July 21, 2005
Submission to:
National Research Council Committee:
Toxicologic Risk of Fluoride in Drinking Water; BEST-K-02-05-A
c/o Susan Martel <smartel@nas.edu>From:
Ellen Connett
Fluoride Action Network Pesticides Project
82 Judson Street, Canton NY 13617
Email: pesticides@fluoridealert.org
Tel: 315-379-9200Part 1. Fluoride Pesticides. New Source of Fluoride Exposure.
Dear Committee Members,
As the Committee is aware, on January 23, 2004, the US EPA approved a Final Rule for the first-time use of sulfuryl fluoride as a fumigant (product name ProFume) on over 40 post-harvest food commodities (1). This Final Rule approved the highest levels of inorganic fluoride residues in food ever permitted by EPA (see Table 1). EPA identified fluoride as the major toxicological endpoint of concern for exposure to sulfuryl fluoride. EPA’s assessment for acceptable risks to sulfuryl fluoride was based on the 4 parts-per-million (ppm) US Maximum Contaminant Level for fluoride in drinking water.
The animal expermiments performed by Dow for assessing risk to sulfuryl fluoride were limited to inhalation studies. The primary target organs in the animal studies were the brain (mainly vacuolation of white matter, vacuolation of the cerebrum, vacuolation of thalmus/hypothalmus, and malacia in cerebrum); kidney (gross pathological changes); lung (several severe effects), and thyroid (follicular cell hypertrophy) (1A). Dental fluorosis was identified in all animals tested. According to Dow's Material Safety Data Sheet for ProFume, "May cause fluorosis of teeth and bones (1B)."
On March 4, 2005 (2), Dow petitioned EPA for very high fluoride tolerances on over 600 food commodities. FAN submitted comments (3) to EPA on this petition on April 19, 2005. On July 15, 2005 (4), EPA issued residue tolerances in a Final Rule for 218 food commodities and a fluoride residue tolerance of 70 ppm for ‘all processed food’ prepared in food and feed processing facilities (see Tables 1, 2).
These new fluoride residue tolerances were approved to allow the fumigation of areas and equipment within food and feed processing facilities (see Table 2) with sulfuryl fluoride for the control of insects. EPA states, “Of the processing facilities in the U.S., it is estimated that approximately 40% would receive sulfuryl fluoride fumigation with, on average, 2.5 fumigations per year."
In EPA's July 15, 2005, Final Rule (4), tolerances were not issued for 412 food commodities contained in Dow's petition of March 4, 2005 (2). The fumigation scenario for these food commodities will differ from those in the July 15 Final Rule (fumigation in Food and Feed Processing Facilities). The 412 petitioned tolerances are still pending (see Table 3). At the time EPA approves these 412 tolerances, they may well be higher than what Dow petitioned. For example, see
• Table 3A for a comparison of the newest tolerances vs. petitioned tolerances
• Comparison of the January 23, 2004, tolerances vs. petitioned tolerances (4A)FAN requested (3) EPA to identify the food commodities in Tables 1 and 3 that would be allowed for use in the US National Organic Program as "inerts." This question arose because several of the commodities in Tables 1 and 3 are classified as EPA List 4 inerts (5), which are approved for use in organic agriculture. This is EPA's response (6):
List 4 Inerts are those inert ingredients that are considered to be minimal risk inert ingredients and are therefore of minimal concern. Unless specifically excluded, commonly consumed food commodities, whether a raw agricultural commodity or a processed food, that are commonly consumed for their nutrient properties and are in the form that the commodity is sold or distributed to the public for consumption are considered to be List 4 Inerts. Most of the food commodities that have previously established fluoride tolerances and fluoride tolerances petitioned by Dow AgroSciences LLC on March 4, 2005 can be used as List 4 Inerts. The exclusions are generally those foods that may cause allergic reactions in some individuals, and include peanuts, tree nuts, milk, soybeans, eggs, and wheat. For a more comprehensive description commonly consumed food commodities that qualify as List 4 Inerts and its exclusions, please refer to the Code of Federal Regulations, Chapter 40 Part 180.950.
