1,2-DICHLORO-1,1,2,2-TETRAFLUOROETHANE
CASRN: 76-14-2 For other data, click on the Table of Contents
Human Health Effects:
Human Toxicity Excerpts:
10 PERSONS WERE EXPOSED TO FREON 114 FOR LENGTHS OF 15, 45, OR 60 SEC. IT
INDUCED BIPHASIC REDN OF VENTILATORY CAPACITY. MOST PERSONS DEVELOPED VARIATIONS
IN HEART RATE EXCEEDING THOSE NOTED BEFORE EXPOSURE. IN A FEW THERE WERE INVERSION
OF T-WAVE & 1 CASE OF HEART BLOCK. [VALIC ET AL; BR J IND MED 34 (2): 130-6 (1977)]**PEER REVIEWED**
In one study, ten subjects were exposed to CFC-11, CFC-12, and CFC-114; two
mixtures of CFC-11 and CFC-12; & a mixture of CFC-12 and CFC-114 )breathing
concn between 16 & 150 g/cu m [2300 & 21,400 ppm]) for 15, 45, or 60
sec. Significant acute reduction of ventilatory lung capacity was reported in
each case, as well as bradycardia & increased variability in heart rate
& atrioventricular block. It was concluded that the mixtures exerted stronger
respiratory effects than individual chlorofluorocarbons at the same level of
exposure. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc.
Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices.
6th ed. Volumes I,II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991. 444]**PEER REVIEWED**
SUMMARY TOXICITY STATEMENT: MILD IRRITANT ... /CNS DEPRESSANT/ IN HIGH CONCN.
ASPHYXIANT. [Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 5th
ed. New York: Van Nostrand Rheinhold, 1979. 567]**PEER REVIEWED**
Vapor may cause mild and usually transient central nervous depression. [Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology
of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. II-160]**PEER
REVIEWED**
... Ten percent causes some irritation and restlessness. [Zenz, C. Occupational Medicine-Principles and Practical Applications.
2nd ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Yearbook, Inc, 1988. 542]**PEER REVIEWED**
/UV-B Radiation is likely to incr by ozone depletion caused by atmospheric
concentrations of chlorofluorocarbons/. Indications are increasing that UV-B
radiation ... plays a role in the induction and growth of cutaneous melanomas,
a ... dangerous type of skin cancer. ... There are indications that ... suppression
of the immune response by UV-B radiation may occur in humans. The antigen presenting
Langerhans cells in the skin are damaged and allergic responses are depressed.
... There are indications that UV-B radiation increases cataract formation,
an important cause of blindness especially in areas with limited medical facilities.
/Chlorofluorocarbons/ [WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons
p.101 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Increased UV-B radiation would be expected to increase photochemical smog,
and this would aggravate the related health problems in urban and industrialized
areas. /UV-B Radiation/ [WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons
p.21 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Fluorocarbon inhalation in dogs resulted in dysrhythmias that were enhanced
by anoxia, injected epinephrine, and noise stress. Fatal responses resulted
from inhaled concentrations of 0.35 to 0.61 per cent of Freon 11 and of 5 percent
of Freon 12 and 114. [Haddad, L.M., Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose.
2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. 1281]**PEER REVIEWED**
Ten subjects /were exposed/ to CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-114, two mixtures of CFC-11
and CFC-12, and a mixture of CFC-12 and CFC-114 (breathing concentrations between
16 and 150 g/cu m) for 15, 45, or 60 seconds, and found significant acute reduction
of ventilatory lung capacity (forced expiratory volume 50, forced expiratory
F25) on exposure to each chlorofluorocarbon, as well as bradycardia and increased
variability in heart rate in seven subjects, negative T-waves in two subjects
(one was exposed to CFC-11 and CFC-12), and atrioventricular block in 1 subject
(CFC-114). Mixtures exerted stronger respiratory effects than individual chlorofluorocarbon
at the same level of exposure. [WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons
p.90 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Effects of chlorofluorocarbons on bronchiolar tone in asthmatic children /were
studied/. Forced expiratory volume, a measure of bronchial tone, was measured
in 18 children with a history of asthma, before and after inhaling aerosols
of the B2-receptor agonist, fenoterol, or a mixuture of CFC-11, CFC-12, and
CFC-114, and in the absence of treatment. The levels of exposure were not reported.
Exposure to the chlorofluorocarbon mixture significantly reduced forced expiratory
volume for 2 hr, relative to "no treatment", and for 8 hr relative to exposure
to fenoterol (containing CFC-11 and CFC-12). The results suggest that chlorofluorcarbons
can decrease bronchial tone in asthmatic patients, but that this effect is transient
and of a sufficiently small magnitude to be superseded by the dilating effects
of fenoterol when both fenoterol and chlorofluorcarbon propellants are inhaled
together. [WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons
p.91 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Propellant /fluorocarbon/ gases were generated from commercial aerosol units
and applied to the from distance of 50 cm for periods of 15 to 60 sec. At a
measured concn of 95,000 mg/cu m (1700 ppm), there was a biphasic change in
ventilation capacity, the first reduction occurring within a few minutes after
exposure, and second delayed until 13 to 30 min after exposure, and second delayed
until 13 to 30 min after exposure. Most subjects developed bradycardia, and
inversion of the T-wave. /Propellant gases/ [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1201]**PEER REVIEWED**
EXCESSIVE SKIN CONTACT WITH LIQ FLUOROCARBONS SHOULD BE MINIMIZED TO PREVENT
DEFATTING OF SKIN ... /FLUOROCARBONS/ [International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health
and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office,
1983. 897]**PEER REVIEWED**
SNIFFING OF FREON PROPELLANTS (FLUOROCARBONS) FOR THEIR INTOXICATING EFFECTS
FROM PRODUCTS SUCH AS DRY HAIR SHAMPOOS OR FREON REFRIGERANTS, AS COCKTAIL GLASS
CHILLERS, HAS PRODUCED OVER ONE HUNDRED DOCUMENTED DEATHS (PERHAPS OTHERS NOT
REPORTED). /FREON PROPELLANTS/ [Arena, J.M. and Drew, R.H. (eds.) Poisoning-Toxicology, Symptoms,
Treatments. 5th ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986. 831]**PEER
REVIEWED**
EARLY ... HUMAN EXPERIENCE INDICATED THAT HIGH VAPOR CONCN (EG, 20%) MAY CAUSE
CONFUSION, PULMONARY IRRITATION, TREMORS & RARELY COMA, BUT THAT THESE EFFECTS
WERE GENERALLY TRANSIENT & WITHOUT LATE SEQUELAE. ... CAUSE OF DEATH /FROM
ABUSE OF FLUOROCARBONS/ IS IN CONSIDERABLE DOUBT. FREEZING OF AIRWAY SOFT TISSUES
CAN PROBABLY BE ELIMINATED AS A CAUSE OF DEATH EXCEPT IN CASES WHERE THE PRODUCT
WAS SPRAYED DIRECTLY INTO THE MOUTH FROM ITS CONTAINER OR FROM A BALLOON CONTAINING
SOME LIQUID. LARYNGEAL SPASM OR EDEMA, OXYGEN DISPLACEMENT, OR SENSITIZATION
OF MYOCARDIUM TO ENDOGENOUS CATECHOLAMINES WITH SUBSEQUENT VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION
APPEAR TO BE REASONABLE POSSIBILITIES. /FLUOROCARBON REFRIGERANTS & PROPELLANTS/
[Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology
of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. II-159]**PEER
REVIEWED**
A SPECIAL CLASS OF CHEMICALS SUBJECT TO ABUSE BY INHALATION ARE THE FLUOROHYDROCARBONS
... THE "SNIFFING" OF SUCH AEROSOL SPRAYS IS HAZARDOUS PRACTICE. ... 110 "SUDDEN
SNIFFING DEATHS" /HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED/ ... IN EACH CASE THE VICTIM SPRAYED
THE AEROSOL INTO A PLASTIC BAG, INHALED THE CONTENTS, BECAME EXCITED, RAN 90
M OR SO, COLLAPSED, & DIED. NECROPSY FINDINGS WERE LARGELY NEGATIVE ...
ALTHOUGH AMOUNT OF PROPELLANT ABSORBED INTO BLOOD FROM USE OF HAIRSPRAY, COSMETIC,
HOUSEHOLD, & MEDICATED AEROSOLS MUST VARY WITH CIRCUMSTANCES, PHYSICIAN
IS ADVISED TO COUNSEL ... PATIENT ON POTENTIAL DANGERS, PARTICULARLY FROM THEIR
USE IN POORLY VENTILATED CONFINED AREAS. IT IS POSSIBLE THAT PATIENTS WITH CARDIAC
OR RESPIRATORY DISORDERS MAY PROVE ESPECIALLY SUSCEPTIBLE. /FLUOROHYDROCARBONS/
[Goodman, L.S., and A. Gilman. (eds.) The Pharmacological Basis
of Therapeutics. 5th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1975. 910]**PEER
REVIEWED**
In a cross-sectional study the neurological effects of fluorocarbons were
evaluated in 27 refrigeration repair workers. Fourteen age matched reference
subjects were selected from a local union of plumbers, pipe-fitters, and insulation
workers. A case of peripheral neuropathy in a commercial refrigeration repairman
prompted the investigation. Personal air samples from 2 worker-participants
over the course of a typical workshift showed 1.4 ppm chlorodifluoromethane
and 2.2 ppm chloropenta-fluoroethane. There were no cases of peripheral neuropathy
in the study subjects. There was no significant difference in mean nerve conduction
velocities (ulnar, median, peroneal, sural, tibial) between study and reference
subjects. Lightheadedness and palpitations were reported significantly more
often by refrigeration repair workers (p<0.05). /Fluorocarbons/ [Campell DD et al; Br J Ind Med 43:107-11 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Fluorocarbons were initially believed to be compounds low in toxicity. In
the late 1960s there were early reports of deaths caused by intentional inhalation
abuse of various aerosols. Victims frequently discharged the aerosol contents
into a plastic bag and then inhaled the gaseous contents. Suffocation was initially
considered to be the cause of death. In 1970, 110 cases of "sudden sniffing
death" /were reviewed/ without finding evidence of suffocation. The majority
of those deaths (59) involved fluorocarbon propellants. He noted that in several
cases sudden death followed a burst of emotional stress or exercise. No significant
findings were noted at autopsy. /Fluorocarbons/ [Haddad, L.M., Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose.
2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. 1281]**PEER REVIEWED**
Fluorocarbon propellants are anesthetic and cardiotoxic. ... Aerosol propellants
produce hallucinogenic effects, and, rarely, contact dermatitis. /Fluorocarbon
propellants/ [Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis
and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing
Co., Inc. 1988. 528]**PEER REVIEWED**
Fluorocarbon propellants, benzene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, gasoline, toluene,
and hydrocarbons have been implicated in 110 sudden deaths after inhalant abuse
in which no obvious cardiac or pulmonary pathology existed. Heavy exercise or
stress was associated with 18 of those deaths, /it was/ proposed that these
inhalants act to sensitize the myocardium to endogenous catecholamines. Hypoxia,
hypercarbia, and acidosis may exacerbate these effects. /Fluorocarbon propellants/
[Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis
and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing
Co., Inc. 1988. 841]**PEER REVIEWED**
Chlorinated hydrocarbons may cause systemic toxicity through percutaneous
absorption. Systemic toxicity includes convulsion, delirium, and central nervous
system depression /From table/. /Chlorinated hydrocarbons/ [Zenz, C. Occupational Medicine-Principles and Practical Applications.
2nd ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Yearbook, Inc, 1988. 160]**PEER REVIEWED**
There are isolated reports of poisoning from exposure to refrigerants and
solvents, and some studies showing a higher incidence of coronary heart disease
among hospital personnel are required to establish causal relationship between
fluorine containing organic compounds, and cardiovascular and bronchopulmonary
diseases among exposed workers. The high incidence of cancer among hospital
personnel repeatedly exposed to fluorine-containing general anesthetics raises
a fundamental need to examine other chlorofluorocarbon-exposed workers for similar
effects. /Fluorocarbons/ [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1209]**PEER REVIEWED**
Clinical pathologists exposed to fluorocarbons in the preparation of frozen
tissue sections have been seen to develop coronary heart disease. /Fluorocarbons/
[Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1209]**PEER REVIEWED**
There is ... evidence that the atmospheric concentrations of chlorofluorocarbons
deplete ozone in the stratosphere. A reduction in ozone concentration will result
in increased transmission of solar ultraviolet radiation through the stratosphere.
