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1,1,2-TRICHLORO-1,2,2-TRIFLUOROETHANE
CASRN: 76-13-1
For other data, click on the Table of Contents
Human Health Effects:
Human Toxicity Excerpts:
HUMAN ... EXPOSURES LIMITED TO 2.75 HOURS AT CONCENTRATIONS FROM 1500 TO 4500
PPM /TRICHLOROTRIFLUOROETHANE/ ... RESULTED IN NO SIGNIFICANT DETERIORATION
OF PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE AT 1500 PPM, SLIGHT DETERIORATION AT 2500 PPM, AND
INCREASING DECREMENT AT 4500 PPM.
EXPOSURE OF HUMAN VOLUNTEERS INDICATE THAT THE THRESHOLD CONCENTRATION FOR
IMPAIRMENT OF PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE (LOSS OF ABILITY TO CONCENTRATE, MILD
LETHARGY) IS ABOUT 2500 PPM. DAILY SIX-HR EXPOSURES AT 500 OR 1000 PPM, 5
DAYS A WK FOR 2 WEEKS, YIELDED NO COMPLAINTS OF ANY ADVERSE EFFECTS EXCEPT MILD
THROAT IRRITATION ONLY ON THE FIRST DAY. NO ADVERSE CHANGES WERE SEEN IN PERFORMANCE
OF COMPLEX MENTAL TASKS, CLINICAL STATUS OR RESULTS OF BIOCHEMICAL TESTS.
... CARDIOTOXIC EFFECTS, MANIFESTED IN ARRHYTHMIAS ... ARE ASSOCIATED WITH
PULMONARY EXPOSURE TO FLUOROCARBONS, ESPECIALLY ... FLUOROCARBON 113 ... .
TEN WOMEN & THREE MEN WERE OCCUPATIONALLY EXPOSED TO 1,1,2-TRICHLORO-1,2,2-TRIFLUOROETHANE.
EVALUATION OF CLINICAL CHEM PARAMETERS SHOWED NO INDICATION OF SOLVENT-CAUSED
ADVERSE EFFECTS.
... There is no evidence indicating that human health effects are likely to
occur at ambient mixing ratios (18 parts-per-trillion) found or expected in
the general environment or even at higher levels (<4,160 parts-per-trillion).
... Available experimental data do not indicate that any adverse health effects
are directly induced in humans at TLV of /500/ ppm due to exposure to CFC-113.
... A single case /was reported/ of sensorimotor neuropathy in a woman who
had worked as a laundress with trichlorotrifluoroethane (Freon 113) for several
years. Weakness, pain, and paresthesias were most severe distally in the legs.
Electrodiagnostic testing was consistent with axonal damage. Removal from exposure
to trichlorotrifluoroethane resulted in gradual recovery.
A patient who ingested 1 liter of Freon 113 experienced transient cyanosis
and suffered rectal irritation and diarrhea. /No other effects were noted/.
Propellant /fluorocarbon/ gases were generated from commercial aerosol units
and applied to the from distance of 50 cm for periods of 15 to 60 sec. At a
measured concn of 95,000 mg/cu m (1700 ppm), there was a biphasic change in
ventilation capacity, the first reduction occurring within a few minutes after
exposure, and second delayed until 13 to 30 min after exposure, and second delayed
until 13 to 30 min after exposure. Most subjects developed bradycardia, and
inversion of the T-wave. /Propellant gases/
... The combination of CFC with a sympathomimetic bronchodilator is potentially
dangerous for the treatment of bronchial asthma. For the same reason, sympathomimetic
drugs are contraindicated in cardiac resuscitation of patients suffering from
CFC poisoning. /Fluorocarbon poisoning/
Fluorocarbon vapors are 4 to 5 times
heavier than air. Thus high concn tend to accumulate in low-lying areas, resulting
in hazard of inhalation of concentrated vapors, which may be fatal. /Fluorocarbons/
Under certain condition, fluorocarbon vapors may decompose on contact with
flames or hot surfaces, creating potential hazard of inhalation of toxic decomposition
products. /Fluorocarbons/
Freons are toxic to humans by several mechanisms. Inhaled fluorocarbons sensitize
the myocardium to catecholamines, frequently resulting in lethal ventricular
arrhythmias. Because they are gases heavier than air, fluorocarbons can displace
atmospheric oxygen, thus resulting in asphyxiation.
These compounds also have a central nervous system anesthetic effect analogous
to a structurally similar general anesthetic, halothane. Pressurized
refrigerant or liquid fluorocarbons with a low boiling point have a cryogenic
effect on exposed tissues, causing frostbite, laryngeal or pulmonary edema,
and gastrointestinal perforation. /Freons/
Fluorocarbons were initially believed to be compounds low in toxicity. In
the late 1960s there were early reports of deaths caused by intentional inhalation
abuse of various aerosols. Victims frequently discharged the aerosol contents
into a plastic bag and then inhaled the gaseous contents. Suffocation was initially
considered to be the cause of death. In 1970, 110 cases of "sudden sniffing
death" /were reviewed/ without finding evidence of suffocation. The majority
of those deaths (59) involved fluorocarbon propellants. He noted that in several
cases sudden death followed a burst of emotional stress or exercise. No significant
findings were noted at autopsy. /Fluorocarbons/
A worker died while assisting three workers who were cleaning out a Freon
113 vapor degreaser at a chemical fuel plant. During this procedure solvent
was drained off and the residue on the bottom of the degreaser was cleaned out.
The company had written instruction for cleaning out the degreasing tank. All
but about 1 gallon of the solvent had been drained off. After taking a break
for lunch, the three men returned, picking up the fourth worker who was experienced
in the cleaning operation. Using removable wooden stairs two men, including
the experienced worker, climbed into the tank. Shortly thereafter both men had
trouble breathing and exited the tank. the experienced worker collapsed to the
floor and died shortly. The other worker experienced no ill effects. The men
were using air purifying respirators designed for limited use with organic solvents.
The cause of death had not been determined.
There are isolated reports of poisoning from exposure to refrigerants and
solvents, and some studies showing a higher incidence of coronary heart disease
among hospital personnel are required to establish causal relationship between
fluorine containing organic compounds, and cardiovascular and bronchopulmonary
diseases among exposed workers. The high incidence of cancer among hospital
personnel repeatedly exposed to fluorine-containing general anesthetics raises
a fundamental need to examine other chlorofluorocarbon-exposed workers for similar
effects. /Fluorocarbons/
Clinical pathologists exposed to fluorocarbons in the preparation of frozen
tissue sections have been seen to develop coronary heart disease. /Fluorocarbons/
The toxicity of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) had been considered to be low;
it is absorbed via the lungs and undergoes little subsequent biotransformation.
In the United States when sudden unexplained deaths of aerosol "sniffers" were
reported they were considered to be possibly due to cardiac arrhythmias induced
by the CFC propellants. /CFCs/
... Working with high conc of CFC-113 or other chlorofluorocarbons in confined
spaces has the potential to cause death by cardiac arrhythmia, asphyxiation,
or both. ... 4 reports of 12 fatalities resulting from occupational exposure
to CFC-113 under conditions typical of situations in which CFC-113 can cause
death. In most of the reports, the conc of CFC-113 was not specified. However,
in one of the deaths from cardiac arrhythmia, the exposure was for 1 min &
the CFC-113 concn measured 24 hr after exposure was 7600 ppm. In a death from
asphyxiation, the CFC-113 conc was estimated to be 300,000 ppm, but the duration
of exposure was not stated; however from the description of the incident, the
exposure was relatively brief.
Psychomotor performance was evaluated using CFC-113 at concentrations of 0.15%
(12 g/cu m), 0.25% (19 g/cu m), 0.35% (27 g/cu m) or 0.45% (35 g/cu m) for 165
min. There was no effect at the lowest concentration, but there was difficulty
in mental concentration and some decrease in test scores beginning at 0.35%
(27 g/cu m).
Human Toxicity Values:
TCLO HUMAN INHALATION 4500 PPM; TOXIC EFFECT: CNS EFFECTS
Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:
... May cause irritation of eyes & throat. ... 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
on prolonged or repeated contact with skin may cause skin irritation.
Medical Surveillance:
Employees should be screened for history of certain medical conditions (listed
below) which might place the employee at increased risk from ... exposure. ...
1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane is a defatting agent and can cause dermatitis
on prolonged exposure. Persons with existing skin disorders may be more susceptible
to the effects of this agent. ... In persons with impaired cardiovascular function,
especially those with a history of cardiac arrhythmias, the breathing of 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
might cause exacerbation of symptoms due to its sensitizing properties. ...
