Full article at Science Direct
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Volume 1760, Issue 1 ,
January 2006, Pages 95-103
Relationship between toxicity of selected
insecticides and expression of stress proteins (HSP, GRP) in cultured
human cells: Effects of commercial formulations versus pure active
molecules
Dalila Skandrani, Yolande Gaubin, Christian
Vincent, Bernadette Beau, Jean Claude Murat, Jean-Pierre Soleilhavoup
and Françoise Croute,
Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Pollution, Faculté
de Médecine-Purpan, 37 allées Jules Guesde, 31073
TOULOUSE cedex, France
Three carbamate (formetanate, methomyl, pyrimicarb) and one
pyrethroid (bifenthrin) insecticides
were investigated both as pure chemicals and as commercial formulations
in order to unveil possible toxic effects of additives and solvents
present in the commercial formulations and to evaluate the cellular
stress response as a defense mechanism. Toxic effects were
evaluated on A549 cells, derived from a human lung carcinoma,
by measuring (1) threshold concentrations leading to a decrease
of the growth rate (LOEC), (2) sublethal concentrations (SC) which
arrested growth without killing the cells, and (3) expression
levels of several stress proteins, i.e., HSP27, HSP72/73, HSP90,
GRP78, and GRP94. As compared to the pure active molecule, LOEC
appeared at lower concentrations when using the commercial formulations,
i.e., Dicarzol (formetanate), Lannate20 (methomyl) and Talstar
or Kiros EV (bifenthrin). Propylene glycol and propylene
glycol monomethyl ether, respectively, present in Talstar and
kiros, do not account for the high toxicity of these commercial
formulations and do not potentiate the toxicity of bifenthrin.
Additive but not synergistic adverse effects were observed when
cells are exposed to a mixture of 4 different commercial formulations.
Our results show that the concentrations of active molecules recommended
in floricultural general use or for spray preparations are much
higher than SC concentrations, as determined on A549 pulmonary
cells. GRP78 was up-regulated by all the insecticides, commercial
preparations being more efficient to trigger the stress reaction.
This suggests that insecticides and additives present in commercial
formulations disrupt ER functions. Conversely, HSP72/73 was found
to be down-regulated by all the insecticides. This seems to be
related with a decrease of protein synthesis in the cytosol, as
a result of the ER unfolded protein response. Indeed, tunicamycin,
known to inhibit N-linked glycosylation in the ER, was found to
induce a similar inverse correlation between GRP78 overexpression
and HSP72/73 underexpression. Expression of GRP94 was found to
be increased and HSP27 lowered by the highest concentrations of
bifenthrin commercial formulations. Methomyl and Lannate20 only
induced an underexpression of HSP90.
Excerpt: To conclude, we
showed on cultured human lung cells that
(i) cytotoxic effects and stress protein
expression changes were induced by 3 days exposure to insecticide
concentrations up to 100 times lower than those used in floriculture;
(ii) the presence of additives in the commercial formulations
increase the toxicity by 2 to 150 times compared with pure active
molecules;
(iii) the mixture of several pesticides have an additive effect
on cytotoxicity.
Therefore, further studies on animal models will be necessary
to confirm whether the toxicity of pesticides is commonly under-evaluated.
Furthermore, whatever the model, the toxic effects must be assessed
in the actual condition of use, i.e., using commercial formulations
rather than pure compounds and testing simultaneously several
pesticides, to evaluate their potential additive effects. Moreover,
to allow the proper effect of the additive to be assessed, the
providers must supply the accurate composition of their final
products.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16385944&query_hl=8&itool=pubmed_docsum
Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2005
Sep;75(3):413-20.
Evaluation of possible health effects of
pyrethroid insecticides, bifenthrin 10% WP, and deltamethrin 25%
WG, on spraymen exposed in a field trial in India.
Srivastava HC, Kumar GP, Hassan A, Dabhi
M, Pant CS, Yadav RS.
Malaria Research Center, Indian Council of Medical Research,
Civil Hospital, Nadiad 387001, Gujarat, India.
No abstract available
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16221961&query_hl=12
Toxicol Sci. 2005 Oct 12; [Epub
ahead of print]
Relative Potencies for Acute Effects of
Pyrethroids on Motor Function in Rats.
Wolansky MJ, Gennings C, Crofton KM.
National Research Council, Research Triangle
Park, NC.