Many significant adverse effects of such an increase in exposure to this radiation
have been identified. ... One of the most well defined human health effects
resulting from stratospheric ozone depletion is an increase in the frequency
of skin cancer expected as a result of even small increases in UV-B radiation
(280-320 nm) reaching the earhs's surface. /Chlorofluorocarbons/ [WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons
p.95 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Freons are toxic to humans by several mechanisms. Inhaled fluorocarbons sensitized
the myocardium to catecholamines, frequently resulting in lethal ventricular
arrhythmias. Because they are gases heavier than air, fluorocarbons can displace
atmospheric oxygen, thus resulting in asphyxiation. These compounds also have
a central nervous system (CNS) anesthetic effect analogous to a structurally
similar general anesthetic, halothane. Pressurized refrigerant or liquid fluorocarbons
with a low boiling point have a cryogenic effect on exposed tissues, causing
frostbite, laryngeal or pulmonary edema, and gastrointestinal perforation. Certain
fluorocarbons degrade at high temperatures into toxic products of chlorine,
hydrofluoric acid, or phosgene gases. /Freons/ [Haddad, L.M., Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose.
2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. 1281]**PEER REVIEWED**
... HIGH VAPOR CONCN (EG, 20%) MAY CAUSE CONFUSION, PULMONARY IRRITATION,
TREMORS & RARELY COMA ... BUT ... THESE EFFECTS WERE GENERALLY TRANSIENT
& WITHOUT LATE SEQUELAE. /FLUOROCARBON REFRIGERANTS & PROPELLANTS/ [Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology
of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. II-159]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Non-occupational exposure and accidental or abusive inhalation of aerosols
/due to Fluorocarbon propellants/ have also been documented, the main symptoms
being CNS depression and cardiovascular reactions. Cardiac arrhythmia, possibly
aggravated by elevated levels of catecholamines due to stress or by moderate
hypercapnia, is suggested as the cause of these adverse response, which may
lead to death. /Aerosols/ [WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons
p.20 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**
There are isolated reports of poisoning from exposure to refrigerants and
solvents, and some studies showing a higher incidence of coronary heart disease
among hospital personnel are required to establish causal relationship between
fluorine containing organic compounds, and cardiovascular and bronchopulmonary
diseases among exposed workers. The high incidence of cancer among hospital
personnel repeatedly exposed to fluorine-containing general anesthetics raises
a fundamental need to examine other chlorofluorocarbon-exposed workers for similar
effects. /Fluorocarbons/ [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1209]**PEER REVIEWED**
Clinical pathologists exposed to fluorocarbons in the preparation of frozen
tissue sections have been seen to develop coronary heart disease. /Fluorocarbons/
[Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1209]**PEER REVIEWED**
Manufacturing processes use hydrofluoric acid from fluorospar in the production
of most fluorine containing organic compounds. Some processes use carbon tetrachloride
from carbon disulfide or as a co product of perchloroethylene and chlorination
of propylene, or chloroform from chlorination of methanol. The major hazards
relate primarily to the inadvertent release of hydrofluoric acid or carbon tetrachloride,
rather than to the manufactured final product. /Fluorocarbons/ [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1194]**PEER REVIEWED**
... CAUSE OF DEATH /FROM ABUSE OF FLUOROCARBONS/ IS IN ... DOUBT. FREEZING
OF AIRWAY SOFT TISSUES CAN PROBABLY BE ELIMINATED ... EXCEPT IN CASES WHERE
PRODUCT WAS SPRAYED DIRECTLY INTO MOUTH FROM CONTAINER OR BALLOON CONTAINING
SOME LIQ. /FLUOROCARBON REFRIGERANTS & PROPELLANTS/ [Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology
of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. II-159]**PEER
REVIEWED**
... CAUSE OF DEATH /FROM ABUSE OF FLUOROCARBONS/ ... IN ... DOUBT. ... LARYNGEAL
SPASM OR EDEMA, OXYGEN DISPLACEMENT, OF SENSITIZATION OF MYOCARDIUM TO ENDOGENOUS
CATECHOLAMINES WITH ... VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION APPEAR TO BE ... POSSIBILITIES.
/FLUOROCARBON REFRIGERANTS & PROPELLANTS/ [Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology
of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. II-159]**PEER
REVIEWED**
... All fluorocarbons are less toxic than any of process materials used in
their manufacture. Major hazards relate primarily to inadvertent release of
hydrofluoric acid or carbon tetrachloride, rather than manufactured fluorocarbons.
/Fluorocarbons/ [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1194]**PEER REVIEWED**
Fluorocarbon vapors are 4 to 5 times heavier than air. Thus high concn tend
to accumulate in low-lying areas, resulting in hazard of inhalation of concentrated
vapors, which may be fatal. /Fluorocarbons/ [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1195]**PEER REVIEWED**
Under certain condition, fluorocarbon vapors may decompose on contact with
flames or hot surfaces, creating potential hazard of inhalation of toxic decomposition
products. /Fluorocarbons/ [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1195]**PEER REVIEWED**
The toxicity of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) had been considered to be low;
it is absorbed via the lungs and undergoes little subsequent biotransformation.
In the United States when sudden unexplained deaths of aerosol "sniffers" were
reported they were considered to be possibly due to cardiac arrhythmias induced
by the CFC propellants. /CFCs/ [Rom, W.N. (ed.). Environmental and Occupational Medicine. 2nd
ed. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company, 1992. 1299]**PEER REVIEWED**
Aerosol sprays containing fluorocarbon propellants are another source of solvent
intoxication. Prolonged exposure or daily use may result in damage to several
organ systems. Clinical problems include cardiac arrhythmias, bone
marrow depression, cerebral degeneration, and damage to liver, kidney, &
peripheral nerves. Death occasionally has been attributed to inhalant
abuse, probably via the mechanism of cardiac arrhythmias, especially accompanying
exercise or upper airway obstruction. /fluorocarbon propellants/ [Hardman, J.G., L.E. Limbird, P.B. Molinoff, R.W. Ruddon, A.G.
Goodman (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics.
9th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1996. 575]**PEER REVIEWED**
Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:
Refrigerant 114 vapor is a respiratory irritant. ... [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.).
NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH)
PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
Jan. 1981. 1]**PEER REVIEWED**
Medical Surveillance:
Initial Medical Screening: Employees should be screened for history of certain
medical conditions which might place the employee at increased risk from Refrigerant
114 exposure. /These are/ chronic respiratory and cardiovascular disease. Periodic
Medical Examination: Any employee developing /these/ conditions should be referred
for further medical examination. [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.).
NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH)
PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
Jan. 1981. 1]**PEER REVIEWED**
Populations at Special Risk:
IT IS POSSIBLE THAT PATIENTS WITH CARDIAC OR RESP DISORDERS MAY PROVE ESPECIALLY
SUSCEPTIBLE TO /AEROSOL PROPELLANTS/. /PROPELLANTS/ [Goodman, L.S., and A. Gilman. (eds.) The Pharmacological Basis
of Therapeutics. 5th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1975. 910]**PEER
REVIEWED**
In persons with impaired pulmonary function, especially those with obstructive
airway diseases, the breathing of Refrigerant 114 might cause exacerbation of
symptoms due to its irritant properties. ... In persons with impaired cardiovascular
function, especially those with history of cardiac arrhythmias, the inhalation
of Refrigerant 114 might cause exacerbation of disorders of the conduction mechanism
due to sensitizing effects on the myocardium. [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.).
NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH)
PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
Jan. 1981. 1]**PEER REVIEWED**
Probable Routes of Human Exposure:
Refrigerant 114 can affect the body if it is inhaled or if the liquid comes
in contact with the eyes or skin. It can also affect the body if it is swallowed.
[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.).
NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH)
PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
Jan. 1981. 1]**PEER REVIEWED**
NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 3,084 workers
(112 of these are female) are potentially exposed to 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
in the US(1). Occupational exposure may be through inhalation and dermal contact
with this compound at workplaces where 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
is still used(SRC). This survey was conducted prior to the Montreal Protocol
which scheduled the production phase-out of this compound and other chlorofluorocarbons,
and is not an accurate measure of the current occupational exposure(SRC). Due
to its long atmospheric residence time, the general population may be exposed
to 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane via inhalation of ambient air(SRC).
[(1) NIOSH; National Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES) (1983)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Average Daily Intake:
AIR: (assume 10.5 - 32 parts per trillion(1,2)) 1.5 - 4.5 ug/day(SRC). [(1) Fabian P et al; J Geophys Res 90: 13091-3 (1985) (2) Brodzinsky
R, Singh HB; pp. 23 and 184 in Volatile Organic Chemicals in the Atmosphere:
An Assessment of Available Data Menlo Park, CA: SRI International (1982)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Emergency Medical Treatment:
Emergency Medical Treatment:
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The following Overview, *** FLUORINATED HYDROCARBONS ***, is relevant
for this HSDB record chemical.
Life Support:
o This overview assumes that basic life support measures
have been instituted.
Clinical Effects:
SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
0.2.1.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o LOW CONCENTRATION - Inhalations such as those caused by
leaking air conditioners or refrigerators usually
result in transient eye, nose, and throat irritation.
Palpitations, light headedness, and headaches are also
seen.
o HIGH CONCENTRATION - Inhalation associated with
deliberate abuse, or spills or industrial use occurring
in poorly ventilated areas has been associated with
ventricular arrhythmias, pulmonary edema and sudden
death.
HEENT
0.2.4.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o EYES - Eye irritation occurs with ambient exposure.
Frostbite of the lids may be severe. Ocular
instillation results in corneal burns in rabbits.
o NOSE - Nasal irritation occurs with ambient exposure.
o THROAT - Irritation occurs. Frostbite of the lips,
tongue, buccal mucosa and hard palate developed in a
man after deliberate inhalation.
CARDIOVASCULAR
0.2.5.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Inhalation of high concentrations is associated with
the development of refractory ventricular arrhythmias
and sudden death, believed to be secondary, primarily,
to myocardial sensitization to endogenous
catecholamines. Some individuals may be susceptible to
arrhythmogenic effects at lower concentrations.
RESPIRATORY
0.2.6.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Pulmonary irritation, bronchial constriction, cough,
dyspnea, and chest tightness may develop after
inhalation. Chronic pulmonary hyperreactivity may
occur. Adult respiratory distress syndrome has been
reported following acute inhalational exposures.
Pulmonary edema is an autopsy finding in fatal cases.
NEUROLOGIC
0.2.7.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Headache, dizziness, and disorientation are common.
Cerebral edema may be found on autopsy. A syndrome of
impaired psychomotor speed, impaired memory and
learning, and emotional lability has been described in
workers with chronic occupational exposure to
fluorinated hydrocarbons.
GASTROINTESTINAL
0.2.8.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Nausea may develop. Ingestion of a small amount of
trichlorofluoromethane resulted in necrosis and
perforation of the stomach in one patient.
HEPATIC
0.2.9.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Jaundice and mild elevations in transaminases may
develop after inhalational exposure or ingestion.
Hepatocellular coagulative necrosis has been observed
on liver biopsy.
DERMATOLOGIC
0.2.14.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Dermal contact may result in defatting, irritation or
contact dermatitis. Severe frostbite has been reported
as an effect of freon exposure. Injection causes
transient pain, erythema and edema.
MUSCULOSKELETAL
0.2.15.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Rhabdomyolysis has been reported in a worker
susceptible to malignant hyperthermia after exposure to
fluorinated hydrocarbons and also following intentional
freon inhalation. Compartment syndrome is a rare
complication of severe exposure.
REPRODUCTIVE HAZARDS
o Dichlorodifluoromethane was not teratogenic in rats and
rabbits.
o The reproductive effects of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane
were studied in rats. No adverse effects on
reproductive performance was noted or on the
development, maturation or reproductive performance of
up to two successive generations.