Any employee developing the above-listed conditions should be referred for further
medical examination.
Populations at Special Risk:
Persons with existing skin disorders may be more susceptible to the effects
of this agent. ... In persons with impaired cardiovascular function, especially
those with history of cardiac arrhythmias, the breathing of 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
might cause exacerbation of symptoms due to its sensitizing properties.
Probable Routes of Human Exposure:
Routes of entry inhalation, ingestion, skin & eye contact.
... 50 workers at the Kennedy Space Center exposed to levels ranging from
46 to 4700 ppm for an overall average duration of 2.77 yr /were examined/. There
were no signs or symptoms of adverse effects.
NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 250,773 workers
(79,790 of these are female) are potentially exposed to 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
in the US(1). Occupational exposure to 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces
where it is produced or used. Due to its long atmospheric residence time, the
general population is exposed to 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane through
inhalation of ambient air. Monitoring data indicate that the general population
may also be exposed to 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane via ingestion of
contaminated water, and via inhalation and dermal contact with this compound
and other consumer products containing this compound(SRC).
Average Daily Intake:
The average daily in take of 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane in air,
(assume 13-31 parts/trillion(1,2)) is 2.0-4.8 ug/day(SRC).
Emergency Medical Treatment:
Emergency Medical Treatment:
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general reference. THE COMPLETE POISINDEX(R) DATABASE, AVAILABLE FROM MICROMEDEX,
SHOULD BE CONSULTED FOR ASSISTANCE IN THE DIAGNOSIS OR TREATMENT OF SPECIFIC
CASES. Copyright 1974-1998 Micromedex, Inc. Denver, Colorado. All Rights
Reserved. Any duplication, replication or redistribution of all or part
of the POISINDEX(R) database is a violation of Micromedex' copyrights and
is strictly prohibited.
The following Overview, *** FLUORINATED HYDROCARBONS ***, is relevant for this HSDB record chemical. |
| Life Support: |
o This overview assumes that basic life support measures
have been instituted.
|
| Clinical Effects: |
SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
0.2.1.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o LOW CONCENTRATION - Inhalations such as those caused by
leaking air conditioners or refrigerators usually
result in transient eye, nose, and throat irritation.
Palpitations, light headedness, and headaches are also
seen.
o HIGH CONCENTRATION - Inhalation associated with
deliberate abuse, or spills or industrial use occurring
in poorly ventilated areas has been associated with
ventricular arrhythmias, pulmonary edema and sudden
death.
HEENT
0.2.4.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o EYES - Eye irritation occurs with ambient exposure.
Frostbite of the lids may be severe. Ocular
instillation results in corneal burns in rabbits.
o NOSE - Nasal irritation occurs with ambient exposure.
o THROAT - Irritation occurs. Frostbite of the lips,
tongue, buccal mucosa and hard palate developed in a
man after deliberate inhalation.
CARDIOVASCULAR
0.2.5.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Inhalation of high concentrations is associated with
the development of refractory ventricular arrhythmias
and sudden death, believed to be secondary, primarily,
to myocardial sensitization to endogenous
catecholamines. Some individuals may be susceptible to
arrhythmogenic effects at lower concentrations.
RESPIRATORY
0.2.6.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Pulmonary irritation, bronchial constriction, cough,
dyspnea, and chest tightness may develop after
inhalation. Chronic pulmonary hyperreactivity may
occur. Adult respiratory distress syndrome has been
reported following acute inhalational exposures.
Pulmonary edema is an autopsy finding in fatal cases.
NEUROLOGIC
0.2.7.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Headache, dizziness, and disorientation are common.
Cerebral edema may be found on autopsy. A syndrome of
impaired psychomotor speed, impaired memory and
learning, and emotional lability has been described in
workers with chronic occupational exposure to
fluorinated hydrocarbons.
GASTROINTESTINAL
0.2.8.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Nausea may develop. Ingestion of a small amount of
trichlorofluoromethane resulted in necrosis and
perforation of the stomach in one patient.
HEPATIC
0.2.9.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Jaundice and mild elevations in transaminases may
develop after inhalational exposure or ingestion.
Hepatocellular coagulative necrosis has been observed
on liver biopsy.
DERMATOLOGIC
0.2.14.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Dermal contact may result in defatting, irritation or
contact dermatitis. Severe frostbite has been reported
as an effect of freon exposure. Injection causes
transient pain, erythema and edema.
MUSCULOSKELETAL
0.2.15.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Rhabdomyolysis has been reported in a worker
susceptible to malignant hyperthermia after exposure to
fluorinated hydrocarbons and also following intentional
freon inhalation. Compartment syndrome is a rare
complication of severe exposure.
REPRODUCTIVE HAZARDS
o Dichlorodifluoromethane was not teratogenic in rats and
rabbits.
o The reproductive effects of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane
were studied in rats. No adverse effects on
reproductive performance was noted or on the
development, maturation or reproductive performance of
up to two successive generations.
GENOTOXICITY
o The hydrochlorofluorocarbons, HCFC-225ca and HCFC-225cb,
were not mutagenic in the Ames reverse mutation assay,
or clastogenic in the chromosomal aberration assay with
Chinese hamster lung cells. Neither induced unscheduled
DNA synthesis in liver cells. Both of these agents were
clastogenic in the chromosomal aberration assay with
human lymphocytes.
|
| Laboratory: |
o Fluorinated hydrocarbons plasma levels are not clinically
useful.
o No specific lab work (CBC, electrolyte, urinalysis) is
needed unless otherwise indicated.
o Obtain baseline pulse oximetry or arterial blood gas
analysis.
|
| Treatment Overview: |
SUMMARY EXPOSURE
o Monitor EKG and vital signs carefully. Cardiopulmonary
resuscitation may be necessary.
ORAL EXPOSURE
o These substances may cause frostbite to the upper airway
and gastrointestinal tract after ingestion. Administer
oxygen and manage airway as clinically indicated.
Emesis, activated charcoal, and gastric lavage are not
recommended.
INHALATION EXPOSURE
o MONITOR ECG and VITAL SIGNS carefully. Cardiopulmonary
resuscitation may be necessary. AVOID CATECHOLAMINES.
o PROVIDE A QUIET CALM ATMOSPHERE to prevent adrenaline
surge if the patient is seen before the onset of cardiac
arrhythmias. Minimize physical exertion.
o MONITOR pulse oximetry or arterial blood gases.
o Provide symptomatic and supportive care.
o These substances may cause frostbite of the upper airway
with the potential for severe edema. Administer oxygen
and manage airway early in patients with evidence of
upper airway injury.
o PULMONARY EDEMA (NONCARDIOGENIC): Maintain ventilation
and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial
blood gas or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of
PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
EYE EXPOSURE
o DECONTAMINATION: Irrigate exposed eyes with copious
amounts of tepid water for at least 15 minutes. If
irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia
persist, the patient should be seen in a health care
facility.
o Ophthamologic consultation should be obtained in any
symptomatic patients.
DERMAL EXPOSURE
o DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash
exposed area thoroughly with soap and water. A
physician may need to examine the area if irritation or
pain persists.
o If frostbite has occurred, refer to dermal treatment in
the main body of this document for rewarming.
|
| Range of Toxicity: |
o Freons are very toxic when inhaled in high concentrations
and/or for extended periods. At lower concentrations or
brief exposure, freons may cause transient eye, nose, and
throat irritation. There is significant interpatient
variation and it is difficult to predict which patient
will exhibit symptoms following exposure.
|
Antidote and Emergency Treatment:
... IF INHALATION OCCURS, EPINEPHRINE OR OTHER SYMPATHOMIMETIC AMINES &
ADRENERGIC ACTIVATORS SHOULD NOT BE ADMIN SINCE THEY WILL FURTHER SENSITIZE
HEART TO DEVELOPMENT OF ARRHYTHMIAS.
... In persons who are intoxicated with fluorocarbons, steps can be taken
to lessen the risk of arrhythmias. ... Before evaluation at the hospital, patients
should be advised to avoid strenuous exercise. In the hospital, patients can
be placed in a quiet, nonthreatening environment and sedated if necessary. If
hypoxic, oxygen should be administered and metabolic abnormalities corrected.
Sympathomimetic drugs should be avoided. Ventricular arrhythmias are best treated
with beta-blocking agents. /Fluorocarbons/
Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for
signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations as needed. Administer
oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Minimize physical activity and
provide a quiet atmosphere. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary
... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination,
flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal
saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. Rinse mouth and administer
5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution
if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer
activated charcoal ... . Treat frostbite with rapid rewarming techniques ...