The prevalence of pyrethroids in insecticide formulations has
increased in the last decade. A common mode-of-action
has been proposed for pyrethroids based on in vitro studies, which
includes alterations in sodium channel dynamics in nervous system
tissues, consequent disturbance of membrane polarization, and
abnormal discharge in targeted neurons. The objective of
this work was to characterize individual dose-response curves
for in vivo motor function and calculate relative potencies for
eleven commonly used pyrethroids. Acute oral dose-response functions
were determined in adult male Long Evans rats for five Type
I (bifenthrin, S-bioallethrin, permethrin, resmethrin,
tefluthrin), five Type II (beta-cyfluthrin,
lambda-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, esfenvalerate)
and one mixed Type I/II (fenpropathrin) pyrethroids [n=8-18 per
dose; 6-11 dose levels per chemical, vehicle = corn oil, at 1
ml/kg]. Motor function was measured using figure-8 mazes. Animals
were tested for one hour during the period of peak effects. All
pyrethroids, regardless of structural class, produced dose-dependent
decreases in motor activity. Relative potencies were calculated
based on the computed ED30s. Deltamethrin, with an ED30 of 2.51
mg/kg, was chosen as the index chemical. Relative potency ratios
ranged from 0.009 (resmethrin) to 2.092 (esfenvalerate).
Additional work with environmentally-based mixtures is needed
to test the hypothesis of dose-additivity of pyrethroids.
PMID: 16221961 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16051293&query_hl=12
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2005 Jul
25; [Epub ahead of print]
Structure-activity relationships for the
action of 11 pyrethroid insecticides on rat Na(v)1.8 sodium channels
expressed in Xenopus oocytes.
Choi JS, Soderlund DM.
Department of Entomology, New York State Agricultural Experiment
Station, Cornell University, P. O. Box 462, Geneva, NY 14456,
USA.
Pyrethroid insecticides bind to voltage-sensitive sodium channels
and modify their gating kinetics, thereby disrupting nerve function.
This paper describes the action of 11 structurally diverse commercial
pyrethroid insecticides on the rat Na(v)1.8 sodium channel isoform,
the principal carrier of the tetrodotoxin-resistant, pyrethroid-sensitive
sodium current of sensory neurons, expressed in Xenopus laevis
oocytes. All 11 compounds produced characteristic sodium tail
currents following a depolarizing pulse that ranged from rapidly-decaying
monoexponential currents (allethrin, cismethrin and permethrin)
to persistent biexponential currents (cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin,
cypermethrin and deltamethrin). Tail currents for the remaining
compounds (bifenthrin, fenpropathrin,
fenvalerate and tefluthrin) were monoexponential
and decayed with kinetics intermediate between these extremes.
Reconstruction of currents carried solely by the pyrethroid-modified
subpopulation of channels revealed two types of pyrethroid-modified
currents. The first type, found with cismethrin, allethrin, permethrin
and tefluthrin, activated relatively rapidly and inactivated partially
during a 40-ms depolarization. The second type, found with cypermethrin,
cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, deltamethrin, fenpropathrin and fenvalerate,
activated more slowly and did not detectably inactivate during
a 40-ms depolarization. Only bifenthrin
did not produce modified currents that fit clearly into either
of these categories. In all cases, the rate of activation
of modified channels was strongly correlated with the rate of
tail current decay following repolarization. Modification of Na(v)1.8
sodium channels by cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin
was enhanced 2.3- to 3.4-fold by repetitive stimulation; this
effect appeared to result from the accumulation of persistently
open channels rather than preferential binding to open channel
states. Fenpropathrin was the most effective compound against
Na(v)1.8 sodium channels from the perspective of either resting
or use-dependent modification. When use dependence is taken into
account, cypermethrin, deltamethrin and tefluthrin approached
the effectiveness of fenpropathrin. The selective expression of
Na(v)1.8 sodium channels in nociceptive neurons suggests that
these channels may be important targets for pyrethroids
in the production of paresthesia following dermal exposure.
PMID: 16051293 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15843646&query_hl=11
J Environ Qual. 2005 Apr 20;34(3):836-41.
Print 2005 May-Jun.
Distribution and persistence of pyrethroids
in runoff sediments.
Gan J, Lee SJ, Liu WP, Haver DL, Kabashima
JN.
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California,
Riverside, CA 92521.
Pyrethroids are commonly used insecticides in both agricultural
and urban environments. Recent studies showed that surface runoff
facilitated transport of pyrethroids to surface streams, probably
by sediment movement. Sediment contamination by pyrethroids is
of concern due to their wide-spectrum aquatic toxicity. In this
study, we characterized the spatial distribution and persistence
of bifenthrin [BF; (2-methyl(1,1'-biphenyl)-3-yl)methyl
3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate]
and permethrin [PM; 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic
acid (3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl ester] in the sediment along a 260-m
runoff path. Residues of BF and PM were
significantly enriched in the eroded sediment, and the magnitude
of enrichment was proportional to the downstream distance. At
145 m from the sedimentation pond, BF was enriched by >25 times,
while PM isomers were enriched by >3.5 times. Pesticide enrichment
along the runoff path coincided with enrichment of organic carbon
and clay fractions in the sediment, as well as increases in adsorption
coefficient K(d), suggesting that the runoff flow caused selective
transport of organic matter and chemical-rich fine particles.
