9% in historical controls (the upper range
was unreadable). The concurrent controls also were less
than the mean of historical controls. Diaphragmatic hernia was
seen in 1 fetus at 10 mg/kg/day, none at 50 mg/kg/day, and in
3 fetuses at 200 mg/kg/day, with no incidences in 2970 historical
control fetuses. However a subsequent much
larger study (MRID# 00088858) with 160 litter/group, showed an
incidence of diaphragmatic hernias of 3/1113 in control fetuses,
1/1081 fetuses at 1 mg/kg/day, 3/1073 fetuses at 5 mg/kg/day,
2/1064 fetuses at 10 mg/kg/day, and a statistically significantly
increased incidence in 59/1064 fetuses and 45/159 litters at 200
mg/kg/day. Since this anomaly was seen at a higher incidence
(3 fetuses) in the controls in this study and was not replicated
at the same dose in the second study, the single incidence of
diaphragmatic hernia at 10 mg/kg/day was considered to be an aberration
and not attributable to treatment. For developmental
toxicity, the LOAEL is 10 mg/kg/day based on incomplete and/or
irregular ossification of the cranial bones and incomplete ossification
of thoracic vertebral centra; a NOAEL was not established.
Ref:
December 10, 2004. US
EPA> Fluazifop-P-butyl: Revised HED Chapter of the Tolerance
Reassessment Eligibility Decision (TRED) Document. EPA Docket
number: OPP-2004-0347-0003
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/f-p-b.opp-2004-0347-0003.pdf
4.2.3.4 Fluazifop-P-butyl - Wistar Rats In a developmental toxicity
study (MRID 46028903) [Fluazifop-p-butyl, calculated as 90.9%
a.i.; batch/lot# BX 247T A10209)] was administered to [(24 females)
Alderly Park strain of Wistar rats] rats/dose by gavage at dose
levels of 0, 2, 5 or 100 mg a.i./kg bw/day from days 7 through
21 of gestation ... Delayed ossification
was seen in skull bones. The incidence of the partially ossified
occipital (3.3% to 7.1% versus 0% in control), interparietals
(9.5% to 29.5% versus 0.4% in control, historical controls), and
in parietal bones (14.2% to 38.2% versus 0.4% in control) were
dose related and statistically significant in fetuses and litters
at 5.0 mg/kg/day and above. [In this study, historical
control data are useful but limited because it was collected on
studies with dosing gestational day 7 - 16.] The mean manus [10%
to 30% of control] and pes scores [4% to 14% of control] showed
a statistically significant dose related increase delayed ossification,
starting at 5 mg/kg/day. [Manus and pes scores (1-6) were
a subjective index of delayed ossification (1-6) in the fore paws
and hind paws of each fetus.] Other indications
of delayed ossification were seen at the highest dose tested for
cervical vertebral arches and centrum (not ossified) and sternebrae
5 and 6. In addition, the odontoid [tooth related] and calcaneum
[heel bone] were not ossified at 100 mg/kg/day. Fetal weight
was significantly decreased 7% at 100 mg/kg/day only. Increased
incidence of dilated ureter was seen only in litters at 100 mg/kg/day
and kinked ureter in was dose related and statistically significant
at all doses in fetuses, but not in litters at any dose level.
There were no incidences of diaphragmatic hernias seen in this
study. For developmental toxicity, the NOAEL is 2.0 mg/kg/day
and the LOAEL is 5.0 mg/kg/day based on dose related delayed ossification
in skull bones [occipital and parietal] in fetuses and litters
(page 34-35).
Ref:
December 10, 2004. US
EPA> Fluazifop-P-butyl: Revised HED Chapter of the Tolerance
Reassessment Eligibility Decision (TRED) Document. EPA Docket
number: OPP-2004-0347-0003
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/f-p-b.opp-2004-0347-0003.pdf
Fluazifop-P-butyl
- Herbicide - CAS No. 79241-46-6
Reproductive Effects:
In a 3-generation reproductive study in rats, effects included
reductions in weight gain, fetal weight, ossification,
testicular weight, spleen weight, increased prostate weight and
gestational length. No Effect Level (NEL) was 1 mg/kg/day. Fetotoxic
effects seen in the rabbit, including reduced fetal weight and
reduced ossification at higher doses.
No Effect Level (NEL) was 30 mg/kg/day in rabbits. The NEL for
teratogenic effects is at least 10/mg/day in the rat, with diaphragmatic
hernia at higher doses. Not teratogenic at highest dose tested
in rabbits (90 mg/kg/day). While fluazifop-p-butyl is fetotoxic
when fed to pregnant rats, human exposure data has concluded that
female formulation workers are not at increased risk of fetotoxic
effects when skin protection measures are applied.
Chronic/Subcrhonic Toxicity Studies: Chronic toxicity studies
in rodents have shown liver changes (cellular hypertrophy). The
No Effect Level (LEL) in rats is 10 ppm (0.5 mg/kg/day). Long
term feeding studies in dogs produced a range of potentially serious
effects at high dose rates (red cell, bone
marrow and lymphadenopathy changes and liver and spleen
damage) with a No Effect Level of 25 mg/kg/day.
Target Organs: Liver, skin, kidney, eye, bone
marrow, blood, reproductive system.
Ref: Material Safety Data Sheet for Fusilade
DX (active indredient Fluazifop-P-Butyl). Syngenta. January 21,
2002.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/fluazifop-p-butyl.msds.pdf
-- 411-110 135236 Moxon,
M. E., "Fluazifop-p-butyl: Developmental toxicity study in
the rabbit," Zeneca Central Toxicology Laboratory, Alderley
Park, 3/23/93. Report # CTL/P/3862. Twenty mated NZW rabbits were
dosed by gavage in 1 ml/kg corn oil at 0, 2, or 10 mg/kg/day Fluazifop-p-butyl
technical (90.1% purity) between days 8 and 20 of gestation (natural
mating day was designated Òday 1Ó). There were also 40 mated does
given 50 mg/kg/day of test article, to ensure adequate numbers
of surviving litters... Other maternal and general developmental
toxicity indices did not indicate treatment effects, however modest
ossification delays (2 nd and 5 th
sternebrae) and increased incidence of extra
13 th rib (all at 50 mg/kg/day) placed the developmental
toxicity NOEL = 10 mg/kg/day.
-- 018 994244: Tesh, J. M., Ross, F. W. and Tesh, S. A. "PP009:
Effects of Oral Administration upon Pregnancy in the Rabbit, Final
report". Life Science Research report No. 80/ILK 027/498 [November
28, 1980]. PP009, purity 94.8%, administered via gavage at concentrations
of 10, 30 or 90 mg/kg/day to 20-24 artificially inseminated female
New Zealand rabbits during gestation days 6 through 28. Adverse
effects: increased incidence of cloudy eyes
(12.7%), small fetuses, delayed ossification
and enlarged anterior and posterior fontanelle.
Maternal NOEL = >90 mg/kg/day (no toxicity). UNACCEPTABLE (No
MTD, too few pregnant dams at scheduled sacrifice). (C. Aldous,
8/27/85).
Ref: May 20, 2002. SUMMARY OF TOXICOLOGY
DATA FLUAZIFOP-P-BUTYL. California EPA. Department of Pesticide
Regulation. Medical Toxicology Branch. http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/fluazifop-p-butyl.caepa.02.pdf
4.2.3.1 Developmental Toxicity Study Conclusions. The LOAEL is
5.0 mg/kg/day based on decreased fetal weight and increased incidence
of hydroureter in fetuses and litters, and delayed
ossification in a 160 litter/group developmental toxicity study
(MRID# 00088858). This LOAEL is also supported
by a dose related increased fetal incidence in partially ossified
sternebrae and sternebrae bipartite, 5 th (MRID#
46082913, 46082903), and statistically significant increased
incidence of fetuses and litters with interparietals, occipitals
and parietals partially ossified, calcaneum not ossified and increased
manus and pes scores at 5.0 mg/kg/day (MRID#46082903
and 46158401). The NOAEL of 1.0 mg/kg/day in the
160 litter per group study was not selected and a NOAEL of 2.0
mg/kg/day from the Wistar rat studies was selected. Since apparent
effects noted at 0.05 and 1.0 mg/kg/day were either not dose related,
concurrent controls were low, the effects were lower than the
historical control range, or were not statistically significant
in litters, and 2 developmental studies that included a 2 mg/kg/day
dose group failed to elicit a dose dependant response, a NOAEL
of 2.0 mg/kg/day was selected (page 31).