. /Chlorinated fluorocarbons (CFCs) and related compounds/
Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway
control in the patient who is unconscious or in respiratory arrest. Positive
pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial.
Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start an IV
with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if
signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Consider
drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Treat seizures with diazepam ... . Use
proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Chlorinated fluorocarbons
(CFCs) and related compounds/
Animal Toxicity Studies:
Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts:
THE CHIEF EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO ... /TRICHLOROTRIFLUOROETHANE/
ARE DEPRESSION OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND IRRITATION OF THE RESPIRATORY
TRACT. SUCH EFFECTS OCCUR IN ANIMALS AT CONCENTRATIONS ABOVE 12000
PPM. MILD LIVER CHANGES HAVE BEEN NOTICED AT LEVELS SOMEWHAT BELOW THIS.
GUINEA PIGS EXPOSED ... FOR PERIODS OF 5
MINUTES TO 2 HOURS SHOWED INCREASING SIGNS OF IRRITATION AND /CNS DEPRESSION/;
NASAL IRRITATION WAS APPARENT IN 5 MINUTES
AT 25000 PPM, AND LOSS OF COORDINATION AT 50000 PPM AFTER 30 MINUTES; DEATHS
OCCURRED AFTER 1 HOUR AT THIS LEVEL.
SUBACUTE EXPOSURES OF RATS FOR 30 DAYS DURATION, SEVEN HOURS DAILY, FIVE DAYS
EACH WEEK AT 2520 PPM SHOWED NO MORTALITY OR OTHER EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE. A SIMILAR
STUDY ... AT 5000 PPM, ALTHOUGH SHOWING NO MORTALITY, INDICATED SOME EFFECTS
ON THE LIVER.
/TRICHLOROTRIFLUOROETHANE/ ... PRODUCED NO IRRITATION ON THE ABRADED OR INTACT
SKIN OF GUINEA PIGS, AND NO CORNEAL INJURY OR IRRITATION DURING A SUBSEQUENT
72-HOUR PERIOD.
... ACUTE INHALATION STUDIES OF RATS TO THE VAPOR FOR 6 HOURS SHOWED PULMONARY
CHANGES AROUND LEVELS OF 30000 PPM, BUT NO MORTALITY UNTIL LEVELS AROUND 87000
PPM.
IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS VARIABLE DEGREES OF TACHYCARDIA, MYOCARDIAL DEPRESSION,
AND HYPOTENSION HAVE BEEN DESCRIBED.
INHALATION OF 0.5% FREON 113 BY UNANESTHETIZED BEAGLE DOGS WAS REQUIRED FOR
CARDIAC SENSITIZATION. ARTERIAL BLOOD LEVEL ASSOC WITH EFFECT WAS 12.5
UG/L & VENOUS LEVEL WAS 4.9 UG/L.
FREON 113 WAS INVESTIGATED FOR ITS ACTION ON PULMONARY SURFACTANT IN RATS.
IN VITRO VENTILATION OF RAT LUNG WITH VAPORS PRODUCED ALVEOLAR INSTABILITY &
ATELECTASIS. IT CAN DISSOLVE & DISPLACE LIPID PORTION OF ALVEOLAR SURFACTANT
CAUSING ALVEOLAR INSTABILITY.
TRICHLOROTRIFLUOROETHANE CAUSED TACHYCARDIA, HYPOTENSION IN ANESTHETIZED RHESUS
MONKEYS WHEN INHALED @ 2.5-5%.
TRICHLOROTRIFLUOROETHANE @ 2.5 &
5% DEPRESSED VENTRICULAR FUNCTION IN HEART-LUNG PREPN FROM DOG.
RABBITS WERE USED TO STUDY IRRITANT POWERS OF PRINCIPAL ALIPHATIC SOLVENTS
ON SKIN & OCULAR MUCOSA. SOLVENTS TESTED WERE FOUND TO BE PRIMARY IRRITANTS
WITH EXCEPTION OF TRICHLOROTRIFLUORO-1,1,2-ETHANE BUT THEIR EFFECTS ON SKIN
& OCULAR MUCOSA DIFFER.
Animal studies indicate low acute toxicity when FC-113 is inhaled. The LC50
for 4 hr exposure of rats range from 52000 to 68000 ppm, while 2 hr lethal concn
for rats, guinea pigs, mice, and rabbits ranged from 50000 to 120000 ppm. FC
113 act like a weak ... /CNS depressant/ and has relatively strong sensitization
potential compared to homologous fluorocarbons. ... In another study, rotobar-trained
rats exposed at 11000-13000 ppm for 6 hr showed no decrement in performance;
dogs showed vomiting, lethargy, nervousness, and tremors, all reversible within
15 min after exposure.
When studied at doses below those causing maternal toxicity, FC 113 caused
no changes in the offspring from pregnant rabbits exposed either by the oral
or by nine daily two hr exposures at levels as high as 20000 ppm.
Studies of 4 to 6-weeks duration, conducted at concn <25,000 ppm, reported
variable findings. After 19 seven-hr exposures at 5000 ppm, some rats developed
slight, diffuse, degenerative fatty infiltration; no such changes or other pathological
findings were observed in three subsequent similar studies. No clinical, biochemical,
or pathologic changes developed after twenty 3.5
hr daily exposures of rats & guinea pigs, or rats & dogs after 20 six-hr
exposures at 5100 ppm or in rats after 30 seven-hr exposures at 2520 ppm; however,
after inhaling 5000 ppm, 7 hr/day for 30 days, body-weight gain was depressed
in the rat. After 14 days of continuous exposure of monkeys, dogs, mice, and
rats at 2000 ppm, no adverse effects could be detected. The only morphologic
& biochemical changes noted in male Wistar rats inhaling 1000 or 2000 ppm
CFC-113, 6 hr/day, 5 days/week were
proliferation of hepatic smooth endoplasmic reticulum & induction of hepatic
microsomal enzymes.
Instillation of undiluted CFC-113 produced no significant irritation in the
rabbit eye. Topical application of 11,000 mg/kg was required to kill rabbits,
but it was not irritating to the skin.
CFC-113 is of low acute oral toxicity; it was necessary to give multiple doses
in order to determine an LD50 value of 43 g/kg in male rats. Pulmonary hemorrhage
& mottled livers were noted in rats that died; death occurred with in 5
to 24 hr. ... Rabbits appeared more susceptible; two of eight died after three
doses of 1 g/kg/day, half the group died after one or four doses.
An Ames bacterial mutagen test was negative.
Various animal studies (non-human primates and dogs) have indicated that acute
exposure to high concn of CFC-113 (as low as 2,000 ppm or 15,400 mg/cu m in
a 6 hr exposure period) followed by a large injected dose of epinephrine resulted
in cardiac arrhythmias.
Preliminary data from ... a two yr chronic inhalation study in rats indicate
no hepatotoxic effects attributable to CFC-113.
... Chlorofluorocarbons could sensitize the canine myocardium to adrenaline,
resulting in serious cardiac arrhythmias. /CFCs/
In most inhalation toxicity studies, CFC-113 caused no adverse effects, even
after a 90 day exposure of rats to 155 g/cu m (20,000 ppm) and dogs to 40 g/cu
m (5,000 ppm). However, effects in rats
after 30 exposures (each of 7 hours) to 40 g/cu m (5,000
ppm) /were reported/.
A pad saturated with CFC-113 was applied to an area corresponding to 10% of
the body surface for 5 min, twice daily,
for 10, 20, or 40 days. No changes occurred in the group exposed to 10 days.
Increased vacuolization of liver endoplasmic reticulum was seen after 20 days
exposure, which was less pronounced after 40 days, whereas swollen mitrochondria
were only found after 20 days exposure.
CFC-113 applied to rabbit skin at 5
g/kg per day for 5 days caused gross
and histological damage to the skin as well as slight changes in the liver.
Non-Human Toxicity Values:
LD50 Rat oral 43 g/kg
Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics:
Absorption, Distribution & Excretion:
Arterial and venous concn of 3 C2 fluorocarbons were obtained in unanesthetized
beagle dogs during and after 10 min of exposures. Blood concn increased rapidly
during the 1st 5 min of exposure and
more slowly or not at all thereafter. At termination of exposure, fluorocarbon
blood concn decreased rapidly at 1st, followed by a more prolonged decline.