Long persistence was observed for BF under both aerobic and anaerobic
conditions, and the half-life ranged from 8 to 17 mo at 20 degrees
C. The long persistence was probably caused by the strong pesticide
adsorption to the solid phase. The significant enrichment,
along with the prolonged persistence, suggests that movement of
pyrethroids to the surface water may be caused predominantly by
the chemically rich fine particles. It is therefore important
to understand the fate of sediment-borne pyrethroids and devise
mitigation strategies to reduce offsite movement of fine sediment.
PMID: 15843646 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15839572&query_hl=11
Environ Toxicol Chem. 2005 Apr;24(4):966-72.
Use and toxicity of pyrethroid pesticides
in the Central Valley, California, USA.
Amweg EL, Weston DP, Ureda NM.
Department of Integrative Biology, University of California,
Berkeley, California 94720-3140, USA. eamweg@socrates.berkeley.edu
The use of pyrethroid insecticides is increasing for agriculture,
commercial pest control, and residential consumer use. In addition,
there is a trend toward the use of newer and more potent compounds.
Little is known about the toxicity of sediment-associated pyrethroid
residues to aquatic organisms, yet recent work has shown they
commonly are found in aquatic sediments in the heavily agricultural
Central Valley of California, USA. Minimal data exist on the sensitivity
of standard sediment toxicity testing species to pyrethroids,
despite two or more decades of agricultural use of these compounds.
Sediment concentrations causing acute toxicity and growth impairment
to the amphipod Hyalella azteca were determined for six pyrethroids
in three sediments, ranging from 1.1 to 6.5% organic carbon (OC).
In order of decreasing toxicity of sediment-associated residues,
the compounds tested were bifenthrin (average 10-d median lethal
concentration [LC50] = 0.18 microg/g OC), lambda-cyhalothrin
(0.45 microg/g OC), deltamethrin (0.79 microg/g OC), esfenvalerate
(0.89 microg/g OC), cyfluthrin (1.08 microg/g OC), and permethrin
(4.87 microg/g OC). In a sediment containing about 1% OC, most
pyrethroids, except permethrin, would be acutely toxic to H. azteca
at concentrations of 2 to 10 ng/g dry weight, a concentration
only slightly above current analytical detection limits. Growth
typically was inhibited at concentrations below the LC50; animal
biomass on average was 38% below controls when exposed to pyrethroid
concentrations roughly one-third to one-half the LC50. Survival
data are consistent with current theory that exposure occurs primarily
via the interstitial water rather than the particulate phase.
A reanalysis of previously reported field
data using these toxicity data confirms that the compounds are
exceeding concentrations acutely toxic to sensitive species in
many agriculture-dominated water bodies.
PMID: 15839572 [PubMed - in process]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15734586&query_hl=11
Environ Pollut. 2005 May;135(2):267-74.
In vitro toxicity of selected pesticides
on RTG-2 and RTL-W1 fish cell lines.
Babin MM, Tarazona JV.
Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of the Environment,
INIA, Crta. de La Coruna Km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain. babin@inia.es
The rainbow trout fish cell lines RTG-2 and RTL-W1 were used
to determine the cytotoxic effects of the pesticides bifenthrin,
cypermethrin, cyhalothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, quinalphos and
chlorpyrifos. Cytotoxicity was measured by EROD and beta-Gal enzymatic
activities, the neutral red (NR) uptake assay, and the FRAME KB
protein (KBP) assay. The beta-Gal activity was unaffected by the
pesticide exposure. The EROD activity was
induced by cyhalothrin and lambda-cyhalothrin (RTG-2 and RTL-W1)
and by bifenthrin (RTL-W1). Dose dependent inhibition responses
were observed for EROD activity in cells exposed to quinalphos
(RTL-W1) and chlorpyrifos (RTG-2 and RTL-W1). RTL-W1 offered a
better response for EROD induction. The EC50 values on EROD endpoint
were more sensitive than NR and KBP. The acute fish toxicity of
chlorpyrifos and quinalphos depends highly on the species; the
species sensitivity distributions cover several orders of magnitude
and the values obtained for EROS were within the lowest part of
the reported ranges.
PMID: 15734586 [PubMed - in process]
Note from FAN: Cyhalothrin and lamba-cyhalothrin
are fluorinated pesticides.
Food Control Volume 16,
Issue 3 , March 2005, Pages 231-237
Dissipation behavior of bifenthrin residues in tea
and its brew
Dhananjay
Kumar Tewary, Vipin Kumar, S. D. Ravindranath and Adarsh Shanker
Institute of Himalayan
Bioresource Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research,
Palampur 176 061 (H.P), India
Received 6 September 2003; Revised 24 February 2004;
accepted 26 February 2004. Available online 15 April 2004.
Dissipation behavior
of bifenthrin, a widely used non-systemic acaricide/insecticide,
applied under field condition on tea crop in wet (mid-June–October)
and dry season (November–mid-June) was studied in green
shoots, made tea and its brew. A simple, rapid analytical procedure
for the quantification of bifenthrin in these matrices was developed
using gas chromatography with electron capture detector. Degradation
rate in both wet and dry seasons followed first order kinetics
with half lives in green leave in the range 0.52–0.77 and
1.20–1.32 days and in made tea were 0.55–0.60 and
1.03–1.06 days for wet and dry seasons respectively. Processing
of green shoots caused considerable loss (42%) of residue and
its only partial transfer (1.5–14%) in brew was observed.