• See more on inerts in Part 2 of this submission.
• See Excerpts from the National Organic Program StandardsCryolite is another pesticide that EPA has approved fluoride residue tolerances. The food commodities are 31 fruits and vegetables (7) with a fluoride tolerance of 7 ppm (See Table 4). In April 2002, the Federal Register (8) published a petition to change some of these tolerances and to add new food commodities. EPA has yet to issue a Final Rule on this request (See Table 5). In the 2002 petition, the registrant stated,
"The estimated dietary exposure in this assessment for cryolite... Grapes and grape products are the largest contributors to dietary exposure estimates for all population subgroups. Lettuce was also a significant source of exposure for adult populations."
Note: Since 1959, sulfuryl fluoride has been used as an insecticide (product name Vikane) to fumigate closed structures and their contents such as domestic dwellings, barns, warehouses, ships in port, and railroad cars. Vikane is the major structural fumigant used in the US. According to Pesticide Action Network (9), 3,112,077 pounds were used in 2003 in the state of California.
Tables included in this submission:
TABLE 1. Sulfuryl fluoride residue tolerances approved by US EPA
TABLE 2. Sulfuryl fluoride Use in Food and Feed Processing Plants
TABLE 3. Sulfuryl fluoride: Pending tolerances petitioned by Dow on March 4, 2005
TABLE 4. CRYOLITE: Approved fluoride residue tolerances.
TABLE 5. CRYOLITE: New fluoride tolerances pending.
Date of EPA Final Rule Commodity July 15, 2005
(4)All processed food commodities not otherwise listed
(See Table 1A that identifies the food and feed processing plants where sulfuryl fluoride is used as a fumigant)Jan 23, 2004
(1)Barley, bran, postharvest Barley, flour, postharvest Barley, grain, postharvest Barley, pearled, postharvest July 15, 2005
(4)Cattle, meat, dried Cheese Cocoa bean, postharvest Coconut, postharvest Coffee, postharvest Jan 23, 2004
(1)Corn, aspirated grain fractions, postharvest Corn, field, flour, postharvest Corn, field, grain, postharvest Corn, field, grits, postharvest Corn, field, meal, postharvest Corn pop, grain, postharvest July 15, 2005
(4)Cottonseed, postharvest ** Eggs, dried Jan 23, 2004
(1)Fruit, dried, postharvest
this wayFruit, dried , postharvest (other than raisin)
this wayJuly 15, 2005
(4)Ginger, postharvest Jan 23, 2004
(1)Grape, raisin, postharvest
this wayJuly 15, 2005
(4)Ham Herbs and spices group 19, postharvest
-- This group includes 135 commodities (Ref. 10)Milk, powdered Jan 23, 2004
(1)Millet, grain, postharvest July 15, 2005
(4)Nut, pine, postharvest Jan 23, 2004
(1)Nut, tree, group 14, postharvest
-- This group includes 16 commodities (Ref.11).
July 15, 2005
(4)Peanut, postharvest Jan 23, 2004
(1)Oat, flour, postharvest Oat, grain, postharvest Oat, rolled, postharvest Pistachio, postharvest Rice, bran, postharvest July 15, 2005
(4)Rice flour, postharvest Jan 23, 2004
(1)Rice, grain, postharvest Rice, hulls, postharvest Rice, polished, postharvest Rice, wild, grain, postharvest Sorghum, grain, postharvest Triticale, grain, postharvest July 15, 2005
(4)Vegetable, legume, group 06, postharvest
-- This group includes 57 commodities (Ref. 12)Jan 23, 2004
(1)Wheat, bran, postharvest Wheat, flour, postharvest Wheat, germ, postharvest Wheat, grain, postharvest Wheat, milled byproducts, postharvest Wheat, shorts, postharvest
TABLE 2. Sulfuryl fluoride Use in Food and Feed Processing Plants EPA states in its July 15, 2005 Final Rule (4): tolerances are established in association with the use of sulfuryl fluoride for the above commodities "as a result of the treatment of areas and equipment within food and feed processing plants with sulfuryl fluoride for the control of insects. The term food and feed processing plant includes those facilities specifically listed under the Food and Feed Processing Plants subgroup within pesticide use site group 12 in Appendix A to 40 CFR part 158."