GENOTOXICITY
o The hydrochlorofluorocarbons, HCFC-225ca and HCFC-225cb,
were not mutagenic in the Ames reverse mutation assay,
or clastogenic in the chromosomal aberration assay with
Chinese hamster lung cells. Neither induced unscheduled
DNA synthesis in liver cells. Both of these agents were
clastogenic in the chromosomal aberration assay with
human lymphocytes.
Laboratory:
o Fluorinated hydrocarbons plasma levels are not clinically
useful.
o No specific lab work (CBC, electrolyte, urinalysis) is
needed unless otherwise indicated.
o Obtain baseline pulse oximetry or arterial blood gas
analysis.
Treatment Overview:
SUMMARY EXPOSURE
o Monitor EKG and vital signs carefully. Cardiopulmonary
resuscitation may be necessary.
ORAL EXPOSURE
o These substances may cause frostbite to the upper airway
and gastrointestinal tract after ingestion. Administer
oxygen and manage airway as clinically indicated.
Emesis, activated charcoal, and gastric lavage are not
recommended.
INHALATION EXPOSURE
o MONITOR ECG and VITAL SIGNS carefully. Cardiopulmonary
resuscitation may be necessary. AVOID CATECHOLAMINES.
o PROVIDE A QUIET CALM ATMOSPHERE to prevent adrenaline
surge if the patient is seen before the onset of cardiac
arrhythmias. Minimize physical exertion.
o MONITOR pulse oximetry or arterial blood gases.
o Provide symptomatic and supportive care.
o These substances may cause frostbite of the upper airway
with the potential for severe edema. Administer oxygen
and manage airway early in patients with evidence of
upper airway injury.
o PULMONARY EDEMA (NONCARDIOGENIC): Maintain ventilation
and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial
blood gas or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of
PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
EYE EXPOSURE
o DECONTAMINATION: Irrigate exposed eyes with copious
amounts of tepid water for at least 15 minutes. If
irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia
persist, the patient should be seen in a health care
facility.
o Ophthamologic consultation should be obtained in any
symptomatic patients.
DERMAL EXPOSURE
o DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash
exposed area thoroughly with soap and water. A
physician may need to examine the area if irritation or
pain persists.
o If frostbite has occurred, refer to dermal treatment in
the main body of this document for rewarming.
Range of Toxicity:
o Freons are very toxic when inhaled in high concentrations
and/or for extended periods. At lower concentrations or
brief exposure, freons may cause transient eye, nose, and
throat irritation. There is significant interpatient
variation and it is difficult to predict which patient
will exhibit symptoms following exposure.
... IF INHALATION OCCURS, EPINEPHRINE OR OTHER SYMPATHOMIMETIC AMINES &
ADRENERGIC ACTIVATORS SHOULD NOT BE ADMIN SINCE THEY WILL FURTHER SENSITIZE
HEART TO DEVELOPMENT OF ARRHYTHMIAS. /FLUOROCARBONS/ [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1201]**PEER REVIEWED**
Emergency treatment is supportive and includes decontamination, oxygen, and
any specific therapy required in a particular case such as antiarrhythmics or
anticonvulsants. A few patients may require intermittent positive-pressure ventilation,
dialysis, or treatment for hepatic failure. /Solvent abuse/ [Haddad, L.M., Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose.
2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. 1259]**PEER REVIEWED**
... In persons who are intoxicated with fluorocarbons, steps can be taken
to lessen the risk of arrhythmias. ... Before evaluation at the hospital, patients
should be advised to avoid strenuous exercise. In the hospital, patients can
be placed in a quiet, nonthreatening environment and sedated if necessary. If
hypoxic, oxygen should be administered and metabolic abnormalities corrected.
Sympathomimetic drugs should be avoided. Ventricular arrhythmias are best treated
with beta-blocking agents. /Fluorocarbons/ [Haddad, L.M., Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose.
2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. 81]**PEER REVIEWED**
Patients with fluorohydrocarbon poisoning should not be given epinephrine
(Adrenalin) or similar drugs because of the tendency of fluorohydrocarbon to
induce cardiac arrhythmia, including ventricular fibrillation. /Fluorohydrocarbons/
[Zenz, C. Occupational Medicine-Principles and Practical Applications.
2nd ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Yearbook, Inc, 1988. 543]**PEER REVIEWED**
Victims of Freon inhalation require management for hypoxic, CNS anesthetic,
and cardiac symptoms. Patients must be removed from the exposure environment,
and high-flow supplemental oxygen should be utilized. The respiratory system
should be evaluated for injury, aspiration, or pulmonary edema and treated appropriately.
CNS findings should be treated supportively. a calm environment with no physical
exertion is imperative to avoid increasing endogenous adrenergic levels. Exogenous
adrenergic drugs must not be used to avoid inducing sensitized myocardial dysrhythmias.
Atropine is ineffective in treating bradyarrhythmias. For ventricular dysrhythmias,
diphenylhydantoin and countershock may be effective. Cryogenic dermal injuries
should be treated by water bath rewarming at 40 to 42 deg C until vasodilatory
flush has returned. Elevation of the limb and standard frostbite management
with late surgical debridement should be utilized. Ocular exposure requires
irrigation and slit-lamp evaluation for injury. /Freons/ [Haddad, L.M., Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose.
2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. 1282]**PEER REVIEWED**
... IF INHALATION OCCURS, EPINEPHRINE OR OTHER SYMPATHOMIMETIC AMINES &
ADRENERGIC ACTIVATORS SHOULD NOT BE ADMIN SINCE THEY WILL FURTHER SENSITIZE
HEART TO DEVELOPMENT OF ARRHYTHMIAS. /FLUOROCARBONS/ [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1195]**PEER REVIEWED**
Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for
signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations as needed. Administer
oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Minimize physical activity and
provide a quiet atmosphere. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary
... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination,
flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal
saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. Rinse mouth and administer
5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a
strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Treat
frostbite with rapid rewarming techniques ... . /Chlorinated fluorocarbons (CFCs)
and related compounds/ [Bronstein, A.C., P.L. Currance; Emergency Care for Hazardous
Materials Exposure. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO. Mosby Lifeline. 1994. 192]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway
control in the patient who is unconscious or in respiratory arrest. Positive
pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial.
Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start an IV
with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if
signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Consider
drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Treat seizures with diazepam ... . Use
proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Chlorinated fluorocarbons
(CFCs) and related compounds/ [Bronstein, A.C., P.L. Currance; Emergency Care for Hazardous
Materials Exposure. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO. Mosby Lifeline. 1994. 192]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Animal Toxicity Studies:
Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts:
... EXPOSURE AT 20% BY VOLUME CAUSED TREMORS AND CONVULSIONS IN DOGS. AFTER
SINGLE 8-HOUR EXPOSURES THE ANIMALS RECOVERED, BUT REPEATED EXPOSURES FOR 8
HOURS DAILY WERE FATAL AFTER 3 OR 4 DAYS. SINGLE 16-HOUR EXPOSURES WERE ALSO
LETHAL TO DOGS. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation
of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air. Third Edition,
1971. Cincinnati, Ohio: AmericanConference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
1971. (Plus supplements to 1979) 82]**PEER REVIEWED**
... Dogs survived 21 eight-hr exposures at 142,000 - 150,000 ppm CFC-114;
the animals showed slight blood changes & symptoms ranging from in coordination
to occasional convulsions. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc.
Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices.
6th ed. Volumes I,II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991. 443]**PEER REVIEWED**
... Dogs survived eight-hr exposures at 200,000 ppm CFC-114; however a single
16-hr exposure or three to four 8-hr exposures were lethal. High concn produced
clinical signs of tremors, convulsions, & incoordination. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc.
Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices.
6th ed. Volumes I,II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991. 443]**PEER REVIEWED**
... CONCENTRATIONS AROUND 1% CAUSED SLIGHT IRRITATION IN GUINEA PIGS; CONCENTRATIONS
OF 2 TO 4.7% CAUSED DISTINCT IRRITATION AND INCREASED RESPIRATION, BUT NO PATHOLOGICAL
CHANGES AFTER 2 HOURS. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation
of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air. Third Edition,
1971. Cincinnati, Ohio: AmericanConference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
1971. (Plus supplements to 1979) 82]**PEER REVIEWED**
... AN INCR IN RED BLOOD CELLS, HEMOGLOBIN, & /IMMATURE/ FORMS OF POLYMORPHONUCLEAR
LEUCOCYTES /WERE REPORTED IN DOGS FOLLOWING EXPOSURE TO VAPORS/. [Patty, F. (ed.). Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume II:
Toxicology. 2nd ed. New York: Interscience Publishers, 1963. 1130]**PEER REVIEWED**
AT CONCN OF 10-20%, DICHLOROTETRAFLUOROETHANE INFLUENCED EITHER RESP OR CIRCULATION
OR BOTH WHEN TESTED USING RHESUS MONKEYS. [AVIADO DM, SMITH DG; TOXICOLOGY 3 (2): 241-52 (1975)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
DICHLOROTETRAFLUOROETHANE DECR MEAN AORTIC BLOOD PRESSURE & MEAN PULMONARY
ARTERIAL PRESSURE IN DOGS. [SIMAAN JA, AVIADO DM; TOXICOLOGY 5 (2): 139-46 (1975)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
INHALATION OF 2.5% DICHLOROTETRAFLUOROETHANE BY DOGS CAUSED DEPRESSION OF
MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTILITY, AORTIC HYPOTENSION, DECR IN CARDIAC OUTPUT, &
INCR IN PULMONARY VASCULAR RESISTANCE. [SIMAAN JA, AVIADO DM; TOXICOLOGY 5 (2): 127-8 (1975)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
FREON 114 DECR VASCULAR RESISTANCE OF PERFUSED LIMB, AS REFLECTED BY DECR
IN MEAN FEMORAL ARTERIAL PERFUSION PRESSURE, IN VAGOTOMIZED BUT NOT IN INTACT
DOG PREPN. FREON 114 EXHIBITS VASOPRESSOR EFFECT ON SKELETAL MUSCLE VASCULAR
BED IN DOG PREPN WHICH IS OVERCOME BY HYPOTENSION-INDUCED ACTIVATION OF SYMPATHETIC
SYSTEM BUT WHICH BECOMES EVIDENT WHEN REFLEX ACTIVITY IS PREVENTED BY VAGOTOMY.
[SIMAAN JA, AVIADO DM; TOXICOLOGY 5 (3): 287-95 (1976)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Animal studies indicate that lethality and cardiotoxicity of FC-114 is less
than FC-11 and about equal to that of FC-12. The respiratory effects of FC-114
vary, depending on the animal species. This fluorocarbon causes respiratory
depression in monkey & stimulation in the rat, with no significant effect
in the dog. Pulmonary compliance is reduced in the dog & rat but not in
the monkey. [Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial
Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John
Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. 3092]**PEER REVIEWED**
IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS VARIABLE DEGREES OF TACHYCARDIA, MYOCARDIAL DEPRESSION,
AND HYPOTENSION HAVE BEEN DESCRIBED. [Hamilton, A., and H. L. Hardy. Industrial Toxicology. 3rd ed.
Acton, Mass.: Publishing Sciences Group, Inc., 1974. 293]**PEER REVIEWED**
The histologic alteration induced by spray refrigerants independent of and
in combination with dermal abrasion were studied with the use of the domestic
pig as a model. Tissue injury was found to be a function of spray duration and
freeze intensity. Both preabrasion freezing and postabrasion refreezing could
produce damage additive to that of mechanical planning. Skin surface and intradermal
temperature variations during refrigeration were recorded. [Dzubow LM; J Am Acad Dermatol 12 (5): 796-810 (1985)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
CFC-114 caused no effects in mice, rats, guinea-pigs, cats, or dogs after
intermittent exposure to concentrations as high as 711 g/cu m (100 000 ppm).
At higher dose levels (995-1422 g/cu m; 140,000-200,000 ppm) signs of intoxication
were noted in guinea-pigs, dogs, rats, and mice. [WHO; Enviornmental Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons
p.72 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**
CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, and CFC-114 at 40% in sesame oil were sprayed onto
shaved rabbit skin for 12 exposures with no effect. [WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons
p.73 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**
CFC-114 did not produce irritation when sprayed directly on the backs of guinea-pigs.
[WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons
p.74 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**
CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-114, and mixtures of CFC-11 and CFC-12 and of CFC-11 and
CFC-22 /were applied/ to the skin, tongue, soft palate and auditory canal of
rats, 1-2 times/day, 5 days/week, for 5-6 weeks. The same compounds were applied
once a day, 5 days/week for 1 month to the eye of rabbits. Slight irritation
was noted only in the skin of the rats and in the eye of the rabbits. The healing
rate of experimental burns on the skin of rabbits, however, was noticeably retarded
by all of the compounds. [WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons
p.74 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Experimental evidence suggests that increased UV-B irradiation at the earth's
surface, resulting from ozone depletion /caused by the atmospheric chlorofluorocarbons/,
would have deleterious effects on both terrestrial and aquatic biota. Despite
uncertainties resulting from the complexities of field experiments, the data
currently available suggest that crop yields and forest productivity are vulnerable
to increased levels of solar UV-B radiation. Existing data also suggest that
increased UV-B radiation will motify the distribution and abundance of plants,
and change ecosystem structure. /UV-B Radiation/ [WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons
p.18 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Various studies of marine ecosystems have demonstrated that UV-B radiation
causes damage to fish larvae and juveniles, shrimp larvae, crab larvae, copepods,
and plants essential to the marine food web. These damaging effects include
decreased fecundity, growth, and survival. Experimental evidence suggests that
even small increases in ambient UV-B exposure could result in significant ecosystem
changes. /UV-B Radiation/ [WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons
p.18 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Short-term inhalation studies have been reported for CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-112,
CFC-113, CFC-114, and CFC-115. The results showed low toxicity, and the effects
observed were related mainly to the CNS, respiratory tract, and the liver. Oral
toxicity studies have confirmed the low toxicity. [WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons
p.18 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**
CFC-12 and CFC-114 do not markedly affect oxygen consumption or oxidative
phosphorylation in mitochondria isolated from the liver, lung, brain,
heart, or kidney of rats exposed to about 7.5% chlorofluorocarbons prior to
mitochondrial isolation. [WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons
p.87 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**
EARLY ANIMAL ... WORK INDICATED THAT HIGH VAPOR CONCN (EG, 20%) MAY CAUSE
CONFUSION, PULMONARY IRRITATION, TREMORS & RARELY COMA, BUT THAT THESE EFFECTS
WERE GENERALLY TRANSIENT & WITHOUT LATE SEQUELAE. /FLUOROCARBON REFRIGERANTS
& PROPELLANTS/ [Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology
of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. II-159]**PEER
REVIEWED**
As a low pressure fluorocarbon, FC 142b has a level of toxicity lower than
FC 11 & FC 114, but higher than FC C-318. The known range of effect of FC
142b is less than that of FC 114. The following characteristics of FC 114 are
not observed when FC 142b is administered; cardiac arrhythmia & tachycardia
in the monkey, epinephrine-induced arrhythmia in the mouse, decreased pulmonary
compliance in the dog, & bronchoconstriction & early respiratory depression
in the monkey. On the contrary, FC 142b is a respiratory stimulant in the monkey
& the dog, & this fluorocarbon is the only one known to exert a nondepressant
CNS effect in two animal species. /Fluorocarbons/ [Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial
Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John
Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. 3095]**PEER REVIEWED**
The effects of dichlorotetrafluoroethane, Arcton 114, on the heart of rats
were examined in 17 white rats. The animals inhaled dichlorotetrafluoroethane
for 1 or 1.5 min. Severe ECG changes including marked bradycardia, atrioventricular
heart block of the 2nd degree and complete heart block were registered. Cardiac
standstill appearing 11-31 min after inhalation was a death cause in all rats.
These results are similar to the effects of dichlorodifluoromethane (Arcton
12) on the heart of rats. (There is epidemiological and clinical evidence relating
increasing asthma mortality to the increased use of pressurized aerosol bronchodilators.)
[Durakovic Z et al; Jpn Heart J 17 (6): 753-9 (1976)]**PEER REVIEWED**
The immune system of experimental animals is suppressed in specific ways by
UV-B radiation. This results in a decreased resistance to implanted UV-B induced
tumors and an increased growth of such tumors in mice, in the suppression of
sensitization by contact allergens, and the response to allergens in sensitized
animals. /Chlorofluorocarbons/ [WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons
p.101 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**
... Chlorofluorocarbons could sensitize the canine myocardium to adrenaline,
resulting in serious cardiac arrhythmias. /CFCs/ [Rom, W.N. (ed.). Environmental and Occupational Medicine. 2nd
ed. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company, 1992. 1300]**PEER REVIEWED**
Repeated application of CFC-114 to rabbit skin as a 40% solution in sesame
oil was without effect. Repeated spraying with CFC-114 produced local inflammation
in rat skin & the mucous membranes of rabbit eyes, but microscopic examination
showed no injury to the eyeball. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc.
Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices.
6th ed. Volumes I,II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991. 443]**PEER REVIEWED**
... A 2-week exposure of rats at 200,000 ppm, 2.5 hr/day, 5 days/week, resulted
in a decreased growth rate & some pulmonary & hematologic effects; similar
exposure at 100,000 ppm did not produce these effects. A 4-week study with twenty
3.5-hr. exposures at 100,000 ppm revealed no effects in dogs, cats, guinea pigs,
& rats. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc.
Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices.
6th ed. Volumes I,II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991. 443]**PEER REVIEWED**
Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics:
Absorption, Distribution & Excretion:
Human & animal studies indicate rapid excretion of inhaled FC-114. In
a study with radiolabeled FC-114, 30 min retention of the dose inhaled in a
single breath was 12% versus 23%, 10%, & 20% for comparable doses of FC-11,
FC-12, and FC-113, respectively. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc.
Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices.
6th ed. Volumes I,II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991. 444]**PEER REVIEWED**
... MAIN FACTOR AFFECTING FATE OF FLUOROCARBONS IS BODY FAT, WHERE THEY ARE
CONCENTRATED & SLOWLY RELEASED INTO BLOOD @ CONCN THAT SHOULD NOT CAUSE
ANY RISK OF CARDIAC SENSITIZATION. /FLUOROCARBONS/ [National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health Volume
1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977. 781]**PEER REVIEWED**
THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT ACCUMULATION OF FLUOROCARBONS
IN BRAIN, LIVER & LUNG COMPARED TO BLOOD LEVELS, SIGNIFYING A TISSUE DISTRIBUTION
OF FLUOROCARBONS SIMILAR TO THAT OF CHLOROFORM. /FLUOROCARBONS/ [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1203]**PEER REVIEWED**
Abosrption of fluorocarbons is much lower after oral ingestion (35-48 times)
than after inhalation. ... The lung generally has the highest fluorocarbon concentrations
on autopsy. /Fluorocarbons/ [Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis
and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing
Co., Inc. 1988. 884]**PEER REVIEWED**
Although fluorocarbons cause cardiac sensitization in certain animal species,
rapid elimination prevents the development of cardiotoxic concentrations from
aerosol bronchodilator use except at exceedingly high doses (12 to 24 doses
in 2 minutes). /Fluorocarbons/ [Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis
and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing
Co., Inc. 1988. 884]**PEER REVIEWED**
FLUOROCARBON COMPOUNDS ARE LIPID-SOLUBLE AND THUS ARE GENERALLY WELL ABSORBED
THROUGH LUNG. ABSORPTION AFTER INGESTION IS 35 TO 48 TIMES LOWER THAN AFTER
INHALATION. ... FLUOROCARBONS ARE ELIMINATED BY WAY OF LUNG. /FLUOROCARBON COMPOUNDS/
[National Research Council. Drinking Water and Health. Volume
3. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1980. 101]**PEER REVIEWED**
Radioactive tracer techniques measured the partition coefficients of 4 aliphatic
fluorinated hydrocarbons in olive oil and serum. These compounds had a low lipid
solubility compared to the aliphatic chlorinated hydrocarbons. (38)Cl labeled
fluorocarbons were administered to volunteers in a single breath, to simulate
administration from pressurized bronchodilator aerosols in which they are used
as propellants. Measurements were made of the change in concentration in alveolar
air with breathholding time, and the elimination in breath during normal breathing
over a period of 30 min. Because of their low lipid solubility, much of the
inhaled fluorocarbon vapor was exhaled without being absorbed. After 30 min
the fraction of administered material retained varied from about 10% for fluorocarbon
114 to 23% for fluorocarbon 11. A few measurements were made of levels of fluorocarbons
in venous blood. These showed that after 5 min only a small fraction of the
retained material was present in the blood stream. The rate of transfer to other
compartments was less rapid for fluorocarbon 11 than for fluorocarbons 12 and
114. [Morgan A et al; Int J Appl Radiat Isot 23 (6): 285-91 (1972)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Regardless of the route of entry, chlorofluorocarbons appear to be eliminated
almost exclusively through the respiratory tract. Little, if any, chlorofluorocarbon
or metabolite has ever been reported in urine or feces. /Chlorofluorocarbons/
[WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons
p.60 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Interactions:
Cardiac sensitization potential is considered moderate. /Investigators/ ...
found serious arrhythmia in 1 of 12 dogs exposed to an atmosphere of 25,000
ppm FC-114 plus an iv /injection of/ epinephrine. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation
of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 5th ed. Cincinnati,
OH:American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1986. 191]**PEER
REVIEWED**
If inhalation occurs, epinephrine or other sympathomimetic amine and adrenergic
activators should not be admin since they will further sensitize heart to development
of arrhythmias. /Fluorocarbons/ [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1201]**PEER REVIEWED**
Whether inhalation of a freon gas mixture, the propellant of the commercial
metered dose aerosols, consisting of freons 11, 12 and 114, reduces the bronchodilating
effects of inhaled salbutamol or ipratropium bromide or causes cardiac arrhythmias
in control, asthmatic and bronchitic patients was studied. FEV1 (1 sec forced
expiratory volume) and flows measured at different lung volumes on the maximal
effort expiratory flow volume curve were measured for 6 hr. Inhalation of freon
caused no significant overall reduction in the salbutamol and ipratropium bromide
response in any group. Arrhythmias only occurred among the asthmatic and bronchitic
patients, and were most frequent after salbutamol. Ventricular extrasystoles
occurred in 3 cases, all after salbutamol and in 2 of these in combination with
freon inhalation. In 1 patient there was also hypoxia and hypercapnia. The combined
effects of hypoxia, hypercapnia, catecholamines and freon on the heart are a
more likely cause of arrhythmia than the effect of freon alone. [Thiessen B, Pedersen OF; Eur J Respir Dis 61 (3): 156-61 (1980)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
The effect of a mixture of Freon 12 and Freon 114 in a 40 to 60 ratio on arterial
pressure and cardiac rhythm in cats was studied. Eighteen tests were performed
on ten cats anesthetized with urethane. A tracheotomy was performed and 3 g
of the freon mixture was sprayed for 20 sec into the opening. During the test,
heart rate, breathing, and arterial pressure were monitored. The amount of freon
consumed was measured by weighing the aerosol container before and after use.
Within 13 sec, arterial pressure began to drop. By the end of the test, the
pressure had decreased from 110 to 50 or 25 ml. Within 3 min of the end of the
test, arterial pressure had returned to initial value. The sinus rhythm of the
heart decreased an average of 10 strokes/min. One cat suffered an atrioventricular
blockade with a subsequent fibrillation of the ventricles. Changes in frequency
and depth of breathing were insignificant except for one case of brief apnea.