An arterial-venous difference, observed during and after exposure, suggested
a tissue uptake of fluorocarbon. Although a wide range of inspired concn 0.5%
fluorocarbon 113, 2.5% fluorocarbon 114, and 15.0% fluorocarbon 115, is needed
to produce cardiac sensitization, arterial or venous fluorocarbon concn associated
with these sensitizing levels differ only slightly among the cmpds tested: 12.5,
13.8, and 5.8 ug/ml arterial and 4.9,
7.2 and 3.9 ug/ml venous respectively. Sensitizing blood levels from 25-35 ug/ml
arterial and from 18-23 ug/ml venous were reported for C1 fluorocarbons 11 and
12.
Human exposure to CFC 113 is predominantly by inhalation and most of it is
rapidly cleared from the body by exhalation.
Animal exposure studies indicate that CFC 113 partitions preferentially into
lipid-rich tissues and is poorly metabolized. Loss of CFC 113 from all tissues
is rapid during post-exposure periods with virtually 100% clearance within 24
hr after cessation of acute exposure.
Human & animal studies indicate rapid excretion of inhaled FC-114. In
a study with radiolabeled FC-114, 30 min retention of the dose inhaled in a
single breath was 12% versus 23%, 10%, & 20% for comparable doses of FC-11,
FC-12, and FC-113, respectively.
... MAIN FACTOR AFFECTING FATE OF FLUOROCARBONS IS BODY FAT, WHERE THEY ARE
CONCENTRATED & SLOWLY RELEASED INTO BLOOD @ CONCN THAT SHOULD NOT CAUSE
ANY RISK OF CARDIAC SENSITIZATION. /FLUOROCARBONS/
There is a significant accumulation of fluorocarbons in brain,
liver and lung compared to blood levels, signifying a tissue distribution of
fluorocarbons similar to that of chloroform.
Abosrption of fluorocarbons is much lower after oral ingestion (35-48 times)
than after inhalation. ... The lung generally have the highest fluorocarbon
concentrations on autopsy. /Fluorocarbons/
Although fluorocarbons cause cardiac sensitization in certain animal species,
rapid elimination prevents the development of cardiotoxic concentrations from
aerosol bronchodilator use except at exceedingly high doses (12 to 24 doses
in 2 minutes). /Fluorocarbons/
FLUOROCARBON COMPOUNDS ARE LIPID-SOLUBLE AND THUS ARE GENERALLY WELL ABSORBED
THROUGH LUNG. ABSORPTION AFTER INGESTION IS 35 TO 48 TIMES LOWER THAN AFTER
INHALATION. ... FLUOROCARBONS ARE ELIMINATED BY WAY OF LUNG. /FLUOROCARBON COMPOUNDS/
The retention and elimination of 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane was
examined in seven human volunteers by measuring FC 113 in blood and breath during
and after a 4 hour inhalation exposure period. In a pilot study a single volunteer
was exposed to a target concentration of 7600 mg/cu m. In the main study two
groups of three subjects were exposed to 1900 and 3800 mg/cu m. Low blood/breath
ratios were noted which were consistent with the low solubility of FC 113 in
the blood. While pulmonary retention during the exposure period was 14%, only
2.6 to 4.3% of the dose was recovered unchanged in breath after the exposure
period, suggesting that FC 113 could be metabolized following inhalation. It
was suggested that the measurement of end tidal breath concentrations of FC
113 could serve as the basis of a biological monitoring method. If results are
normalized to the body fat content of individual workers, as estimated from
height and weight measurements, the predictive value of such a measurement would
be improved.
... >50% of an inspired 7 mg of CFC-113 inhaled as a single dose was exhaled
immediately; 19.8% was retained after 30 min. When four men inhaled 500 ppm
CFC-113, 6 hr/day for 5 days, only 4
of 20 morning breath samples contained >1 ppm. When these same volunteers
inhaled 1000 ppm under the same protocol the following week, 14 of 20 morning
samples of exhaled air showed concn >1 ppm. No trend indicative of CFC-113
accumulation in the body could be discerned, & at 2 days after cessation
of exposure, only one sample of expired air contained measurable quantities
of the compound. Breath-holding trials of inspired CFC-113 found that total
excretion in expired air after 1 hr was 63% of the inhaled compound, a value
corresponding to an elimination half-time of 17 min. Urinary excretion accounted
for <0.01%/ min. Even after exposure at 10,000 ppm, the compound was eliminated
entirely within 3 months.
Interactions:
The interaction of Freon 113 and hypoxia on the heart conduction system was
investigated by using the isolated perfused hearts from Wistar rats. The mean
preexposure heart rate was 214.8 beats per minute and the mean preexposure atrioventricular
conduction time (PQ interval was 42.9 milliseconds. Freon 113 alone elicited
significant change to control levels in heart rate which was enhanced by the
coadministration of hypoxia. An enhanced delayed PQ interval was noted following
coadministration of Freon 113 and hypoxia, although significant PQ interval
changes were noted with Freon 113 alone or with hypoxia alone. In the coadministration
group, a 2:1 atrioventricular block was elicited in two of four hearts. It was
suggested that in occupational deaths among Freon 113 workers, there may be
complex interactions between hypoxia, enhanced cardiac sensitivity to circulating
epinephrine, and direct alterations of cardiac muscle cell membrane potentials
which result in arrhythmias following Freon 113 exposures.
Pharmacology:
Interactions:
The interaction of Freon 113 and hypoxia on the heart conduction system was
investigated by using the isolated perfused hearts from Wistar rats. The mean
preexposure heart rate was 214.8 beats per minute and the mean preexposure atrioventricular
conduction time (PQ interval was 42.9 milliseconds. Freon 113 alone elicited
significant change to control levels in heart rate which was enhanced by the
coadministration of hypoxia. An enhanced delayed PQ interval was noted following
coadministration of Freon 113 and hypoxia, although significant PQ interval
changes were noted with Freon 113 alone or with hypoxia alone. In the coadministration
group, a 2:1 atrioventricular block was elicited in two of four hearts. It was
suggested that in occupational deaths among Freon 113 workers, there may be
complex interactions between hypoxia, enhanced cardiac sensitivity to circulating
epinephrine, and direct alterations of cardiac muscle cell membrane potentials
which result in arrhythmias following Freon 113 exposures.
Environmental Fate & Exposure:
Environmental Fate/Exposure Summary:
1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane's former production and use as solvent
may have resulted in its release to the environment through various waste streams.
Fully halogenated chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), such as 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane,
were scheduled for production phase-out in 1987 by the Montreal Protocol. Although
originally scheduled for 50% production phase-out by the year 2000 in developed
countries, the worsening ozone depletion has forced acceleration of the CFC
phase-out. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 363 mm Hg at 25 deg C indicates
1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient
atmosphere. This compound does not react with photochemically produced hydroxyl
radicals, ozone molecules or nitrate radicals in the troposphere. This compound
will gradually diffuse into the stratosphere above the ozone layer where it
will slowly degrade due to direct photolysis from UV-C radiation and contribute
to the catalytic removal of stratospheric ozone. If released to soil, 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
is expected to have moderate mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 316. Volatilization
from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon
a Henry's Law constant of 5.3X10-1 atm-cu
m/mole. 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane may volatilize from dry soil surfaces
based upon its vapor pressure. If released into water, 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
is expected to adsorb slightly to suspended solids and sediment based upon the
estimated Koc. Biodegradation in water is not an important environmental fate
process; however, some loss was noted under anoxic groundwater conditions. Volatilization
from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this
compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model
river and model lake are 4 hrs and 5
days, respectively. Hydrolysis is not expected to occur due to the lack of hydrolyzable
functional groups. A BCF range of 11 to 86 suggests bioconcentration in aquatic
organisms is low to moderate. Occupational exposure to 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces
where 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane is produced or used. Due to its
long atmospheric residence time, the general population is exposed to 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
through inhalation of ambient air. Monitoring data indicate that the general
population may also be exposed to 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane via
ingestion of contaminated water, and via inhalation and dermal contact with
this compound and other consumer products containing 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane.
(SRC)
Probable Routes of Human Exposure:
Routes of entry inhalation, ingestion, skin & eye contact.
... 50 workers at the Kennedy Space Center exposed to levels ranging from
46 to 4700 ppm for an overall average duration of 2.77 yr /were examined/. There
were no signs or symptoms of adverse effects.
NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 250,773 workers
(79,790 of these are female) are potentially exposed to 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
in the US(1). Occupational exposure to 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces
where it is produced or used. Due to its long atmospheric residence time, the
general population is exposed to 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane through
inhalation of ambient air. Monitoring data indicate that the general population
may also be exposed to 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane via ingestion of
contaminated water, and via inhalation and dermal contact with this compound
and other consumer products containing this compound(SRC).