Food and feed processing plants include (14):
• Food and feed processing plants
• Bakeries
• Bottlers
• Canneries
• Dairies, creameries, milk processing plants
• Feed mills, feed stores
• Fresh fruit packing and processing
• Meat processing
• Poultry processing
• Wineries, wine cellars
• Flour mills, machinery, warehouses, bins, elevators
• Egg processing
• Candy and confectionary plants
• Sugar processing, cane mills, etc.
• Cider mills
• Dry food products plants
• Tobacco processing
• Air treatment for processing and transportation of foods
• Beverage processing
• Nut processing
• Cereal processing
• Seafood processing
• Vegetable oil processing
• Spice mills
• Vinegar processing
• Farinaceous processing (noodles, etc.)
• Mushroom processing
• Dried fruit processing
• Pickle processing
• Ice plants
• Chocolate processing
• Fruit juice processing
TABLE 3. Sulfuryl fluoride: Pending tolerances petitioned by Dow on March 4, 2005 (2) Commodity Animal feed Flour, post harvest Grain, cereal, forage, fodder and straw group 16, post harvest
-- This group includes 50 commodities (Ref. 15)Grass, forage, fodder and hay group 17, post harvest
-- This group includes 360 commodities (Ref. 16)
TABLE 3A. Comparison of EPA's July 15, 2005, Final Rule (4) to Dow's March 4, 2005 Petition for new tolerances (2) Commodity Fluoride
July
2005
FINAL
RULESulfuryl fluoride
July
2005 FINAL RULE
March 2005 Petition
March
2005
PetitionAnimal feed
- pending -Cattle, meat, dried
[note: in the petition, "Beef, meat" was cited]
Cheese
[note: in the petition, "Cheese, post harvest" was cited]
Cocoa bean, postharvest Coconut, postharvest Coffee, postharvest Cottonseed, postharvest Eggs, dried
[note: in the petition, "Egg" was cited]
Flour, post harvest
- pending -Ginger, postharvest Grain, cereal, forage, fodder and straw group 16, post harvest
-- This group includes 50 commodities (15)
- pending -Grass, forage, fodder and hay group 17, post harvest
-- This group includes 360 commodities (16)
- pending -Ham Herbs and spices group 19, postharvest
-- This group includes 135 commodities (10)Milk, powdered
[note: in the petition, "Milk" was cited]
Nut, pine, postharvest All processed food commodities not otherwise listed
[note: in the petition, "Other processed food" was cited]
Peanut, postharvest Rice flour, postharvest Vegetable, legume, group 06, postharvest
-- This group includes 57 commodities (12)
TABLE 4. CRYOLITE:
Approved fluoride residue tolerances
Current tolerances (7)aaaaaaal TABLE 5. CRYOLITE:
New fluoride tolerances pending
April 24, 2002 Pesticide Petition (8)Commodity Commodity Apricot Blackberry Apricots Blueberry (huckleberry) Cucumber Boysenberry Cranberry Broccoli Kale Brussels sprouts Kiwi Cabbage Nectarines Cauliflower Plums Collards Cranberry Potatoes Cucumber Potatoes, waste from processing Dewberry Eggplant Berries (Crop group 13) - (replaces separate existing tolerances for blackberries, blueberries, boysenberries, dewberries, loganberries, raspberries and youngberries) Fruit, citrus Prunes 7 ppm (tolerance with regional registration) Grape
Kale Kohlrabi Lettuce Loganberry Melon Nectarine Peach Pepper Plum, prune, fresh Pumpkin Raspberry Squash, summer Squash, winter Strawberry Tomato Youngberry
References: January 23, 2004. Sulfuryl Fluoride; Pesticide Tolerance. Final Rule. Federal Register.