These compounds may be cardiotoxic, and further studies are needed to determine
optimum, harmless dose. [Gelis LG et al; Zdravookhranenie Belorussii (8): 33-4 (1975)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Many unsubstituted and halogenated hydrocarbons were capable of sensitizing
the mammalian heart to iv injected epinephrine, resulting in serious and sometimes
fatal cardiac arrhythmias. This experiment was performed to determine if cardiac
sensitization could occur in animals in the absence of an exogenous source of
epinephrine as this phenomenon was alleged to cause sudden deaths in humans
in the absence of exogenous epinephrine. Beagle dogs were trained to run on
a treadmill to increase their circulating level of epinephrine. While being
exercised, they were exposed to fluorocarbon 11, fluorocarbon 12 or fluorocarbon
114, which were tested previously and found to be capable of sensitizing the
dog's heart to iv injected epinephrine. While fluorocarbon 12 and fluorocarbon
114 produced cardiac sensitization, a higher concentration was needed to produce
this effect than with the iv administration of epinephrine. Cardiac sensitization
was not produced by fluorocarbon 11 at the levels tested. None of the animals
died. [Mullin LS et al; Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 33 (6): 389-36 (1972)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Pharmacology:
Therapeutic Uses:
MEDICATION (VET): IN VARIOUS "SKIN FREEZES" ALONE OR WITH OTHER AGENTS BY
AEROSOL APPLICATION. RECOMMENDED FOR SPRAYING OF SNAKE & INSECT BITES TO
RETARD ABSORPTION OF VENOM. [Rossoff, I.S. Handbook of Veterinary Drugs. New York: Springer
Publishing Company, 1974. 165]**PEER REVIEWED**
Interactions:
Cardiac sensitization potential is considered moderate. /Investigators/ ...
found serious arrhythmia in 1 of 12 dogs exposed to an atmosphere of 25,000
ppm FC-114 plus an iv /injection of/ epinephrine. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation
of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 5th ed. Cincinnati,
OH:American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1986. 191]**PEER
REVIEWED**
If inhalation occurs, epinephrine or other sympathomimetic amine and adrenergic
activators should not be admin since they will further sensitize heart to development
of arrhythmias. /Fluorocarbons/ [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1201]**PEER REVIEWED**
Whether inhalation of a freon gas mixture, the propellant of the commercial
metered dose aerosols, consisting of freons 11, 12 and 114, reduces the bronchodilating
effects of inhaled salbutamol or ipratropium bromide or causes cardiac arrhythmias
in control, asthmatic and bronchitic patients was studied. FEV1 (1 sec forced
expiratory volume) and flows measured at different lung volumes on the maximal
effort expiratory flow volume curve were measured for 6 hr. Inhalation of freon
caused no significant overall reduction in the salbutamol and ipratropium bromide
response in any group. Arrhythmias only occurred among the asthmatic and bronchitic
patients, and were most frequent after salbutamol. Ventricular extrasystoles
occurred in 3 cases, all after salbutamol and in 2 of these in combination with
freon inhalation. In 1 patient there was also hypoxia and hypercapnia. The combined
effects of hypoxia, hypercapnia, catecholamines and freon on the heart are a
more likely cause of arrhythmia than the effect of freon alone. [Thiessen B, Pedersen OF; Eur J Respir Dis 61 (3): 156-61 (1980)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
The effect of a mixture of Freon 12 and Freon 114 in a 40 to 60 ratio on arterial
pressure and cardiac rhythm in cats was studied. Eighteen tests were performed
on ten cats anesthetized with urethane. A tracheotomy was performed and 3 g
of the freon mixture was sprayed for 20 sec into the opening. During the test,
heart rate, breathing, and arterial pressure were monitored. The amount of freon
consumed was measured by weighing the aerosol container before and after use.
Within 13 sec, arterial pressure began to drop. By the end of the test, the
pressure had decreased from 110 to 50 or 25 ml. Within 3 min of the end of the
test, arterial pressure had returned to initial value. The sinus rhythm of the
heart decreased an average of 10 strokes/min. One cat suffered an atrioventricular
blockade with a subsequent fibrillation of the ventricles. Changes in frequency
and depth of breathing were insignificant except for one case of brief apnea.
These compounds may be cardiotoxic, and further studies are needed to determine
optimum, harmless dose. [Gelis LG et al; Zdravookhranenie Belorussii (8): 33-4 (1975)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Many unsubstituted and halogenated hydrocarbons were capable of sensitizing
the mammalian heart to iv injected epinephrine, resulting in serious and sometimes
fatal cardiac arrhythmias. This experiment was performed to determine if cardiac
sensitization could occur in animals in the absence of an exogenous source of
epinephrine as this phenomenon was alleged to cause sudden deaths in humans
in the absence of exogenous epinephrine. Beagle dogs were trained to run on
a treadmill to increase their circulating level of epinephrine. While being
exercised, they were exposed to fluorocarbon 11, fluorocarbon 12 or fluorocarbon
114, which were tested previously and found to be capable of sensitizing the
dog's heart to iv injected epinephrine. While fluorocarbon 12 and fluorocarbon
114 produced cardiac sensitization, a higher concentration was needed to produce
this effect than with the iv administration of epinephrine. Cardiac sensitization
was not produced by fluorocarbon 11 at the levels tested. None of the animals
died. [Mullin LS et al; Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 33 (6): 389-36 (1972)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Environmental Fate & Exposure:
Environmental Fate/Exposure Summary:
1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane's former production and use as an aerosol
propellent, foaming agent and refrigerant lead to its release to the environment
through various waste streams. Based on a vapor pressure of 2,014 mm Hg at 25
deg C, 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane is expected to exist solely in
the gas-phase in the ambient atmosphere. Gas-phase 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
is extremely stable in the troposphere. This compound does not react with photochemically
produced hydroxyl radicals, ozone molecules or nitrate radicals in the troposphere.
This compound will gradually diffuse into the stratosphere above the ozone layer
where it will slowly degrade due to direct photolysis from UV-C radiation and
contribute to the catalytic removal of stratospheric ozone. 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
is expected to have moderate mobility in soils based upon an estimated Koc value
of 815. This compound is expected to volatilize rapidly from dry soil surfaces
based on its vapor pressure. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected
based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.8 atm-cu m/mole. 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
and other chlorofluorocarbons have been shown to biodegrade under anaerobic
conditions, but not aerobic conditions. In water, 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
is expected to adsorb to sediment or particulate matter given its estimated
Koc value. This compound is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces
given its estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated half-lives for a model river
and model lake are 1 hour and 5 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 82 suggests
the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. Occupational
exposure may be through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at
workplaces where 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane is still used, such
as refrigerant service stations. However, since this compound is no longer produced
in the US, very little occupational exposure is expected. Due to its long atmospheric
residence time, the general population is exposed to 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
through inhalation of ambient air. (SRC) **PEER REVIEWED**
Probable Routes of Human Exposure:
Refrigerant 114 can affect the body if it is inhaled or if the liquid comes
in contact with the eyes or skin. It can also affect the body if it is swallowed.
[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.).
NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH)
PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
Jan. 1981. 1]**PEER REVIEWED**
NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 3,084 workers
(112 of these are female) are potentially exposed to 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
in the US(1). Occupational exposure may be through inhalation and dermal contact
with this compound at workplaces where 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
is still used(SRC). This survey was conducted prior to the Montreal Protocol
which scheduled the production phase-out of this compound and other chlorofluorocarbons,
and is not an accurate measure of the current occupational exposure(SRC). Due
to its long atmospheric residence time, the general population may be exposed
to 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane via inhalation of ambient air(SRC).
[(1) NIOSH; National Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES) (1983)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Average Daily Intake:
AIR: (assume 10.5 - 32 parts per trillion(1,2)) 1.5 - 4.5 ug/day(SRC). [(1) Fabian P et al; J Geophys Res 90: 13091-3 (1985) (2) Brodzinsky
R, Singh HB; pp. 23 and 184 in Volatile Organic Chemicals in the Atmosphere:
An Assessment of Available Data Menlo Park, CA: SRI International (1982)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Artificial Pollution Sources:
1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane's former production and use as an aerosol
propellent, foaming agent and refrigerant(1) lead to its release to the environment
through various waste streams(SRC). [(1) Sibley HW; Kirk-Othmer Encycl Chem Technol. 4th ed. NY,
NY: Wiley 21: 128-49 (1997)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental Fate:
TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(1), an estimated
Koc value of 815(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 2.82(2) and a recommended
regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
is expected from moist soil surfaces(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant
of 2.8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), determined from a vapor pressure of 2,014 mm Hg(4)
and water solubility of 130 mg/l at 25 deg C(4). 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
is expected to volatilize rapidly from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based on its vapor
pressure(4). 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane and other chlorofluorocarbons
have been shown to biodegrade under anaerobic conditions, but not aerobic conditions(5).
[(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 23 (1983) (2) Hansch C, Leo
A; Exploring QSAR Fundamentals and Applications in Chemistry and Biology. Washington,
DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 3 (1995) (3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property
Estimation Methods. Washington DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-9 (1990) (4) Riddick
JA et al; Organic Solvents: Physical Properties and Methods of Purification
4th ed NY, NY: Wiley Interscience (1986) (5) Sylvestre M et al; Crit Rev Environ
Sci Technol 27: 87-111 (1997)]**PEER REVIEWED**
AQUATIC FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(1), an estimated
Koc value of 815(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 2.82(2) and a recommended
regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(3) based on a Henry's
Law constant of 2.8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), determined from a vapor pressure of
2,014 mm Hg(4) and water solubility of 130 mg/l at 25 deg C(4). Estimated half-lives
for a model river and model lake are 1 hour and 5 days, respectively(SRC). According
to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF value of 82(SRC), determined
from the log Kow(2), and a regression-derived equation(3), suggests the potential
for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC). 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
and other chlorofluorocarbons have been shown to biodegrade under anaerobic
conditions, but not aerobic conditions(6). [(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 23 (1983) (2) Hansch C, Leo
A; Exploring QSAR Fundamentals and Applications in Chemistry and Biology. Washington,
DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 3 (1995) (3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property
Estimation Methods. Washington DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-9, 5-4, 5-10, 15-1 to
15-29 (1990) (4) Riddick JA et al; Organic Solvents: Physical Properties and
Methods of Purification 4th ed NY, NY: Wiley Interscience (1986) (5) Franke
C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994) (6) Sylvestre M et al; Crit Rev Environ
Sci Technol 27: 87-111 (1997)]**PEER REVIEWED**
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile
organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane,
which has a vapor pressure of 2,014 mm Hg at 25 deg C(2), is expected to exist
solely as a gas in the ambient atmosphere. Gas-phase 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
is extremely stable in the troposphere. This compound does not react with photochemically
produced hydroxyl radicals, ozone molecules or nitrate radicals(3). This compound
will gradually diffuse into the stratosphere above the ozone layer where it
will slowly degrade due to direct photolysis from UV-C radiation and contribute
to the catalytic removal of stratospheric ozone(3). The half-life for this reaction
has been estimated to range from 126 to 310 years(4). [(1) Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-367 (1988) (2)
Riddick JA et al; Organic Solvents: Physical Properties and Methods of Purification
4th ed NY, NY: Wiley Interscience (1986) (3) Fabian P, Gomer D; Fresenius Z
Anal Chem 319: 890-97 (1984) (4) Chou CC et al; J Phys Chem 82: 1-7 (1978)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Environmental Biodegradation:
1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane and other chlorofluorocarbons have
been shown to biodegrade under anaerobic conditions via reductive dehalogenation(1).
[(1) Sylvestre M et al; Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 27: 87-111
(1997)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental Abiotic Degradation:
Gas-phase 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane is extremely stable in the
troposphere. This compound does not react with photochemically produced hydroxyl
radicals, ozone molecules or nitrate radicals(1). This compound will gradually
diffuse into the stratosphere above the ozone layer where it will slowly degrade
due to direct photolysis from UV-C radiation and contribute to the catalytic
removal of stratospheric ozone(1). The half-life for this reaction has been
estimated to range from 126 to 310 years(2). 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
is not expected to undergo hydrolysis or direct photolysis in the troposphere
due to the lack of functional groups that could chemically hydrolyze or absorb
light at environmentally significant wavelengths(3). [(1) Fabian P, Gomer D; Fresenius Z Anal Chem 319: 890-97 (1984)
(2) Chou CC et al; J Phys Chem 82: 1-7 (1978) (3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of
Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4,
7-5 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental Bioconcentration:
An estimated BCF value of 82 was calculated for 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane(SRC),
using a log Kow of 2.82(1) and a recommended regression-derived equation(2).