Based on the observation reported, a waiting period of at least
three days before plucking the tea shoots after pesticide application
at recommended dose (40 g a.i./ha) may be suggested and considered
quite safe from point of health hazards due to toxic effect of
residues in brew.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15632216&query_hl=11
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Jan
18;102(3):701-6. Epub 2005 Jan 4.
Enantioselectivity in environmental safety
of current chiral insecticides.
Liu W, Gan J, Schlenk D, Jury WA.
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California,
Riverside, CA 92521-0424, USA.
Chiral pesticides currently constitute about 25% of all pesticides
used, and this ratio is increasing as more complex structures
are introduced. Chirality occurs widely in synthetic pyrethroids
and organophosphates, which are the mainstay of modern insecticides.
Despite the great public concerns associated with the use of insecticides,
the environmental significance of chirality in currently used
insecticides is poorly understood. In this study, we resolved
enantiomers of a number of synthetic pyrethroid and organophosphate
insecticides on chiral selective columns and evaluated the occurrence
of enantioselectivity in aquatic toxicity and biodegradation.
Dramatic differences between enantiomers
were observed in their acute toxicity to the freshwater invertebrates
Ceriodaphnia dubia and Daphnia magna, suggesting that the aquatic
toxicity is primarily attributable to a specific enantiomer in
the racemate. In field sediments, the (-)enantiomer of cis-bifenthrin
or cis-permethrin was preferentially degraded, resulting in relative
enrichment of the (+)enantiomer. Enantioselective degradation
was also observed during incubation of sediments under laboratory
conditions. Enantioselectivity in these processes is expected
to result in ecotoxicological effects that cannot be predicted
from our existing knowledge and must be considered in future risk
assessment and regulatory decisions.
PMID: 15632216 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Full free report at http://www.icmr.nic.in/ijmr/2005/January/0107.pdf
Indian J Med Res. 2005 Jan;121(1):55-62.
Evaluation of bifenthrin treated mosquito
nets against anopheline and culicine mosquitoes.
Batra CP, Raghavendra K, Adak T, Singh
OP, Singh SP, Mittal PK, Malhotra MS, Sharma RS, Subbarao SK.
Malaria Research Centre and National Anti Malaria Programme,
Delhi. batracp@icmr.org.in
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The main rural malaria vector Anopheles
culicifacies has developed resistance to dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane
(DDT), hexachloro cyclo hexane (HCH) and malathion in the state
of Haryana in northern India. An alternative synthetic pyrethroid
insecticide bifenthrin was therefore evaluated on mosquito nets
against anopheline and culicine mosquitoes, in two villages Jagdishpur
and Garh Mirakpur of Community Health Center (CHC) Badhkhalsa
in district Sonipat, Haryana state.
METHODS: Two formulations of bifenthrin, suspension concentrate
(SC) and micro-emulsion (ME) were compared with micro-capsule
suspension (CS) of lambdacyhalothrin. The impact of three doses
of bifenthrin (10, 25 and 50 mg/m(2)) impregnated on mosquito
nets was compared with lambdacyhalothrin (25 mg/m(2)) and untreated
control. Quality assessment of treatment on treated nets was carried
out by residue analysis and the persistence of the insecticide
on nets was determined by contact bioassays. Efficacy of treated
nets on mosquito density was assessed by calculating mosquito
entry rate, immediate mortality, delayed mortality and excito-repellency
to the insecticides.
RESULTS: In susceptibility tests An. culicifacies was susceptible
to bifenthrin (0.1% test papers) and to lambdacyhalothrin (0.05%
test papers). Bioassays on treated nets against A. culicifacies
recorded 100 per cent mortality up to tenth fortnight for all
the doses of impregnation with bifenthrin (SC and ME) and lambdacyhalothrin
(CS). Ring-net bioassays against An. culicifacies showed median
knock-down time between 3.1 to 11.4 min. Behavioural indices were
also studied for anopheline and culicine mosquitoes. The reduction
in entry rates of anopheline and culicine mosquitoes into the
rooms with treated nets compared to control indicated good efficacy
with all the formulations and doses of the insecticides.
INTERPRETAION AND CONCLUSION: Indoor (immediate) mortality of
mosquitoes with bifenthrin ME formulation was relatively lower
compared to SC fomulation of bifenthrin and based on delayed mortility
and continued susceptibility in bioassays, bifenthrin ME at the
rate of 10 mg/m(2) dose was found suitable for the impregnation
of mosquito nets for phase III trial.
PMID: 15713980 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15031006&query_hl=11
Environ Int. 2004 Jun;30(4):471-9.
Pesticides in shallow groundwater of Bahawalnagar,
Muzafargarh, D.G. Khan and Rajan Pur districts of Punjab, Pakistan.