Online at http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-PEST/2004/January/Day-23/p1540.htmFAN's compilation of Adverse Health Effects:
Part 1, online at http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/epage.sulfuryl.fluoride.htm
Part 2, online at http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/epage.sulfuryl.fluoride.2.htmMaterial Safety Data Sheet. Profume Gas Fumigant. Dow AgroSciences. April 13, 2004.
Online at http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/msds/sulfuryl.fluoride.profume.pdfMarch 4, 2005. Sulfuryl Fluoride; Notice of Filing a Pesticide Petition to Establish Tolerances for a Certain Pesticide Chemical in or on Food. Federal Register:
Online at http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-PEST/2005/March/Day-04/p4281.htmApril 19, 2005. FAN's Comments submitted to EPA on Dow AgroSciences petition to establish Fluoride and Sulfuryl fluoride tolerances for a large number (over 600) of raw and processed foods.
Online at http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/sulfuryl.f.comment.apr2005.htmlJuly 15, 2005. Sulfuryl fluoride; Pesticide Tolerance. Final Rule. Federal Register.
Online at http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-PEST/2005/July/Day-15/p13982.htmSulfuryl fluoride: Comparisons of Residue Tolerances: Final vs. Proposed. March 23, 2004, Submission to US EPA from Fluoride Action Network: Objections and Request for a Hearing
Online at http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/sf.comparisons.htmEPA List of Inerts updated as of August 2004
List 4A Inerts
http://www.epa.gov/opprd001/inerts/inerts_list4Aname.pdfList 4B Inerts
http://www.epa.gov/opprd001/inerts/inerts_list4Bname.pdfJuly 14, 2005. US EPA. Response to public comments concerning the use of sulfuryl fluoride in food handling facilities. Page 10. Federal Register Docket OPP-2005-0067-0020.
Online at http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/sf.epa.response.july.14.2005.pdfJuly 21, 2005. Addendum to Part 2 submission: "Inerts" used in Pesticides. New Source of Fluoride Exposure. Excerpts from the National Organic Program Standards.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/nrc.inerts.organic.2005.htmlJuly 1, 2004. US Cryolite: Code of Federal Regulations. Title 40. Sec. 180.145. Fluorine compounds; tolerances for residues.
Online at http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/12feb20041500/edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr_2004/julqtr/40cfr180.145.htmApril 24, 2002. Cryolite. Notice of filing a pesticide petition to establish a tolerance for a certain pesticide chemical in or on food. Federal Register.
Online at http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-PEST/2002/April/Day-24/p9655.htmPesticide Action Network. Pesticides Database - California Pesticide Use. Sulfuryl fluoride - Pesticide use statistics for 2003.
Online at http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Detail_ChemUse.jsp?Rec_Id=PC34505Herbs and spices group 19, post harvest. This group includes 135 commodities.