Average Daily Intake:
The average daily in take of 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane in air,
(assume 13-31 parts/trillion(1,2)) is 2.0-4.8 ug/day(SRC).
Artificial Pollution Sources:
... Common operations in which exposure to 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
may occur ...: use as selective solvent in degreasing electrical equipment,
photographic films, magnetic tapes, precision instruments, plastics, glass,
elastomers, or metal components; as dry cleaning solvent for all fabrics, leather,
& suedes; use as refrigerant in commercial/industrial air conditioning and
industrial process cooling; use as chemical intermediate for dechloronization
of chemicals in the mfg of polymers, and copolymers in prodn of high-temp lubricants;
use as a foaming or blowing agent in mfg of polymers for flame retardancy; use
as a solvent in textile industry; and as a solvent in special lab usage.
In cleaning and drying operations, two types of solvent losses occur: (1)
escape in vapor form and (2) in liquid form when tanks are emptied for cleaning.
1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane may be released to the environment as
emissions from production, storage, transport; from turbine engine exhaust;
from use as a foaming agent, refrigerant, and solvent, or use in the manufacture
of fluoropolymers(1,2,SRC). 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane together with
Freon 114, Freon 115, and Freon 13 contain about 3% of the organically bound
chlorine present in the atmosphere(2). The global release rate of Freon 113
is estimated to be 9.1X10+4 tons per year, which corresponds with a 15% annual
increase in the abundance of Freon 113 in the atmosphere(2). This compound may
be released to soil from the disposal of products containing this compound(SRC).
These products include mobile air conditioners, retail food refrigeration units,
and centrifugal and reciprocating chillers(3).
1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane's production and use as a solvent in
dry cleaning(1) and circuit board production(2) may result in its release to
the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Fully halogenated chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs) such as 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane were scheduled for production
phase-out in 1987 by the Montreal Protocol(3). Although originally scheduled
for 50% production phase-out by the year 2000 in developed countries, the worsening
ozone depletion has forced acceleration of the CFC phase-out(3).
Environmental Fate:
Because CFC 113 has very limited solubility in water and is highly volatile,
all releases of CFC 113 can be expected to be eventually conveyed to the atmosphere.
ATMOSPHERIC: Because it is essentially inert in the troposphere, CFC 113 is
transported slowly to the stratosphere. While CFC 113 has some potential to
perturb stratospheric ozone, there is presently no evidence demonstrating that
any indirect effects of CFC 113 on human health has or is likely to occur as
a result of ozone perturbation.
TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value
of an 316(2) indicates that 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane is expected
to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given
an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5.26X10-1
atm-cu m/mole(SRC), based upon its vapor pressure, 363 mm Hg(3), and water solubility,
170 mg/l(4). The potential for volatilization of 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(3). 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
was degraded under anaerobic landfill conditions using an anoxic landfill leachate
microcosm(2), suggesting this compound may biodegrade in soils under anaerobic
conditions(SRC).
AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value
of 316(2) indicates that 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane is not expected
to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces
is expected(4) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5.26X10-1
atm-cu m/mole(SRC), based upon its vapor pressure, 363 mm Hg(3), and water solubility,
170 mg/l(5). Using this Henry's Law
constant and an estimation method(5),
volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4 hrs and 5
days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), BCFs of 11-86(7)
suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to moderate.
The compound is non-biodegradable under aerobic conditions(7), however biodegradation
was observed in anoxic groundwater studies(8).
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile
organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane,
which has a vapor pressure of 363 mm Hg at 25 deg C(2), is expected to exist
solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. The moderate water solubility of
170 mg/l suggests that some loss by wet deposition occurs, but any loss by this
mechanism is probably returned to the atmosphere by volatilization. 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
will not degrade in the troposphere, thus diffusion from the troposphere to
the stratosphere would be the sole removal mechanism (half-life 20 years(4)).
This compound will gradually diffuse into the stratosphere above the ozone layer
where it will slowly degrade due to direct photolysis from UV-C radiation and
contribute to the catalytic removal of stratospheric ozone. The stratospheric
lifetime of this compound ranges between 63 and 122 years(5).
As a result of this persistence in the atmosphere(5),
this vapor-phase compound can be transported long distances and therefore, its
concn should be fairly uniform throughout the globe away from known sources(SRC).
Environmental Biodegradation:
AEROBIC: 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane, present at 100 mg/l, reached
0-5% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at
30 mg/l and the Japanese MITI test(1). Therefore this compound is not expected
to biodegrade rapidly.
ANAEROBIC: Using a 1,1,1-trichloroethane, CFC-11, and 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
contaminated shallow sand and gravel aquifer at the Moffett Field Naval Air
Station in Mountain View, CA, an average 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
concn of 0.0062 mg/l was 8, 20 , and 18% transformed along 3 well sampling sites
for the period between 1450 and 1550 hrs after commencing biostimulation through
the addition of acetate(1). This compound appears to be persistent in groundwater
but biotransforms to a very toxic vinyl chloride analogue(2). The half-life
of 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane in an anoxic landfill leachate microcosm
study was 5.3 days at 21 deg C(2).
Environmental Abiotic Degradation:
1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane is not expected to undergo hydrolysis
in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(1,2). 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
is essentially inert to reaction with photochemically generated radicals and
ozone molecules(3,4). This compound will not undergo direct photolysis in the
troposphere(5). The stratospheric lifetime
of 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane has been estimated to range from 63
and 122 years with direct photolysis being the dominant removal mechanism and
reaction with singlet oxygen being the secondary removal mechanism(6). In the
stratosphere this compound will slowly photolyze to release chlorine atoms which
in turn participates in the catalytic removal of stratospheric ozone(5).
The infrared intensity for 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane is 4,905 sq
cm/atm, which, in combination with its long atmospheric lifetime(6), contribute
to its greenhouse potential(7). 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane has a
GWP (greenhouse warming potential) of 1.24(8).
Environmental Bioconcentration:
BCFs of 11-33 and 14-86 were measured for 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
at concns of 0.198 and 0.0198 mg/l, respectively(1). According to a classification
scheme(2), these BCF values suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic
organisms is low to moderate.
Soil Adsorption/Mobility:
The Koc of 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane has been estimated as 316(1).
According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that
1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane is expected to have moderate mobility
in soil. Because of its density in both the liquid and vapor phases, 1.565 and
4.46 respectively, 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane sinks rapidly through
soils to the water table(1).
Volatilization from Water/Soil:
The Henry's Law constant for 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane is estimated
as 5.3X10-1 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) based
upon its vapor pressure, 363 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 170 mg/l(2). This
Henry's Law constant indicates that 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane is
expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's
Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing
1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 4 hours(SRC). The volatilization
half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of
0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 5
days(SRC). Half-lives in ponds, lakes, and rivers were estimated at 10.3-4.9,
11.4-3.8, and 11.4-0.1 days, respectively, using an estimated transfer rate
of 12.2 cm/h(4). 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane's Henry's Law constant(1,2)
indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential
for volatilization of 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane from dry soil surfaces
may exist(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).
Environmental Water Concentrations:
GROUNDWATER: Because of its density in both the liquid and vapor phases, 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
rapidly sinks through soils, penetrates the water table, and pools on low permeability
units(3). 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane was detected in a small percentage
of 2948 groundwater samples collected from the continuous United States between
1985 and 1995 at a concn ranging from 0.4 to 10 ug/l, median 0.5
ug.l in 3.1% of 406 wells in urban areas, and at a median concn of 0.2 ug.l
in 0.1% of 2,542 wells in rural areas(1). Trace amounts were detected in 6.3%
of 320 groundwater samples in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, concns ranging from
0.0001-0.19 mg/l(2). 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane was detected in samples
from two monitoring wells in the Gloucester landfill in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
at concns of 2725 and 200 ug/l, and 903 and 234 ug/l in 1988 and 1989, respectively(3).
SURFACE WATER: 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane was detected in water
samples taken from the Niagara River and Cayuhoga River(1); it was not detected
in water samples taken from Lake Ontario(1). 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
was detected, not quantified in Antarctic surface seawater samples collected
from October to mid-December, 1987(2). The concns of dissolved 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
in seawater from the northeast Atlantic Ocean, above the Porcupine Abyssal Plain,
on February 5, 1991 were 2.8 pMol/l
at 0 db pressure, 1.5 pMol/l at 100
db, and 0.2 pMol/l at 1500 db(3).