Tariq MI, Afzal S, Hussain I.
Directorate of Land Reclamation, Irrigation and Power Department
Punjab, Canal Bank, Moghulpura, Lahore, Pakistan. tariqmi2000@yahoo.com
In Pakistan there is little data on environmental contamination
of rural water sources by pesticides. This study evaluated pesticide
contamination of groundwater in four intensive cotton growing
districts. Water samples were collected from 37 rural open wells
in the areas of Bahwalnagar, Muzafargarh, D.G. Khan and Rajan
Pur districts of Punjab and analysed for
eight pesticides which are mostly used. Information on
types of pesticide used and distance to nearest pesticide mixing
area and application areas was obtained for each site. From the
eight pesticides analysed, six pesticides were detected in the
water samples. Only cypermethrin and cabosulfan were not detected.
The percentage of detection of bifenthrin,
lambda-cyhalothrin, carbofuran, endosulfan, methyl parathion and
monocrotophos was, respectively 13.5%,
5.4%, 59.4%, 8%, 5.4% and 35.1% in July;
16.2%, 13.55%, 43.2%, 8%, N.D. (not
detected) and 24.3% in October. Maximum
contamination levels (MCLs) established by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency for drinking water were not exceeded. The study
has shown the need for monitoring pesticide contamination in rural
water resources, and the development of drinking water quality
standards for specific pesticides in Pakistan. The conclusions
and recommendations will be disseminated to senior decision makers
in central and local governments, extension agents and farmers.
PMID: 15031006 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15559825&query_hl=11
J Environ Sci (China). 2004;16(5):843-6.
Effects of bifenthrin on Daphnia magna
during chronic toxicity test and the recovery test.
Ye WH, Wen YZ, Liu WP, Wang ZQ.
Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou
310029, China. zjuywh@sohu.com
The acute and chronic toxic effects of bifenthrin on Daphnia
magna were studied. The results showed that
24 h-EC50, 48 h-LC50 and 96 h-LC50 of bifenthrin on D. magna were
3.24, 12.40 and 1.40 microg/L respectively. And
the LOEC and NOEC of bifenthrin were 0.02 and 0.004 microg/L respectively.
The recovery test of bifenthrin on Daphnia magna was presented.
Daphnia magna (F0 generation) were exposed during 21 d to different
bifenthrin concentrations. Offspring (animals from the first and
third brood: F1 (1st) and F1 (3rd), respectively) were transferred
to a free pesticide medium during a 21 d recovery period. In this
recovery study, survival, growth, reproduction (mean total young
per female, onset of reproduction and number broods per female)
and the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) were assessed as
parameters. Reproduction such as number of young per female as
well as length was still reduced in F1 (1st) generation daphnids
from parentals (F0) exposed to the bifenthrin. However F, (3rd)
individuals from parentals exposed to pesticide concentrations
were able to restore reproduction when a recovery period of 21
d was allowed, but the length of F, (3rd)
from parentals exposed to the 0.5 and 0.75 microg/L bifenthrin
concentration was still significantly effected (P < 0.05).
PMID: 15559825 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14768859&query_hl=11
Environ Toxicol Chem. 2004 Jan;23(1):1-6.
Microbial transformation of pyrethroid
insecticides in aqueous and sediment phases.
Lee S, Gan J, Kim JS, Kabashima JN, Crowley
DE.
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California-Riverside,
Riverside, California 92521, USA.
Recent studies showed that synthetic pyrethroids (SPs) can move
via surface runoff into aquatic systems. Fifty-six of SP-degrading
bacteria strains were isolated from contaminated sediments, of
which six were evaluated for their ability to transform bifenthrin
and permethrin in the aqueous phase and bifenthrin in the sediment
phase. In the aqueous phase, bifenthrin was rapidly degraded by
strains of Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila, and the half-life
(t1/2) was reduced from >700 h to 30 to 131 h. Permethrin isomers
were degraded by Aeromonas sobria, Erwinia carotovora, and Yersinia
frederiksenii. Similar to bifenthrin, the t1/2 of cis- and trans-permethrin
was reduced by approximately 10-fold after bacteria inoculation.
However, bifenthrin degradation by S. acidaminiphila was significantly
inhibited in the presence of sediment, and the effect was likely
caused by strong adsorption to the solid phase. Bifenthrin
t1/2 was 343 to 466 h for a field sediment, and increased to 980
to 1200 h for a creek sediment. Bifenthrin degradation in the
inoculated slurry treatments was not greatly enhanced when compared
with the noninoculated system. Therefore, although SP-degrading
bacteria may be widespread in aquatic systems, adsorption to sediment
could render SPs unavailable to the degraders, thus prolonging
their persistence.
PMID: 14768859 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9210258&dopt=Abstract
Toxicol Pathol. 1997
May-Jun;25(3):268-74.
Mesenchymal
tumors of the mouse urinary bladder with vascular and smooth muscle
differentiation.