allspice • angelica • anise hyssop • anise, seed • anise, star • annatto • annatto, seed • balm • balm, dried leaves • balm, fresh leaves • basil • basil, dried leaves • basil, fresh leaves • borage • borage, dried leaves • borage, fresh leaves • burnet • camomile • caper • caper, buds • caraway • caraway, black • caraway, black, seed • caraway, seed • cardamom • cardamom, seed • cardamon amomum • cardamon amomum, seed • cassia • catnip • celery, seed • chervil • chervil, dried leaves • chive • chive, chinese • cinnamon • clary • clary, dried leaves • clary, fresh leaves • clove • coriander • coriander, leaves • coriander, seed • costmary • costmary, dried leaves • costmary, fresh leaves • culantro • culantro, leaves • culantro, seed • cumin • curry • curry, dried leaves • curry, fresh leaves • dill • dill, seed • dillweed • dillweed, dried leaves • dillweed, fresh leaves • fennel • fennel, florence, seed • fennel, seed • fenugreek • fenugreek, seed • grains of paradise • grains of paradise, seed • herbs, dried • herbs, dried, dried leaves • herbs, fresh • herbs, fresh, fresh leaves • horehound • horehound, leaves • hyssop • hyssop, tops • juniper berry • lavender • lemongrass • lemongrass, leaves • lovage • lovage, leaves • lovage, seed • mace • marigold • marjoram • mustard • mustard, seed • nasturtium • nasturtium, leaves • nutmeg • parsley, dried leaves • pennyroyal • pennyroyal, leaves • pepper, black • pepper, white • poppy • poppy, seed • rosemary • rosemary, dried leaves • rosemary, fresh leaves • rue • rue, dried leaves • rue, fresh leaves • saffron • saffron, flower • sage • sage, dried leaves • sage, fresh leaves • savory, summer • savory, summer, dried leaves • savory, summer, fresh leaves • savory, winter • savory, winter, dried leaves • savory, winter, fresh leaves • spices • spices, postharvest • sweet bay • tansy • tansy, dried leaves • tansy, fresh leaves • tarragon • tarragon, dried leaves • tarragon, fresh leaves • thyme • thyme, dried leaves • thyme, fresh leaves • vanilla • wintergreen • wintergreen, dried leaves • wintergreen, fresh leaves • woodruff • woodruff, dried leaves • woodruff, fresh leaves • wormwood • wormwood, dried leaves • wormwood, fresh leaves
Source: EPA Food and Feed Commodity Vocabulary (click on "Search the Food and Feed Vocabulary")
http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/foodfeed/Nut, tree, group 14. This group includes 16 commodities.
almond • almond, hulls • beechnut • butternut • cashew • chestnut • chinquapin • filbert • nut, brazil • nut, hickory • nut, macadamia • nutmeat, processed, except peanut • nuts • pecan • pistachio • walnut
Source: EPA Food and Feed Commodity Vocabulary (click on "Search the Food and Feed Vocabulary")
http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/foodfeed/Vegetable, legume, group 06, post harvest. This group includes 57 commodities.
bean • bean, adzuki • bean, adzuki, seed • bean, broad • bean, broad, seed • bean, broad, succulent • bean, dry • bean, dry, seed • bean, kidney • bean, kidney, seed • bean, lablab • bean, lablab, seed • bean, lima • bean, lima, seed • bean, lima, succulent • bean, moth • bean, moth, seed • bean, moth, succulent • bean, mung • bean, mung, seed • bean, navy • bean, navy, seed • bean, pink • bean, pink, seed • bean, pinto • bean, pinto, seed • bean, rice • bean, rice, seed • bean, runner • bean, runner, succulent • bean, snap, succulent • bean, succulent • bean, tepary • bean, tepary, seed • bean, urd • bean, urd, seed • bean, wax • bean, wax, succulent • bean, yardlong • bean, yardlong, succulent • catjang • catjang, seed • chickpea • chickpea, seed • cowpea • cowpea, seed • cowpea, succulent • guar • guar, forage • guar, seed • gum, edible • jackbean • jackbean, succulent • lentil • lentil, forage • lentil, hay • lentil, seed • lupin, grain • lupin, grain, grain • pea • pea, blackeyed • pea, blackeyed, seed • pea, blackeyed, succulent • pea, crowder • pea, crowder, seed • pea, dry • pea, dry, seed • pea, dwarf • pea, dwarf, succulent • pea, edible podded • pea, edible podded, succulent • pea, english • pea, english, succulent • pea, field • pea, field, seed • pea, garden • pea, garden, succulent • pea, green • pea, green, succulent • pea, pigeon • pea, pigeon, seed • pea, pigeon, succulent • pea, shelled • pea, snow • pea, snow, succulent • pea, southern • pea, southern, seed • pea, southern, succulent • pea, succulent • pea, sugar snap • pea, sugar snap, succulent • pea, unshelled • soybean • soybean, aspirated grain fractions • soybean, crude oil • soybean, hulls • soybean, meal • soybean, refined oil • soybean, seed • soybean, soapstock • soybean, vegetable • soybean, vegetable, succulent • swordbean • swordbean, succulent • turtle, bean • vegetable, seed and pod
Source: EPA Food and Feed Commodity Vocabulary (click on "Search the Food and Feed Vocabulary")
http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/foodfeed/See Uses of Cottonseed. UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development).