Effluent Concentrations:
The annual emissions of 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane were estimated
at 100 million kg/yr, increasing exponentially at 5% per year from 1981 through
1988(1). Of the total evaporative losses of 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
from cleaning and electronic maintenance operations at the Newark AFB, Ohio,
73% was from spraying/flushing booths, 21% was from ultrasonic cleaners, 4.3%
from degreasers, and 1.7% from brushing/wiping and miscellaneous(2). 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
concns in samples from six municipal solid waste landfills in Hamburg, Germany
ranged from not detected to 0.01 mg/kg(3). The range in landfill gas from seven
U.K. municipal waste disposal sites was <0.5
to 74 mg/cu m(4).
Atmospheric Concentrations:
The World Meteorological Organization ... reported a current global annual
emissions rate of about 91,000 metric tons.
The World Meteorological Organization reported that ambient air levels are
in the range of 12 to 25 parts/trillion in the northern hemisphere and 11 to
22 parts/trillion in the southern hemisphere. Based on measurements made in
the USA, CFC-113 background levels are generally less than 20 parts/trillion.
The global growth rate of 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane is estimated
to have averaged 3.1 parts/trillion/year from 1991 through 1993(1).
URBAN/SUBURBAN: 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane was detected in air
samples collected throughout the U.S. between 1973 and 1980: rural/remote locations,
284 data points, median concn 31 parts/trillion, mean concn 28 parts/trillion;
urban/suburban areas, 851 data points, median concn 170 parts/trillion, mean
concn 220 parts/trillion(1). It was detected in "clean air" samples collected
in central California May 1975, avg concn 19.9 parts/trillion(2), and in air
samples collected in the San Francisco area during winter 1975, 274 samples,
100% pos., avg concn 16.9 parts/trillion(3). Samples from Downey, CA (February
1984), Houston, TX (March 1984), Denver, CO (March 1984), San Jose, CA (April
1985, August 1985, and Decemeber 1985) contained mean concns of 118, 58, 41,
1256, 616, and 1211 parts per trillion, respectively(6). In a study conducted
in the Aichi prefecture, Japan, it was concluded that chlorofluorocarbon concns
were generally higher in urban areas with more precision machine or metalworking
industries than in rural areas(4). Air concns of 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
in samples from Teipei, Taiwan were uniform and close to background levels 90
and 85 parts/trillion volume, respectively, suggesting emissions were of little
importance(5).
RURAL/REMOTE: During 1978, the average concn of 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
in ambient air in the Northern and Southern hemispheres was 13 and 12 parts
per trillion, respectively(1). Samples from the Aichi Prefecture, Japan sampled
monthly from October 1990 to March 1991 had a mean concn of 0.14 ppb. This is
5 times greater than the tropospheric
background concn for the northern hemisphere(2). 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
surface level atmospheric concns in the mid-lattitude northern hemisphere in
Hokkaido, Japan for the period of 1979-1991 has slowly risen from 100 parts
per trillion volume in 1979 to 150 parts per trillion volume in 1991(3). Concns
in Anarctica during the same time period, while lower, showed the same linear
increase(3). The average global tropospheric concn of 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
was estimated at 70 parts per trillion volume in 1990(3). Mean concn from July
1984 to June 1989 at Cape Meares, OR; Ragged Point, Barbados; Cape Matatulaa,
Samoa; Cape Grim, Tasmania; and archived air, Cape Grin were 53.1; 48.8; 46.2;
44.2; and 44.2 parts per trillion, respectively(4). Mean concns from July 1989
to June 1994 at Mace Head, Ireland; Ragged Point, Barbados; Cape Grim, Tasmania;
and archived air, Cape Grim were 80.3; 78.5;
72.8; and 72.9
parts per trillion, respectively(4). 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane was
detected, not quantified in Antarctic marine air samples collected from October
to mid-December, 1987(5). The compound
was detected, not quantified in air samples from the forest at Eggegebirge in
North Rhine-Westfalia, Germany(6). Atmospheric concns were 0 and 0.07 ppb volume
in 1960 and 1990, respectively(7). Stratospheric air sample analysis showed
an average 1882 through 1984 midlatitude concn of 23 parts per trillion volume
at the tropopause to 1 part per trillion at 32 km(8).
SOURCE DOMINATED: 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane was detected between
1978 to 1982 in factory samples collected from various industries in Germany
at a 1.5% detection frequency(1).
Other Environmental Concentrations:
Average 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane concns are as follows (%hit,
concn % w/w, class): 1.8, 0.1, automotive products; 1.8, 49.7, household cleaners;
1.9, 2.4, paint-related products; 4.4, 1.7, fabric and leather treatments; 20.3,
57.3 cleaners for electronic equipment; 5.4,
1.0, oils, greases, and lubricants; 2.6, 0.2, adhesive-related products; 7.0,
79.5, miscellaneous products(1).
Environmental Standards & Regulations:
TSCA Requirements:
Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model Health and Safety
Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers,
and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies
and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
is included on this list.
CERCLA Reportable Quantities:
Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National
Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated
hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity
of 5000 lb or 2270 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802; In
the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining
when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).
RCRA Requirements:
F002; When 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane is a spent halogenated solvent,
it is classified as a hazardous waste from a nonspecific source (F002), as stated
in 40 CFR 261.31, and must be managed according to state and/or federal hazardous
waste regulations.
Atmospheric Standards:
This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile
Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry
(SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed,
modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated
system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering
costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements.
1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2,-trifluoroethane is produced, as an intermediate or a
final product, by process units covered under this subpart.
State Drinking Water Standards:
(CA) CALIFORNIA 1200 ug/l
State Drinking Water Guidelines:
(FL) FLORIDA 500,000 ug/l
(MA) MASSACHUSETTS 210000 ug/l
(MI) MICHIGAN 190,000 ug/l
(MN) MINNESOTA 200000 ug/l
Chemical/Physical Properties:
Molecular Formula:
C2-Cl3-F3
Molecular Weight:
187.38
Color/Form:
Colorless gas
Volatile liquid
Colorless to water-white liquid ... [Note: A gas above 118 degrees F].
Clear, dense, colorless liquid
Odor:
Nearly odorless
Odor like carbon tetrachloride at high concentrations
Faint solvent odor
Boiling Point:
47.7 deg C
Melting Point:
-35 deg C
Corrosivity:
... 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane will attack some forms of plastics,
rubber, & coatings.
Critical Temperature & Pressure:
Critical temperature: 214.3 deg C; critical pressure: 3.42 MPa
Density/Specific Gravity:
1.5635 @ 25 deg C/4 deg C
Heat of Vaporization:
28.4 kJ/mol @ 25 deg C
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient:
log Kow= 3.16
Solubilities:
Soluble in ethanol. Miscible in ethyl ether and benzene.
In water, 170 mg/l @ 25 deg C
Spectral Properties:
Index of refraction: 1.3557 @ 25 deg C/D
SADTLER REF NUMBER: 23717 (IR, PRISM); 10998 (IR, GRATING)
UV absorbance, maxima: 1.00 at 231 nm; 0.20 at 240 nm; 0.01 at 260-400 nm.
/Photrex reagent, 1.00 cm path vs distilled water/
IR: 1925 (Coblentz Society Spectral Collection)
MASS: 1277 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons, New York)
Surface Tension:
0.0196 N/m @ 20 deg C
Vapor Density:
6.5 (Air= 1)
Vapor Pressure:
363 mm Hg @ 25 deg C
Relative Evaporation Rate:
>1 (Butyl acetate= 1)
1.3 (Ether= 1)
170 (CCl4= 100)
Viscosity:
0.497 mPa.s @ 48.9 deg C (liq); 0.0108 mPa.s @ 49 deg C (gas)
Other Chemical/Physical Properties:
Dielectric constant at 60 Hz= 2.41
Volume resistivity= 1x10+16 ohm/cm
Critical volume= 325 cu cm/mol; critical density= 0.576 g/cu m; density of
saturated vapor at boiling point= 7.38 g/l: solubility of water in freon 113
@ 25 deg C= 0.011 (wt%)
Ozone Depleting Potential: 0.8
GWP (greenhouse warming potential) = 1.24
Chemical Safety & Handling:
Odor Threshold:
Odor detection in air: 4.5x10+1 ppm; odor recognition in air: 6.8x10+1 ppm
/Purities not specified/
Low: 342 mg/cu m; High: 1026 mg/cu m /From table/
Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:
... May cause irritation of eyes & throat. ... 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
on prolonged or repeated contact with skin may cause skin irritation.