According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF value suggests that the potential
for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC). [(1) Hansch C, Leo A; Exploring QSAR Fundamentals and Applications
in Chemistry and Biology. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 3 (1995) (2) Lyman
WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington DC: Amer
Chem Soc pp. 5-4, 5-10 (1990) (3) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Soil Adsorption/Mobility:
The Koc of 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane is estimated as approximately
815(SRC), using a log Kow of 2.82(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According
to a recommended classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests
that 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane is expected to have moderate mobility
in soil(SRC). [(1) Hansch C, Leo A; Exploring QSAR Fundamentals and Applications
in Chemistry and Biology. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 3 (1995) (2) Lyman
WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington DC: Amer
Chem Soc pp. 4-9 (1990) (3) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 23 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Volatilization from Water/Soil:
The Henry's Law constant for 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane is estimated
as 2.8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), from its vapor pressure of 2,014 mm Hg(1) and water
solubility of 130 mg/l at 25 deg C(1). This estimated Henry's Law constant indicates
that 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane will volatilize rapidly from water
surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life
from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2)
is estimated as approximately 1 hour(SRC). The volatilization half-life from
a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is
estimated as approximately 5 days(SRC). 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane's
estimated Henry's Law constant(1) indicates that volatilization from moist soil
surfaces is expected occur(SRC). 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane is expected
to volatilize rapidly from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based on its vapor pressure(1).
[(1) Riddick JA et al; Organic Solvents: Physical Properties
and Methods of Purification 4th ed NY, NY: Wiley Interscience (1986) (2) Lyman
WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington DC: Amer
Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Effluent Concentrations:
The annual global emission of 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane was estimated
to range from 13.5-17.7 kilotons during the years 1980-1989(1). [(1) Fisher DA, Midgley PM; Atmos Environ 27A: 271-76 (1993)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Atmospheric Concentrations:
SOURCE DOMINATED: 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane was detected in headspace
gas above groundwater monitoring wells in a landfill at concns of 29,000 ng/cu
m and 420,000 ng/cu m(4). URBAN/SUBURBAN: 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
was detected in ambient air over France between 1982 and 1984 at an avg concn
of 10.5 parts per trillion(1). From 1976-1980 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
was detected in US urban/suburban air at a mean concn of 32 parts per trillion
(median concn 32 parts per trillion) and US rural/remote locations at a mean
concn of 11 parts per trillion (median concn 12 parts per trillion)(2). 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
was detected in San Jose, CA and Downey, CA(1985) at concns of 12-967 and 12-89
parts per trillion, respectively(3). RURAL/REMOTE: From 1979-1981 the avg concn
of 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane over the northern and southern hemispheres
was 14 and 13 parts per trillion respectively(1). 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
was detected over the Norwegian Arctic at an avg concn of 10.9 parts per trillion
in 1983(1). [(1) Fabian P et al; J Geophys Res 90: 13091-93 (1985) (2) Brodzinsky
R, Singh HB; Volatile Organic Chemicals in the Atmosphere: An Assessment of
Available Data Menlo Park CA: SRI Inter Contract 68-02-3452 (1982) (3) Singh
HB et al; Atmos Environ 26A: 2929-46 (1992) (4) Kerfoot HB; J Air Waste Manage
Assoc 44: 1293-98 (1994)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental Standards & Regulations:
FIFRA Requirements:
Residues of dichlorotetrafluoroethane are exempted from the requirement of
a tolerance when used as a propellant in accordance with good agricultural practices
as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied
to growing crops or to raw agricultural commodities after harvest. [40 CFR 180.1001(c) (7/1/2000)]**PEER REVIEWED**
FDA Requirements:
... Essential uses of chlorofluorocarbons: (1) Metered-dose steroid human
drugs for nasal inhalation; (2) Metered-dose steroid human drugs for oral inhalation;
(3) Metered-dose adrenergic bronchodilator human drugs for oral inhalation;
(4) Contraceptive vaginal foams for human use, and (5) Metered-dose ergotamine
tartrate drug products administered by oral inhalation for use in humans; (6)
Intrarectal hydrocortisone acetate for human use; (7) Polymyxin B sulfate-bacitracin
zinc-neomycin sulfate soluble antibiotic powder without excipients, for topical
use on humans; (8) Anesthetic drugs for topical use on accessible mucous membranes
of humans where a cannula is used for application; (9) Metered-dose nitroglycerin
human drugs administered to the oral cavity; (10) Metered-dose cromolyn sodium
human drugs administered by oral inhalation; (11) Metered-dose ipratropium bromide
for oral inhalation; (12) Metered-dose atropine sulfate aerosol human drugs
administered by oral inhalation. /Chlorofluorocarbons/ [21 CFR 2.125 (4/1/91)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Allowable Tolerances:
Residues of dichlorotetrafluoroethane are exempted from the requirement of
a tolerance when used as a propellant in accordance with good agricultural practices
as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied
to growing crops or to raw agricultural commodities after harvest. [40 CFR 180.1001(c) (7/1/2000)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Chemical/Physical Properties:
Molecular Formula:
C2-Cl2-F4 [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals,
Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 408]**PEER REVIEWED**
Molecular Weight:
170.92 [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals,
Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996.,p.
3-154]**PEER REVIEWED**
Color/Form:
Colorless gas ... [Note: A liquid below 38 degrees F. Shipped as a liquefied
compressed gas]. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
102]**PEER REVIEWED**
Odor:
Very slight ethereal odor. [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.).
NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH)
PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
Jan. 1981. 1]**PEER REVIEWED**
Odorless, but has a faint, ether-like odor in high concentrations [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals,
Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 441]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Boiling Point:
3.8 deg C @ 760 mm Hg [Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 79th
ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1998-1999.,p. 3-154]**PEER REVIEWED**
Melting Point:
-94 deg C [Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 79th
ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1998-1999.,p. 3-154]**PEER REVIEWED**
Corrosivity:
Noncorrosive [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals,
Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 441]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Liquid Refrigerant 114 will attack some forms of plastics, rubber, & coatings.
[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.).
NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH)
PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
Jan. 1981. 2]**PEER REVIEWED**
Critical Temperature & Pressure:
Critical temperature: 145.7 deg C; Critical pressure: 3.25 MPa [Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes
1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present.,p. V21 (97) 131]**PEER REVIEWED**
Density/Specific Gravity:
1.455 @ 25 deg C [Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 79th
ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1998-1999.,p. 3-154]**PEER REVIEWED**
Heat of Vaporization:
23.3 kJ/mol @ 3.8 deg C [Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 79th
ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1998-1999.,p. 6-104]**PEER REVIEWED**
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient:
log Kow= 2.82 [Hansch, C., Leo, A., D. Hoekman. Exploring QSAR - Hydrophobic,
Electronic, and Steric Constants. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society.,
1995. 3]**PEER REVIEWED**
Solubilities:
Sol in alcohol, ether [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals,
Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 441]**PEER
REVIEWED**
0.013% in water [Osol, A. (ed.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 16th ed.
Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1980. 1616]**PEER REVIEWED**
Water solubility= 130 mg/l at 25 deg C. [Riddick, J.A., W.B. Bunger, Sakano T.K. Techniques of Chemistry
4th ed., Volume II. Organic Solvents. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons., 1985.]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Spectral Properties:
Index of refraction: 1.3092 @ 0 deg C/D [Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 79th
ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1998-1999.,p. 3-154]**PEER REVIEWED**
MASS: 749 (National Bureau of Standards EPA-NIH Mass Spectra Data Base, NSRDS-NBS-63)
[Weast, R.C. and M.J. Astle. CRC Handbook of Data on Organic
Compounds. Volumes I and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985.,p. V1 604]**PEER
REVIEWED**
MASS: 4272 (National Bureau of Standards EPA-NIH Mass Spectra Data Base, NSRDS-NBS-63)
[Weast, R.C. and M.J. Astle. CRC Handbook of Data on Organic
Compounds. Volumes I and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985.,p. V1 461]**PEER
REVIEWED**
5.9 (AIR= 1) [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.).
NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH)
PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
Jan. 1981. 2]**PEER REVIEWED**
Vapor Pressure:
Vapor pressure= 2014 mm Hg at 25 deg C [Riddick, J.A., W.B. Bunger, Sakano T.K. Techniques of Chemistry
4th ed., Volume II. Organic Solvents. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons., 1985.]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Relative Evaporation Rate:
>1 (butyl acetate= 1) [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.).
NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH)
PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
Jan. 1981. 2]**PEER REVIEWED**
Absorbs less than 0.0025% water [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals,
Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 441]**PEER
REVIEWED**
1 MG/L= 143.1 PPM & 1 PPM= 6.99 MG/CU M @ 25 DEG C, 760 MM HG [Patty, F. (ed.). Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume II:
Toxicology. 2nd ed. New York: Interscience Publishers, 1963. 1329]**PEER REVIEWED**
Vapor pressure: 10 mm Hg @ -72.3 deg C, 1 mm Hg @ -95.4 deg C, 40 mm Hg @
-53.7 deg C, 100 mm Hg @ -39.1 deg C, 400 mm Hg @ -12.0 deg C [Lide, D.R. (ed). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 72nd
ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1991-1992.,p. 6-69]**PEER REVIEWED**
Surface fusion: 12 dyn/cm @ 25 deg C [Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes
1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984.,p. V10 862 (1980)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Critical volume 0.293 l/mol. [Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes
1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984.,p. V10 861 (1980)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Heat capacity: 1.016 J/(kg.k) @ 25 deg C (liquid); 0.711 J/(Kg.K) @ 25 deg
C (vapor @ constant pressure 101.3 kPa) [Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes
1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984.,p. V10 862 (1980)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Viscosity: 0.012 cP @ 101.3 kPa (vapor) [Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes
1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984.,p. V10 862 (1980)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Dielectric constant: 2.26 @ 25 deg C (liquid); 1.0043 @ 26.8 deg C and 50.65
kPa [Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes
1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984.,p. V10 862 (1980)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Enthalpy of fusion: 2.11 cal/g = 8.83 J/g= 1,510 J/mol. [Lide, D.R. (ed). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 72nd
ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1991-1992.,p. 5-83]**PEER REVIEWED**
Critical volume: 293 cu cm/mol; critical density: 0.582 g/cu m. [Lide, D.R. (ed). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 72nd
ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1991-1992.,p. 6-172]**PEER REVIEWED**
Ozone depletion potential: 0.8. (Ozone depletion potential relative to R11=
1.0. Scientific assessment of ozone: 1989.) /From table/ [Baxter V, Fairchild P; Oak Ridge National Laboratory Review
No. 3 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Chemical Safety & Handling:
DOT Emergency Guidelines:
Fire or explosion: Some may burn, but none ignite readily. Containers may
explode when heated. Ruptured cylinders may rocket. [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency
Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase
of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation
(U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials
Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-126]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Health: Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning. Vapors
from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground. Contact
with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite. Fire
may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency
Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase
of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation
(U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials
Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-126]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Public safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number. ... Isolate spill
or leak area immediately for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Many gases are heavier than air
and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements,
tanks). Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency
Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase
of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation
(U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials
Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-126]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Protective clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus
(SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited
protection. [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency
Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase
of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation
(U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials
Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-126]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Evacuation: Large spill: Consider initial down wind evacuation for at least
500 meters (1/3 mile). Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in
a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider
initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency
Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase
of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation
(U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials
Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-126]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Fire: Use extinguishing agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. Small
fires: Dry chemical or CO2. Large fires: Water spray, fog or regular foam. Move
containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Damaged cylinders should
be handled only by specialists. Fire involving tanks: Fight fire from maximum
distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with
flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Do not direct water
at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur. Withdraw immediately in
case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS
stay away from the ends of tanks. Some of these materials, if spilled, may evaporate
leaving a flammable residue. [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency
Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase
of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation
(U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials
Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-126]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Spill or leak: Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if
you can do it without risk. Do not direct water at spill or source of leak.
Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. If possible, turn
leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid. Prevent entry into
waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Allow substance to evaporate.
Ventilate the area. [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency
Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase
of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation
(U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials
Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-126]**PEER
REVIEWED**
First aid: Move victim to fresh air. Call emergency medical care. Apply artificial
respiration if victim is not breathing. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with
liquefied gas, thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water. Keep victim warm and
quiet. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved,
and take precautions to protect themselves. [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency
Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase
of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation
(U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials
Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-126]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:
Refrigerant 114 vapor is a respiratory irritant. ... [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.).
NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH)
PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
Jan. 1981. 1]**PEER REVIEWED**
Fire Fighting Procedures:
/During firefighting wear/ self-contained breathing apparatus with full facepiece
operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode. [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.).
NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH)
PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
Jan. 1981. 4]**PEER REVIEWED**
Evacuation: If fire becomes uncontrollable or container is exposed to direct
flame - consider evacuation of one-half (1/2) mile radius. [Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous
Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association of American
Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994. 359]**PEER REVIEWED**
If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable
for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty).
Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water
from as far a distance as possible. Do not use water on material itself. Use
water spray to knock-down vapors. [Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous
Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association of American
Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994. 359]**PEER REVIEWED**
Toxic Combustion Products:
Toxic substances may be formed on contact with a flame or hot metal surface.
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals,
Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 408]**PEER REVIEWED**
ALL FLUOROCARBONS WILL UNDERGO THERMAL DECOMPOSITION WHEN EXPOSED TO FLAME
OR RED-HOT METAL. DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS OF THE CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS WILL INCLUDE
HYDROFLUORIC & HYDROCHLORIC ACID ALONG WITH SMALLER AMOUNTS OF PHOSGENE
& CARBONYL FLUORIDE. THE LAST COMPOUND
IS VERY UNSTABLE TO HYDROLYSIS & QUICKLY CHANGES TO HYDROFLUORIC ACID &
CARBON DIOXIDE IN THE PRESENCE OF MOISTURE. /FLUOROCARBONS/ [International Labour Office. Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health
and Safety. 4th edition, Volumes 1-4 1998. Geneva, Switzerland: International
Labour Office, 1998.,p. 104.185]**PEER REVIEWED**
IN CONTACT WITH OPEN FLAME OR VERY HOT SURFACE FLUOROCARBONS MAY DECOMP INTO
HIGHLY IRRITANT & TOXIC GASES: CHLORINE, HYDROGEN FLUORIDE
OR CHLORIDE, & EVEN PHOSGENE. /FLUOROCARBON REFRIGERANT & PROPELLANTS/
[Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology
of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. II-159]**PEER
REVIEWED**
UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS, FLUOROCARBON VAPORS MAY DECOMPOSE ON CONTACT WITH
FLAMES OR HOT SURFACES, CREATING THE POTENTIAL HAZARD OF INHALATION OF TOXIC
DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS. /FLUOROCARBONS/ [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1195]**PEER REVIEWED**
Hazardous Reactivities & Incompatibilities:
Incompatible with chemically-active metals such as sodium, potassium, calcium,
powdered aluminum, zinc & magnesium; acids; acid fumes. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
102]**PEER REVIEWED**
Reacts violently with aluminum [Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 6th
ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1984. 966]**PEER REVIEWED**
When heated to decomposition, they emit toxic fumes of /hydrogen flouride/
(F-). /Fluorides/ [Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials.
9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996. 1660]**PEER
REVIEWED**
WHEN HEATED TO DECOMPOSITION OR ON CONTACT WITH ACIDS OR ACID FUMES, THEY
EVOLVE HIGHLY TOXIC CHLORIDE FUMES. /CHLORIDES/ [Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials.
9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996. 715]**PEER REVIEWED**
Hazardous Decomposition:
Toxic gases & vapors (such as hydrogen chloride, phosgene, & hydrogen
fluoride) may be released when Refrigerant
114 decomposes. [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.).
NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH)
PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
Jan. 1981. 2]**PEER REVIEWED**
Under certain conditions, fluorocarbon vapors may decompose on contact with
flames or hot surfaces, creating the potential hazard of inhalation of toxic
decomposition products. /Fluorocarbons/ [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1195]**PEER REVIEWED**
Dangerous; When heated to decomp ... they evolve highly toxic /hydrogen/ chloride
fumes. /Chlorides/ [Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials.
9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996. 715]**PEER REVIEWED**
Dangerous; when heated to decomp ... they emit highly toxic fumes. /Fluorides/
[Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials.
9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996. 1660]**PEER
REVIEWED**
APPEARANCE OF TOXIC DECOMP PRODUCTS SERVES AS WARNING OF OCCURRENCE OF THERMAL
DECOMP & DETECTION OF SHARP ACRID ODOR WARNS OF PRESENCE ... . [Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial
Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John
Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. 3101]**PEER REVIEWED**
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health:
15,000 ppm [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
102]**QC REVIEWED**
Protective Equipment & Clothing:
Employees should be provided with & required to use impervious clothing,
gloves, face shield (8-in minimum) & other appropriate protective clothing
necessary to prevent the skin from becoming wet with liquid Refrigerant 114.
[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.).
NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH)
PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
Jan. 1981. 2]**PEER REVIEWED**
Wear eye protection to prevent any reasonable probability of eye contact.
[Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens,
1985. 2nd ed. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation, 1985. 334]**PEER REVIEWED**
Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent the skin from becoming
frozen from contact with the liquid or from contact with vessels containing
the liquid. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
103]**PEER REVIEWED**
Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact with the liquid that
could result in burns or tissue damage from frostbite. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
103]**PEER REVIEWED**
Quick drench facilities and/or eyewash fountains should be provided within
the immediate work area for emergency use where there is any possibility of
exposure to liquids that are extremely cold or rapidly evaporating. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
103]**PEER REVIEWED**
Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 10,000 ppm: Respirator
Classes: Any supplied-air respirator. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
103]**PEER REVIEWED**
Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 15,000 ppm: Respirator
Class: Any supplied-air respirator operated in a continuous flow mode. Any self-contained
breathing apparatus with a full facepiece. Any supplied-air respirator with
a full facepiece. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
103]**PEER REVIEWED**
Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: Emergency or planned
entry into unknown concn or IDLH conditions: Respirator Classes: Any self-contained
breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand
or other positive pressure mode. Any supplied-air respirator that has a full
facepiece and is operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode
in combination with an auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus operated
in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
103]**PEER REVIEWED**
Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: Escape from suddenly
occurring respiratory hazards: Respirator Classes: Any air-purifying, full-facepiece
respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style, front- or back-mounted organic vapor
canister. Any appropriate escape-type, self-contained breathing apparatus. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
103]**PEER REVIEWED**
Many of the fluorocarbons are good solvents of skin oil, so protective ointment
should be used. /Fluorocarbons/ [Zenz, C. Occupational Medicine-Principles and Practical Applications.
2nd ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Yearbook, Inc, 1988. 544]**PEER REVIEWED**
Forced air ventilation and level of vapor concentration together with the
use of individual breathing devices with independent air supply will minimize
risk of inhalation. Lifelines should be worn when entering tanks or other confined
spaces. /Fluorocarbons/ [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1195]**PEER REVIEWED**
Preventive Measures:
SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is
conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend
not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance,
characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection
equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances
whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact
lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses
should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should
be worn even when contact lenses are in place. **PEER REVIEWED**
Remove clothing immediately if wet or contaminated. [Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens,
1985. 2nd ed. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation, 1985. 334]**PEER REVIEWED**
If the use of respirators is necessary, the only respirators permitted are
those that have been approved by the Mine Safety and Health Administration (formerly
Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration) or by the National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health. In addition to respirator selection, a complete
respiratory protection program should be instituted which includes regular training,
maintenance, inspection, cleaning, and evaluation. [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.).
NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH)
PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
Jan. 1981. 2]**PEER REVIEWED**
Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so
that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or
clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning
procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing
is returned for reuse by the workers. [SRP]**PEER REVIEWED**
If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Attempt to stop leak if
without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to knock-down vapors. [Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous
Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association of American
Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994. 359]**PEER REVIEWED**
SUFFICIENT EXHAUST & GENERAL VENTILATION SHOULD BE PROVIDED TO KEEP VAPOR
CONCN BELOW RECOMMENDED LEVELS. /FLUOROCARBONS/ [International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health
and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office,
1983. 897]**PEER REVIEWED**
INHALATION OF FLUOROCARBON VAPORS SHOULD BE AVOIDED. /FLUOROCARBONS/ [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1195]**PEER REVIEWED**
Forced air ventilation at the level of vapor concentration together with the
use of individual breathing devices with independent air supply will minimize
the risk of inhalation. Lifelines should be worn when entering tanks or other
confined spaces. /Fluorocarbons/ [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1198]**PEER REVIEWED**
Enclosure of process materials and isolation of reaction vessels and proper
design and operation of filling heads for packaging and shipping /are administrative
controls that may be instituted to limit occupational exposure to fluorocarbons
during manufacture, packaging, and use/. /Fluorocarbons/ [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1195]**PEER REVIEWED**
Personnel protection: Keep upwind. Avoid breathing vapors. ... Avoid bodily
contact with the material. [Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous
Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association of American
Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994. 359]**PEER REVIEWED**
If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Attempt to stop leak if
without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to knock-down vapors. [Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous
Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association of American
Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994. 359]**PEER REVIEWED**
APPEARANCE OF TOXIC DECOMP PRODUCTS SERVES AS WARNING OF OCCURRENCE OF THERMAL
DECOMP & DETECTION OF SHARP ACRID ODOR WARNS OF PRESENCE ... ADEQUATE VENTILATION
ALSO AVOIDS PROBLEM OF TOXIC DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS. /FLUOROCARBONS/ [Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial
Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John
Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. 3101]**PEER REVIEWED**
Filling areas should be monitored to ensure that the ambient concn of fluorocarbons
does not exceed 1000 ppm ... Inhalation of fluorocarbon vapors should be avoided
... . If inhalation occurs, epinephrine or other sympathomimetic amines and
adrenergic activators should not be admin since they will further sensitize
heart to development of arrhythmias. /Fluorocarbons/ [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1195]**PEER REVIEWED**
Stability/Shelf Life:
Conditions contributing to instability: heat. [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.).
NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH)
PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
Jan. 1981. 2]**PEER REVIEWED**
Shipment Methods and Regulations:
No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation
in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous
material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition
for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations
(49 CFR 171-177)./ [49 CFR 171.2 (7/1/2000)]**PEER REVIEWED**
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations
are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions
618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed
by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. [IATA. Dangerous Goods Regulations. 41st Ed.Montreal, Canada
and Geneva, Switzerland: International Air Transport Association, Dangerous
Goods Regulations, 2000. 147]**PEER REVIEWED**
Storage Conditions:
Store in cool place free from material of an inflammable nature, in suitable
metal containers. [Reynolds, J.E.F., Prasad, A.B. (eds.) Martindale-The Extra Pharmacopoeia.
28th ed. London: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1982. 1058]**PEER REVIEWED**
Cleanup Methods:
If ... spilled or leaked, the following steps should be taken: 1. Ventilate
area of spill or leak. 2. If the gas is leaking, stop the flow. 3. If the liquid
is spilled or leaked, allow to vaporize. [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.).
NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH)
PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
Jan. 1981. 3]**PEER REVIEWED**
Disposal Methods:
SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary
landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing
land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental
regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. **PEER REVIEWED**
Because of recent discovery of potential ozone decomposition in the stratosphere
by fluorotrichloromethane, this material should be released to the environment
only as a last resort. Waste material should be /recovered and/ returned to
the vendor, or to licensed waste disposal company. [United Nations. Treatment and Disposal Methods for Waste Chemicals
(IRPTC File). Data Profile Series No. 5. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations
Environmental Programme, Dec. 1985. 207]**PEER REVIEWED**
Occupational Exposure Standards:
OSHA Standards:
Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 1000 ppm (7000
mg/cu m). [29 CFR 1910.1000 (7/1/2000)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Threshold Limit Values:
8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA) 1000 ppm [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. TLVs
and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents
and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH. 2000. 31]**PEER REVIEWED**
Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed
three times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 min during a work day,
and under no circumstances should they exceed five times the TLV-TWA, provided
that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. TLVs
and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents
and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH. 2000. 6]**PEER REVIEWED**
A4: Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. TLVs
and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents
and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH. 2000. 31]**PEER
REVIEWED**
NIOSH Recommendations:
Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 Hr Time-Weighted Avg: 1000 ppm (7000 mg/cu
m). [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
102]**PEER REVIEWED**
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health:
15,000 ppm [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
102]**QC REVIEWED**
Other Occupational Permissible Levels:
/MAK:/ Germany (1971): 1000 ppm. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation
of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 5th ed. Cincinnati,
OH:American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1986. 191]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Manufacturing/Use Information:
Major Uses:
For 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 326200)
there are 0 labels match. /SRP: Not registered for current use in the U.S.,
but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and
local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./ [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Pesticide Program's
Chemical Ingredients Database on 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (76-14-2).