Ref:
December 10, 2004. US
EPA> Fluazifop-P-butyl: Revised HED Chapter of the Tolerance
Reassessment Eligibility Decision (TRED) Document. EPA Docket
number: OPP-2004-0347-0003
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/f-p-b.opp-2004-0347-0003.pdf
4.2.3.6 Fluazifop-P-butyl - Wistar Rats. In a developmental toxicity
study (MRID 46158401)[Fluazifop-p-butyl, calculated as 90.1% a.i.;
batch/lot# P12; CTL Ref.# Y02746/021/003] was administered to
[(24 females) Alderly Park strain of Wistar rats] rats/dose by
gavage at dose levels of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 20, or 300 mg a.i./kg bw/day
from days 7 through 16 of gestation. ...
Developmental effects were shown by delayed ossification in many
parameters at ≥20 mg/kg/day. The incidence of parietals
partially ossified were statistically significant and dose related
in fetuses and litters at 20 mg/kg/day. The statistically significant
increase in interparietals partially ossified in fetuses at 20
mg/kg/day exceeded historical controls and support the delayed
ossification of the parietal bones. Cervical vertebral arches
4 and 5 partially ossified and centrum (4 th not ossified) at
20 mg/kg/day showed statistically significantly increased incidence
in fetuses and litters. Manus Scores were statistically significantly
increased at 1.0, 20, and 300 mg/kg/day. Pes score were
statistically significantly increased at 20 and 300 mg/kg/day.
... For developmental toxicity, the NOAEL
is 1.0 mg/kg/day and the LOAEL is 20 mg/kg/day based on dose related
delayed ossification in skull bones [parietal], delayed ossification
of the cervical arches and centrum (not ossified) in fetuses and
litters and delayed ossification of the manus and pes.
(Page 36-37).
Ref:
December 10, 2004. US
EPA> Fluazifop-P-butyl: Revised HED Chapter of the Tolerance
Reassessment Eligibility Decision (TRED) Document. EPA Docket
number: OPP-2004-0347-0003
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/f-p-b.opp-2004-0347-0003.pdf
Fluazinam
-
Fungicide
- CAS
No. 79622-59-6
-- Prenatal developmental
toxicity rats. Maternal NOAEL = 50 mg/kg/day LOAEL = 250 mg/kg/
day based on decreased body weight gain
and food consumption and increased water consumption and urogenital
staining Developmental NOAEL = 50 mg/kg/ day LOAEL = 250 mg/kg/
day based on decreased fetal body weights and placental weights,
increased
facial/ cleft palates,
diaphragmatic hernia, and delayed ossification
in several bone types, greenish amniotic fluid and possible
increased late resorptions and postimplant
-- Prenatal developmental toxicity rabbits. Maternal NOAEL = 4
mg/kg/day LOAEL = 7 mg/kg/ day based on decreased food consumption
and increased liver histopathology. Developmental NOAEL = 7 mg/kg/
day LOAEL = 12 mg/kg/ day based on an increase in total litter
resorptions and possible fetal skeletal
abnormalities
Ref: Federal Register: April 18, 2002. Fluazinam;
Pesticide Tolerance. Final Rule.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/fluazinam.fr.apr.18.2002.htm
Developmental. 98.5%,
NZW Rabbits, 0, 2, 4, 7, 12 mg/kg/d, 16Ð18 pregnant females/dose
Maternal NOAEL 4 mg/kg/d Maternal LOAEL 7 mg/kg/d Developmental
NOAEL 7 mg/kg/d Developmental LOAEL 12 mg/kg/d Qualitative sensitivity
of young. 7 mg/kg/d 9 Food consumption. 8 Liver histopath (cellular
hypertrophy, single cell necrosis, binucleate hepatocytes, brown
pigment deposition, apoptosis). 12 mg/kg/d 9 bwg, food consumption.
8 Liver histopath (cellular hypertrophy, single cell necrosis,
binucleate hepatocytes, brown pigment deposition, apoptosis).
8 Incidence total litter resorptions. 8 Incidence placental anomalies.
8 Skeletal abnormalities (slight) (kinked
tail tip, fused or incompletely ossified sternebrae, abnormalities
of head bones).
Ref:
Canada: Regulatory Note REG2003-12. Fluazinam. Pest
Management Regulatory Agency. Health Canada. Ottawa. October 27,
2003.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/fluazinam.canada.report2003.pdf
Flucarbazone-sodium
- Herbicide - CAS No. 181274-17-9
Prenatal development:
LOAEL = 500 mg/kg/ day based on decreased fetal weight and increased
incidence of delayed fetal ossification...
Ref: Federal Register. September 29, 2000.
Flucarbazone-sodium; Time-Limited Pesticide Tolerances. Final
Rule.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/flucarbazone_na.fr.sept2000.htm
Flucythrinate
-
Acaricide, Insecticide - CAS No. 70124-77-5
-- Increases in the
incidence of 14th rudimentary
ribs and incomplete
ossification
of sternebrae and other bones
were observed at 8 mg/kg. The results of this study indicate that
daily treatment up to 4 mg/kg was without effect, while daily
treatment up to 8 mg/kg, which produced severe maternal toxicity
in the rat, produced no teratogenic effect (Rodwell et al., 1979).
-- Groups of 20 male and 20 female SPF (Sprague-Dawley derived)
rats received 0, 30, 60, 120, or 240 ppm technical flucythrinate
(85.4% pure) in the diet for 6 months. Males and females that
received 240 ppm flucythrinate exhibited symptoms of decreased
motor activity and ataxia, characterized
by weakness in the extremities and gait disturbances. One control
and 1 male and 4 females of the 240-ppm group died during the
study. Males receiving 240 ppm and females receiving 240 and 120
ppm flucythrinate exhibited weight loss attributable to decreased
food consumption. Water intake was depressed in males and females
receiving 240 ppm. Leucocyte counts were slightly depressed in
males receiving 120 and 240 ppm. Organ weights were in accord
with body weights. An increased incidence of brown pigmentation
in the spleen was observed in high-
dose males and females (Shirasu, 1983).
-- Groups of 50 male and 50 female CD (Sprague-Dawley derived)
rats received technical flucythrinate (80% pure) in the diet at
0, 30, 60 or 120 ppm daily for 24 months... At autopsy, high-dose
females exhibited an increased incidence of
cystic uterus. Absolute and relative kidney weights were
significantly elevated in mid- and high- dose males while only
the relative kidney weight was elevated in high- dose females.
A slight increase in relative heart weight was found in high-dose
males. No increase in abnormal histopathology or neoplasia was
observed in any group of treated males. The uterine
cysts found at autopsy in the high-dose females were characterized
as endometrial cysts. In the high-dose
females, further slight increases in uterine
pathology were described histologically, namely
etritis/endometritis, cystic endometrial hyperplasia and uterine
fibrovascular polyps. Mammary fibroadenomas
occurred at similar incidences in all female groups. The incidence
of mammary adenomas in treated females
exceeded that of controls, but not in a dose-related manner. Mammary
adenocarcinomas occurred at higher incidence at 60 and
120 ppm, but not in a dose-related manner (Brewer et al., 1981).
-- Groups of 6 male and 6 female Beagle dogs received technical
flucythrinate (87.3% pure) in the diet at 0, 30, 100, or 300 ppm
daily for 24 months... At sacrifice, the relative liver,
kidney, and pituitary weights were increased in both higfemales,
while increases in relative spleen, testis
and lung weights were noted for high-dose males only (Spicer
et al., 1984).