Fire Potential:
Not combustible.
COMBUSTIBLE WHEN EXPOSED TO HEAT OR FLAME.
Fire Fighting Procedures:
/During fire fighting wear/ self-contained breathing apparatus with full facepiece
operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode.
Toxic Combustion Products:
ALL FLUOROCARBONS WILL UNDERGO THERMAL DECOMPOSITION WHEN EXPOSED TO FLAME
OR RED-HOT METAL. DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS OF THE CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS WILL INCLUDE
HYDROFLUORIC & HYDROCHLORIC ACID ALONG
WITH SMALLER AMOUNTS OF PHOSGENE & CARBONYL
FLUORIDE. THE LAST COMPOUND IS VERY UNSTABLE TO HYDROLYSIS &
QUICKLY CHANGES TO HYDROFLUORIC ACID & CARBON DIOXIDE IN THE PRESENCE OF
MOISTURE. /FLUOROCARBONS/
IN CONTACT WITH OPEN FLAME OR VERY HOT SURFACE FLUOROCARBONS MAY DECOMP INTO
HIGHLY IRRITANT & TOXIC GASES: CHLORINE, HYDROGEN FLUORIDE OR CHLORIDE,
& EVEN PHOSGENE. /FLUOROCARBON REFRIGERANT & PROPELLANTS/
Hazardous Reactivities & Incompatibilities:
Reacts with chemically active metals such as calcium, powdered aluminum, zinc,
magnesium, & beryllium. Contact with magnesium alloys containing more than
2% magnesium may cause decomposition.
Mixtures /of aluminum/ with fluorotrichloroethane and with trichlorotrifluoroethane
will flash or spark on heavy impact.
Finely divided barium, slurried with trichlorotrifluoroethane, exploded during
transfer owing to frictional initiation. Granular barium in contact with ...
1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane ... is susceptible to detonation.
Mixtures of lithium shavings and several halocarbons are impact sensitive
and will explode, sometimes violently. Such materials include: ... 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane.
...
Mixture of powdered titanium and trichloroethylene or 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane
flash or spark under heavy impact.
When two drops of trichlorotrifluoroethane were added to a sodium-potassium
alloy (NaK), there was a violent explosion.
DANGEROUS ... ON CONTACT WITH ACIDS OR ACID FUMES THEY EVOLVE HIGHLY TOXIC
CHLORIDE FUMES. /CHLORIDES/
Chemically-active metals such as calcium, powdered aluminum, zinc, magnesium
& beryllium [Note: Decomposes if in contact with alloys containing >2%
magnesium].
Hazardous Decomposition:
... WHEN DECOMP, EMITS HIGHLY TOXIC FUMES OF FLUORIDES
AND CHLORIDES.
Toxic gases & vapors (such as hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, phosgene,
carbon monoxide) may be released when 1,1,2-trichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane
decomposes.
APPEARANCE OF TOXIC DECOMP PRODUCTS SERVES AS WARNING OF OCCURRENCE OF THERMAL
DECOMP & DETECTION OF SHARP ACRID ODOR WARNS OF PRESENCE ... .
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health:
2000 ppm
Protective Equipment & Clothing:
Employees should be provided with and required to use impervious clothing,
gloves, face-shields (eight-inch minimum), and other appropriate protective
clothing necessary to prevent any possibility of skin contact. Employees should
be provided with and required to use splash-proof goggles where there is any
possibility of liquid 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane contacting the eyes.
Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.
Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.
Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 2000 ppm. Respirator
Class(es): Any supplied-air respirator. Any self-contained breathing apparatus
with a full facepiece.
Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: Emergency or planned
entry into unknown concn or IDLH conditions: Respirator Class(es): Any self-contained
breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand
or other positive-pressure mode. Any supplied-air respirator that has a full
facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode
in combination with an auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus operated
in pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.
Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: Escape from suddenly
occurring respiratory hazards: Respirator Class(es): Any air-purifying, full-facepiece
respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style, front- or back-mounted organic vapor
canister. Any appropriate escape-type, self-contained breathing apparatus.
Preventive Measures:
Workers should wash immediately when skin becomes contaminated.
If the use of respirators is necessary, the only respirators permitted are
those that have been approved by the Mine Safety and Health Administration (formerly
Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration) or by the National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health. In addition to respirator selection, a complete
respiratory protection program should be instituted which includes regular training,
maintenance, inspection, cleaning, and evaluation.
Non-impervious clothing which becomes contaminated with liquid 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
should be removed immediately and not reworn until it is removed from the clothing.
Skin that becomes contaminated with liquid 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
should be immediately washed or showered with soap or mild detergent and water.
APPEARANCE OF TOXIC DECOMP PRODUCTS SERVES AS WARNING OF OCCURRENCE OF THERMAL
DECOMP & DETECTION OF SHARP ACRID ODOR WARNS OF PRESENCE ... . ADEQUATE
VENTILATION ALSO AVOIDS PROBLEM OF TOXIC DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS.
Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.
SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is
conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend
not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance,
characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection
equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances
whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact
lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses
should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should
be worn even when contact lenses are in place.
SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner
so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose,
or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the
cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective
clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should
not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of
work for cleaning.
Enclosure of process materials and isolation of reaction vessels and proper
design and operation of filling heads for packaging and shipping /are administrative
controls that may be instituted to limit occupational exposure to fluorocarbons
during manufacture, packaging, and use/. /Fluorocarbons/
SUFFICIENT EXHAUST & GENERAL VENTILATION SHOULD BE PROVIDED TO KEEP VAPOR
CONCN BELOW RECOMMENDED LEVELS. /FLUOROCARBONS/
Inhalation of fluorocarbon vapors should be avoided. /Fluorocarbons/
Many of the fluorocarbons are good solvents of skin oil, so protective ointment
should be used. /Fluorocarbons/
Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed
and replaced.
Cleanup Methods:
If ... spilled or leaked, the following steps should be taken: 1. Ventilate
area of spill or leak. 2. Collect for reclamation or absorb in vermiculite,
dry sand, earth, or similar material.
Disposal Methods:
Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant,
EPA hazardous waste number F002, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage,
transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.
A potential candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range
of 650 to 1,600 deg C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. A potential
candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600
deg C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids.
A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range
of 450 to 980 deg C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and
longer for solids.
Incineration, preferably after mixing with ... combustible fuel. Care must
be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene.
An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced.
Occupational Exposure Standards:
OSHA Standards:
Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 1000 ppm (7600
mg/cu m).
Threshold Limit Values:
8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA) 1,000 ppm; Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL) 1,250
ppm
A4: Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.
NIOSH Recommendations:
Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 Hr Time-Weighted Avg: 1,000 ppm (7,600 mg/cu
m).
Recommended Exposure Limit: 15 Min Short-Term Exposure Limit: 1,250 ppm (9,500
mg/cu m).
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health:
2000 ppm
Manufacturing/Use Information:
Major Uses:
CHEM INT FOR POLYCHLOROTRIFLUOROETHYLENE RESINS & POLYCHLOROTRIFLUOROETHYLENE-VINYLIDENE
FLUORIDE.
Fully halogenated chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) such as 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
were scheduled for production phase-out in 1987 by the Montreal Protocol. Although
originally scheduled for 50% production phase-out by the year 2000 in developed
countries, the worsening ozone depletion has forced acceleration of the CFC
phase-out.
Dry-cleaning solvent, fire extinguishers, to make chlorotrifluoroethylene,
blowing agent, polymer intermediate, solvent drying, drying electronic parts
and precision equipment.
CFC-113 IS USED IN CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR SYSTEMS FOR WATER OR BRINE CHILLING.
INTERMEDIATE IN THE PRODUCTION OF CHLOROTRIFLUOROETHYLENE MONOMER BY REACTION
WITH ZINC.
It is not used in aerosol formulations as a propellant component, but is used
as a solvent or active ingredient in certain aerosol formulations.
... Selective solvent in degreasing electrical equipment, photographic films,
magnetic tapes, precision instruments, plastics, glass, elastomers, or metal
components. Dry cleaning solvent for all fabrics, leather, and suede. ... Solvent
in textile industry, and ... in special laboratory usage.
... Refrigerant in commerical/industrial air conditioning and industrial process
cooling.
... Chem intermediate for dechloronization of chemicals in the manufacture
of polymers and copolymers in the production of high-temp lubricants.
... Foaming or blowing agent in the manufacture of polymers for flame retardancy.