Available from the Database Query page at http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/epa/epamenu.htm
as of Sept 8, 2000.]**PEER REVIEWED**
Fully halogenated chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) such as 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
were scheduled for production phase-out in 1987 by the Montreal Protocol. Although
originally scheduled for 50% production phase-out by the year 2000 in developed
countries, the worsening ozone depletion has forced acceleration of the CFC
phase-out. [Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes
1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present.,p. V21 (1997) 132]**PEER
REVIEWED**
MEDICATION (VET) **PEER REVIEWED**
... Blowing agent for cellular polymers. ... [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.).
NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH)
PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
Jan. 1981. 2]**PEER REVIEWED**
... Solvent and diluent in polymerization of fluoro-olefins, cleaning and
degreasing printed circuit boards, preparation of explosives and extraction
of volatile substances. [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.).
NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH)
PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
Jan. 1981. 2]**PEER REVIEWED**
Foaming agent in fire extinguishing and aerosols ... [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.).
NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH)
PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
Jan. 1981. 3]**PEER REVIEWED**
Inorganic synthesis in preparation of uranium tetrafluoride, Freons, and polymer
intermediates. [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.).
NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH)
PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
Jan. 1981. 3]**PEER REVIEWED**
... In aerosols with other Freons to lower vapor pressure and produce non-flammable
aerosol propellants ... . [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.).
NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH)
PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
Jan. 1981. 2]**PEER REVIEWED**
... Refrigerant in industrial cooling and air conditioning systems. [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.).
NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH)
PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
Jan. 1981. 2]**PEER REVIEWED**
/Used/ in inhibiting of metal erosion in hydraulic fluids; in strengthening
glass bottles; in magnesium refining; and as a reflux liquid to assist heat
removal. [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.).
NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH)
PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
Jan. 1981. 3]**PEER REVIEWED**
MECHANICAL VAPOR COMPRESSION SYSTEMS USE FLUOROCARBONS FOR REFRIGERATION &
AIR CONDITIONING & ACCOUNT FOR ... MAJORITY OF REFRIGERATION CAPABILITY
IN US. ... FLUOROCARBONS ARE USED AS REFRIGERANTS IN HOME APPLIANCES, MOBILE
AIR CONDITIONING UNITS, RETAIL FOOD REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS & ... CHILLERS.
/FLUOROCARBONS/ [Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial
Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John
Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. 3102]**PEER REVIEWED**
Manufacturers:
1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane has not been manufactured in the US
since 1995. [USEPA; It's Your Choice: Retrofitting Your Car's A/C System.USEPA/Air
and Radiation (6205J). USEPA430-F-97-052. June, 1997. Available from http://www.epa.gov/ozone/title6/609/choice.html
as of July 2, 2000.]**PEER REVIEWED**
Methods of Manufacturing:
By treating perchloroethylene with hydrogen fluoride.
[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary.
13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997. 368]**PEER REVIEWED**
... Obtained by treating hexachloroethane with anhydrous fluoride
in the presence of small amounts of antimony chloride under high pressure. [Matheson Gas Products; Matheson Gas Data Book 6th Ed p.253 (1980)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
General Manufacturing Information:
... /The use of chlorofluorocarbons for aerosol sprays/ was prohibited in
1979 except for a few specialized items, because of their depleting effect on
stratospheric ozone. /Chlorofluorocarbons/ [Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary.
13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997. 256]**PEER REVIEWED**
Formulations/Preparations:
USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code 326200; Trade Names: Propellant 114 and Cryofluorane.
/Former trade names/ [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Pesticide Program's
Chemical Ingredients Database on 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (76-14-2).
Available from the Database Query page at http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/epa/epamenu.htm
as of Sept 8, 2000.]**PEER REVIEWED**
Grades: technical 95%. [Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary.
13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997. 368]**PEER REVIEWED**
Consumption Patterns:
(FOR LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT FLUORINATED HYDROCARBONS) 43% AS AEROSOL PROPELLANT;
32% AS REFRIGERANT; 10% FOR SYNTHESIS OF RESINS; 5% AS SOLVENT AND DEGREASER;
4% AS FOAM-BLOWING AGENT; 6% FOR MISC USES INCLUDING EXPORTS (1969) [SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**
CFC-114 ... IS MAINLY USED WITH CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS /FOR REFRIGERANT APPLICATIONS/
(1984) [CHEMICAL PRODUCTS SYNOPSIS: FLUOROCARBONS (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Refrigeration/air conditioning, 43%; foam blowing agents, 20%; polymer precursors,
13%; solvent cleaning, 12% aerosol propellants, 2%; medical equipment sterilization,
3%; other, 7%. (1991). /Estimates are for CFC-11,-12,-113,-114,-115 and HCFC-22
only/ [Chemical Profile: Fluorocarbons (1992)]**PEER REVIEWED**
U. S. Production:
(1972) 1.76X10+10 GRAMS [SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**
(1975) PROBABLY GREATER THAN 1.82X10+6 GRAMS [SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**
(1984) 1.36X10+11 G (EST) /CFC-13, -113, -114, -115, FLUORINATED MONOMERS
AND SPECIALTIES/ [CHEMICAL PRODUCTS SYNOPSIS: FLUOROCARBONS (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**
(1991) 7x10+8 lb (est) /Estimates are for CFC-11,-12,-113,-114,-115 and HCFC-22
only/ [Chemical Profile: Fluorocarbons (1992)]**PEER REVIEWED**
(1992) 6.1x10+8 lb (est) /Estimates are for CFC-11,-12,-113,-114,-115 and
HCFC-22 only/ [Chemical Profile: Fluorocarbons (1992)]**PEER REVIEWED**
(1996) 3.75x10+8 lb (est) /Estimates are for CFC-11,-12,-113,-114,-115 and
HCFC-22 only/ [Chemical Profile: Fluorocarbons (1992)]**PEER REVIEWED**
U. S. Imports:
(1972) NEGLIGIBLE [SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**
(1975) NEGLIGIBLE [SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**
(1984) GREATER THAN 4.54X10+9 g (EST) /UNCLASSIFIED FLUOROCARBONS/ [CHEMICAL PRODUCTS SYNOPSIS: FLUOROCARBONS (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**
U. S. Exports:
(1984) RANGE FROM 1.82X10+10 g TO 2.27X10+10 g (EST) /UNCLASSIFIED FLUOROCARBONS/
[CHEMICAL PRODUCTS SYNOPSIS: FLUOROCARBONS (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Laboratory Methods:
Clinical Laboratory Methods:
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR DETERMINING FLUOROCARBONS IS DESCRIBED. CONCN
IN BODY FLUIDS ARE DETERMINED BY MEANS OF HEAD SPACE ANALYSIS. /FLUOROCARBONS/
[RAUWS ET AL; J PHARM PHARMACOL 25 (9): 718-22 (1973)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
A gas chromatographic method for determining fluorochlorocarbons in air and
body fluids was tested. The retention times under the conditions used were 1,
2, 4, and 7.5 min for FCC 11, FCC 114, FCC 12, and FCC 113, respectively. The
detection limits for the various fluorochlorocarbons varied between 0.5 and
35 picograms. It was concluded that the method can be applied in determining
fluorochlorocarbons concentrations in air and in rat blood in vivo. [Rauws AG et al; J Pharm Pharmacol 25: 718-22 (1973)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Determination of fluorocarbon propellants in blood and animal tissue. [Terrill JB; Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 33 (11): 736-44 (1972)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Analytic Laboratory Methods:
NIOSH Method: 1018. Analyte: 1,2-dichlorotetrafluoroethane. Matrix: Air. Procedure:
Gas chromatography, flame ionization detector. For 1,2-dichlorotetrafluoroethane
this method has an estimated detection limit of 0.03 mg/sample. The precision/RSD
is 0.038 @ 10 to 40 mg/sample and the recovery is not determined. Applicability:
The working range is 240 to 2100 ppm (1670 to 15,000 mg/cu m) 1,2-dichlorotetrafluoroethane
for a 3 liter air sample. Interferences: Methanol and acetone may interfere
if present at high concentrations. [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health
Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. 4th ed.Methods A-Z & Supplements.
Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Aug 1994.]**PEER REVIEWED**
A gas chromatographic method for determining fluorochlorocarbons in air and
body fluids was tested. The retention times under the conditions used were 1,
2, 4, and 7.5 min for FCC 11, FCC 114, FCC 12, and FCC 113, respectively. The
detection limits for the various fluorochlorocarbons varied between 0.5 and
35 picograms. It was concluded that the method can be applied in determining
fluorochlorocarbons concentrations in air and in rat blood in vivo. [Rauws AG et al; J Pharm Pharmacol 25: 718-22 (1973)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Sampling Procedures:
Measurements to determine employee exposure are best taken so that the average
eight-hour exposure is based on a single eight-hour sample or on two four-hour
samples. Several short time interval samples (up to 30 minutes) may also be
used to determine the average exposure level. Air samples should be taken in
the employee's breathing zone (air that would most nearly represent that inhaled
by the employee). [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.).
NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH)
PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
Jan. 1981. 2]**PEER REVIEWED**
NIOSH Method 1018. Analyte: 1,2-dichlorotetrafluoroethane. Matrix: Air. Sampler:
Solid sorbent tubes (two coconut shell charcoal tubes in series, 400 mg/200
mg and 100 mg/50 mg). Flow Rate: 0.01 to 0.05 l/min. Sample Size: 3 liters.
Shipment: Refrigerated. Sample Stability: 100% recovery after 7 days @ 25 deg
C. [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health
Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. 4th ed.Methods A-Z & Supplements.
Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Aug 1994.]**PEER REVIEWED**
Special References:
Special Reports:
Zakhari S, Aviado DM; Cardiovascular Toxicology of Aerosol Propellants, Refrigerants
and Related Solvents; Target Organ Toxicology Series: Cardiovascular Toxicology,
XII+ 388 pages; Raven Press: New York, NY 281-326 (1982). Review of the toxicology
of aerosol propellants, refrigerants and related solvents on the cardiovascular
system of humans.
Crooke ST; Solvent inhalation; Tex Med 68 (7): 67-9 (1972). A short review
of the literature concerning solvent inhalation is presented. Methods of administration,
pharmacology and toxicology of abused solvents are discussed as are the characteristics
of solvent inhalers and addictive potential.
USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code 326200; Trade Names: Propellant 114 and Cryofluorane.
/Former trade names/ [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Pesticide Program's
Chemical Ingredients Database on 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (76-14-2).
Available from the Database Query page at http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/epa/epamenu.htm
as of Sept 8, 2000.]**PEER REVIEWED**
Grades: technical 95%. [Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary.
13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997. 368]**PEER REVIEWED**
Shipping Name/ Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO:
UN 1958; Dichlorotetrafluoroethane
IMO 2.2; Dichlorotetrafluoroethane
RTECS Number:
NIOSH/KI1101000
Administrative Information:
Hazardous Substances Databank Number: 146
Last Revision Date: 20010809
Last Review Date: Reviewed by SRP on 1/20/2001
Update History:
Complete Update on 08/09/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/23/2001, 55 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 05/16/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/12/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/28/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/02/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/21/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/26/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 07/20/1999, 10 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/20/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/12/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/02/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/17/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/27/1997, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/11/1997, 3 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/26/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/09/1997, 3 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/07/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/09/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/09/1996, 7 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 01/18/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/10/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/29/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/14/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/26/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/18/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 12/19/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 07/22/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/25/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/07/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/04/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/03/1993, 65 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 02/05/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field update on 12/11/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 11/25/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/27/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/23/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/21/1990, 3 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field update on 05/18/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 01/15/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/11/1990, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/05/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/29/1989, 3 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 12/09/1988, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/20/1988, 82 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/24/1987