Butler
WH, Cohen SH, Squire RA.
BIBRA Intranational,
Carshalton, Surrey, United Kingdom.
Bifenthrin, a synthetic
pyrethroid insecticide/miticide, has been fed to male and female
Swiss Webster mice at levels of 0, 50, 200, 500, and 600 ppm in
the diet for between 604 and 644 days. Tumors of the urinary bladder
were observed and initially reported as leiomyosarcomas. Subsequently,
the bladders were reviewed and the tumors showed a pattern of
both epithelioid cells and spindle cells forming irregular vascular
channels. The tumors appeared to arise from the trigone of the
bladder and, in some cases, invaded the bladder wall. No metastases
were recorded. The tumor is usually considered
rare; however, in this study, it was commonly observed in all
groups but predominantly in males. The histogenesis
of the tumor is uncertain, but from its pleomorphic histological
features, including smooth muscle and vascularity, it is probably
derived from vascular mesenchyme.
PMID: 9210258
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9039463&dopt=Abstract
Acta Neuropathol (Berl).
1997 Feb;93(2):159-65.
Increasing
or decreasing nervous activity modulates the severity of the glio-vascular
lesions of 1,3-dinitrobenzene in the rat: effects of the tremorgenic
pyrethroid, Bifenthrin, and of anaesthesia.
Holton
JL, Nolan CC, Burr SA, Ray DE, Cavanagh JB. M.R.C.
Toxicology Unit, University
of Leicester, UK.
To test the hypothesis
that altered neuronal activity may influence the extent and severity
of the glio-vascular lesions produced by 1,3-dinitrobenzene (DNB),
rats were either given the tremorgenic pyrethroid, Bifenthrin,
or anaesthetised during various dosing schedules of DNB. When
compared with controls dosed only with DNB, Bifenthrin tremor
made both the ataxia and other functional effects caused by DNB
more pronounced. Lesions in the brain
stem were made significantly more severe and widespread across
three dose levels of DNB. Centres such as facial nuclei,
motor nuclei of fifth nerve, subthalamic nuclei and mamillary
bodies, not damaged by DNB alone, were also affected in some animals.
In contrast, general anaesthesia by either isoflurane ur urethane
decreased the severity of the lesions, this being more pronounced
with urethane. The character of the tissue changes, however, was
not altered by these additional procedures. These findings support
the suggestion that neuronal activity is one important determinant
of the selective vulnerability of sensitive brain stem nuclei
to glio-vascular damage from DNB intoxication.
PMID: 9039463
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Free
full report available at http://www.jbc.org/cgi/reprint/268/23/17114.pdf
J Biol Chem. 1993
Aug 15;268(23):17114-9.
Neurotoxin
binding and allosteric modulation at receptor sites 2 and 5 on
purified and reconstituted rat brain sodium channels.
Trainer
VL, Moreau E, Guedin D, Baden DG, Catterall WA.
Department of Pharmacology,
University of Washington, Seattle 98195.
Purified and reconstituted
sodium channels have previously been shown to be functional in
voltage-dependent ion conductance and in high affinity binding
of tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin at neurotoxin receptor site 1 and
alpha-scorpion toxins at receptor site 3, but high affinity binding
of neurotoxins at receptor sites 2, 4, and 5 has not been demonstrated.
The pyrethroid insecticide RU39568 enhances the specific binding
of [3H]batrachotoxinin A 20-alpha-benzoate (BTX-B) to neurotoxin
receptor site 2 on purified and reconstituted sodium channels
up to 500-fold, reducing the Kd to 1.5 nM. Brevetoxins and alpha-scorpion
toxins cause further allosteric enhancement of BTX-B binding.
The pyrethroids deltamethrin and bifenthrin
and the nonpyrethroid insecticide 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)trichloroethane
can partially substitute for RU39568 in enhancing BTX-B binding,
but other pyrethroids are inactive. The brevetoxin PbTx-1 binds
specifically to neurotoxin receptor site 5 on purified and reconstituted
sodium channels with a Kd value of approximately 30 nM. Brevetoxin
binding is enhanced up to 2-fold by the combination of batrachotoxin
and RU39568. The allosteric enhancement of BTX-B binding by RU39568
is voltage dependent, decreasing progressively with depolarization
to 0 mV. In contrast, PbTx-1 binding is not voltage dependent
and PbTx-1 reduces the voltage dependence of the effect of RU39568.
The results demonstrate restoration of high affinity binding and
allosteric interactions of ligands at neurotoxin receptor sites
2 and 5 on purified and reconstituted sodium channels and provide
an experimental approach to covalent labeling and identification
of the peptide components of those receptor sites.
PMID: 8394327
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11827273&dopt=Abstract
Chemosphere. 2002
Jan;46(2):173-85.
System-level
responses of lake ecosystems to chemical stresses using exergy
and structural exergy as ecological indicators.
Xu
FL, Dawson RW, Tao S, Li BG, Cao J.