Clean /semiconductor/ wafers; remove grease from printed circuit boards; in
defluxing operations to remove solder flux after components are attached /to
printed circuit boards/.
Major dry cleaning solvent
Manufacturers:
AlliedSignal Inc., 101 Columbia Rd., P.O.
Box 1057, Morristown, NJ 07962-1057, (973) 455-2000. AlliedSignal Specialty
Chemicals; Production site: Baton Rouge, LA 70805
DuPont, 1007 Market St., Wilmington, DE
19898, (302) 774-1000. DuPont Specialty Chemicals, DuPont Fluoroproducts ; Production
site: Corpus Christi, TX 78400
Methods of Manufacturing:
REACTION OF PERCHLOROETHYLENE WITH A MIXTURE OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE AND CHLORINE
IN THE PRESENCE OF A ZIRCONIUM FLUORIDE CATALYST
From perchloroethylene and hafnium.
... Catalytic fluorination of perhalo-olefins or alkanes with hydrogen fluoride.
... By electrolysis of bromotrichloroethylene, lithium fluoride, and calcium
fluoride in liquid hydrogen fluoride.
Formulations/Preparations:
GRADES: TECHNICAL; SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC.
Impurities:
Maximum limits of impurities: Residue after evaporation: 0.0005%; Water (by
Karl Fischer titrn): 0.05%. /'Photrex' reagent/
Consumption Patterns:
MOST CFC 113 ... IS USED AS A SOLVENT /ALTHOUGH/ IT ALSO HAS REFRIGERANT APPLICATIONS
(1984).
REFRIGERANTS, 39%; FOAM BLOWING AGENTS, 17%; SOLVENTS, 14%; FLUOROPOLYMERS,
14%; STERILANT GAS, 2%; AEROSOL PROPELLANTS, 2%; FOOD FREEZANT, 1%; OTHER, 8%;
EXPORTS, 3% (1985) /FLUOROCARBONS/
Approximately 160-170 million lb/yr ... is consumed in the United States,
particularly by the electronics industry.
U. S. Production:
(1974) 2.9X10+10 GRAMS
(1975) GREATER THAN 4.54X10+5 GRAMS
>35 million lbs annual capacity
Laboratory Methods:
Clinical Laboratory Methods:
SERUM FROM WORKERS EXPOSED TO 1,1,2-TRICHLORO-1,2,2-TRIFLUOROETHANE CAN BE
ANALYZED BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY.
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR DETERMINING FLUOROCARBONS IS DESCRIBED. CONCN
IN BODY FLUIDS ARE DETERMINED BY MEANS OF HEAD SPACE ANALYSIS. /FLUOROCARBONS/
HEXANE EXTRACTION PROCEDURE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF COMMON FLUOROCARBON PROPELLANTS
IN BLOOD WAS EVALUATED. AN ANALYSIS OF SAMPLE HEADSPACE WAS ALSO EVALUATED FOR
DETERMINING CHLOROPENTAFLUOROETHANE IN BLOOD. BOTH PROCEDURES INVOLVED ANALYSIS
BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY USING ELECTRON CAPTURE DETECTION. THE WIDELY USED HEXANE
EXTRACTION PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING PPM LEVELS OF VOLATILE HALOCARBONS IN TISSUE
WAS EVALUATED BY A COMBINATION OF RADIOCHEMICAL AND GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES.
THE DATA SUGGEST THAT HEXANE EXTRACTION GIVES SIGNIFICANTLY LOW RESULTS. /FLUOROCARBONS/
Analytic Laboratory Methods:
NIOSH Method 1020. Determination of 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-Trifluoroethane
by Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detection. Detection limit= 1 mg/cu
m.
NIOSH Method 2549. Volatile Organic Compounds (Screening). Thermal desorption,
gas chromatography, mass spectrometry.
AREAL Method IP-1A. Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in
Indoor Air Using Stainless Steel Canisters. Capillary gas chromatography with
low resolution mass spectrometry.
AREAL Method TO-14. Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in
Ambient Air using SUMMA Passivated Canister Sampling and Gas Chromatographic
Analysis.
EPA Method OAQPS CTM-011. Determination of Halogenated Organics from Stationary
Sources.
OSW Method 0040. Sampling of Principal Organic Hazardous Constituents from
Combustion Sources Using Tedlar Bags.
... Detector tubes certified by NIOSH under 42 CFR part 84 or other direct-reading
devices calibrated to measure 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane may be used.
Sampling Procedures:
Measurements to determine employee exposure are best taken so that the average
eight-hour exposure is based on a single eight-hour sample or two four-hour
samples. Several short time interval samples (up to 30 minutes) may also be
used to determine the average exposure level. Air samples should be taken in
the employee's breathing zone (air that would most nearly represent that inhaled
by the employee).
NIOSH Method 1020. Analyte: Freon TF. Matrix: Air. Sampler: Solid sorbent
tube (coconut shell charcoal, 100 mg/50 mg). Flow Rate: 0.01 to 0.05 l/min.
Sample Size: 1.5 liter. Shipment: Refrigerated.
Sample Stability: Not determined.
Special References:
Special Reports:
USEPA; Health Assessment Document: 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane (1983)
EPA-600/58-5-82-002F
Zakhari S, Aviado DM; Cardiovascular Toxicology of Aerosol Propellants, Refrigerants
and Related Solvents; Target Organ Toxicology Series: Cardiovascular Toxicology,
XII+ 388 pages; Raven Press: New York, NY 281-326 (1982). Review of the toxicology
of aerosol propellants, refrigerants and related solvents on the cardiovascular
system of humans.
Barlow SM, Sullivan FM; Fluorocarbons; Reproductive Hazards of Industrial Chemicals pp.326-33 (1982.).
Synonyms and Identifiers:
Related HSDB Records:
1092 [1,1,1,2-TETRACHLORO-2,2-DIFLUOROETHANE]
Synonyms:
F 113
**PEER REVIEWED**
R 113
**PEER REVIEWED**
ARCTON 63
**PEER REVIEWED**
ARKLONE P
**PEER REVIEWED**
CFC-113
**PEER REVIEWED**
Daiflon S 3
**PEER REVIEWED**
ETHANE, 1,1,2-TRICHLORO-1,2,2-TRIFLUORO-
**PEER REVIEWED**
FC 113
**PEER REVIEWED**
Flugene 113
**PEER REVIEWED**
FORANE 113
**PEER REVIEWED**
FREON R 113
**PEER REVIEWED**
FREON 113
**PEER REVIEWED**
FREON TF
**PEER REVIEWED**
FREON 113 TR-T
**PEER REVIEWED**
FRIGEN 113TR-N
**PEER REVIEWED**
FRIGEN 113TR-T
**PEER REVIEWED**
FRIGEN 113
**PEER REVIEWED**
FRIGEN 113A
**PEER REVIEWED**
FRIGEN 113TR
**PEER REVIEWED**
Genesolv D
**PEER REVIEWED**
GENETRON 113
**PEER REVIEWED**
HALOCARBON 113
**PEER REVIEWED**
Kaltron 113MDR
**PEER REVIEWED**
Khladon 113
**PEER REVIEWED**
TCTFE
**PEER REVIEWED**
Trichlorotrifluoroethane
**PEER REVIEWED**
1,2,2-TRICHLOROTRIFLUOROETHANE
**PEER REVIEWED**
TTE
**PEER REVIEWED**
UCON FLUOROCARBON 113
**PEER REVIEWED**
Formulations/Preparations:
GRADES: TECHNICAL; SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC.
EPA Hazardous Waste Number:
F002; A hazardous waste from nonspecific sources when a spent solvent.
RTECS Number:
NIOSH/KJ4000000
Administrative Information:
Hazardous Substances Databank Number: 145
Last Revision Date: 20010809
Last Review Date: Reviewed by SRP on 1/20/2001
Update History:
Complete Update on 08/09/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/23/2001, 61 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 05/16/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/12/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/28/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/02/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/21/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/26/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 07/20/1999, 7 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/25/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/24/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/20/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/27/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/12/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/02/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/17/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/26/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/09/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/11/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/16/1996, 7 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/18/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/10/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/26/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/17/1995, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/24/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 12/19/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/04/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/25/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/07/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/04/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/12/1993, 57 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 02/05/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field update on 12/11/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 10/27/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/17/1992, 51 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 04/16/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 01/13/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 01/10/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/23/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field update on 05/18/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/16/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field update on 12/29/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 12/19/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/29/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/27/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 12/09/1988, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/20/1988, 69 fields added/edited/deleted.