Ref:
1985 World Health Organization Review for FLUCYTHRINATE.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/flucythrinate.1985.who.htm
Flufenacet
- Herbicide - CAS No. 142459-58-3
Reproductive and developmental
toxicity:
-- A rat developmental study with a maternal NOAEL of 25 mg/kg/day
and with a maternal LOAEL of 125 mg/kg/day based on decreased
body weight gain initially and a developmental NOAEL of 25 mg/kg/day
and a developmental LOAEL of 125 mg/kg/day based on decreased
fetal body weight, delayed development mainly
delays in ossification in the skull, vertebrae, sternebrae, and
appendages, and an increase in the incidence of extra ribs.
-- A rabbit developmental study with a maternal NOAEL of 5 mg/kg/
day and a maternal LOAEL of 25 mg/kg/day based on histopathological
finds in the liver and a developmental NOAEL of 25 mg/kg/day and
a developmental LOAEL of 125 mg/kg/day based on increased skeletal
variations.
Ref:
Federal Register. March 29, 2000. Notice of Filing a Pesticide
Petition to Establish a Tolerance for Certain Pesticide Chemicals
in or on Food.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/flufenacet.fr.mar.29.2000.htm
Flufenoxuron
- Acaracide, Insecticide, Herbicide - CAS No. 101463-69-8
--
Mammalian Toxicokinetics. Oral Administration in the rat. Single
high dose. In
an adequately conducted study groups of 5/sec Fischer 344 rats
received a single dose of 350 mg.kg-1 bw of either unlabelled
or [14 C-aniline]-flufenoxuron by gavage... There was a significant
sex difference in the concentration of radioactivity found in
the gonads (7.9 ppm in the males, 52 ppm in the females) and
bone marrow (21.6 ppm in the males and 52.6 ppm in the females)
(approximately 13 ppm).
-- Mammalian
Toxicokinetics. Oral Administration in the rat. Single
low dose. In a preliminary study, 1/sex
Fischer 344 rats received a single dose of 3.5 mg.kg-1 bw [14
C-aniline]-flufenoxuron by gavage... Radioactivity was found to
be extensively distributed throughout the carcass.
Substantial concentrations of radioactivity were associated with
the fat, GI tract, bone marrow and
skin.
Ref:
December
1995. Evaluation
of Flufenoxuron use as a public hygiene insecticide. UK: Health
and Safety Executive, Biocides & Pesticides Assessment Unit.
Available at
http://www.pesticides.gov.uk/citizen/evaluations/143_confirm-box.htm
-- Abstract: Flufenoxuron
(Benzoylphenyl urea derivative) - antimoulting insecticide Ð is
recently used for controlling insect reproduction in cultivated
areas. The study determined the hazardous effects of the applied
dose-treatment during the critical period of rat embryonic development
and the induction of growth retardation. In the present work,
flufenoxuron was intragastrically administered by stomach intubation
to pregnant rats at concentration levels 0 & 20 mg/kg b.wt.
in saline solution every other day on gestation day 7 till parturition.
Experimental and control pregnant rats were sacrificed on days
13 & 16 of gestation and the foetuses were fixed in 10 percent
formol saline. Histological abnormalities
of thyroid, liver and kidneys of mothers as well as of
skeletal axial and appendicular regions of foetuses were
investigated. Foetuses
maternally treated with flufenoxuron exhibited delayed
differentiation of chondrification and ossification of axial and
appendicular regions. The observed defects in foetuses
may be attributed to the histological abnormalities of thyroid,
liver and kidneys of maternal tissues as well as to the
direct effect of the parents as a result of the insecticide or
its metabolites on the affected structures during early morphogenesis
and differentiation.
Ref: J. Egypt. Ger. Soc. Zool., Vol. 25(B),
65-81, 1998. PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF RAT FOETUSES
MATERNALLY TREATED WITH AN ENVIRONMENTAL ANTIMOULTING INSECTICIDE
FLUFENOXURON; by Karim,
S.A.
http://www.egsz.org/BiologicalCurrentContent/Zoology/Comparative%20Physiology/TOXICOLOGY.htm
90-Day oral toxicity in dog: LOAEL = 38 mg/kg/day (M/F), based
on decreased hemoglobin, hematocrit levels, and erythrocyte counts
in males and increased absolute liver weights, bone
marrow hyperplasia and methemoglobinemia in males and females.
Reference: August 15, 2006.
US EPA Human Health Risk Assessment for proposed tolerances on
apples, pears, grapes, organges and livestock commodities imported
into US. http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/flufenoxuran.hra.epa.2006.pdf
Flumequine
- Microbiocide - CAS No. 42835-25-6
-- Teratology studies
were conducted in rats (0, 100, 200 or 400 mg/kg bw), mice (50,
100, 200, and 400 mg/kg bw) and rabbits (100, 200 or 400 mg/kg
bw). None of these tests showed flumequine to be teratogenic or
embryotoxic, but at doses exceeding 100
mg/kg per day it does have an effect on bone formation.
The NOELs for the most sensitive species, rats and mice, were
100 mg/kg bw.
-- the twice
daily oral administration of flumequine pellets 200 mg for 3 and
13 weeks at the dose level of 150 mg/kg bw/day induced few clinical
signs (vomiting, low food consumption),
marked reduction in bodyweight gain for females and minimal
to slight arthropathies with cartilage
damage. Only slight arthropathy was
induced at the dose level of 60 mg/kg bw/day...
Ref: Committee for Veterinary Medicinal
Products. Flumequine. Summary Report. EMEA/MRL/104/96-FINAL. June
1996. Study performed by EMEA, London UK for the European Agency
for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products. Veterinary Medicines
Evaluation Unit.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/flumequine.report.1996.pdf
•
Arthropathy:
A rare form of chronic arthritis, reported to occur after attacks
of acute rheumatic fever, characterised by an unusual form of
bone erosion of the metacarpal heads and by ulnar deviation of
the fingers; it resembles rheumatoid arthritis, but with less
overt inflammation, and rheumatoid factor is absent. Synonym:
Jaccoud's arthropathy.
Defintion from: http://www.books.md/J/dic/Jaccoudsarthropathy.php
Flumethrin
- Acaricide - CAS No. 69770-45-2
Studies conducted with
flumethrin in mice showed induction of chromosomal
aberrations in bone marrow cells after a single dermal
application of 5,325 mg/kg to a shaved area or a single intraperitoneal
injection of 2,083 mg/kg, but not after repeated intraperitoneal
injections of 128 mg/kg (Nakano et al. 1996). In contrast, micronuclei
frequency was not significantly elevated after a single dermal
dose of 5,325 mg/kg, but was increased after repeated intraperitoneal
doses of 128 mg/kg (Nakano et al. 1996). (P 61)
Ref: September 2001. Draft
Toxicological Profile for Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids. US Department
of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service Agency for
Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.
-- Groups of 28 mated
female rats received doses of 0, 0.5, 1.0 r 2.0 mg/kg bw per day
orally by gavage from days 6 to 15 of gestation. The test substance
was administered in a vehicle of 2% aqueous Emulphor. Signs of
toxicity (hypoactivity, ptosis, ataxia and salivation) were observed
in the dams given 1.0 and 2.0 mg/bw day. Body weight and food
consumption were significantllly reduced in the 2.0 mg/kg bw group.
The incidence of foetal delayed ossification
was significantly increased in the 2.0 mg/kg bw group...
The NOELs were 0.5 mg/kg bw per day for maternal toxicity and
1.0 mg/kg bw per day for foetotoxicity.
Ref: Committee for Veterinary Medicinal
Products. Flumethrin. Summary Report (1). June 1998. EMEA/MRL/469/98-FINAL.
The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/flumethrin.eu.june.1998.pdf
Abstract: The genotoxic
potential of the pyrethroid flumethrin was evaluated by using
the combined protocol of metaphase analysis and micronucleus test
in vivo in mouse bone marrow. The
dermal route was tested in a single treatment and the intraperitoneal
(i.p.) route in a single and a multiple treatment. Flumethrin
showed a cytotoxic effect on both myelopoiesis
and erythropoiesis, as evidenced by a reduction in the
mitotic index and in polychromatic erythrocyte values. An increase
in the frequency of gaps after the dermal exposure and of breaks
only at the highest dose tested in the i.p. treatment indicates
a weak clastogenic potential of the compound.