Department of Urban
and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
xufl@urban.pku.edu.cn
This paper presents
the system-level responses of experimental lake ecosystems to
three chemical stresses (acidification, copper and pesticide contamination)
using exergy and structural exergy as ecological indicators. The
results indicate that the doses or toxicity of the three chemical
stressors contributed to changes in both exergy and structural
exergy. Remarkable changes in exergy and
structural exergy occurred under acidic conditions and in the
presence of Dursban, 24D-DMA, permethrin, bifenthrin,
Carbaryl, TCP, PCP, trichlorethylene, benzene, and high doses
of Cu, oil, and hexazinone. This seemed
to indicate that the subject ecosystems were seriously contaminated
by these chemical stressors. For low doses of Cu, oil,
atrazine, HCBP, and hexazinone, exergy and structural exergy were
either unchanged or only slightly changed, suggesting that the
lake ecosystems were not significantly impacted by these chemical
stressors. Discussion of the relationships between ecosystem-level
changes and structural and functional changes in stressed lake
ecosystems indicates that the above-mentioned ecosystem-level
changes were in accordance with the changes in structure and function.
The observed changes in exergy and structural exergy were also
consistent with Odum's predictions of shortened food chains, reduced
resource use efficiency, poor stability, low information, and
high entropy in stressed aquatic ecosystems. The findings lead
the authors to conclude that it is feasible for exergy and structural
exergy to serve as ecological indicators when characterizing the
system-level responses of experimental lake ecosystems to chemical
stress. These results for experimental lake ecosystems would be
extrapolated to actual lakes.
PMID: 11827273
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11516896&dopt=Abstract
Forensic Sci Int.
2001 Sep 15;121(1-2):116-25.
Sensitive
and specific multiresidue methods for the determination of pesticides
of various classes in clinical and forensic toxicology.
Lacassie
E, Marquet P, Gaulier JM, Dreyfuss MF, Lachatre G.
Department of Pharmacology
and Toxicology, University Hospital, 2 Av. Martin Luther King,
87042 Limoges, France. lacassie@unilim.fr
Original and sensitive
multiresidue methods are presented for the detection and quantitation,
in human biological matrices, of 61 pesticides of toxicological
significance in human. These methods involved rapid solid-phase
extraction using new polymeric support (HLB and MCX) OASIS cartridges.
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for volatile
(organophosphate, organochlorine, phtalimide, uracil) pesticides
and liquid chromatography-ionspray-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) for
thermolabile and polar pesticides (carbamates, benzimidazoles).
Acquisition was performed in the selected ion monitoring (SIM)
mode. Extraction recovery varied owing to the nature of pesticides,
but was satisfactory for all. Limits of detection (LODs) and limits
of quantitation (LOQs) ranged, respectively, from 2.5 to 20 and
from 5 to 50ng/ml. An excellent linearity was observed from LOQs
up to 1000ng/ml for all the pesticides studied. The proposed procedures
yielded reproducible results with good inter-assay accuracy and
precision. A few cases of intoxication are presented to demonstrate
the diagnostic interest of these methods: in two cases were determined
lethal concentrations of endosulfan and carbofuran; in four other
cases, the procedures helped diagnose intoxication with, respectively,
parathion-ethyl, the association of bromacil and strychnine, bifenthrin
and aldicarb.
PMID: 11516896
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11052716&dopt=Abstract
J Agric Food Chem.
2000 Oct;48(10):4666-70.
Reduction
of pesticide residues on produce by rinsing.
Krol
WJ, Arsenault TL, Pylypiw HM Jr, Incorvia Mattina MJ.
The Connecticut Agricultural
Experiment Station, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 123 Huntington
Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06504-1106, USA. Walter.Krol@po.state.ct.us
In 1997 this laboratory
initiated a research program with the objective of examining the
effect that rinsing of produce with tap water would have on pesticide
residues. Samples were obtained from local markets and/or grown
at our experimental farm. Because approximately 35% of produce
from retail sources contains pesticide residues, growing and treating
produce at an experimental farm had the advantage that all such
samples contain pesticide residues. Pesticides were applied under
normal field conditions to a variety of food crops and the vegetation
was allowed to undergo natural weathering prior to harvest. The
resulting samples contained field-incurred or "field-fortified"
residues. This experimental design was employed to mimic as closely
as possible real world samples. Crops were treated, harvested,
and divided into equal subsamples. One subsample was processed
unwashed, whereas the other was rinsed under tap water. The extraction
and analysis method used was a multi-residue method developed
in our laboratory. Twelve pesticides were included in this study:
the fungicides captan, chlorothalonil, iprodione, and vinclozolin;
and the insecticides endosulfan, permethrin, methoxychlor, malathion,
diazinon, chlorpyrifos, bifenthrin, and DDE (a soil metabolite
of DDT). Statistical analysis of the data using the Wilcoxon signed-rank
test showed that rinsing removed residues for nine of the twelve
pesticides studied. Residues of vinclozolin,
bifenthrin, and chlorpyrifos were not reduced. The rinsability
of a pesticide is not correlated with its water solubility.