Online at http://r0.unctad.org/infocomm/anglais/cotton/uses.htmCottonseed Feed Products Guide. National Cottonseed Products Association.
Online at http://www.cottonseed.com/publications/feedproductsguide.asp
http://www.cottonseed.com/aboutncpa/TheProducts.aspJune 2, 2005. EPA's response to objections and request for hearing submitted by FAN and Beyond Pesticides on the January 23, 2004, Final Rule for the first-time use of sulfuryl fluoride as a food fumigant.
Online at http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/sf.obj.epa.june.2005.html40 CFR part 158; site group 12 in Appendix A to Food and feed processing plants.
Note: I could find no direct link to this information. However, this is the source I used --with directions (!).
Go to http://www.setonresourcecenter.com/
- Click on * CFR Title 40 Online Regulations (under Environmental)
- Click on PART 158--DATA REQUIREMENTS FOR REGISTRATION
- Scroll down to Subpart D -- Data Requirement Tables
- Click on Appendix A to Part 158 -- Data Requirements for Registration: Use Pattern Index
- Scroll down to Food and feed processing plants under: 12. Commercial and Industrial Uses
Grain, cereal, forage, fodder and straw group 16, post harvest. This group includes 50 commodities.
barley, hay • barley, straw • corn, field • corn, field, aspirated grain fractions • corn, field, forage • corn, field, hay • corn, field, stover • corn, pod • corn, pod, stover • corn, pop • corn, pop, stover • corn, sweet, cannery waste • corn, sweet, forage • corn, sweet, stover • grain, cereal, forage, fodder and straw, group, for forage, except sweet corn, forage • grain. cereal, group • grass, hay • millet, forage • millet, hay • millet, pearl, forage • millet, pearl, hay • millet, pearl, straw • millet, proso, forage • millet, proso, hay • millet, proso, straw • millet, straw • oat • oat, forage • oat, hay • oat, straw • rice, forage • rice, hulls • rice, straw • rice, wild • ricegrass, indian • rye, forage • rye, straw • sorghum, forage • sorghum, forage, forage • sorghum, forage, hay • sorghum, forage, silage • sorghum, grain • sorghum, grain, forage • sorghum, grain, stover • wheat, forage • wheat, hay • wheat, straw • wheat, vavilovi, straw • wheat, wild einkorn, straw • wheat, wild emmer, straw
Source: EPA Food and Feed Commodity Vocabulary (click on "Search the Food and Feed Vocabulary")
http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/foodfeed/Grass, forage, fodder and hay group 17, post harvest. This group includes 360 commodities.