A significant increase in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic
erythrocytes was observed after single and multiple i.p. treatments.
In the latter, the induction of micronuclei was highly significant
but not accompanied by an increase in breaks. This may indicate
that the clastogenic effect might
not account by itself for the induction of micronuclei, which
could also have arisen from an aneugenic potential of flumethrin.
Ref: Nakano E et al. (1996).
Evaluation of the Genotoxic Potential of Flumethrin in Mouse
Bone Marrow by Chromosomal Analysis
and Micronucleus Test. Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis,
Vol. 16, No. 1, pages 37-48.
Flumioxazin
- Herbicide - CAS No. 103361-09-7
Abstract: An N-phenylimide
herbicide, S-53482, inhibits protoporphyrinogen oxidase, an enzyme
common to chlorophyll and heme biosynthesis, and produces
embryolethality, teratogenicity [mainly ventricular
septal defects (VSD) and wavy ribs], and
growth retardation in rats.
In order to elucidate the mechanism of the developmental toxicity,
in particular VSD, effects of the herbicide on rat embryonic
blood cells were investigated histologically at the light and
electron microscopic levels at 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h after oral
administration of the chemical to pregnant rats on day 12 of gestation,
the most sensitive day for toxicity. Electron and light microscopy
demonstrated mitochondrial lesions, including abnormal iron deposits
that were probably due to inhibition of heme biosynthesis, in
erythroblasts derived from the yolk sac. Subsequently, degeneration
of these erythroblasts occurred followed by erythrophagocytosis.
Histologically hearts from exposed embryos had a thin ventricular
wall, which may reflect a compensatory reaction to a loss of embryonic
blood cells. Thus, the herbicide may induce VSD due to hematological
dysfunction caused by the inhibition of heme biosynthesis rather
than by direct injurious effects on the heart.
Ref: Kawamura S et al (1996).
Histological changes in rat embryonic blood cells as a possible
mechanism for ventricular septal defects produced by an N-phenylimide
herbicide. Teratology. Nov;54(5):237-44.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/flumioxazin.abstracts.htm
-- "Teratology
Study of S-53482 Administered Dermally to Rats";
(S. Kawamura; Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo
Chemical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan; Project ID 2018; 3/14/91); The
skin of twenty four mated Slc:SD¨ female rats was treated with
0, 30 or 100 mg/kg/day of S-53482 (lot no. PYG-89021-M, purity:
94.8%) for 6 hours/day from day 6 through day 15 of gestation.
An additional group of 25 females were treated in the same manner
with 300 mg/kg/day of the test material... There was an increased
incidence of a minor skeletal anomaly of
wavy ribs for the 300 mg/kg group (0:0/23 vs. 10/17)...
(Moore, 6/7/02)
-- "Preliminary
Teratology Study of SB-1297, SB-1335 or SB-1855 Administered Orally
to Rats"; (S. Kawamura; Environmental
Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co. Ltd, Osaka, Japan;
Project ID 599; 1/9/89); Six mated female SPF Slc:SD rats/group
were dosed by oral gavage with 0, 30, 100, 200, or 500 mg/kg of
SB-1855 (lot no. OK-86-01, purity: 98.2%, also identified as S-53482
in vol. 52894-082) from gestation day 6 through day 15... Teratologic
abnormalities for the 30 mg/kg group included ventricular
septal defects in the heart (0:0/38 vs. 30:11/25, p<0.01)),
persistent left umbilical artery (0:0/38
vs. 30:3/25), and wavy ribs (0:0/42
vs. 30:9/28)... (Moore, 7/29/02)
-- "Pathogenesis of Developmental Effects Produced by S-53482,
an N-phenylimide Herbicide, in Rats"; (S. Kawamura; Environmental
Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co. Ltd, Osaka, Japan;
Project ID DSB06; 2/20/97); Pregnant female Crj:CD rats were dosed
by oral gavage with 0 (0.5% methylcellulose) or 400 mg/kg of S-53482
(lot no. PYG-89021- M, purity: 94.8%) on day 12 of gestation...
Examination of the embryonic blood revealed massive deposits of
iron in the treated embryos by 24 hours post-dose... 17. In the
skeletal examination, delayed ossification
of the ribs was noted for the treated fetuses on day 17
(0: 0 vs. 400: 5.6%). On day 20, the incidence of wavy
ribs (23.9%) and bent scapula
(8.5%) was noted for the treated group in comparison with 0 incidence
for the control. Physiologically, the anemia suffered by the treated
fetuses preceded the effects of enlarged heart and edema and likely
contributed to these effects. Likewise, the author of the report
surmised that the skeletal abnormalities
may have been due to reduced serum protein levels with delayed
development of osteoblast progenitors and low fetal serum alkaline
phosphatase levels. Study supplemental (non-guideline study).
(Moore, 7/3/02)
-- "Three-Month Subacute Toxicity Study of S-53482 by Dietary
Administration in Rats"; (Haruhiko Adachi; Sumitomo Chemical
Co., Environmental Health Science Laboratory,, Ltd., Osaka, Japan;
Study No. 1760; 4/26/91); Sixteen Crj:CD (SD) rats/sex/group were
treated in the diet with 0, 30, 300, 1000 or 3000 ppm of S-53482
(lot no. PYG-89021-M, purity: 94.8%). Six of these animals/sex/group
were treated for 5 weeks. The remaining 10 animals/sex/group were
treated for 13 weeks ((M): 0, 1.94, 19.4, 65.2, 197.3 mg/kg/day,
(F) 0, 2.22, 22.4, 72.8, 218.4 mg/kg/day)... Hypercellularity
in the bone marrow was evident for the 1000 and 3000 ppm females
at 13 weeks (0: 0/10, 1000: 6/10, 3000: 7/10). Other noted
lesions for the 3000 ppm females were focal or generalized necrosis
in the liver (0:0/10 vs. 3000: 4/10), extramedullary hematopoiesis
in the liver (0: 0/10 vs. 3000: 5/10), myocardial fibrosis in
the heart (0: 0/10 vs. 3000: 2/10), myelofibrosis
and osteosis in the bone marrow (0: 0/10 vs. 3000: 3/10)...
-- "Teratology Study of S-53482 Administered Orally to Rats
(Amendment Included)"; (S. Kawamura; Sumitomo Chemical Co.,
Ltd., Biochemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, Osaka, Japan; Project
ID 1759; 8/28/90, (addendum) 12/26/95); Twenty two mated Slc:SD¨
female rats were treated by oral gavage with 0, 1, 3, 10, or 30
mg/kg/day of S-53482 (lot no. PYG-89021-M, purity: 94.8%) from
day 6 through day 15 of gestation... There was an increased incidence/litter
of cardiac (0:2/22 vs. 10:6/22, 30:12/18
(p<0.01)) and skeletal (0:0/22 vs.
30:4/18) malformations. The predominant
cardiac and skeletal malformations were
ventricular septal defect and double aortic arch and curvature
of the scapula and ulna.
There was also an increased incidence/litter of the
minor skeletal anomaly, wavy ribs, in the 30 mg/kg group
(0: 1/22 vs. 30: 12/18, p<0.01). Adverse effect indicated: malformations
in cardiac and skeletal development; Maternal NOEL: 30
mg/kg/day (based upon a lack of treatment-related effects at the
highest dose tested); Developmental NOEL: 3 mg/kg/day (based upon
the increased incidence of cardiac malformations
in the fetuses of the 10 mg/kg treatment group); Study
acceptable. (Moore, 6/5/02)
Ref: January 2003 (revised) - Summary
of Toxicological Data. California EPA,
Department of Pesticides Regulation, Medical Toxicology Branch.
-- Subchronic toxicity.