PMID: 11052716
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12797405&dopt=Abstract
Exp Appl Acarol. 2002;27(4):303-12.
Susceptibility
of populations of Banks grass mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) suspected
of developing bifenthrin resistance from three maize fields.
Bynum
ED Jr, Archer TL.
Texas Agricultural
Experiment Station, Rt. 3, Box 219, Lubbock, Texas 79403, USA.
Banks grass mite, Oligonychus
pratensis (Banks), from three Texas maize fields were assayed
for bifenthrin resistance following poor field control in 1995.
Laboratory bioassays showed the field mites to be 3- to 23-fold
more tolerant to bifenthrin than the susceptible laboratory culture.
Comparison of LC50 values to assays with bifenthrin from 1985
to 1993 indicated no statistically significant changes in mite
resistance. However, high LC90 values in 1995 suggest possible
resistance development. The percentages of resistant mites from
the three fields in 1995 were calculated to be 4.7%, 17.9%, and
30.9%. The Banks grass mite population exhibiting the highest
level of tolerance to bifenthrin was further assayed to evaluate
tolerance levels to other insecticides alone and in combination
with synergists and insecticides. A high level of tolerance existed
in the 1995 'bifenthrin-selected' Banks grass mite strain to bifenthrin,
dimeothate, and amitraz. The combination of bifenthrin or dimethoate
with a synergist indicated changes in the ability of the more
resistant 1995 mites to detoxify insecticides. The activity of
a dimethoate + bifenthrin mixture and a three way mixture of dimethoate,
bifenthrin, and piperonyl butoxide caused 5- and 38-fold increase
in toxicity against the more resistant Banks grass mite.
PMID: 12797405
[PubMed - in process]
From Toxline at Toxnet
CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY BIOMARKERS & PREVENTION; 7 (10). 1998.
929-940.
DNA damage in mononuclear leukocytes of
farmers measured using the alkaline comet assay: Modifications
of DNA damage levels after a one-day field spraying period with
selected pesticides.
LEBAILLY P, VIGREUX C, LECHEVREL C, LEDEMENEY
D, GODARD T, SICHEL F, LETALAER JY, HENRY-AMAR M, GAUDUCHON P
Laboratoire de Cancerologie Experimentale, Centre Francois Baclesse,
Route de Lion-sur-Mer, 14076 CAEN Cedex, France.
BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The alkaline comet assay was used
to assess DNA damage in mononuclear leukocytes of farmers before
and after a 1-day spraying period with selected pesticides under
usual conditions. Two blood samples were collected, one in the
morning of the day of spraying (S0) and the second in the morning
of the day after (S1). Here, we assessed variations in DNA damage
levels between these two sampling times. Four groups of farmers
were formed, according to exposure to:
(a) various fungicide-insecticide mixtures (including chlorothalonil;
group 1, n = 8),
(b) the herbicide isoproturon (group 2, n = 11),
(c) fungicide triazoles (group 3, n = 14), and
(d) a fungicide (chlorothalonil)-insecticide mixture (group 4,
n = 8).
An increase in DNA damage levels was observed at S1 for groups
1 and 4, who were exposed to similar pesticides. This increase
was correlated with area sprayed between S0 and S1 and with the
number of spraying tanks used over this 1-day period. No effect
was observed o [abstract truncated]
CAS Registry Numbers: [•
Fluorinated pesticides]
•
133855-98-8 - Epoxiconazole
• 102851-06-9 - Tau-fluvalinate
• 91465-08-6 - Lambda-cyhalothrin
• 83164-33-4 - Diflufenican
• 82657-04-3 - Bifenthrin
• 76674-21-0 - Flutriafol
• 69377-81-7 - Fluroxypyr
139528-85-1 - Metosulam
121552-61-2 - Cyprodinil
120923-37-7 - Amidosulfuron
107534-96-3 - Tebuconazole
94361-06-5 - Cyproconazole
81405-85-8 - Imazamethabenz
74223-64-6 - Metsulfuron
74051-80-2 - Sethoxydim
67306-03-0 - Fenpropimorph
67306-00-7 - Fenpropidin
53112-28-0 - Pyrimethanil |
52918-63-5
- Deltamethrin [note: brominated]
42576-02-3 - Bifenox
36734-19-7 - Iprodione
34123-59-6 - Isoproturon
25057-89-0 - Bentazone
16672-87-0 - Ethephon
10605-21-7 - Carbendazim
1912-24-9 - Atrazine
1897-45-6 - Chlorothalonil
1702-17-6 - Clopyralid
1689-84-5 - Bromoxynil [note:
brominated]
1689-83-4 - Ioxynil [note:
iodinated]
1113-02-6 - Omethoate
640-15-3 - Thiometon
301-12-2 - Oxydemeton-methy
115-29-7 - Endosulfan
94-74-6 - MCPA
93-65-2 - Mecoprop |
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