alkali sacaton • alkali sacaton, forage • alkali sacaton, hay • alkaligrass • alkaligrass, forage • alkaligrass, hay • arizona cottontop • arizona cottontop, forage • arizona cottontop, hay • bahiagrass • bahiagrass, forage • bahiagrass, hay • bahiagress, hay • beachgrass • beachgrass, forage • beachgrass, hay • bentgrass • bentgrass, forage • bentgrass, hay • bentgrass, spike • bentgrass, spike, forage • bentgrass, spike, hay • bermudagrass • bermudagrass, forage • bermudagrass, hay • bermudagrass, silage • blowoutgrass • blowoutgrass, forage • blowoutgrass, hay • bluegrass • bluegrass, forage • bluegrass, hay • bluegrass, silky • bluegrass, silky, forage • bluegrass, silky, hay • bluestem, australian • bluestem, australian, forage • bluestem, australian, hay • bluestem, big • bluestem, big, forage • bluestem, big, hay • bluestem, caucasian • bluestem, caucasian, forage • bluestem, caucasian, hay • bluestem, diaz • bluestem, diaz, forage • bluestem, diaz, hay • bluestem, little • bluestem, little, forage • bluestem, little, hay • bluestem, sand • bluestem, sand, forage • bluestem, sand, hay • bluestem, silver • bluestem, silver, forage • bluestem, silver, hay • bluestem, south african • bluestem, south african, forage • bluestem, south african, hay • bluestem, yellow • bluestem, yellow, forage • bluestem, yellow, hay • bristlegrass, plains • bristlegrass, plains, forage • bristlegrass, plains, hay • bromegrass • bromegrass, forage • bromegrass, hay • bromegrass, silage • broomsedge • broomsedge, forage • broomsedge, hay • buffalograss • buffalograss, forage • buffalograss, hay • buffelgrass • buffelgrass, forage • buffelgrass, hay • canarygrass, annual • canarygrass, annual, forage • canarygrass, annual, hay • canarygrass, annual, seed • canarygrass, reed • canarygrass, reed, forage • canarygrass, reed, hay • canarygrass, reed, silage • caribgrass • caribgrass, forage • caribgrass, hay • carpetgrass • carpetgrass, broadleaf • carpetgrass, broadleaf, forage • carpetgrass, broadleaf, hay • carpetgrass, forage • carpetgrass, hay • centipedegrass • centipedegrass, forage • centipedegrass, hay • cordgrass, marshhay • cordgrass, marshhay, forage • cordgrass, marshhay, hay • crabgrass • crabgrass, forage • crabgrass, hay • curly mesquite • curly mesquite, forage • curly mesquite, hay • dallisgrass • dallisgrass, forage • dallisgrass, hay • dropseed, pine • dropseed, pine, forage • dropseed, pine, hay • dropseed, sand • dropseed, sand, forage • dropseed, sand, hay • dropseed, tall • dropseed, tall, forage • dropseed, tall, hay • fescue • fescue, forage • fescue, hay • fingergrass, feather • fingergrass, feather, forage • fingergrass, feather, hay • foxtail, creeping • foxtail, creeping, forage • foxtail, creeping, hay • foxtail, meadow • foxtail, meadow, forage • foxtail, meadow, hay • gamagrass, eastern • gamagrass, eastern, forage • gamagrass, eastern, hay • grass • grass, forage • grass, galleta • grass, galleta, forage • grass, galleta, hay • grass, grama • grass, grama, forage • grass, grama, hay • grass, hay • grass, muhly • grass, muhly, forage • grass, muhly, hay • grass, pasture • grass, pasture, forage • grass, pasture, hay • grass, pasture, seed screenings • grass, pasture, silage • grass, pasture, straw • grass, rangeland • grass, rangeland, forage • grass, rangeland, hay • grass, rangeland, seed screenings • grass, rangeland, silage • grass, rangeland, straw • grass, seed screenings • grass, seed, straw • grass, silage • grass, st. augustine • grass, st. augustine, forage • grass, st. augustine, hay • grass, straw • grass, wildrye • grass, wildrye, forage •grass, wildrye, hay • grass, zoysia • grass, zoysia, forage • grass, zoysia, hay • hairgrass, tufted • hairgrass, tufted, forage • hairgrass, tufted, hay • hardinggrass • hardinggrass, forage • hardinggrass, hay • indiangrass • indiangrass, forage • indiangrass, hay • junegrass • junegrass, forage • junegrass, hay • limpograss • limpograss, forage • limpograss, hay • lovegrass • lovegrass, forage • lovegrass, hay • maidencane • maidencane, forage • maidencane, hay • mannagrass • mannagrass, forage • mannagrass, hay • millet, foxtail • millet, foxtail, forage • millet, foxtail, hay • millet, japanese • millet, japanese, forage • millet, japanese, hay • molassesgrass • molassesgrass, forage • molassesgrass, hay • napiergrass • napiergrass, forage • napiergrass, hay • needlegrass • needlegrass, forage • needlegrass, hay • oat, sand • oat, sand, forage • oat, sand, hay • oat, slender • oat, slender, forage • oat, slender, hay • oat, wild • oat, wild, forage • oat, wild, hay • oatgrass • oatgrass, forage • oatgrass, hay • oatgrass, tall • oatgrass, tall, forage • oatgrass, tall, hay • oniongrass • oniongrass, forage • oniongrass, hay • orchardgrass • orchardgrass, forage • orchardgrass, hay • orchardgrass, silage • pangolagrass • pangolagrass, forage • pangolagrass, hay • panicgrass • panicgrass, forage • panicgrass, hay • paspalum • paspalum, forage • paspalum, hay • polargrass • polargrass, forage • polargrass, hay • quackgrass • quackgrass, forage • quackgrass, hay • redtop • redtop, forage • redtop, hay • reedgrass • reedgrass, forage • reedgrass, hay • rhodesgrass • rhodesgrass, forage • rhodesgrass, hay • rhodesgrass, multiflower false • rhodesgrass, multiflower false, forage • rhodesgrass, multiflower false, hay • ricegrass, indian • ricegrass, indian, forage • ricegrass, indian, hay • ryegrass, forage • ryegrass, hay • ryegrass, italian • ryegrass, italian, forage • ryegrass, italian, hay • ryegrass, perennial • ryegrass, perennial, forage • ryegrass, perennial, hay • sandreed, prairie • sandreed, prairie, forage • sandreed, prairie, hay • sixweeks threeawn • sixweeks threeawn, forage • sixweeks threeawn, hay • sloughgrass • sloughgrass, forage • sloughgrass, hay • smilograss • smilograss, forage • smilograss, hay • sorghum, forage • sorghum, grain, stover • spikeoat • spikeoat, forage • spikeoat, hay • sprangletop, green • sprangletop, green, forage • sprangletop, green, hay • squirreltail • squirreltail, forage • squirreltail, hay • sudangrass • sudangrass, forage • sudangrass, hay • sunolgrass • sunolgrass, forage • sunolgrass, hay • tanglehead • tanglehead, forage • tanglehead, hay • timothy • timothy, alpine • timothy, alpine, forage • timothy, alpine, hay • timothy, forage • timothy, hay • timothy, seed • timothy, silage • trisetum, spike • trisetum, spike, forage • trisetum, spike, hay • vaseygrass • vaseygrass, forage • vaseygrass, hay • veldtgrass, perennial • veldtgrass, perennial, forage • veldtgrass, perennial, hay • velvetgrass • velvetgrass, forage • velvetgrass, hay • wheatgrass • wheatgrass, bluebunch • wheatgrass, bluebunch, forage • wheatgrass, bluebunch, hay • wheatgrass, crested • wheatgrass, crested, forage • wheatgrass, crested, hay • wheatgrass, fairway • wheatgrass, fairway, forage • wheatgrass, fairway, hay • wheatgrass, forage • wheatgrass, hay •wheatgrass, intermediate • wheatgrass, intermediate, forage • wheatgrass, intermediate, hay • wheatgrass, pubescent • wheatgrass, pubescent, forage • wheatgrass, pubescent, hay • wheatgrass, siberian •wheatgrass, siberian, forage • wheatgrass, siberian, hay • wheatgrass, slender • wheatgrass, slender, forage • wheatgrass, slender, hay • wheatgrass, streambank • wheatgrass, streambank, forage • wheatgrass, streambank, hay • wheatgrass, tall • wheatgrass, tall, forage • wheatgrass, tall, hay • wheatgrass, thickspike • wheatgrass, thickspike, forage • wheatgrass, thickspike, hay • wheatgrass, western • wheatgrass, western, forage • wheatgrass, western, hay • windmillgrass, hooded • windmillgrass, hooded, forage • windmillgrass, hooded, hay
Source: EPA Food and Feed Commodity Vocabulary (click on "Search the Food and Feed Vocabulary")
http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/foodfeed/