Subchronic toxicity studies conducted with flumioxazin technical
in the rat (oral and dermal), mouse and dog indicate a low level
of toxicity. Effects observed at high dose levels consisted primarily
of anemia and histological changes in the spleen, liver and bone
marrow related to the anemia.
-- Rats. A 90-day subchronic toxicity study was conducted in rats,
with dietary intake levels of 0, 30, 300, 1,000 and 3,000 ppm
flumioxazin technical (98.4% purity). The NOAEL of 300 ppm was
based on decreased bwts; anemia; increases in absolute and/or
relative liver, kidney, brain, heart, and thyroid weights, and
histological changes in the spleen, liver, and bone
marrow related to the anemia.
-- A second 90-day subchronic toxicity study was conducted with
a sample of flumioxazin technical of typical purity (94.8%) at
dietary concentrations of 0, 30, 300, 1,000, and 3,000 ppm. The
NOAEL was 30 ppm based on anemia and related
hematological changes; increases in liver, heart, kidney,
and thyroid weights; and histological changes in the spleen, liver,
and bone marrow related to the anemia.
Ref: Federal Register: February 14, 2001
[Notices] [Page 10292-10301]. Notice of Filing a Pesticide Petition
to Establish a Tolerance for a Certain Pesticide Chemical in or
on Food. http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/flumioxazin.fr.feb.14.2001.htm
Fluorocarbon
propellants -
(not used as pesticide; though in
the past they were used as
propellants for pesticides)
Aerosol sprays containing fluorocarbon
propellants are another source of solvent intoxication.
Prolonged exposure or daily use may result in damage to
several organ systems. Clinical problems include cardiac
arrhythmias, bone marrow
depression, cerebral degeneration,
and damage to liver, kidney, & peripheral nerves. Death
occasionally has been attributed to inhalant abuse, probably
via the mechanism of cardiac arrhythmias, especially accompanying
exercise or upper airway obstruction.
Ref: Hardman, J.G., L.E. Limbird, P.B. Molinoff,
R.W. Ruddon, A.G. Goodman (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The
Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 9th ed. New York,
NY: McGraw-Hill, 1996. 575]
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/dichlorodifluorometh.toxnet.htm
|
Fluometuron
- Herbicide - CAS No. 2164-17-2
Developmental Toxicity, Rat (83-3a) MRID: 00163710,42397601 CITATION:
T. Arthur. 1986. A teratoiogy study of fluometuron technical in
the albino rat. Study Number MI# 832125; Tox and Path. Report
No. 199-84. Reproductive and Genetic Toxicology Subdivision Ciba
Geigy Corporation, Summit, NJ 07901. In a developmental study
(MRID 00163710,32397601) fluometuron (95.2% ai, batch # FL 821838)
was administered to 27 female Cr1:COB CD BR rats/dose by gavage
at dose levels of 0, 10, 100, or 1000 mg/kg/day (dosage volume
10 ml/kg/day was adjusted daily for each rats body weight) from
gestation days 6 through 15, inclusive. A dose-related decrease
in fetal weights were observed only in the high-dose group (58%
M, 57% F). No gross observable malformations were observed in
any of the 857 fetuses examined. The fetal M/F sex ratios were
comparable among the groups. A significant
increase in the incidence of shortened or absent renal papillae
was observed in the mid-dose (shortened: 9/82 control, 23/83 high;
absent: 3/82 control, 2/83 high) compared to control.
It should be noted that a statistical analysis was not performed
on the high-dose-due to growth retardations, and reduced fetal
weights. Significant fetal skeletal
variations were observed only in the high-dose group and included
incomplete ossification and widened sutures of the skull, wavy
ribs, and bipartite and fused sternebrae, unossified teeth, vertebral
centra, ischium/Os pubis, metatarsal and the distal phalanges
of the fore-and hind-paws. (pages 51-52).
Ref.
February 1, 2005. US EPA: Fluometuron: Revised HED Risk Assessment
for Phase III of the Reregistration Eligibility Decision. Docket
Identification Number: OPP-2004-0372-0008.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/fluometuron.opp-2004-0372-0008.pdf
TERATOGENICITY RAT
**021 054905, "A Teratology Study of Fluometuron Technical in
the Albino Rat." (Ciba-Geigy, 6-19-86) Fluometuron technical,
batch FL-821838, was administered to mated Crl. COBS CD (SD) (BR)
rats at 0 (3% cornstarch, 0.5% Tween 80), 10, 100, or 1000 mg/kg/day
on days 6 to 15 of gestation, with 27 animals per group. Decreased
food consumption, weight gain, (transient at 100 mg/kg/day) and
darkened spleen were observed at 100 and 1000 mg/kg/day. Lethargy,
ataxia, pale eyes and extremities, encrustments around eyes/nose/mouth,
salivation, blood on vulva, enlarged spleen and darkened kidneys
and liver were observed at 1000 mg/kg/day. Maternal NOEL = 10
mg/kg/day. Delayed renal development was observed at 100 mg/kg/day.
At 1000 mg/kg/day reduced litter size, fetal weight, and increased
incidence of centrum/vertebra not ossified were observed.
Developmental NOEL = 10 mg/kg/day. Originally reviewed as unacceptable
(M. Silva, 12/15/88), upon receipt of the requested information
regarding analysis of fluometuron in diet, the study was re-reviewed
and found acceptable. M. Silva, 7/25/89.
Ref: Summary of Toxicology Data. California
Department of Food and Agriculture, Medical Toxicology Branch.
Revised October 29, 1989.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/fluometuron.ca.epa.tox.data.pdf
Fluopicolide
- Fungicide - CAS
No. 239110-15-7
Reproductive and developmental
toxicity (page 3)
• In a developmental toxicity study in rats
gavage dosed from gestation days 7 to 20 at levels of 0, 5, 60
or700 mg/kg/day, evidence of maternal and fetal toxicity was observed
at 700 mg/kg/day, the highest dose tested. The
maternal and fetal NOAEL was 60 mg/kg/day based on statistically
lower body weights in dams an fetuses, and skeletal
findings in fetuses that included delayed ossification of some
bones and slight increases in the incidences of various rib and
thoracic vertebrae anomalies.
• In a developmental toxicity study with rabbits,
pregnant animals were given oral doses of 0, 5, 20 or 60 mg/kg/day
on gestation days 6 to 28. At the high dose, 15
animalls were sacrificed following spontaneous abortions and 3
animals were found dead. The few surviving animals in this group
had live fetuses at cesarean sectioning but other than lower fetal
weight and crown/rump length, no treatment-related
findings were observed upon external, visceral and skeletal examinations
of these fetuses. The NOAEL for maternal and fetal toxicity was
20 mg/kg/day.
Reference: January 1, 2005, submission to
US EPA from Valent U.S.A. Company. Federal Register Docket EPA-HQ-OPP-2006-0481-0002.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/fluocopicolide.valent.june.2005.pdf
Fluoroglycofen-ethyl
- Herbicide
-
CAS No.
77501-90-7
In the main study,
fluoroglycofen-ethyl (97.8% pure) was administered by gavage to
groups of 18 New Zealant White rabbits at concentrations of 1
(water and vehicle controls), 10, 30 and 90 mg/kg bw/day on days
8-18 of gestation. The animals were killed on day 29.... Overt
signs of toxicity seen from days 10-29 in the 90 mg/kg bw/day
groups were an increased incidence of scant, red and/or soft
faeces, thin appearance, red vaginal discharge, ataxia and lethargy.
Maternal body weights
in the 90 mg/kg bw/day group were decreased from day 12 to the
end of gesttion... Two animals in the 90 mg/kg bw/day group died
on day 19, ten aborted their litters between days 21 - 26, and
one litter was entirely resorbed at necropsy. Most of the resorptions
in this dose group were late resorptions. In the 90 mg/kg bw/day
group there was an increased number or resorptions and a decrease
in the number of viable fetuses, although the latter was not statistically
significant. As a result of this, the viability index (No. viable
fetuses/ No. corpora lutea) were reduced. The sex ratio of the
fetuses was not altered by fluoroglycofen-ethyl, but the mean
weights and
crown-to-rump lengths were decreased in
fetuses of both sexes at 90 mg/kg bw/day.
The decrease in fetal weight was reflected in a decrease in the
weight of the gravid uterus in the high dose group. There
was a treatment related increase in the
incidence of unossified talus in the high dose group, but
overall, fluoroglycofen-ethyl did not alter the incidences of
developmental variations or malformations. When administered to
New Zealand White rabbis by gavage on days 8-18 of gestation at
90 mg/kg bw/day, fluoroglycofen-ethyl was abortifacient, maternally
toxic, and feto- and embryotoxic. The NOEL for embryo/fetotoxicity
was 30 mg/kg bw/day, based on increased resorptions and abortions
and decreased fetal size and viability at 90 mg/kg bw/day. The
NOEL for maternal toxicity was 30 mg/kg bw/day, based on overt
signs of toxicity, decreased maternal body weights, and maternal
deaths at 90 mg/kg bw/day.
Definition of Talus: the bone in the ankle
that articulates with the leg bones to form the ankle joint.
Ref:
Evaluation on: Fluoroglycofen-ethyl. May 1992. Issue No. 50. Department
for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Pesticides Safety Directorate,
UK.
http://www.pesticides.gov.uk/citizen/evaluations/050_confirm-box.htm
Fluorouracil
- Former
insect Chemosterilant; now used as a pharmaceutical -
CAS No. 51-21-8
-- A major use of fluorouracil
is in the palliative treatment of carcinoma of the colon, rectum,
breast, stomach, and pancreas that is not amenable to surgery
or irradiation. The major toxic effects
of fluorouracil are on the normal, rapidly proliferating tissues
particularly of the bone marrow and lining of the gastrointestinal
tract. Leukopenia •, predominantly
of the granulocytopenic type, thrombocytopenia, and anemia occur
commonly with intravenous fluorouracil therapy at doses ranging
from 6 to 12 mg/kg. Pancytopenia and agranulocytosis also have
occurred...
-- EPA believes that there is sufficient evidence for listing
fluorouracil on EPCRA section 313 pursuant to EPCRA section 313(d)(2)(B)
based on the toxicity of this substance to bone marrow, and on
the developmental and chronic neurotoxicity data for this chemical.
Ref:
USEPA/OPPT. Support Document for the Health and Ecological Toxicity
Review of TRI Expansion Chemicals. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, DC (1993). As cited by US EPA in:
Federal
Register: January 12, 1994. Part IV.
40 CFR Part 372. Addition of Certain Chemicals; Toxic Chemical
Release Reporting; Community Right-to-Know; Proposed Rule.
•
Definition
for Leukopenia - an
abnormal lowering of the white blood cell count
Potential Adverse Effects
on Fetus: Exposure in first trimester: skeletal
abnormalities; hypoplasia of aorta, lungs, thymus, and
gastrointestinal tract; and urinary tract abnormalities. Fetus
exposed in third trimester had cyanosis and clonus... the incidence
of malformations,
particularly
those affecting the tail, hindlimb bud, and brain, was increased.
Ref: TOXNET profile from Hazardous Substances
Data Base.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Fluorouracil.TOXNET.HSDB.htm
Fluoxastrobin
- Fungicide - CAS No. 193740-76-0
Reproduction
and fertility - rats. Offspring
systemic: decreased body weights,
delayed preputial separation, and incomplete
ossification in the F1 and/or F2 males and females.
Ref: Federal Register. September 16, 2005.
Fluoxastrobin; Pesticide Tolerances. Final Rule.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/fluoxastrobin.fr.sept16.05.html
Flusilazole
- Fungicide - CAS No. 85509-19-9
Abstract: This report
describes the first part of a study which was undertaken to examine
the teratogenic potential of triazole compounds used as fungicides
in agriculture. Pregnant Wistar rats were given single oral dosages
of flusilazole or bitertanol on days 9, 10, 11 or 13th of gestation
(positive vaginal smear=day 1) at levels of 1/5, 1/10 and 1/50
LD50. The dosages were calculated from the reported LD50 values
of 1272 mg/kg for flusilazole and
5000 mg/kg for bitertanol. The results of the study demonstrated
that both compounds induce congenital anomalies
when given on days 9, 10 or 11th at levels corresponding
to 1/5 and 1/10 LD50. The types of the registered malformations
after flusilazole treatment were exophthalmus,
hypognathia, macroglossia and cleft palate and after bitertanol
treatment micro- and acaudia and in rare cases exophthalmus, hypognathia
and cleft palate. A clear dose effect relationship was established
for both compounds.
Ref: Vergieva T (1990). Vergieva T. eratology
1990 Aug;42(2):27A-28A. Abstract from Toxnet.
•
Definitions:
Exophthalmia (n.) The protrusion
of the eyeball so that the eyelids will not cover it, in consequence
of disease.
Hypognathus - Unequal conjoined twins
in which the rudimentary parasite is attached to the mandible
of the autosite.
Macroglossia
-
Excessively large tongue.
Fluosilicic
acid -
Wood Preservative - CAS No. 16961-83-4
-- The effects of long-term
exposure to fluorosilicic acid are changes in
bone, corrosivity of the mucous membranes (e.g., ulceration
of the nose, throat, and bronchial tubes), coughing, shock, pulmonary
edema, fluorosis, coma, and even death (LCI, Ltd., undated-a).
In a study of 50 workers engaged for approximately 30 years in
the production of phosphate fertilizers, the concentration of
gaseous fluoride (hydrogen fluoride, silicon tetrafluoride, and
fluorosilicic acid) ranged from 0.04 to 0.17 mg/m 3 . Nine
workers had increased bone densities (Fabbri et al., 1978;
cited by HSDB, 2000a).
Ref: Sodium Hexafluorosilicate [CASRN 16893-85-9]
and Fluorosilicic Acid [CASRN 16961-83-4]. Review of Toxicological
Literature. October 2001. Prepared for Scott Masten, Ph.D. National
Institute of Environmental Health Sciences P.O. Box 12233 Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 Contract No. N01-ES-65402.
Submitted by Karen E. Haneke, M.S. (Principal Investigator) Bonnie
L. Carson, M.S. (Co-Principal Investigator) Integrated Laboratory
Systems P.O. Box 13501 Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
27709.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Fluorosilicates.NIH.2001.pdf
Flupyrsulfuron-methyl
- Herbicide
- CAS No. 144740-54-5
- Reproductive toxicity.
Target/critical effect - Developmental toxicity. Reduced foetal
weight, retarded ossification.
Ref: FINAL
European Commission Review report for the active substance flupyrsulfuron-methyl.
Finalised in the Standing Committee on Plant Health at its meeting
on 27 April 2001 in view of the inclusion of flupyrsulfuron-methyl
in Annex I of Directive 91/414/EEC-.
http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/ph_ps/pro/eva/newactive/list2_flupyrsulfi_en.pdf
Fluquinconazole
- Fungicide
- CAS No. 136426-54-5
-- Developmental toxicity
studies. (a) Oral teratology study in rats. In a study (1992),
groups of 30 mated outbred albino Sprague-Dawley CRL:COBS CD(SD)BR
rats were administered by gavage fluqinconazole (96% purity) in
a 1% w/v aqueous methylcellulose solution at concentrations of
0, 0.4, 2 and 20 mg/kg bw/day (based on a range-finding study)
from day 6 to 15 of presumed gestation... An increase
in abnormal sternebrae was seen in the low dose group (27%)
and the high dose group (31%, p<0.05) but not at the mid dose
group (15%) when compared to controls (13%) - as the incidence,
of this relatively common anomaly, in the low dose group is not
statistically significant and not party of a dose response it
is considered to be of no biological significance. Fluquinconazole
was clearly maternally toxic, producing abortion and mortality
at 8 mg/kg bw/day. There was evidence of mild fetotoxicity (abnormal
sternebrae) but not teratogenicity at 9 mg/kg bw/day. The NOAEL
for maternal and fetotoxicity was 2 mg/kg bw/day based on increased
incidence of abortions in dams and increased mortality.
-- In the rabbit the NOEL for maternal and fetal toxicity was
2 mg/kg bw/day. Fluquinconazole was not teratogenic in the rabbit
in the presence of maternal toxicity. Fluquinconazole was clearly
maternally toxic, producing abortion and mortality at 8 mg/kg
bw/day. There was evidence of mild fetotoxicity
(abnormal sternebrae) but not teratogenicity at 8 mg/kg
bw/day.
Ref: Evaluation on: Fluquinconazole. May
1999. No. 184. Evaluation of Fully Approved or Provisionally Approved
Products. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs,
Pesticides Safety Directorate, Mallard House, Kings Pool, 3 Peasholme
Green, York YO1 7 PX, UK. Available online: http://www.pesticides.gov.uk/citizen/evaluations/evallist.htm
Fluridone
- Herbicide - CAS No. 59756-60-4
Developmental
toxicity–rats 0, 1, 5, 10,
or 75 mg/kg/day by gavage
NOAEL - maternal: 10 mg/kg/day.NOAEL - developmental: 10 mg/kg/day.
LOAEL - maternal: 75 mg/kg/day. LOAEL - developmental: 75 mg/kg/day.
Effects: decreased body weight gain and food consumption; decreased
fetal viability; decreased fetal weight; significant
increase in the incidence of malformations including cephalocele
and sternoschisis; increased incidence of incomplete ossification
of various skeletal structures.
Developmental
toxicity–rabbits 0, 5, 10,
or 50 mg/kg/day by gavage
NOAEL - maternal: 10 mg/kg/day. NOAEL - developmental: 10 mg/kg/day.
LOAEL - maternal: 50 mg/kg/day. LOAEL - developmental: 50 mg/kg/day.
Effects: decreased body weight gain and food consumption; decreased
fetal viability; decreased fetal weight; malformations
including gastroschisis, cephalocele, domed head, flexed paw,
and skull and sternum anomalies.
Ref: US EPA. Augustr
17, 2004.
Human
Health Risk Assessment for Fluridone TRED.
Teratology - Rat: Maternal
NOEL=100 mg/kg/day; Maternal LEL=300 mg/kg/day (decreased body
weight); Developmental NOEL=300 mg/kg/day; Developmental LEL=1000
mg/kg/day (decreased fetal weight, delayed
ossification); Teratogenic NOEL=1000 mg/kg/day (HDT); LEL=none;
core grade minimum (Elanco Products, 1986)
Ref: US EPA IRIS for Fluridone. 1990.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Fluridone.EPA.IRIS.1990.htm
Fluroxypyr
- Herbicide - CAS No. 69377-81-7
The developmental
NOAEL is 250 mg/kg/day, the LOEL is 500 mg/kg/day based on
reduced ossification... The
developmental toxicity NOAEL is 300 mg/kg/day, and the LOEL is
600 mg/ kg/day, based on an increase in two ossification
variations incompletely ossified cervical
vertebral transverse processes and pubes.
Ref: Federal
Register. September 30, 1998. Fluroxypyr; Pesticide Tolerance.
Final Rule.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Fluroxypyr.FR.Sept.30.1998.htm
Fluroxypyr
1-methylheptyl ester
- Herbicide
-
CAS No. 81406-37-3
Abstract: The objective
of this study was to assess the maternal and developmental toxicity
potential of fluroxypyr methylheptyl ester (FMHE) in rats. Groups
of 28 Sprague-Dawley rats received 0 (corn
oil vehicle), 100, 300, or 600 mg/kg/day of FMHE via gavage on
gestation days 6-15. In-life parameters evaluated included clinical
signs of toxicity, feed consumption, body weights and body weight
gains. On gestation day 20, all surviving females were euthanized
and examined for gross pathologic changes and alterations in liver,
kidney and gravid uterus weights. The number of corpora lutea,
implantations and resorptions was determined. The fetuses were
removed, weighed, sexed and examined for external, visceral and
skeletal alterations. At 600 mg/kg/day, eight rats (29%)
died prior to the scheduled necropsy.
No specific treatment-related gross pathological lesions were
found. Decreased body weight gain, slightly
decreased feed consumption and an increased incidence of anogenital
staining also were noted at this dose level. No signs of
maternal toxicity were observed in rats given 100 or 300 mg/kg/day.
In the fetuses obtained from the 600 mg/kg/day group, several
skeletal variations (delayed ossification) occurred with increased
incidence. Despite the severity of the maternal toxicity
at this dose level, there were no other signs
of developmental toxicity, nor were there any adverse effects
of treatment on any other developmental parameters at the 100
or 300 mg/kg/day dose levels. Thus, the no-observed-effect-level
(NOEL) for maternal and developmental toxicity was 300 mg/kg/day.
Ref:
Carney EW et al. (1995). Developmental toxicity study in rats
with fluroxypyr methylheptyl ester. Author Address: Toxicology
Research Laboratory, Dow Chemical Co., Midland, MI. Source:
Teratology; Mar;51(3):180. Abstract from Toxnet.
Flurprimidol
- Plant Growth Regulator - CAS No. 56425-91-3
A rat teratology study
using doses of 0, 2.5, 10, 45 or 200 mg/kg/day of flurprimidol
had a maternal toxicity NOEL of 10 mg/kg/day and a LEL of 45 mg/kg/day
based on decreased body weight gain and food consumption. The
developmental NOEL was 10 mg/kg/day and the LEL was 45 mg/kg/day
based on decreased fetal weight, increased incidence of hydronephrosis,
hydroureter and numerous developmental skeletal
anomalies.
Ref: US EPA Pesticide Fact Sheet. February
22, 1989.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Flurprimidol.EPA.Facts.1989.htm
Flurtamone
- Herbicide - CAS No. 96525-23-4
-- Developmental toxicity.
Sprague-Dawley rats (25/dose) were gavaged on days 6 to 15 of
pregnancy with doses of 0, 5, 50, 250 or 1000 mg/kg bw/day flurtamone
(91.9% pure) in an aqueous suspension of 0.25% CMC containing
1% Tween 80... All rats were terminated on gestation day 20 and
received a gross necropsy... The external, soft tissue and skeletal
examinations of the foetuses did not reveal any dose-dependent
increases in foetal malformations. Foetuses in the 1000 mg/kg/day
group showed evidence of delayed development (i.e. significant
decreases in the average number of ossified vertebrae, xiphoid
centres, and metatarsals when compared to control). In
the top dose group there was also an increase in the average number
of thoracic ribs. These skeletal
variations are generally considered to be reversible delays in
development that resolve with continuted growth and could be expected
observations in foetuses with decreased body weights... Because
of the reduced body weight gain observed at 5 mg/kg bw/day, a
clear NOEl for maternal toxicity could not be determined in this
study. Therefore, based on reduced body weight gain at 5 mg/kg
bw/day, a LOEL of 5 mg/kg bw/day was determined for maternal toxicity
in this study. Based on the developmental effects at the top dose,
a NOEL of 250 mg/kg bw/day was determined for foetal toxicity...
-- Developmental toxicity. Rabbit. Artificially-inseminated rabbits
(20/dose) were gavaged with doses of 0, 20, 200 or 600 mg/kg bw/day
flurtamone (91.9%purity) in an aqueous suspension of 0.25% CMC
containing 1% Tween 80 on gestation days 6 to 19... All rabbits
were terminated on gestation day 29 and received a gross necropsy...
The foetal examinations revealed that four foetuses from one top
dose litter had interrelated external, soft tissue and skeletal
malformations (the dam had 9 implantations with 5 early
resorptions). These observations (e.g. open eyelids, cleft
palate, syndactylly [see
definition below] and irregular shaped
skull bones) were considered to be unrelated to treatment
because: i) these alterations occurred in 4 litter mates, ii)
the litter incidences for these alterations were generally not
significantly different from the control group incidences, iii)
all other malformations and variations that occurred in high-dose
group foetuses, other than those observed in the above 4 litter
mates, were single events within the historical control ranges
[pages 112-113].
• FAN Note: "Syndactylly"
as spelled in this UK report. The definition for "Syndactyly"
in an American dictionary: any degree of webbing
or fusion of fingers or toes, involving soft parts only or including
bone structure. SYN symphalangism (1), symphalangy, syndactylia,
syndactylism. Ref: Stedman's Concise Medical Dictionary for the
Health Professions. Illustrated 4th Edition. 2001.
Ref: December
2000 . Evaluation on: Flurtamone.
No. 196. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Pesticides
Safety Directorate, Mallard House, Kings Pool, 3 Peasholme Green,
York YO1 7PX, UK.
Available online at
http://www.pesticides.gov.uk/citizen/evaluations/evallist_alphabet.htm
Fluthiacet-methyl
-Herbicide - CAS No. 117337-19-6
-- Prenatal Maternal
developmental in rats and rabbits. Maternal in rats: NOAEL = 1,000
mg/ kg/day, HDT Maternal in rabbits: NOAEL = 1,000 mg/ kg/day,
HDT Developmental in rabbits: NOAEL = 300 mg/kg/ day Developmental
in rabbits: LOAEL of 1,000 mg/ kg/day based on slight non- significant
increased incidence of irregularly shaped
sternebrae attributed to a delay in fetal development.
(See following.)
-- In rabbits, in utero exposure did not result in maternal toxicity
at 1,000 mg/kg/day. Developmental toxicity, however, was seen
at this dose characterized as an increase in irregular
sternebrae (a variation which is reversible). The occurrence
of developmental toxicity at which no maternal toxicity was noted
indicates an apparent increase in susceptibility. The Office of
Pesticide Program's Hazard Identification Assessment Review Committee
(HIARC), however, determined that the apparent susceptibility
is not convincing because of the equivocal nature of the effect
based on:
(1) The increased incidence of irregular sternebrae was not statistically
significant when compared to concurrent controls;
(2) the increase occurred at the Limit-Dose (1,000 mg/kg/day;
(3) it was the only anomaly seen (i.e., a single variation);
(4) the dose response was not strong because there was only a
small increase in the litter incidence between the low- (5 mg/kg/day)
and the high-dose (1,000 mg/kg/day), with the mid- and high-dose
groups having 8 litters with this variation;, and
(5) this endpoint is appropriate to establish a LOAEL and not
appropriate for risk assessments. Based on these factors, the
HIARC concluded that there is no increased susceptibility in the
rabbit study. Therefore, the 10X FQPA safety factor to ensure
the protection of infants and children was not applied in the
risk assessments.
Ref: Federal Register: December 21, 2001.
Fluthiacet-methyl; Pesticide Tolerance. Final Rule.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Fluthiacet.M.FR.Dec.21.2001.htm
Flutolanil
- Fungicide - CAS No.
66332-96-5
A rabbit developmental
study with a maternal NOEL of 5 mg/kg/day and a maternal LOEL
of 25 mg/kg/day based on histopathological finds in the liver
and a developmental NOEL of 25 mg/kg/day and a developmental LOEL
of 125 mg/kg/day based on increased skeletal
variations... Reproductive and developmental toxicity...
A rat developmental study with a maternal NOEL of 25 mg/kg/day
and with a maternal LOEL of 125 mg/kg/day based on decreased body
weight gain initially and a developmental NOEL of 25 mg/kg/day
and a developmental LOEL of 125 mg/kg/day based on decreased fetal
body weight, delayed development [mainly delays
in ossification in the skull, vertebrae, sternebrae, and appendages],
and an increase in the incidence of extra
ribs. A rabbit developmental study with a maternal NOEL
of 5 mg/kg/day and a maternal LOEL of 25 mg/kg/day based on histopathological
finds in the liver and a developmental NOEL of 25 mg/kg/day and
a developmental LOEL of 125 mg/kg/day based on increased
skeletal variations.
Ref: Federal Register. June 23, 1998. [PF-813;
FRL-5795-1]
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Flutolanil.FR.June.23.1998.htm
Flutriafol
- Fungicide
-
CAS No. 76674-21-0
7.3 Reproductive toxicity.
Pregnant rats were administered 0,
10, 50 or 125
mg/kg bw/day from day 5 to 15 of gestation. Maternal toxicity
was apparent at the highest dose level. Significant
dose-related reductions in fetal ossification were observed
in all treatment groups. At the 10 mg/kg bw dosage level,
incomplete ossification of the odontoid, calcaneum and occipital
bones were noted. In the 50 and 125 mg/kg bw dosage groups,
the incidence of fetuses with extra ribs
was increased. In a rabbit teratology
study, the dams were administered (orally) 9, 2.3, 7.5 or 15 mg/bw
from day 6 to 18 of gestation. Reduced maternal
body weight gain, increased post implantation loss, and
a reduction in viable fetuses were seen at the 15 mg/kg bw dose
level. There was a small increase in the number of fetuses
with extra ribs in the lumber region in all treatment groups.
The NEL in the rabbit study was considered to be 7.5 mg/kg bw/day.
Although a NEL was not established for the rat study, it was considered
to be in the order of 10 mg/kg bw/day.
Evaluation
on: Flutriafol. October 1996. Issue No. 158, UK Department for
Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Pesticides Safety Directorate,
Mallard House, Kings Pool, 3 Peasholme Green, York YO1 7PX.
http://www.pesticides.gov.uk/citizen/evaluations/158_confirm-box.htm
•
Definitions:
Odontoid
-
Having the form of a tooth; toothlike. Of or pertaining
to the odontoid bone or to the odontoid process. Odontoid bone,
the anterior process of the centrum of the second vertebra, or
axis, in birds and mammals. See Axis. Origin: Gr., a tooth + form:
cf.F. Odontoide. Source: Websters Dictionary
Calcaneum
- Synonym: calcaneus. Origin: L. The heel.
Occipital
-
Of or pertaining to the occiput, or back part of the
head, or to the occipital bone. Occipital bone, the
point of the occiput in the mesial plane farthest from the ophryon.
Origin: Cf. F. Occipital. The occipital bone. Source:
Websters Dictionary
Fluvalinate
- Acaracide, Insecticide - CAS No. 69409-94-5
Delayed
ossification
and decreased weight and length of fetuses were observed in offspring
of rats orally administered 50 mg/kg/day (LOEL) on days 6 to 15
of gestation. The NOEL was 10 mg/kg/day. These effects were observed
at doses that produced maternal toxicity.
Curved tibia and fibula were observed in the offspring
of rabbits orally administered 125 mg/kg/day (LOEL). The NOEL
was 25 mg/kg/day. In a 2-generation reproduction study, a decrease
in pup weight and growth were observed in offspring of rats orally
administered 5 mg/kg/day (LOEL). The NOEL was 1 mg/kg/day. Significantly
decreased weight and survival were observed in offspring of rats
orally administered 25 mg/kg/day... EPA believes that there is
sufficient evidence for listing fluvinate on EPCRA section 313
pursuant to EPCRA section 313(d)(2)(B) based on the available
developmental, dermal, and hematological toxicity data for this
chemical.
Ref:
USEPA/OPP. Support Document for the Addition of Chemicals from
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) Active
Ingredients to EPCRA Section 313. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, DC (1993). As cited by US EPA in: Federal
Register: January 12, 1994. Part IV. 40
CFR Part 372. Addition of Certain Chemicals; Toxic Chemical Release
Reporting; Community Right-to-Know; Proposed Rule.
Fomesafen
- Herbicide - CAS No. 72178-02-0
Acute toxicity.
EPA has selected the developmental NOEL of 7.5 mg/kg/day from
the oral rat developmental toxicity study for the acute dietary
endpoint; at the lowest observed effect level (LOEL) of 50 mg/
kg/day, fetuses had delayed or partial ossification
and extra ribs.
Ref: Federal Register. July 9,
1997. [OPP-300512; FRL-5729-5] RIN 2070-AB78 http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Fomesafen.FR.July.9.1997.htm
|